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Masiuk DM, Kokariev AV, Buzoianu SG, Firth AM, Nedzvetsky VS. An isotonic protein solution favorably modulated the porcine intestinal immune response and cellular adhesion markers and reduced PEDV shedding in vivo. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 271:110753. [PMID: 38608406 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2024.110753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes immensely large economic losses worldwide in the swine industry. PEDV attacks the intestine, disrupts intestinal epithelium morphology and barrier integrity, and results in profound diarrhea and high mortality. A commercially available isotonic protein solution (IPS) (Tonisity Px) has anecdotally been reported to be effective in supportive treatment of piglets with active PEDV infections. This study evaluated the effects of supplementing (or not) the drinking water of 14 day old PEDV-infected piglets with the IPS on the content of E-cadherin, fibronectin, interferon-alpha (IFN-α), and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) in duodenal tissue. The content of PEDV DNA in feces was also measured. Though both groups had similar PEDV shedding at day 1, IPS piglets had significantly lower PEDV shedding at day 5, 14 and 21. The IPS group also had a shorter duration of PEDV virus shedding. Levels of E-cadherin and fibronectin, both of which are structural proteins in the intestine, remained unchanged from baseline in the IPS group, whereas the same molecules decreased significantly in the control group. IFN-α, an antiviral cytokine, and MMP-9, an enzyme that aids in tissue remodeling, were increased at days 5 and 14 post infection, and then decreased at day 21 post-infection in the IPS group compared to control. Overall, the IPS used in this study enhanced epithelial intercellular adhesion (E-cadherin) and extracellular matrix structure (fibronectin), resulted in significantand favorable changes in MMP-9 activity, and favorably modulated IFN-α production. This is the first report of this panel of biomarkers, especially MMP-9 and IFN-α, in the face of in vivo PEDV infection. This is also the first report to investigate a commercially available swine product that does not need to be administered in solid feed, and that is already registered for use throughout Asia, Europe, South America, and North America. Overall, the results of this study serve to clarify the behavior of 4 key biomarkers in the presence of in vivo PEDV infection. The results also indicate that IPS (Tonisity Px) supplementation is a viable intervention to modulate the porcine intestinal immune response with favorable effects on the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmytro M Masiuk
- Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University (DSAEU), Serhii Efremov Str., 25, Dnipro 49600, Ukraine
| | - Andrii V Kokariev
- Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University (DSAEU), Serhii Efremov Str., 25, Dnipro 49600, Ukraine
| | - Stefan G Buzoianu
- Tonisity International Ltd., Tonisity International Ltd, 27-30 Merchants Quay, Dublin 8 D08 K3KD, Ireland
| | - Ava M Firth
- Tonisity International Ltd., Tonisity International Ltd, 27-30 Merchants Quay, Dublin 8 D08 K3KD, Ireland
| | - Victor S Nedzvetsky
- Dnipro State Agrarian and Economic University (DSAEU), Serhii Efremov Str., 25, Dnipro 49600, Ukraine.
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2
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Hayashi T, Kobayashi S, Hirano J, Murakami K. Human norovirus cultivation systems and their use in antiviral research. J Virol 2024; 98:e0166323. [PMID: 38470106 PMCID: PMC11019851 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01663-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Human norovirus (HuNoV) is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis and foodborne diseases, affecting all age groups. Despite its clinical needs, no approved antiviral therapies are available. Since the discovery of HuNoV in 1972, studies on anti-norovirals, mechanism of HuNoV infection, viral inactivation, etc., have been hampered by the lack of a robust laboratory-based cultivation system for HuNoV. A recent breakthrough in the development of HuNoV cultivation systems has opened opportunities for researchers to investigate HuNoV biology in the context of de novo HuNoV infections. A tissue stem cell-derived human intestinal organoid/enteroid (HIO) culture system is one of those that supports HuNoV replication reproducibly and, to our knowledge, is most widely distributed to laboratories worldwide to study HuNoV and develop therapeutic strategies. This review summarizes recently developed HuNoV cultivation systems, including HIO, and their use in antiviral studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Hayashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakura Kobayashi
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junki Hirano
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kosuke Murakami
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Bose D, Deb Adhikary N, Xiao P, Rogers KA, Ferrell DE, Cheng-Mayer C, Chang TL, Villinger F. SHIV-C109p5 NHP induces rapid disease progression in elderly macaques with extensive GI viral replication. J Virol 2024; 98:e0165223. [PMID: 38299866 PMCID: PMC10878093 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01652-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
CCR5-tropic simian/human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIV) with clade C transmitted/founder envelopes represent a critical tool for the investigation of HIV experimental vaccines and microbicides in nonhuman primates, although many such isolates lead to spontaneous viral control post infection. Here, we generated a high-titer stock of pathogenic SHIV-C109p5 by serial passage in two rhesus macaques (RM) and tested its virulence in aged monkeys. The co-receptor usage was confirmed before infecting five geriatric rhesus macaques (four female and one male). Plasma viral loads were monitored by reverse transcriptase-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), cytokines by multiplex analysis, and biomarkers of gastrointestinal damage by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Antibodies and cell-mediated responses were also measured. Viral dissemination into tissues was determined by RNAscope. Intravenous SHIV-C109p5 infection of aged RMs leads to high plasma viremia and rapid disease progression; rapid decrease in CD4+ T cells, CD4+CD8+ T cells, and plasmacytoid dendritic cells; and wasting necessitating euthanasia between 3 and 12 weeks post infection. Virus-specific cellular immune responses were detected only in the two monkeys that survived 4 weeks post infection. These were Gag-specific TNFα+CD8+, MIP1β+CD4+, Env-specific IFN-γ+CD4+, and CD107a+ T cell responses. Four out of five monkeys had elevated intestinal fatty acid binding protein levels at the viral peak, while regenerating islet-derived protein 3α showed marked increases at later time points in the three animals surviving the longest, suggesting gut antimicrobial peptide production in response to microbial translocation post infection. Plasma levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin-15, and interleukin-12/23 were also elevated. Viral replication in gut and secondary lymphoid tissues was extensive.IMPORTANCESimian/human immunodeficiency viruses (SHIV) are important reagents to study prevention of virus acquisition in nonhuman primate models of HIV infection, especially those representing transmitted/founder (T/F) viruses. However, many R5-tropic SHIV have limited fitness in vivo leading to many monkeys spontaneously controlling the virus post acute infection. Here, we report the generation of a pathogenic SHIV clade C T/F stock by in vivo passage leading to sustained viral load set points, a necessity to study pathogenicity. Unexpectedly, administration of this SHIV to elderly rhesus macaques led to extensive viral replication and fast disease progression, despite maintenance of a strict R5 tropism. Such age-dependent rapid disease progression had previously been reported for simian immunodeficiency virus but not for R5-tropic SHIV infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepanwita Bose
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Nihar Deb Adhikary
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Peng Xiao
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Kenneth A. Rogers
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | - Douglas E. Ferrell
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Theresa L. Chang
- The Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Francois Villinger
- New Iberia Research Center, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, New Iberia, Louisiana, USA
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Xiao D, Zhang L, Li S, Liang Y, Wu R, Wen Y, Yan Q, Du S, Zhao Q, Han X, Song J, Cao S, Huang X. Characterization, phylogenetic analysis, and pathogenicity of a novel genotype 2 porcine Enterovirus G. Virus Res 2023; 335:199185. [PMID: 37532142 PMCID: PMC10448215 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
Enterovirus G belongs to the family Picornaviridae and are associated with a variety of animal diseases. We isolated and characterized a novel EV-G2 strain, CHN-SCMY2021, the first genotype 2 strain isolated in China. CHN-SCMY2021 is about 25 nm diameter with morphology typical of picornaviruses and its genome is 7341 nucleotides. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis based on VP1 indicated that this isolate is a genotype 2 strain. The whole genome similarity between CHN-SCMY2021 and other EV-G genotype 2 strains is 78.3-86.4%, the greatest similarity is to EVG/Porcine/JPN/Iba26-506/2014/G2 (LC316792.1). Recombination analysis indicated that CHN-SCMY2021 resulted from recombination between 714,171/CaoLanh_VN (KT265894.2) and LP 54 (AF363455.1). Except for ST cells, CHN-SCMY2021 has a broad spectrum of cellular adaptations, which are susceptible to BHK-21, PK-15, IPEC-J2, LLC-PK and Vero cells. In piglets, CHN-SCMY2021 causes mild diarrhea and thinning of the intestinal wall. The virus was mainly distributed to intestinal tissue but was also found in heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, brain, and spinal cord. CHN-SCMY2021 is the first systematically characterized EV-G genotype 2 strain from China, our results enrich the information on the epidemiology, molecular evolution and pathogenicity associated with EV-G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Xiao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Luwen Zhang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shiqian Li
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yixiao Liang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yiping Wen
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qigui Yan
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Senyan Du
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xinfeng Han
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jianling Song
- Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Yunnan Tropical and Subtropical Animal Virus Diseases Laboratory, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Sanjie Cao
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Sichuan Science-observation Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaobo Huang
- Research Center for Swine Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Sichuan Science-observation Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Veterinary Diagnostic Technology, Ministry of Agriculture, Chengdu 611130, China.
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5
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Pennarossa G, Arcuri S, Pasquariello R, Gandolfi F, Maranesi M, Brevini TAL. Cruciferous vegetable-derived indole-3-carbinol prevents coronavirus cell egression mechanisms in tracheal and intestinal 3D in vitro models. Phytochemistry 2023; 212:113713. [PMID: 37169138 PMCID: PMC10168192 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2023.113713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The potential antiviral effects of indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a phytochemical found in Cruciferous vegetables, were investigated. Fibroblasts and epithelial cells were co-cultured on Alvetex® scaffolds, to obtain ad hoc 3D in vitro platforms able to mimic the trachea and intestinal mucosae, which represent the primary structures involved in the coronavirus pathogenesis. The two barriers generated in vitro were treated with various concentrations of I3C for different incubation periods. A protective effect of I3C on both intestinal and trachea models was demonstrated. A significant reduction in the transcription of the two main genes belonging to the Homologous to E6AP C-terminus (HECT)-E3 ligase family members, namely NEDD4 E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase (NEDD4) and WW Domain Containing E3 Ubiquitin Protein Ligase 1 (WWP1), which promote virus matrix protein ubiquitination and inhibit viral egression, were detected. These findings indicate I3C potential effect in preventing coronavirus cell egression processes that inhibit viral production. Although further studies are needed to clarify the molecular mechanisms whereby HECT family members control virus life cycle, this work paves the way to the possible therapeutic use of new natural compounds that may reduce the clinical severity of future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Pennarossa
- Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology and Tissue Engineering, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Sharon Arcuri
- Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology and Tissue Engineering, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - Rolando Pasquariello
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Fulvio Gandolfi
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences - Production, Landscape, Agroenergy, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 10, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Margherita Maranesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo 4, 06126, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Tiziana A L Brevini
- Laboratory of Biomedical Embryology and Tissue Engineering, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Dell'Università 6, 26900, Lodi, Italy.
