1
|
Meki IK, Huditz HI, Strunov A, van der Vlugt RAA, Kariithi HM, Rezapanah M, Miller WJ, Vlak JM, van Oers MM, Abd-Alla AMM. Characterization and Tissue Tropism of Newly Identified Iflavirus and Negeviruses in Glossina morsitans morsitans Tsetse Flies. Viruses 2021; 13:v13122472. [PMID: 34960741 PMCID: PMC8704047 DOI: 10.3390/v13122472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Tsetse flies cause major health and economic problems as they transmit trypanosomes causing sleeping sickness in humans (Human African Trypanosomosis, HAT) and nagana in animals (African Animal Trypanosomosis, AAT). A solution to control the spread of these flies and their associated diseases is the implementation of the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT). For successful application of SIT, it is important to establish and maintain healthy insect colonies and produce flies with competitive fitness. However, mass production of tsetse is threatened by covert virus infections, such as the Glossina pallidipes salivary gland hypertrophy virus (GpSGHV). This virus infection can switch from a