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6
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Shalon D, Culver RN, Grembi JA, Folz J, Treit PV, Shi H, Rosenberger FA, Dethlefsen L, Meng X, Yaffe E, Aranda-Díaz A, Geyer PE, Mueller-Reif JB, Spencer S, Patterson AD, Triadafilopoulos G, Holmes SP, Mann M, Fiehn O, Relman DA, Huang KC. Profiling the human intestinal environment under physiological conditions. Nature 2023; 617:581-591. [PMID: 37165188 PMCID: PMC10191855 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05989-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal structure of the human microbiome1,2, proteome3 and metabolome4,5 reflects and determines regional intestinal physiology and may have implications for disease6. Yet, little is known about the distribution of microorganisms, their environment and their biochemical activity in the gut because of reliance on stool samples and limited access to only some regions of the gut using endoscopy in fasting or sedated individuals7. To address these deficiencies, we developed an ingestible device that collects samples from multiple regions of the human intestinal tract during normal digestion. Collection of 240 intestinal samples from 15 healthy individuals using the device and subsequent multi-omics analyses identified significant differences between bacteria, phages, host proteins and metabolites in the intestines versus stool. Certain microbial taxa were differentially enriched and prophage induction was more prevalent in the intestines than in stool. The host proteome and bile acid profiles varied along the intestines and were highly distinct from those of stool. Correlations between gradients in bile acid concentrations and microbial abundance predicted species that altered the bile acid pool through deconjugation. Furthermore, microbially conjugated bile acid concentrations exhibited amino acid-dependent trends that were not apparent in stool. Overall, non-invasive, longitudinal profiling of microorganisms, proteins and bile acids along the intestinal tract under physiological conditions can help elucidate the roles of the gut microbiome and metabolome in human physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Neal Culver
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - Jessica A Grembi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jacob Folz
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Peter V Treit
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Handuo Shi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Florian A Rosenberger
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Les Dethlefsen
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Eitan Yaffe
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Philipp E Geyer
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Johannes B Mueller-Reif
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Sean Spencer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew D Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - George Triadafilopoulos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Silicon Valley Neurogastroenterology and Motility Center, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | - Susan P Holmes
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthias Mann
- Department of Proteomics and Signal Transduction, Max-Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
| | - David A Relman
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
| | - Kerwyn Casey Huang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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7
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Bayfield OW, Shkoporov AN, Yutin N, Khokhlova EV, Smith JLR, Hawkins DEDP, Koonin EV, Hill C, Antson AA. Structural atlas of a human gut crassvirus. Nature 2023; 617:409-416. [PMID: 37138077 PMCID: PMC10172136 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
CrAssphage and related viruses of the order Crassvirales (hereafter referred to as crassviruses) were originally discovered by cross-assembly of metagenomic sequences. They are the most abundant viruses in the human gut, are found in the majority of individual gut viromes, and account for up to 95% of the viral sequences in some individuals1-4. Crassviruses are likely to have major roles in shaping the composition and functionality of the human microbiome, but the structures and roles of most of the virally encoded proteins are unknown, with only generic predictions resulting from bioinformatic analyses4,5. Here we present a cryo-electron microscopy reconstruction of Bacteroides intestinalis virus ΦcrAss0016, providing the structural basis for the functional assignment of most of its virion proteins. The muzzle protein forms an assembly about 1 MDa in size at the end of the tail and exhibits a previously unknown fold that we designate the 'crass fold', that is likely to serve as a gatekeeper that controls the ejection of cargos. In addition to packing the approximately 103 kb of virus DNA, the ΦcrAss001 virion has extensive storage space for virally encoded cargo proteins in the capsid and, unusually, within the tail. One of the cargo proteins is present in both the capsid and the tail, suggesting a general mechanism for protein ejection, which involves partial unfolding of proteins during their extrusion through the tail. These findings provide a structural basis for understanding the mechanisms of assembly and infection of these highly abundant crassviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver W Bayfield
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK.
| | - Andrey N Shkoporov
- APC Microbiome Ireland and School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Natalya Yutin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ekaterina V Khokhlova
- APC Microbiome Ireland and School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jake L R Smith
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - Dorothy E D P Hawkins
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - Eugene V Koonin
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Colin Hill
- APC Microbiome Ireland and School of Microbiology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Alfred A Antson
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK.
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8
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Meng B, Abdullahi A, Ferreira IATM, Goonawardane N, Saito A, Kimura I, Yamasoba D, Gerber PP, Fatihi S, Rathore S, Zepeda SK, Papa G, Kemp SA, Ikeda T, Toyoda M, Tan TS, Kuramochi J, Mitsunaga S, Ueno T, Shirakawa K, Takaori-Kondo A, Brevini T, Mallery DL, Charles OJ, Bowen JE, Joshi A, Walls AC, Jackson L, Martin D, Smith KGC, Bradley J, Briggs JAG, Choi J, Madissoon E, Meyer KB, Mlcochova P, Ceron-Gutierrez L, Doffinger R, Teichmann SA, Fisher AJ, Pizzuto MS, de Marco A, Corti D, Hosmillo M, Lee JH, James LC, Thukral L, Veesler D, Sigal A, Sampaziotis F, Goodfellow IG, Matheson NJ, Sato K, Gupta RK. Altered TMPRSS2 usage by SARS-CoV-2 Omicron impacts infectivity and fusogenicity. Nature 2022; 603:706-714. [PMID: 35104837 PMCID: PMC8942856 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04474-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 607] [Impact Index Per Article: 303.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 variant emerged in 20211 and has multiple mutations in its spike protein2. Here we show that the spike protein of Omicron has a higher affinity for ACE2 compared with Delta, and a marked change in its antigenicity increases Omicron's evasion of therapeutic monoclonal and vaccine-elicited polyclonal neutralizing antibodies after two doses. mRNA vaccination as a third vaccine dose rescues and broadens neutralization. Importantly, the antiviral drugs remdesivir and molnupiravir retain efficacy against Omicron BA.1. Replication was similar for Omicron and Delta virus isolates in human nasal epithelial cultures. However, in lung cells and gut cells, Omicron demonstrated lower replication. Omicron spike protein was less efficiently cleaved compared with Delta. The differences in replication were mapped to the entry efficiency of the virus on the basis of spike-pseudotyped virus assays. The defect in entry of Omicron pseudotyped virus to specific cell types effectively correlated with higher cellular RNA expression of TMPRSS2, and deletion of TMPRSS2 affected Delta entry to a greater extent than Omicron. Furthermore, drug inhibitors targeting specific entry pathways3 demonstrated that the Omicron spike inefficiently uses the cellular protease TMPRSS2, which promotes cell entry through plasma membrane fusion, with greater dependency on cell entry through the endocytic pathway. Consistent with suboptimal S1/S2 cleavage and inability to use TMPRSS2, syncytium formation by the Omicron spike was substantially impaired compared with the Delta spike. The less efficient spike cleavage of Omicron at S1/S2 is associated with a shift in cellular tropism away from TMPRSS2-expressing cells, with implications for altered pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Meng
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adam Abdullahi
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Isabella A T M Ferreira
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Niluka Goonawardane
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Akatsuki Saito
- Department of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Izumi Kimura
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daichi Yamasoba
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pehuén Pereyra Gerber
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Saman Fatihi
- CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Surabhi Rathore
- CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Samantha K Zepeda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Guido Papa
- MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Steven A Kemp
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Terumasa Ikeda
- Division of Molecular Virology and Genetics, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Mako Toyoda
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toong Seng Tan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | | | - Shigeki Mitsunaga
- Human Genetics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Takamasa Ueno
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kotaro Shirakawa
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akifumi Takaori-Kondo
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teresa Brevini
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - John E Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anshu Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alexandra C Walls
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Virology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - John Bradley
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Jinwook Choi
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Elo Madissoon
- Welcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, EMBL-EBI, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Kerstin B Meyer
- Welcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
| | - Petra Mlcochova
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lourdes Ceron-Gutierrez
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rainer Doffinger
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Welcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew J Fisher
- Transplant and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Matteo S Pizzuto
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Anna de Marco
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Myra Hosmillo
- Department of Virology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joo Hyeon Lee
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Leo C James
- MRC-Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lipi Thukral
- CSIR Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Alex Sigal
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Fotios Sampaziotis
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, UK
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Nicholas J Matheson
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
- NHS Blood and Transplant, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kei Sato
- Division of Systems Virology, Department of Infectious Disease Control, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan.
| | - Ravindra K Gupta
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Cambridge, UK.
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa.
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9
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He Z, Zhong Y, Hou D, Hu X, Fu Z, Liu L, Zhang S, Sun C. Integrated Analysis of mRNA-Seq and MiRNA-Seq Reveals the Molecular Mechanism of the Intestinal Immune Response in Marsupenaeus japonicus Under Decapod Iridescent Virus 1 Infection. Front Immunol 2022; 12:807093. [PMID: 35116034 PMCID: PMC8804360 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.807093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestine is not only an important digestive organ but also an important immune organ for shrimp; it plays a key role in maintaining homeostasis. Decapod iridescent virus 1 (DIV1) is a new type of shrimp-lethal virus that has received extensive attention in recent years. To date, most studies of the shrimp intestinal immune response under viral infections have relied on single omics analyses; there is a lack of systematic multi-omics research. In the current study, intestinal mRNA-seq and microRNA (miRNA)-seq analyses of Marsupenaeus japonicus under DIV1 infection were performed. A total of 1,976 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 32 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs) were identified. Among them, 21 DEMs were negatively correlated with 194 DEGs from a total of 223 correlations. Functional annotation analysis revealed that M. japonicus can regulate glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis (chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate), vitamin metabolism (retinol metabolism and ascorbate and aldarate metabolism), immune pathway activation (Toll and IMD signaling pathways, Wnt signaling pathway, IL-17 signaling pathway, and Hippo signaling pathway), immunity enzyme activity promotion (triose-phosphate isomerase), antimicrobial peptide (AMP) expression, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and cell apoptosis through miRNAs to participate in the host’s antiviral immune response, while DIV1 can influence Warburg effect-related pathways (pyruvate metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and citrate cycle), glycosphingolipid biosynthesis-related pathways (glycosphingolipid biosynthesis—globo and isoglobo series and glycosphingolipid biosynthesis—lacto and neolacto series), and the tight junction and adhesion junction of the intestinal mucosal epithelium through the host’s miRNAs and mRNA to promote its own invasion and replication. These results indicate that intestinal miRNAs play important roles in the shrimp immune response against DIV1 infection. This study provides a basis for further study of the shrimp intestinal antiviral immune response and for the formulation of effective new strategies for the prevention and treatment of DIV1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao He
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yunqi Zhong
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Danqing Hou
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xianye Hu
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhibin Fu
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Luyao Liu
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Shuang Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Aquatic Animals Precision Nutrition and High Efficiency Feed Engineering Research Center of Guangdong Province, Zhanjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Chengbo Sun, ; Shuang Zhang,
| | - Chengbo Sun
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Laboratory of Southern Marine Science and Engineering, Zhanjiang, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Biology and Epidemiology for Aquatic Economic Animals, Zhanjiang, China
- *Correspondence: Chengbo Sun, ; Shuang Zhang,
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10
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Mboko WP, Chhabra P, Valcarce MD, Costantini V, Vinjé J. Advances in understanding of the innate immune response to human norovirus infection using organoid models. J Gen Virol 2022; 103:10.1099/jgv.0.001720. [PMID: 35077345 PMCID: PMC8984994 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the leading cause of epidemic and endemic acute gastroenteritis worldwide and the most frequent cause of foodborne illness in the United States. There is no specific treatment for norovirus infections and therapeutic interventions are based on alleviating symptoms and limiting viral transmission. The immune response to norovirus is not completely understood and mechanistic studies have been hindered by lack of a robust cell culture system. In recent years, the human intestinal enteroid/human intestinal organoid system (HIE/HIO) has enabled successful human norovirus replication. Cells derived from HIE have also successfully been subjected to genetic manipulation using viral vectors as well as CRISPR/Cas9 technology, thereby allowing studies to identify antiviral signaling pathways important in controlling norovirus infection. RNA sequencing using HIE cells has been used to investigate the transcriptional landscape during norovirus infection and to identify antiviral genes important in infection. Other cell culture platforms such as the microfluidics-based gut-on-chip technology in combination with the HIE/HIO system also have the potential to address fundamental questions on innate immunity to human norovirus. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in understanding the innate immune response to human norovirus infections in the HIE system, including the application of advanced molecular technologies that have become available in recent years such as the CRISPR/Cas9 and RNA sequencing, as well as the potential application of single cell transcriptomics, viral proteomics, and gut-on-a-chip technology to further elucidate innate immunity to norovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadzanai P. Mboko
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Preeti Chhabra
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Marta Diez Valcarce
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Veronica Costantini
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Jan Vinjé
- Viral Gastroenteritis Branch, Division of Viral Diseases, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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11
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Yuan Y, Zu S, Zhang Y, Zhao F, Jin X, Hu H. Porcine Deltacoronavirus Utilizes Sialic Acid as an Attachment Receptor and Trypsin Can Influence the Binding Activity. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122442. [PMID: 34960711 PMCID: PMC8705999 DOI: 10.3390/v13122442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is a novel coronavirus that causes diarrhea in nursing piglets. Studies showed that PDCoV uses porcine aminopeptidase N (pAPN) as an entry receptor, but the infection of pAPN-knockout cells or pigs with PDCoV revealed that pAPN might be not a critical functional receptor, implying there exists an unidentified receptor involved in PDCoV infection. Herein, we report that sialic acid (SA) can act as an attachment receptor for PDCoV invasion and facilitate its infection. We first demonstrated that the carbohydrates destroyed on the cell membrane using NaIO4 can alleviate the susceptibility of cells to PDCoV. Further study showed that the removal of SA, a typical cell-surface carbohydrate, could influence the PDCoV infectivity to the cells significantly, suggesting that SA was involved in the infection. The results of plaque assay and Western blotting revealed that SA promoted PDCoV infection by increasing the number of viruses binding to SA on the cell surface during the adsorption phase, which was also confirmed by atomic force microscopy at the microscopic level. In in vivo experiments, we found that the distribution levels of PDCoV and SA were closely relevant in the swine intestine, which contains huge amount of trypsin. We further confirmed that SA-binding capacity to PDCoV is related to the pre-treatment of PDCoV with trypsin. In conclusion, SA is a novel attachment receptor for PDCoV infection to enhance its attachment to cells, which is dependent on the pre-treatment of trypsin on PDCoV. This study paves the way for dissecting the mechanisms of PDCoV–host interactions and provides new strategies to control PDCoV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.Z.); (F.Z.); (X.J.)
| | - Shaopo Zu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.Z.); (F.Z.); (X.J.)
| | - Yunfei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.Z.); (F.Z.); (X.J.)
| | - Fujie Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.Z.); (F.Z.); (X.J.)
| | - Xiaohui Jin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.Z.); (F.Z.); (X.J.)
| | - Hui Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (Y.Y.); (S.Z.); (Y.Z.); (F.Z.); (X.J.)
- Key Laboratory for Animal-Derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Correspondence:
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12
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Pearce SC, Suntornsaratoon P, Kishida K, Al‐Jawadi A, Guardia J, Nadler I, Flores J, Shiarella R, Auvinen M, Yu S, Gao N, Ferraris RP. Expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors, electrolyte, and mineral transporters in different mouse intestinal epithelial cell types. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15061. [PMID: 34755492 PMCID: PMC8578880 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane proteases (TMPRSS) are multifunctional proteins required for SARS-CoV-2 infection or for amino acid (AA) transport, and are abundantly expressed in mammalian small intestine, but the identity of the intestinal cell type(s) and sites of expression are unclear. Here we determined expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry factors in different cell types and then compared it to that of representative AA, electrolyte, and mineral transporters. We tested the hypothesis that SARS-CoV-2, AA, electrolyte, and mineral transporters are expressed heterogeneously in different intestinal cell types by making mouse enteroids enriched in enterocytes (ENT), goblet (GOB), Paneth (PAN), or stem (ISC) cells. Interestingly, the expression of ACE2 was apical and modestly greater in ENT, the same pattern observed for its associated AA transporters B0 AT1 and SIT1. TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 were more highly expressed in crypt-residing ISC. Expression of electrolyte transporters was dramatically heterogeneous. DRA, NBCe1, and NHE3 were greatest in ENT, while those of CFTR and NKCC1 that play important roles in secretory diarrhea, were mainly expressed in ISC and PAN that also displayed immunohistochemically abundant basolateral NKCC1. Intestinal iron transporters were generally expressed higher in ENT and GOB, while calcium transporters were expressed mainly in PAN. Heterogeneous expression of its entry factors suggests that the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to infect the intestine may vary with cell type. Parallel cell-type expression patterns of ACE2 with B0 AT1 and SIT1 provides further evidence of ACE2's multifunctional properties and importance in AA absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C. Pearce
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and NeurosciencesNew Jersey Medical SchoolRutgers UniversityNewarkNew JerseyUSA
- Present address:
USDA‐ARS National Laboratory for Agriculture and the Environment1015 N. University Blvd.AmesIowa50011USA
| | - Panan Suntornsaratoon
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and NeurosciencesNew Jersey Medical SchoolRutgers UniversityNewarkNew JerseyUSA
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of ScienceMahidol UniversityBangkokThailand
| | - Kunihiro Kishida
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and NeurosciencesNew Jersey Medical SchoolRutgers UniversityNewarkNew JerseyUSA
- Present address:
Department of Science and Technology on Food SafetyKindai UniversityWakayama649‐6493Japan
| | - Arwa Al‐Jawadi
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and NeurosciencesNew Jersey Medical SchoolRutgers UniversityNewarkNew JerseyUSA
- Present address:
Thermo Fisher Scientific5823 Newton DriveCarlsbadCalifornia92008USA
| | - Joshua Guardia
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and NeurosciencesNew Jersey Medical SchoolRutgers UniversityNewarkNew JerseyUSA
| | - Ian Nadler
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and NeurosciencesNew Jersey Medical SchoolRutgers UniversityNewarkNew JerseyUSA
| | - Juan Flores
- Department of Biological SciencesLife Science CenterRutgers UniversityNewarkNew JerseyUSA
| | - Reilly Shiarella
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and NeurosciencesNew Jersey Medical SchoolRutgers UniversityNewarkNew JerseyUSA
| | - Madelyn Auvinen
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and NeurosciencesNew Jersey Medical SchoolRutgers UniversityNewarkNew JerseyUSA
| | - Shiyan Yu
- Department of Biological SciencesLife Science CenterRutgers UniversityNewarkNew JerseyUSA
| | - Nan Gao
- Department of Biological SciencesLife Science CenterRutgers UniversityNewarkNew JerseyUSA
| | - Ronaldo P. Ferraris
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and NeurosciencesNew Jersey Medical SchoolRutgers UniversityNewarkNew JerseyUSA
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13
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Mihindukulasuriya KA, Mars RAT, Johnson AJ, Ward T, Priya S, Lekatz HR, Kalari KR, Droit L, Zheng T, Blekhman R, D'Amato M, Farrugia G, Knights D, Handley SA, Kashyap PC. Multi-Omics Analyses Show Disease, Diet, and Transcriptome Interactions With the Virome. Gastroenterology 2021; 161:1194-1207.e8. [PMID: 34245762 PMCID: PMC8463486 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The gut virome includes eukaryotic viruses and bacteriophages that can shape the gut bacterial community and elicit host responses. The virome can be implicated in diseases, such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), where gut bacteria play an important role in pathogenesis. We provide a comprehensive and longitudinal characterization of the virome, including DNA and RNA viruses and paired multi-omics data in a cohort of healthy subjects and patients with IBS. METHODS We selected 2 consecutive stool samples per subject from a longitudinal study cohort and performed metagenomic sequencing on DNA and RNA viruses after enriching for viral-like particles. Viral sequence abundance was evaluated over time, as well as in the context of diet, bacterial composition and function, metabolite levels, colonic gene expression, host genetics, and IBS subsets. RESULTS We found that the gut virome was temporally stable and correlated with the colonic transcriptome. We identified IBS-subset-specific changes in phage populations; Microviridae, Myoviridae, and Podoviridae species were elevated in diarrhea-predominant IBS, and other Microviridae and Myoviridae species were elevated in constipation-predominant IBS compared to healthy controls. We identified correlations between subsets of the virome and bacterial composition (unclassifiable "dark matter" and phages) and diet (eukaryotic viruses). CONCLUSIONS We found that the gut virome is stable over time but varies among subsets of patients with IBS. It can be affected by diet and potentially influences host function via interactions with gut bacteria and/or altering host gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruben A T Mars
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Abigail J Johnson
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Tonya Ward
- BioTechnology Institute, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Sambhawa Priya
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Heather R Lekatz
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Krishna R Kalari
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lindsay Droit
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Tenghao Zheng
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ran Blekhman
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Mauro D'Amato
- Gastrointestinal Genetics Laboratory, CIC bioGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance, Derio, Spain; Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Gianrico Farrugia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Dan Knights
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota; Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
| | - Scott A Handley
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri.
| | - Purna C Kashyap
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Medicine and Physiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus F Neurath
- First Department of Medicine & Deutsches Zentrum Immuntherapie DZI, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Klaus Überla
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology & Deutsches Zentrum für Immuntherapie (DZI), University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Siew C Ng
- Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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15
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Xing J, Zhou X, Fang M, Zhang E, Minze LJ, Zhang Z. DHX15 is required to control RNA virus-induced intestinal inflammation. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109205. [PMID: 34161762 PMCID: PMC8276442 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA helicases play critical roles in various biological processes, including serving as viral RNA sensors in innate immunity. Here, we find that RNA helicase DEAH-box helicase 15 (DHX15) is essential for type I interferon (IFN-I, IFN-β), type III IFN (IFN-λ3), and inflammasome-derived cytokine IL-18 production by intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) in response to poly I:C and RNA viruses with preference of enteric RNA viruses, but not DNA virus. Importantly, we generate IEC-specific Dhx15-knockout mice and demonstrate that DHX15 is required for controlling intestinal inflammation induced by enteric RNA virus rotavirus in suckling mice and reovirus in adult mice in vivo, which owes to impaired IFN-β, IFN-λ3, and IL-18 production in IECs from Dhx15-deficient mice. Mechanistically, DHX15 interacts with NLRP6 to trigger NLRP6 inflammasome assembly and activation for inducing IL-18 secretion in IECs. Collectively, our report reveals critical roles for DHX15 in sensing enteric RNA viruses in IECs and controlling intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Xing
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Xiaojing Zhou
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Clinical Medical College, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Mingli Fang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Evan Zhang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Laurie J Minze
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Immunobiology and Transplant Science Center, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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16
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Dallari S, Heaney T, Rosas-Villegas A, Neil JA, Wong SY, Brown JJ, Urbanek K, Herrmann C, Depledge DP, Dermody TS, Cadwell K. Enteric viruses evoke broad host immune responses resembling those elicited by the bacterial microbiome. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:1014-1029.e8. [PMID: 33894129 PMCID: PMC8192460 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The contributions of the viral component of the microbiome-the virome-to the development of innate and adaptive immunity are largely unknown. Here, we systematically defined the host response in mice to a panel of eukaryotic enteric viruses representing six different families. Infections with most of these viruses were asymptomatic in the mice, the magnitude and duration of which was dependent on the microbiota. Flow cytometric and transcriptional profiling of mice mono-associated with these viruses unveiled general adaptations by the host, such as lymphocyte differentiation and IL-22 signatures in the intestine, as well as numerous viral-strain-specific responses that persisted. Comparison with a dataset derived from analogous bacterial mono-association in mice identified bacterial species that evoke an immune response comparable with the viruses we examined. These results expand an understanding of the immune space occupied by the enteric virome and underscore the importance of viral exposure events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Dallari
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Heaney
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adriana Rosas-Villegas
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica A Neil
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Serre-Yu Wong
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Susan and Leonard Feinstein Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Judy J Brown
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biology, Trevecca Nazarene University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kelly Urbanek
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christin Herrmann
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel P Depledge
- Department of Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Terence S Dermody
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY, USA.
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17
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Mangalea MR, Paez-Espino D, Kieft K, Chatterjee A, Chriswell ME, Seifert JA, Feser ML, Demoruelle MK, Sakatos A, Anantharaman K, Deane KD, Kuhn KA, Holers VM, Duerkop BA. Individuals at risk for rheumatoid arthritis harbor differential intestinal bacteriophage communities with distinct metabolic potential. Cell Host Microbe 2021; 29:726-739.e5. [PMID: 33957082 PMCID: PMC8186507 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2021.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized in seropositive individuals by the presence of anti-cyclic citrullinated protein (CCP) antibodies. RA is linked to the intestinal microbiota, yet the association of microbes with CCP serology and their contribution to RA is unclear. We describe intestinal phage communities of individuals at risk for developing RA, with or without anti-CCP antibodies, whose first-degree relatives have been diagnosed with RA. We show that at-risk individuals harbor intestinal phage compositions that diverge based on CCP serology, are dominated by Streptococcaceae, Bacteroidaceae, and Lachnospiraceae phages, and may originate from disparate ecosystems. These phages encode unique repertoires of auxiliary metabolic genes, which associate with anti-CCP status, suggesting that these phages directly influence the metabolic and immunomodulatory capability of the microbiota. This work sets the stage for the use of phages as preclinical biomarkers and provides insight into a possible microbial-based causation of RA disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihnea R Mangalea
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Kristopher Kieft
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Anushila Chatterjee
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Meagan E Chriswell
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jennifer A Seifert
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Marie L Feser
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - M Kristen Demoruelle
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Karthik Anantharaman
- Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Kevin D Deane
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kristine A Kuhn
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - V Michael Holers
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Breck A Duerkop
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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18
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de Oliveira GLV, Oliveira CNS, Pinzan CF, de Salis LVV, Cardoso CRDB. Microbiota Modulation of the Gut-Lung Axis in COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 12:635471. [PMID: 33717181 PMCID: PMC7945592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.635471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), and according to the World Health Organization (WHO), to date, SARS-CoV-2 has already infected more than 91.8 million people worldwide with 1,986,871 deaths. This virus affects mainly the respiratory system, but the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is also a target, meanwhile SARS-CoV-2 was already detected in oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, rectum, and in fecal samples from COVID-19 patients. Prolonged GIT manifestations in COVID-19, mainly the diarrhea, were correlated with decreased richness and diversity of the gut microbiota, immune deregulation and delayed SARS-CoV-2 clearance. So, the bidirectional interactions between the respiratory mucosa and the gut microbiota, known as gut-lung axis, are supposed to be involved in the healthy or pathologic immune responses to SARS-CoV-2. In accordance, the intestinal dysbiosis is associated with increased mortality in other respiratory infections, due to an exacerbated inflammation and decreased regulatory or anti-inflammatory mechanisms in the lungs and in the gut, pointing to this important relationship between both mucosal compartments. Therefore, since the mucous membranes from the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts are affected, in addition to dysbiosis and inflammation, it is plausible to assume that adjunctive therapies based on the modulation of the gut microbiota and re-establishment of eubiosis conditions could be an important therapeutic approach for constraining the harmful consequences of COVID-19. Then, in this review, we summarized studies showing the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in the gastrointestinal system and the related digestive COVID-19 manifestations, in addition to the literature demonstrating nasopharyngeal, pulmonary and intestinal dysbiosis in COVID-19 patients. Lastly, we showed the potential beneficial role of probiotic administration in other respiratory infections, and discuss the possible role of probiotics as an adjunctive therapy in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gislane Lelis Vilela de Oliveira
- Microbiology Program, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil
- Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Camilla Narjara Simão Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Camila Figueiredo Pinzan
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Larissa Vedovato Vilela de Salis
- Microbiology Program, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Sao Jose do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Cristina Ribeiro de Barros Cardoso
- Department of Clinical Analysis, Toxicology and Food Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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19
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Vignesh R, Swathirajan CR, Tun ZH, Rameshkumar MR, Solomon SS, Balakrishnan P. Could Perturbation of Gut Microbiota Possibly Exacerbate the Severity of COVID-19 via Cytokine Storm? Front Immunol 2021; 11:607734. [PMID: 33569053 PMCID: PMC7868418 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.607734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ramachandran Vignesh
- Preclinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, Malaysia
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRG CARE), Chennai, India
| | | | - Zaw Htet Tun
- Preclinical Department, Faculty of Medicine, Royal College of Medicine Perak, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Ipoh, Malaysia
| | - Marimuthu Ragavan Rameshkumar
- Laboratory Division, Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Epidemiology (ICMR-NIE), Indian Council of Medical Research, Chennai, India
| | - Sunil Suhas Solomon
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRG CARE), Chennai, India
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Pachamuthu Balakrishnan
- Infectious Diseases Laboratory, YR Gaitonde Centre for AIDS Research and Education (YRG CARE), Chennai, India
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20
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Chan JC, Mohammad KN, Zhang LY, Wong SH, Chan MCW. Targeted Profiling of Immunological Genes during Norovirus Replication in Human Intestinal Enteroids. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020155. [PMID: 33494515 PMCID: PMC7910953 DOI: 10.3390/v13020155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. The pathogenesis of norovirus and the induced immune response remain poorly understood due to the lack of a robust virus culture system. The monolayers of two secretor-positive Chinese human intestinal enteroid (HIE) lines were challenged with two norovirus pandemic GII.4 Sydney strains. Norovirus RNA replication in supernatants and cell lysates were quantified by RT-qPCR. RNA expression levels of immune-related genes were profiled using PCR arrays. The secreted protein levels of shortlisted upregulated genes were measured in supernatants using analyte-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Productive norovirus replications were achieved in three (75%) out of four inoculations. The two most upregulated immune-related genes were CXCL10 (93-folds) and IFI44L (580-folds). Gene expressions of CXCL10 and IFI44L were positively correlated with the level of norovirus RNA replication (CXCL10: Spearman’s r = 0.779, p < 0.05; IFI44L: r = 0.881, p < 0.01). The higher level of secreted CXCL10 and IFI44L proteins confirmed their elevated gene expression. The two genes have been reported to be upregulated in norovirus volunteer challenges and natural human infections by other viruses. Our data suggested that HIE could mimic the innate immune response elicited in natural norovirus infection and, therefore, could serve as an experimental model for future virus-host interaction and antiviral studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny C.M. Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.C.M.C.); (K.N.M.); (L.-Y.Z.)
| | - Kirran N. Mohammad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.C.M.C.); (K.N.M.); (L.-Y.Z.)
| | - Lin-Yao Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.C.M.C.); (K.N.M.); (L.-Y.Z.)
| | - Sunny H. Wong
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Martin Chi-Wai Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; (J.C.M.C.); (K.N.M.); (L.-Y.Z.)
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
- Correspondence:
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21
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Niu X, Hou YJ, Jung K, Kong F, Saif LJ, Wang Q. Chimeric Porcine Deltacoronaviruses with Sparrow Coronavirus Spike Protein or the Receptor-Binding Domain Infect Pigs but Lose Virulence and Intestinal Tropism. Viruses 2021; 13:122. [PMID: 33477379 PMCID: PMC7829776 DOI: 10.3390/v13010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) strain OH-FD22 infects poultry and shares high nucleotide identity with sparrow-origin deltacoronaviruses (SpDCoV) ISU73347 and HKU17 strains. We hypothesized that the spike (S) protein or receptor-binding domain (RBD) from these SpDCoVs would alter the host and tissue tropism of PDCoV. First, an infectious cDNA clone of PDCoV OH-FD22 strain (icPDCoV) was generated and used to construct chimeric icPDCoVs harboring the S protein of HKU17 (icPDCoV-SHKU17) or the RBD of ISU73347 (icPDCoV-RBDISU). To evaluate their pathogenesis, neonatal gnotobiotic pigs were inoculated orally/oronasally with the recombinant viruses or PDCoV OH-FD22. All pigs inoculated with icPDCoV or OH-FD22 developed severe diarrhea and shed viral RNA at moderate-high levels (7.62-10.56 log10 copies/mL) in feces, and low-moderate levels in nasal swabs (4.92-8.48 log10 copies/mL). No pigs in the icPDCoV-SHKU17 and icPDCoV-RBDISU groups showed clinical signs. Interestingly, low-moderate levels (5.07-7.06 log10 copies/mL) of nasal but not fecal viral RNA shedding were detected transiently at 1-4 days post-inoculation in 40% (2/5) of icPDCoV-SHKU17- and 50% (1/2) of icPDCoV-RBDISU-inoculated pigs. These results confirm that PDCoV infected both the upper respiratory and intestinal tracts of pigs. The chimeric viruses displayed an attenuated phenotype with the loss of tropism for the pig intestine. The SpDCoV S protein and RBD reduced viral replication in pigs, suggesting limited potential for cross-species spillover upon initial passage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Niu
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (X.N.); (Y.J.H.); (K.J.); (F.K.); (L.J.S.)
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Yixuan J. Hou
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (X.N.); (Y.J.H.); (K.J.); (F.K.); (L.J.S.)
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kwonil Jung
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (X.N.); (Y.J.H.); (K.J.); (F.K.); (L.J.S.)
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Fanzhi Kong
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (X.N.); (Y.J.H.); (K.J.); (F.K.); (L.J.S.)
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, No. 5 Xinfeng Road, Sartu District, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Linda J. Saif
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (X.N.); (Y.J.H.); (K.J.); (F.K.); (L.J.S.)
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Center for Food Animal Health, Department of Animal Sciences, College of Food, Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; (X.N.); (Y.J.H.); (K.J.); (F.K.); (L.J.S.)
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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22
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Chu H, Hu B, Huang X, Chai Y, Zhou D, Wang Y, Shuai H, Yang D, Hou Y, Zhang X, Yuen TTT, Cai JP, Zhang AJ, Zhou J, Yuan S, To KKW, Chan IHY, Sit KY, Foo DCC, Wong IYH, Ng ATL, Cheung TT, Law SYK, Au WK, Brindley MA, Chen Z, Kok KH, Chan JFW, Yuen KY. Host and viral determinants for efficient SARS-CoV-2 infection of the human lung. Nat Commun 2021; 12:134. [PMID: 33420022 PMCID: PMC7794309 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20457-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the factors that contribute to efficient SARS-CoV-2 infection of human cells may provide insights on SARS-CoV-2 transmissibility and pathogenesis, and reveal targets of intervention. Here, we analyze host and viral determinants essential for efficient SARS-CoV-2 infection in both human lung epithelial cells and ex vivo human lung tissues. We identify heparan sulfate as an important attachment factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Next, we show that sialic acids present on ACE2 prevent efficient spike/ACE2-interaction. While SARS-CoV infection is substantially limited by the sialic acid-mediated restriction in both human lung epithelial cells and ex vivo human lung tissues, infection by SARS-CoV-2 is limited to a lesser extent. We further demonstrate that the furin-like cleavage site in SARS-CoV-2 spike is required for efficient virus replication in human lung but not intestinal tissues. These findings provide insights on the efficient SARS-CoV-2 infection of human lungs.
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Grants
- R01 AI139238 NIAID NIH HHS
- This study was partly supported by the donations of May Tam Mak Mei Yin, the Shaw Foundation of Hong Kong, Richard Yu and Carol Yu, Michael Seak-Kan Tong, Respiratory Viral Research Foundation Limited, Hui Ming, Hui Hoy and Chow Sin Lan Charity Fund Limited, Chan Yin Chuen Memorial Charitable Foundation, Marina Man-Wai Lee, the Hong Kong Hainan Commercial Association South China Microbiology Research Fund, the Jessie & George Ho Charitable Foundation, Perfect Shape Medical Limited, Kai Chong Tong, and Lo Ying Shek Chi Wai Foundation; and funding from the Consultancy Service for Enhancing Laboratory Surveillance of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Research Capability on Antimicrobial Resistance for Department of Health of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government; Health and Medical Research Fund (16150572); the Theme-Based Research Scheme (T11/707/15) of the Research Grants Council; Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Sanming Project of Medicine in Shenzhen, China (No. SZSM201911014); NIH R01AI139238, and the High Level-Hospital Program, Health Commission of Guangdong Province, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hin Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Bingjie Hu
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xiner Huang
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yue Chai
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dongyan Zhou
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yixin Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Huiping Shuai
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuxin Hou
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Terrence Tsz-Tai Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jian-Piao Cai
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Anna Jinxia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kelvin Kai-Wang To
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ivy Hau-Yee Chan
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ko-Yung Sit
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Dominic Chi-Chung Foo
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ian Yu-Hong Wong
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Ada Tsui-Lin Ng
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tan To Cheung
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Simon Ying-Kit Law
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing-Kuk Au
- Department of Surgery, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Melinda A Brindley
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kin-Hang Kok
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Department of Microbiology, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- Hainan Medical University-The University of Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Tropical Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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Elhag DA, Kumar M, Al Khodor S. Exploring the Triple Interaction between the Host Genome, the Epigenome, and the Gut Microbiome in Type 1 Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010125. [PMID: 33374418 PMCID: PMC7795494 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an auto-immune disorder characterized by a complex interaction between the host immune system and various environmental factors in genetically susceptible individuals. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified different T1D risk and protection alleles, however, little is known about the environmental factors that can be linked to these alleles. Recent evidence indicated that, among those environmental factors, dysbiosis (imbalance) in the gut microbiota may play a role in the pathogenesis of T1D, affecting the integrity of the gut and leading to systemic inflammation and auto-destruction of the pancreatic β cells. Several studies have identified changes in the gut microbiome composition in humans and animal models comparing T1D subjects with controls. Those changes were characterized by a higher abundance of Bacteroides and a lower abundance of the butyrate-producing bacteria such as Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa. The mechanisms by which the dysbiotic bacteria and/or their metabolites interact with the genome and/or the epigenome of the host leading to destructive autoimmunity is still not clear. As T1D is a multifactorial disease, understanding the interaction between different environmental factors such as the gut microbiome, the genetic and the epigenetic determinants that are linked with the early appearance of autoantibodies can expand our knowledge about the disease pathogenesis. This review aims to provide insights into the interaction between the gut microbiome, susceptibility genes, epigenetic factors, and the immune system in the pathogenesis of T1D.
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García-Rodríguez I, Sridhar A, Pajkrt D, Wolthers KC. Put Some Guts into It: Intestinal Organoid Models to Study Viral Infection. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111288. [PMID: 33187072 PMCID: PMC7697248 DOI: 10.3390/v12111288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The knowledge about enteric viral infection has vastly increased over the last eight years due to the development of intestinal organoids and enteroids that suppose a step forward from conventional studies using cell lines. Intestinal organoids and enteroids are three-dimensional (3D) models that closely mimic intestinal cellular heterogeneity and organization. The barrier function within these models has been adapted to facilitate viral studies. In this review, several adaptations (such as organoid-derived two-dimensional (2D) monolayers) and original intestinal 3D models are discussed. The specific advantages and applications, as well as improvements of each model are analyzed and an insight into the possible path for the field is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés García-Rodríguez
- OrganoVIR Lab, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.G.-R.); (A.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Adithya Sridhar
- OrganoVIR Lab, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.G.-R.); (A.S.)
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Dasja Pajkrt
- Department of Pediatrics Infectious Diseases, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Katja C. Wolthers
- OrganoVIR Lab, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands; (I.G.-R.); (A.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Huang H, Liao D, Zhou G, Zhu Z, Cui Y, Pu R. Antiviral activities of resveratrol against rotavirus in vitro and in vivo. Phytomedicine 2020; 77:153230. [PMID: 32682225 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rotavirus (RV) is the primary causative agent for viral gastroenteritis among infants and young children worldwide. Currently, no clinically approved and effective antiviral drug for the treatment of RV infection is available. PURPOSE We investigated the potential anti-RV activity of resveratrol and underlying mechanisms by which resveratrol acted against RV. METHODS The anti-RV activity of resveratrol in vitro was evaluated using plaque reduction assays. The effects of resveratrol on yield of virion progeny, viral polyprotein expression and genomic RNA synthesis were respectively investigated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, western blotting and qRT-PCR assays. Further, we also measured the antiviral effect of resveratrol by evaluation of antigen clearance and assessment of changes in proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines in RV-infected neonatal mouse model. RESULTS Our results indicated that 20 μM of resveratrol significantly inhibited RV replication in Caco-2 cell line by suppressing RV RNA synthesis, protein expression, viroplasm plaque formation, progeny virion production, and RV-induced cytopathy independent of the different strains and cell lines of RV that we used. Analysis of the effect of time post-addition of resveratrol indicated that its application inhibited early processes in the RV replication cycle. Further study of the underlying mechanism of anti-RV activity indicated that resveratrol inhibited RV replication by suppressing expression of heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) mRNA and protein, and that the effect occurred in a dose-dependent manner. Overexpression of HSP90 was found to have attenuated the inhibitory effect of resveratrol on RV replication. Interestingly, the application of resveratrol were found to down-regulate the level of inhibition of RV-mediated MEK1/2 and ERK phosphorylation. Using a RV-infected suckling mice model, we found that application of resveratrol significantly lessened the severity of diarrhea, decreased viral titers, and relieved associated symptoms. Levels of mRNA expression of interleukin-2, interleukin-10, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, macrophage inflammatory protein 1, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 were all found to have been sharply reduced in intestinal tissue from mice which had been treated with resveratrol (10 or 20 mg/kg) after RV infection (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION These findings implied that resveratrol exhibits antiviral activity and could be a promising treatment for rotavirus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohai Huang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China; Central Laboratory, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Dan Liao
- Department of Gynaecology, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Guanghui Zhou
- Department of Rehabilitation medicine, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Sino-American Cancer Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China; Scientific Research Platform, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Yejia Cui
- Central Laboratory, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China; Department of Laboratory, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Rong Pu
- Department of Laboratory, Dongguan Third People's Hospital, Affiliated Dongguan Shilong People's Hospital of Southern Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, China.
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Sanz Segura P, Arguedas Lázaro Y, Mostacero Tapia S, Cabrera Chaves T, Sebastián Domingo JJ. Involvement of the digestive system in covid-19. A review. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 43:464-471. [PMID: 32859408 PMCID: PMC7303613 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is leading to high mortality and a global health crisis. The primary involvement is respiratory; however, the virus can also affect other organs, such as the gastrointestinal tract and liver. The most common symptoms are anorexia and diarrhea. In about half of the cases, viral RNA could be detected in the stool, which is another line of transmission and diagnosis. covid19 has a worse prognosis in patients with comorbidities, although there is not enough evidence in case of previous digestive diseases. Digestive endoscopies may give rise to aerosols, which make them techniques with a high risk of infection. Experts and scientific organizations worldwide have developed guidelines for preventive measures. The available evidence on gastrointestinal and hepatic involvement, the impact on patients with previous digestive diseases and operating guidelines for Endoscopy Units during the pandemic are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Yuan Li
- Departments of Dermatology, Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
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Hosmillo M, Chaudhry Y, Nayak K, Sorgeloos F, Koo BK, Merenda A, Lillestol R, Drumright L, Zilbauer M, Goodfellow I. Norovirus Replication in Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells Is Restricted by the Interferon-Induced JAK/STAT Signaling Pathway and RNA Polymerase II-Mediated Transcriptional Responses. mBio 2020; 11:e00215-20. [PMID: 32184238 PMCID: PMC7078467 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00215-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoV) are a leading cause of viral gastroenteritis worldwide and a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in all age groups. The recent finding that HuNoV can be propagated in B cells and mucosa-derived intestinal epithelial organoids (IEOs) has transformed our ability to dissect the life cycle of noroviruses. Using transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) of HuNoV-infected intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), we have found that replication of HuNoV in IECs results in interferon (IFN)-induced transcriptional responses and that HuNoV replication in IECs is sensitive to IFN. This contrasts with previous studies that suggested that the innate immune response may play no role in the restriction of HuNoV replication in immortalized cells. We demonstrated that inhibition of Janus kinase 1 (JAK1)/JAK2 enhanced HuNoV replication in IECs. Surprisingly, targeted inhibition of cellular RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription was not detrimental to HuNoV replication but instead enhanced replication to a greater degree than blocking of JAK signaling directly. Furthermore, we demonstrated for the first time that IECs generated from genetically modified intestinal organoids, engineered to be deficient in the interferon response, were more permissive to HuNoV infection. Taking the results together, our work revealed that IFN-induced transcriptional responses restrict HuNoV replication in IECs and demonstrated that inhibition of these responses mediated by modifications of the culture conditions can greatly enhance the robustness of the norovirus culture system.IMPORTANCE Noroviruses are a major cause of gastroenteritis worldwide, and yet the challenges associated with their growth in culture have greatly hampered the development of therapeutic approaches and have limited our understanding of the cellular pathways that control infection. Here, we show that human intestinal epithelial cells, which represent the first point of entry of human noroviruses into the host, limit virus replication by induction of innate responses. Furthermore, we show that modulating the ability of intestinal epithelial cells to induce transcriptional responses to HuNoV infection can significantly enhance human norovirus replication in culture. Collectively, our findings provide new insights into the biological pathways that control norovirus infection but also identify mechanisms that enhance the robustness of norovirus culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myra Hosmillo
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Yasmin Chaudhry
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Komal Nayak
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frederic Sorgeloos
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bon-Kyoung Koo
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Alessandra Merenda
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Reidun Lillestol
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Lydia Drumright
- Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Zilbauer
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The intestinal microbiota plays important roles in human health. This last decade, the viral fraction of the intestinal microbiota, composed essentially of phages that infect bacteria, received increasing attention. Numerous novel phage families have been discovered in parallel with the development of viral metagenomics. However, since the discovery of intestinal phages by d'Hérelle in 1917, our understanding of the impact of phages on gut microbiota structure remains scarce. Changes in viral community composition have been observed in several diseases. However, whether these changes reflect a direct involvement of phages in diseases etiology or simply result from modifications in bacterial composition is currently unknown. Here we present an overview of the current knowledge in intestinal phages, their identity, lifestyles, and their possible effects on the gut microbiota. We also gather the main data on phage interactions with the immune system, with a particular emphasis on recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Sausset
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Myriade, 68 boulevard de Port Royal, 75005, Paris, France
| | - M A Petit
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - V Gaboriau-Routhiau
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Laboratory of Intestinal Immunity, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006, Paris, France
| | - M De Paepe
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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Torres-Meza OA, Loza-Rubio E, Martínez-Maya JJ, García-Espinosa G. The First Detection of Koi Herpesvirus (CyHV3) in Migratory Wild Ducks in North America. J Aquat Anim Health 2020; 32:28-31. [PMID: 31965615 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A viromics study on the intestinal contents of migratory wild ducks of the genera Anas, Mareca, Spatula, and Oxyura during their winter stay in Mexico showed the presence of the virus family Alloherpesviridae. The genus Cyprinivirus is part of this family and includes cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV3). This is the etiological agent of the lethal disease known as koi herpesvirosis, which affects different strains of Common Carp Cyrprinus carpio. In this study, samples of the contents of 87 wild duck intestines were analyzed by endpoint PCR, of which 7 samples were positive for the amplification of the TK gene fragment corresponding to CyHV3. These results contribute to the knowledge about the spread of this virus to other species of aquatic animals in areas where fish and ducks coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Torres-Meza
- Department of Avian Medicine and Zootechnics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - E Loza-Rubio
- Department of Biotechnology in Animal Health, National Institute of Forestry, Agricultural and Livestock Research, Mexico City, 01219, Mexico
| | - J J Martínez-Maya
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - G García-Espinosa
- Department of Avian Medicine and Zootechnics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
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Schulfer A, Santiago-Rodriguez TM, Ly M, Borin JM, Chopyk J, Blaser MJ, Pride DT. Fecal Viral Community Responses to High-Fat Diet in Mice. mSphere 2020; 5:e00833-19. [PMID: 32102942 PMCID: PMC7045389 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00833-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in diet can have significant impact on the host, with high-fat diet (HFD) leading to obesity, diabetes, and inflammation of the gut. Although membership and abundances in gut bacterial communities are strongly influenced by diet, substantially less is known about how viral communities respond to dietary changes. Examining fecal contents of mice as the mice were transitioned from normal chow to HFD, we found significant changes in the relative abundances and the diversity in the gut of bacteria and their viruses. Alpha diversity of the bacterial community was significantly diminished in response to the diet change but did not change significantly in the viral community. However, the diet shift significantly impacted the beta diversity in both the bacterial and viral communities. There was a significant shift away from the relatively abundant Siphoviridae accompanied by increases in bacteriophages from the Microviridae family. The proportion of identified bacteriophage structural genes significantly decreased after the transition to HFD, with a conserved loss of integrase genes in all four experimental groups. In total, this study provides evidence for substantial changes in the intestinal virome disproportionate to bacterial changes, and with alterations in putative viral lifestyles related to chromosomal integration as a result of shift to HFD.IMPORTANCE Prior studies have shown that high-fat diet (HFD) can have profound effects on the gastrointestinal (GI) tract microbiome and also demonstrate that bacteria in the GI tract can affect metabolism and lean/obese phenotypes. We investigated whether the composition of viral communities that also inhabit the GI tract are affected by shifts from normal to HFD. We found significant and reproducible shifts in the content of GI tract viromes after the transition to HFD. The differences observed in virome community membership and their associated gene content suggest that these altered viral communities are populated by viruses that are more virulent toward their host bacteria. Because HFD also are associated with significant shifts in GI tract bacterial communities, we believe that the shifts in the viral community may serve to drive the changes that occur in associated bacterial communities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Melissa Ly
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Joshua M Borin
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jessica Chopyk
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Martin J Blaser
- New York University, New York, New York, USA
- Center for Advanced Biotechnology and Medicine, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - David T Pride
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
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Murakami K, Tenge VR, Karandikar UC, Lin SC, Ramani S, Ettayebi K, Crawford SE, Zeng XL, Neill FH, Ayyar BV, Katayama K, Graham DY, Bieberich E, Atmar RL, Estes MK. Bile acids and ceramide overcome the entry restriction for GII.3 human norovirus replication in human intestinal enteroids. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:1700-1710. [PMID: 31896578 PMCID: PMC6983410 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1910138117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) cause sporadic and epidemic outbreaks of gastroenteritis in all age groups worldwide. We previously reported that stem cell-derived human intestinal enteroid (HIE) cultures support replication of multiple HuNoV strains and that some strains (e.g., GII.3) replicate only in the presence of bile. Heat- and trypsin-treatment of bile did not reduce GII.3 replication, indicating a nonproteinaceous component in bile functions as an active factor. Here we show that bile acids (BAs) are critical for GII.3 replication and replication correlates with BA hydrophobicity. Using the highly effective BA, glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), we show BAs act during the early stage of infection, BA-dependent replication in HIEs is not mediated by detergent effects or classic farnesoid X receptor or Takeda G protein-coupled receptor 5 signaling but involves another G protein-coupled receptor, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2, and BA treatment of HIEs increases particle uptake. We also demonstrate that GCDCA induces multiple cellular responses that promote GII.3 replication in HIEs, including enhancement of 1) endosomal uptake, 2) endosomal acidification and subsequent activity of endosomal/lysosomal enzyme acid sphingomyelinase (ASM), and 3) ceramide levels on the apical membrane. Inhibitors of endosomal acidification or ASM reduce GII.3 infection and exogenous addition of ceramide alone permits infection. Furthermore, inhibition of lysosomal exocytosis of ASM, which is required for ceramide production at the apical surface, decreases GII.3 infection. Together, our results support a model where GII.3 exploits rapid BA-mediated cellular endolysosomal dynamic changes and cellular ceramide to enter and replicate in jejunal HIEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Murakami
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
| | - Victoria R Tenge
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Umesh C Karandikar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Shih-Ching Lin
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Khalil Ettayebi
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Xi-Lei Zeng
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Frederick H Neill
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - B Vijayalakshmi Ayyar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Kazuhiko Katayama
- Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Musashi-murayama, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan
- Laboratory of Viral Infection I, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan
| | - David Y Graham
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Medicine, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Erhard Bieberich
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030;
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
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Bittar C, Machado RRG, Comelis MT, Bueno LM, Beguelini MR, Morielle-Versute E, Nogueira ML, Rahal P. Alphacoronavirus Detection in Lungs, Liver, and Intestines of Bats from Brazil. Microb Ecol 2020; 79:203-212. [PMID: 31144002 PMCID: PMC7080140 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-019-01391-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Bats are flying mammals distributed worldwide known to host several types of Coronavirus (CoV). Since they were reported as the probable source of spillover of highly pathogenic CoV into the human population, investigating the circulation of this virus in bats around the world became of great importance. We analyzed samples from 103 bats from two distinct regions in Brazil. Coronavirus from the Alphacoronavirus genus was detected in 12 animals, 11 from São José do Rio Preto-SP region and 1 from Barreiras-BA region, resulting in a prevalence of 17.18% and 2.56% respectively. The virus was detected not only in intestines but also in lungs and liver. Phylogenetic analysis based on nsP12 genomic region suggests that the sequences group according to host family and sampling location. Studies on the circulation of these viruses in bats remain important to understand the ecology and evolutionary relationship of these pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia Bittar
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP) - Campus de São José do Rio Preto, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, São Jose do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Rahal Guaragna Machado
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP) - Campus de São José do Rio Preto, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, São Jose do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Manuela Tosi Comelis
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP) - Campus de São José do Rio Preto, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, São Jose do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Larissa Mayumi Bueno
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP) - Campus de São José do Rio Preto, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, São Jose do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Mateus Rodrigues Beguelini
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP) - Campus de São José do Rio Preto, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, São Jose do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
- Centro das Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde (CCBS), Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia (UFOB), Rua Professor José Seabra de Lemos, 316, Recanto dos Pássaros, Barreiras, BA, 47808-021, Brazil
| | - Eliana Morielle-Versute
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP) - Campus de São José do Rio Preto, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, São Jose do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Maurício Lacerda Nogueira
- Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), Avenida Brigadeiro Faria Lima, 5416, Vila São Pedro, Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP) - Campus de São José do Rio Preto, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, 2265, Jardim Nazareth, São Jose do Rio Preto, SP, 15054-000, Brazil
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Grau KR, Zhu S, Peterson ST, Helm EW, Philip D, Phillips M, Hernandez A, Turula H, Frasse P, Graziano VR, Wilen CB, Wobus CE, Baldridge MT, Karst SM. The intestinal regionalization of acute norovirus infection is regulated by the microbiota via bile acid-mediated priming of type III interferon. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:84-92. [PMID: 31768030 PMCID: PMC6925324 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Evidence has accumulated to demonstrate that the intestinal microbiota enhances mammalian enteric virus infections1. For example, we and others previously reported that commensal bacteria stimulate acute and persistent murine norovirus infections2-4. However, in apparent contradiction of these results, the virulence of murine norovirus infection was unaffected by antibiotic treatment. This prompted us to perform a detailed investigation of murine norovirus infection in microbially deplete mice, revealing a more complex picture in which commensal bacteria inhibit viral infection of the proximal small intestine while simultaneously stimulating the infection of distal regions of the gut. Thus, commensal bacteria can regulate viral regionalization along the intestinal tract. We further show that the mechanism underlying bacteria-dependent inhibition of norovirus infection in the proximal gut involves bile acid priming of type III interferon. Finally, the regional effects of the microbiota on norovirus infection may result from distinct regional expression profiles of key bile acid receptors that regulate the type III interferon response. Overall, these findings reveal that the biotransformation of host metabolites by the intestinal microbiota directly and regionally impacts infection by a pathogenic enteric virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina R Grau
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shu Zhu
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Stefan T Peterson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Emily W Helm
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Drake Philip
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Matthew Phillips
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Abel Hernandez
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Holly Turula
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Philip Frasse
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vincent R Graziano
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Craig B Wilen
- Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Christiane E Wobus
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | - Stephanie M Karst
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Du J, Luo J, Yu J, Mao X, Luo Y, Zheng P, He J, Yu B, Chen D. Manipulation of Intestinal Antiviral Innate Immunity and Immune Evasion Strategies of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus. Biomed Res Int 2019; 2019:1862531. [PMID: 31781594 PMCID: PMC6874955 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1862531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection causes watery diarrhea, dehydration, and high mortality in neonatal pigs, due to its clinical pathogenesis of the intestinal mucosal barrier dysfunction. The host's innate immune system is the first line of defence upon virus invasion of the small intestinal epithelial cells. In turn, the virus has evolved to modulate the host's innate immunity during infection, resulting in pathogen virulence, survival, and the establishment of successful infection. In this review, we gather current knowledge concerning the interplay between PEDV and components of host innate immunity, focusing on the role of cytokines and interferons in intestinal antiviral innate immunity, and the mechanisms underlying the immune evasion strategies of PEDV invasion. Finally, we provide some perspectives on the potential prevention and treatment for PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Du
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Resistance Nutrition Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan 611130, China
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36
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Neil JA, Matsuzawa-Ishimoto Y, Kernbauer-Hölzl E, Schuster SL, Sota S, Venzon M, Dallari S, Galvao Neto A, Hine A, Hudesman D, Loke P, Nice TJ, Cadwell K. IFN-I and IL-22 mediate protective effects of intestinal viral infection. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:1737-1749. [PMID: 31182797 PMCID: PMC6871771 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Products derived from bacterial members of the gut microbiota evoke immune signalling pathways of the host that promote immunity and barrier function in the intestine. How immune reactions to enteric viruses support intestinal homeostasis is unknown. We recently demonstrated that infection by murine norovirus (MNV) reverses intestinal abnormalities following depletion of bacteria, indicating that an intestinal animal virus can provide cues to the host that are typically attributed to the microbiota. Here, we elucidate mechanisms by which MNV evokes protective responses from the host. We identify an important role for the viral protein NS1/2 in establishing local replication and a type I interferon (IFN-I) response in the colon. We further show that IFN-I acts on intestinal epithelial cells to increase the proportion of CCR2-dependent macrophages and interleukin (IL)-22-producing innate lymphoid cells, which in turn promote pSTAT3 signalling in intestinal epithelial cells and protection from intestinal injury. In addition, we demonstrate that MNV provides a striking IL-22-dependent protection against early-life lethal infection by Citrobacter rodentium. These findings demonstrate novel ways in which a viral member of the microbiota fortifies the intestinal barrier during chemical injury and infectious challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Neil
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomedical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yu Matsuzawa-Ishimoto
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomedical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisabeth Kernbauer-Hölzl
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomedical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samantha L Schuster
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomedical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stela Sota
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomedical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mericien Venzon
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomedical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Simone Dallari
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomedical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Antonio Galvao Neto
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashley Hine
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Hudesman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy J Nice
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomedical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Weiner ZP, Salzer JS, LeMasters E, Ellison JA, Kondas AV, Morgan CN, Doty JB, Martin BE, Satheshkumar PS, Olson VA, Hutson CL. Characterization of Monkeypox virus dissemination in the black-tailed prairie dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) through in vivo bioluminescent imaging. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222612. [PMID: 31557167 PMCID: PMC6762066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) is a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus, endemic in Central and West Africa. This viral zoonosis was introduced into the United States in 2003 via African rodents imported for the pet trade and caused 37 human cases, all linked to exposure to MPXV-infected black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). Prairie dogs have since become a useful model of MPXV disease, utilized for testing of potential medical countermeasures. In this study, we used recombinant MPXV containing the firefly luciferase gene (luc) and in vivo imaging technology to characterize MPXV pathogenesis in the black-tailed prairie dog in real time. West African (WA) MPXV could be visualized using in vivo imaging in the nose, lymph nodes, intestines, heart, lung, kidneys, and liver as early as day 6 post infection (p.i.). By day 9 p.i., lesions became visible on the skin and in some cases in the spleen. After day 9 p.i., luminescent signal representing MPXV replication either increased, indicating a progression to what would be a fatal infection, or decreased as infection was resolved. Use of recombinant luc+ MPXV allowed for a greater understanding of how MPXV disseminates throughout the body in prairie dogs during the course of infection. This technology will be used to reduce the number of animals required in future pathogenesis studies as well as aid in determining the effectiveness of potential medical countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary P. Weiner
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United states of America
- Laboratory Leadership Service assigned to Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United states of America
| | - Johanna S. Salzer
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United states of America
| | - Elizabeth LeMasters
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United states of America
| | - James A. Ellison
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United states of America
| | - Ashley V. Kondas
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United states of America
| | - Clint N. Morgan
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United states of America
| | - Jeffery B. Doty
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United states of America
| | - Brock E. Martin
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United states of America
| | | | - Victoria A. Olson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United states of America
| | - Christina L. Hutson
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United states of America
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38
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Chang YT, Kung MH, Hsu TH, Hung WT, Chen YS, Yen LC, Chang TH. Aichi Virus Induces Antiviral Host Defense in Primary Murine Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080763. [PMID: 31430947 PMCID: PMC6722774 DOI: 10.3390/v11080763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The picornavirus Aichi virus (AiV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus that causes acute gastroenteritis symptoms, such as diarrhea, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and fever. Antiviral host defense involves the fast response of type I interferon (IFN) and the secretion of inflammatory cytokines against pathogens. However, the intestinal inflammatory and antiviral response to AiV infection is poorly understood. This study evaluated the antiviral activity of intestinal epithelial cells (IECs), which form a single-cell layer separating the bowel wall from pathogens. Isolated primary mouse IECs were subjected to AiV infection and virion production, inducing the mRNA expression of type I/type III IFNs and inflammatory cytokines. The mechanism involved induced the expression of phospho-IFN regulatory factor 3 and mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein of type I IFN signaling. These findings were also observed in AiV-infected human colon carcinoma cells. In summary, a viral productive and pathogenic infection of AiV in primary murine IECs is validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Te Chang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
- Department of Physical Therapy, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hsiang Kung
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
| | - Thung-Hsien Hsu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Ting Hung
- Department of Critical Care Center Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Shen Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 12221, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chen Yen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chang
- Department of Medical Education and Research, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 81362, Taiwan.
- Department and Graduate Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan.
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39
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Roth AN, Grau KR, Karst SM. Diverse Mechanisms Underlie Enhancement of Enteric Viruses by the Mammalian Intestinal Microbiota. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080760. [PMID: 31426458 PMCID: PMC6722614 DOI: 10.3390/v11080760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades, there has been tremendous progress in understanding the impact of the intestinal microbiota on mammalian metabolism, physiology, and immune development and function. There has also been substantial advancement in elucidating the interplay between commensal and pathogenic bacteria. Relatively more recently, researchers have begun to investigate the effect of the intestinal microbiota on viral pathogenesis. Indeed, a growing body of literature has reported that commensal bacteria within the mammalian intestinal tract enhance enteric virus infections through a variety of mechanisms. Commensal bacteria or bacterial glycans can increase the stability of enteric viruses, enhance virus binding to host receptors, modulate host immune responses in a proviral manner, expand the numbers of host cell targets, and facilitate viral recombination. In this review, we will summarize the current literature exploring these effects of the intestinal microbiota on enteric virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa N Roth
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, Center for Inflammation and Mucosal Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Katrina R Grau
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, Center for Inflammation and Mucosal Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Stephanie M Karst
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Emerging Pathogens Institute, Center for Inflammation and Mucosal Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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40
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Seo SU, Kweon MN. Virome-host interactions in intestinal health and disease. Curr Opin Virol 2019; 37:63-71. [PMID: 31295677 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The enteric virome consists largely of bacteriophages and prophages related to commensal bacteria. Bacteriophages indirectly affect the host immune system by targeting their associated bacteria; however, studies suggest that bacteriophages also have distinct pathways that enable them to interact directly with the host. Eukaryotic viruses are less abundant than bacteriophages but are more efficient in the stimulation of host immune responses. Acute, permanent, and latent viral infections are detected by different types of pattern recognition receptors and induce host immune responses, including the antiviral type I interferon response. Understanding the complex interplay between commensal microorganisms and the host immune system is a prerequisite to elucidating their role in intestinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Uk Seo
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine/Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea.
| | - Mi-Na Kweon
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Department of Convergence Medicine, University of Ulsan College of Medicine/Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, South Korea.
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Carding
- Head, Gut Microbes & Health Research Programme, Quadram Institute Bioscience, Norwich Research Park, Norfolk, NR4 7UA, UK
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42
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Birch JM, Agger JF, Leijon M, Ullman K, Struve T, Jensen HE. Comparing the treatment effect of narrow spectrum antimicrobial, probiotic and fluid with amoxicillin in mink kits (Neovison vison) with pre-weaning diarrhea. Res Vet Sci 2019; 125:121-129. [PMID: 31207535 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Pre-weaning diarrhea in mink kits (PWD), also known as "sticky kits" is a multifactorial syndrome of considerable concern in the mink production. Evidence based treatment protocols are not available, and treatment is therefore empirical and often based on the use of antimicrobials. The purpose of the study was to test the effect of 3 alternative treatments to a standard antibiotic treatment, to characterize the study groups microbiologically, and finally to compare the intestinal microbiota of the different treatment groups at the age of 42 days. In total, 226 one to three week old mink kits with PWD from 36 litters were treated with either 1) Lactobacillus reuteri, 2) benzylpenicillin, 3) Ringer lactate or 4) amoxicillin (controls). Effects of the treatments were measured as weight gain from day 0 to day 15 and mortality. Multivariable linear mixed model regression showed no significant difference in weight gain between probiotic-, penicillin or fluid-treated mink kits and the amoxicillin treated controls. There was also no significant difference in mortality risk between the treatment groups. Bacterial culture and next generation sequencing of the viral contents showed that the study groups were uniform with a high frequency of Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG) bacteria, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus hirae, Mamastrovirus and Sapovirus which were representative for mink kits with PWD. 16S sequencing results of the bacterial microbiota, when the kits were 42 days old were dominated by clostridia in all groups and showed no clear differences in the bacterial composition between the different treatment groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Melsted Birch
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark.
| | - Jens Frederik Agger
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Mikael Leijon
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Ullman
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tina Struve
- Kopenhagen Fur Diagnostics, Kopenhagen Fur, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Henrik Elvang Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Rückert C, Prasad AN, Garcia-Luna SM, Robison A, Grubaugh ND, Weger-Lucarelli J, Ebel GD. Small RNA responses of Culex mosquitoes and cell lines during acute and persistent virus infection. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 109:13-23. [PMID: 30959110 PMCID: PMC6516063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference is a crucial antiviral mechanism in arthropods, including in mosquito vectors of arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses). Although the exogenous small interfering RNA (siRNA) pathway constitutes an efficient antiviral response in mosquitoes, virus-derived P-element induced wimpy testis (PIWI)-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) have been implicated in the response to alpha-, bunya- and flaviviruses in Aedes spp. mosquitoes. Culex mosquitoes transmit several medically important viruses including West Nile virus (WNV), but are considerably less well studied than Aedes mosquitoes and little is known about antiviral RNA interference in Culex mosquitoes. Therefore, we sequenced small RNA (sRNA) libraries from different Culex cell lines and tissues infected with WNV. The clear majority of virus-derived sRNA reads were 21 nt siRNAs in all cell lines and tissues tested, with no evidence for a role of WNV-derived piRNAs. Additionally, we aligned sRNA reads from Culex quinquefasciatus Hsu cells to the insect-specific rhabdovirus, Merida virus, which persistently replicates in these cells. We found that a significant proportion of the sRNA response to Merida virus consisted of piRNAs. Since viral DNA forms have been implicated in siRNA and piRNA responses of Aedes spp. mosquitoes, we also tested for viral DNA forms in WNV infected Culex cells. We detected viral DNA in Culex tarsalis cells infected with WNV and, to a lesser amount, WNV and Merida virus-derived DNA in Culex quinquefasciatus Hsu cells. In conclusion, Hsu cells generated Merida virus-derived piRNAs, but our data suggests that the major sRNA response of Culex cells and mosquitoes to WNV infection is the exogenous siRNA response. It is also evident that sRNA responses differ significantly between specific virus-mosquito combinations. Future work using additional Culex-borne viruses may further elucidate how virus-derived piRNAs are generated in Culex cells and what role they may play in controlling replication of different viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Rückert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
| | - Abhishek N Prasad
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA; Department of Pathology, Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Selene M Garcia-Luna
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA; Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Alexis Robison
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Nathan D Grubaugh
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA; Yale School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Laboratory of Epidemiology of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - James Weger-Lucarelli
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Gregory D Ebel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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44
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Chen L, Gu W, Liu C, Wang W, Li N, Chen Y, Lu C, Sun X, Han Y, Kuang D, Tong P, Dai J. Characteristics of the tree shrew gut virome. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212774. [PMID: 30807598 PMCID: PMC6391014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) has been proposed as an alternative laboratory animal to primates in biomedical research in recent years. However, characteristics of the tree shrew gut virome remain unclear. In this study, the metagenomic analysis method was used to identify the features of gut virome from fecal samples of this animal. Results showed that 5.80% of sequence reads in the libraries exhibited significant similarity to sequences deposited in the viral reference database (NCBI non-redundant nucleotide databases, viral protein databases and ACLAME database), and these reads were further classified into three major orders: Caudovirales (58.0%), Picornavirales (16.0%), and Herpesvirales (6.0%). Siphoviridae (46.0%), Myoviridae (45.0%), and Podoviridae (8.0%) comprised most Caudovirales. Picornaviridae (99.9%) and Herpesviridae (99.0%) were the primary families of Picornavirales and Herpesvirales, respectively. According to the host types and nucleic acid classifications, all of the related viruses in this study were divided into bacterial phage (61.83%), animal-specific virus (34.50%), plant-specific virus (0.09%), insect-specific virus (0.08%) and other viruses (3.50%). The dsDNA virus accounted for 51.13% of the total, followed by ssRNA (33.51%) and ssDNA virus (15.36%). This study provides an initial understanding of the community structure of the gut virome of tree shrew and a baseline for future tree shrew virus investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linxia Chen
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Yunnan Innovation Team of Standardization and Application Research in Tree Shrew, Kunming, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medical Science, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Wenpeng Gu
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Yunnan Innovation Team of Standardization and Application Research in Tree Shrew, Kunming, China
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases Control and Prevention, Yunnan Provincial Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Chenxiu Liu
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Yunnan Innovation Team of Standardization and Application Research in Tree Shrew, Kunming, China
| | - Wenguang Wang
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Yunnan Innovation Team of Standardization and Application Research in Tree Shrew, Kunming, China
| | - Na Li
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Yunnan Innovation Team of Standardization and Application Research in Tree Shrew, Kunming, China
| | - Yang Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Bioinformatics Division, Center for Synthetic and System Biology, TNLIST/Department of Automation, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Caixia Lu
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Yunnan Innovation Team of Standardization and Application Research in Tree Shrew, Kunming, China
| | - Xiaomei Sun
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Yunnan Innovation Team of Standardization and Application Research in Tree Shrew, Kunming, China
| | - Yuanyuan Han
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Yunnan Innovation Team of Standardization and Application Research in Tree Shrew, Kunming, China
| | - Dexuan Kuang
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Yunnan Innovation Team of Standardization and Application Research in Tree Shrew, Kunming, China
| | - Pinfen Tong
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Yunnan Innovation Team of Standardization and Application Research in Tree Shrew, Kunming, China
| | - Jiejie Dai
- Center of Tree Shrew Germplasm Resources, Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development on Severe Infectious Diseases, Yunnan Innovation Team of Standardization and Application Research in Tree Shrew, Kunming, China
- * E-mail:
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Zou WY, Blutt SE, Crawford SE, Ettayebi K, Zeng XL, Saxena K, Ramani S, Karandikar UC, Zachos NC, Estes MK. Human Intestinal Enteroids: New Models to Study Gastrointestinal Virus Infections. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1576:229-247. [PMID: 28361480 PMCID: PMC5752619 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2017_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Human rotavirus (HRV) and human norovirus (HuNoV) infections are recognized as the most common causes of epidemic and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis worldwide. The study of these two human gastrointestinal viruses is important for understanding basic virus-host interactions and mechanisms of pathogenesis and to establish models to evaluate vaccines and treatments. Despite the introduction of live-attenuated vaccines to prevent life-threatening HRV-induced disease, the burden of HRV illness remains significant in low-income and less-industrialized countries, and small animal models or ex vivo models to study HRV infections efficiently are lacking. Similarly, HuNoVs remained non-cultivatable until recently. With the advent of non-transformed human intestinal enteroid (HIE) cultures, we are now able to culture and study both clinically relevant HRV and HuNoV in a biologically relevant human system. Methods described here will allow investigators to use these new culture techniques to grow HRV and HuNoV and analyze new aspects of virus replication and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Y Zou
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS-385, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sarah E Blutt
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS-385, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS-385, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Khalil Ettayebi
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS-385, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Xi-Lei Zeng
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS-385, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kapil Saxena
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS-385, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS-385, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Umesh C Karandikar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS-385, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Nicholas C Zachos
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, MS-385, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
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Bittar C, Machado RRG, Comelis MT, Bueno LM, Morielle-Versute E, Beguelini MR, de Souza RP, Nogueira ML, Rahal P. Lack of serological and molecular evidence of arbovirus infections in bats from Brazil. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0207010. [PMID: 30403749 PMCID: PMC6221338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0207010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are important agents of emerging zoonoses and are a substantial public health issue. Among emerging viruses, an important group are arboviruses, which are characterized by being maintained in nature in cycles involving hematophagous arthropod vectors and a wide range of vertebrate hosts. Recently, bats have received increasing attention as an important source for the emergence of zoonoses and as possible viral reservoirs. Among the arboviruses, there are many representatives of the genera Flavivirus and Alphavirus, which are responsible for important epidemics such as Dengue virus, Zika virus and Chikungunya virus. Due to the importance of analyzing potential viral reservoirs for zoonosis control and expanding our knowledge of bat viruses, this study aimed to investigate the presence of viruses of the Alphavirus and Flavivirus genera in bats. We analyzed serum, liver, lungs and intestine from 103 bats sampled in northeast and southern Brazil via Nested-PCR and the hemagglutination inhibition test. All samples tested in this study were negative for arboviruses, suggesting that no active or past infection was present in the captured bats. These data indicate that the bats examined herein probably do not constitute a reservoir for these viruses in the studied areas. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of bats as reservoirs and sources of infection of these viral zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cíntia Bittar
- Laboratório de Estudos Genômicos, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, UNESP—Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael R. G. Machado
- Laboratório de Estudos Genômicos, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, UNESP—Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manuela T. Comelis
- Laboratório de Chiroptera, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa M. Bueno
- Laboratório de Chiroptera, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana Morielle-Versute
- Laboratório de Chiroptera, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Matheus R. Beguelini
- Laboratório de Chiroptera, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
- Centro das Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, UFOB—Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Renato P. de Souza
- Núcleo de Doenças de Transmissão Vetorial, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maurício L. Nogueira
- Laboratório de Pesquisa em Virologia, FAMERP-Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- Laboratório de Estudos Genômicos, Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas, UNESP—Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Birch JM, Ullman K, Struve T, Agger JF, Hammer AS, Leijon M, Jensen HE. Investigation of the viral and bacterial microbiota in intestinal samples from mink (Neovison vison) with pre-weaning diarrhea syndrome using next generation sequencing. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205890. [PMID: 30335814 PMCID: PMC6193705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Pre-weaning diarrhea (PWD) in mink kits is a common multifactorial syndrome on commercial mink farms. Several potential pathogens such as astroviruses, caliciviruses, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus delphini have been studied, but the etiology of the syndrome seems complex. In pooled samples from 38 diarrheic and 42 non-diarrheic litters, each comprising of intestinal contents from 2-3 mink kits from the same litter, the bacterial populations were studied using Illumina Next Generation Sequencing technology and targeted 16S amplicon sequencing. In addition, we used deep sequencing to determine and compare the viral intestinal content in 31 healthy non-diarrheic and 30 diarrheic pooled samples (2-3 mink kits from the same litter per pool). The results showed high variations in composition of the bacterial species between the pools. Enterococci, staphylococci and streptococci dominated in both diarrheic and non-diarrheic pools. However, enterococci accounted for 70% of the reads in the diarrheic group compared to 50% in the non-diarrheic group and this increase was at the expense of staphylococci and streptococci which together accounted for 45% and 17% of the reads in the non-diarrheic and diarrheic group, respectively. Moreover, in the diarrheic pools there were more reads assigned to Clostridia, Escherichia-Shigella and Enterobacter compared to the non-diarrheic pools. The taxonomically categorized sequences from the virome showed that the most prevalent viruses in all pools were caliciviruses and mamastroviruses (almost exclusively type 10). However, the numbers of reads assigned to caliciviruses were almost 3 times higher in the diarrheic pools compared the non-diarrheic pools and Sapporo-like caliciviruses were more abundant than the Norwalk-like caliciviruses. The results from this study have contributed to the insight into the changes in the intestinal microbiota associated with the PWD syndrome of mink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Melsted Birch
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Karin Ullman
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tina Struve
- Kopenhagen Fur Diagnostics, Kopenhagen Fur, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Jens Frederik Agger
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anne Sofie Hammer
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Mikael Leijon
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henrik Elvang Jensen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Vitetta L, Vitetta G, Hall S. Immunological Tolerance and Function: Associations Between Intestinal Bacteria, Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Phages. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2240. [PMID: 30356736 PMCID: PMC6189397 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-birth there is a bacterial assault on all mucosal surfaces. The intestinal microbiome is an important participant in health and disease. The pattern of composition and concentration of the intestinal microbiome varies greatly. Therefore, achieving immunological tolerance in the first 3-4 years of life is critical for maintaining health throughout a lifetime. Probiotic bacteria are organisms that afford beneficial health effects to the host and in certain instances may protect against the development of disease. The potential benefits of modifying the composition of the intestinal microbial cohort for therapeutic benefit is evident in the use in high risks groups such as premature infants, children receiving antibiotics, rotavirus infections in non-vaccinated children and traveler's diarrhea in adults. Probiotics and prebiotics are postulated to have immunomodulating capabilities by influencing the intestinal microbial cohort and dampening the activity of pathobiont intestinal microbes, such as Klebsiella pneumonia and Clostridia perfringens. Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria are examples of probiotics found in the large intestine and so far, the benefits afforded to probiotics have varied in efficacy. Most likely the efficacy of probiotic bacteria has a multifactorial dependency, namely on a number of factors that include agents used, the dose, the pattern of dosing, and the characteristics of the host and the underlying luminal microbial environment and the activity of bacteriophages. Bacteriophages, are small viruses that infect and lyse intestinal bacteria. As such it can be posited that these viruses display an effective local protective control mechanism for the intestinal barrier against commensal pathobionts that indirectly may assist the host in controlling bacterial concentrations in the gut. A co-operative activity may be envisaged between the intestinal epithelia, mucosal immunity and the activity of bacteriophages to eliminate pathobiots, highlighting the potential role of bacteriophages in assisting with maintaining intestinal homeostasis. Hence bacteriophage local control of inflammation and immune responses may be an additional immunological defense mechanism that exploits bacteriophage-mucin glycoprotein interactions that controls bacterial diversity and abundance in the mucin layers of the gut. Moreover, and importantly the efficacy of probiotics may be dependent on the symbiotic incorporation of prebiotics, and the abundance and diversity of the intestinal microbiome encountered. The virome may be an important factor that determines the efficacy of some probiotic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Vitetta
- Discipline of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
- Medlab Clinical Ltd., Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Sean Hall
- Medlab Clinical Ltd., Sydney, NSW, Australia
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49
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Ding Z, Jin M, Ren Q. Transcriptome analysis of Macrobrachium rosenbergii intestines under the white spot syndrome virus and poly (I:C) challenges. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204626. [PMID: 30265693 PMCID: PMC6161888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestine is a primary site of the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection in most crustaceans. To date, little is known about its role in the anti-viral immune response in the freshwater prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii. In this study, next-generation sequencing was employed to investigate the M. rosenbergii intestine transcriptomes following WSSV or poly I:C challenges. A total of 41.06 M, 39.58 M and 47.00 M clean reads were generated and assembled into 65,340, 71,241 and 70,614 transcripts from the negative control group (NG), WSSV challenge group (WG) and poly I:C treatment group (PG) respectively. Based on homology searches, functional annotation with 7 databases (NR, NT, GO, COG, KEGG, Swissprot and Interpro) for 88,412 transcripts was performed. After WSSV or poly (I:C) challenge, the numbers of up-regulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were greater than the down-regulated DEGs. Gene Ontology (GO) classification of the DEGs also distributed similarly, with the same top 10 annotations and were all assigned to the signaling pathways, including spliceosome, Rap1 signaling pathway, proteoglycans, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, ECM receptor interaction. Results could contribute to a better understanding of the intestinal immune response to viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengfeng Ding
- Institute of Aquatic Biology and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biofunctional Molecules, College of Life Sciences and Chemistry, Jiangsu Second Normal University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Jin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resource, Third Institute of Oceanography, SOA, Xiamen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Ren
- Co-Innovation Center for Marine Bio-Industry Technology of Jiangsu Province, Lianyungang, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Aquatic Crustacean Diseases, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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50
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Seamons A, Treuting PM, Meeker S, Hsu C, Paik J, Brabb T, Escobar SS, Alexander JS, Ericsson AC, Smith JG, Maggio-Price L. Obstructive Lymphangitis Precedes Colitis in Murine Norovirus-Infected Stat1-Deficient Mice. Am J Pathol 2018; 188:1536-1554. [PMID: 29753791 PMCID: PMC6109697 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Murine norovirus (MNV) is an RNA virus that can prove lethal in mice with impaired innate immunity. We found that MNV-4 infection of Stat1-/- mice was not lethal, but produced a 100% penetrant, previously undescribed lymphatic phenotype characterized by chronic-active lymphangitis with hepatitis, splenitis, and chronic cecal and colonic inflammation. Lesion pathogenesis progressed from early ileal enteritis and regional dilated lymphatics to lymphangitis, granulomatous changes in the liver and spleen, and, ultimately, typhlocolitis. Lesion development was neither affected by antibiotics nor reproduced by infection with another enteric RNA virus, rotavirus. MNV-4 infection in Stat1-/- mice decreased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (Vegf) receptor 3, Vegf-c, and Vegf-d and increased interferon (Ifn)-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. However, anti-IFN-γ and anti-tumor necrosis factor-α antibody treatment did not attenuate the histologic lesions. Studies in Ifnαβγr-/- mice suggested that canonical signaling via interferon receptors did not cause MNV-4-induced disease. Infected Stat1-/- mice had increased STAT3 phosphorylation and expressed many STAT3-regulated genes, consistent with our findings of increased myeloid cell subsets and serum granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, which are also associated with increased STAT3 activity. In conclusion, in Stat1-/- mice, MNV-4 induces lymphatic lesions similar to those seen in Crohn disease as well as hepatitis, splenitis, and typhlocolitis. MNV-4-infected Stat1-/- mice may be a useful model to study mechanistic associations between viral infections, lymphatic dysfunction, and intestinal inflammation in a genetically susceptible host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Seamons
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
| | - Piper M Treuting
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stacey Meeker
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Charlie Hsu
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jisun Paik
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Thea Brabb
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Sabine S Escobar
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jonathan S Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University, Shreveport, Louisiana
| | - Aaron C Ericsson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Jason G Smith
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Lillian Maggio-Price
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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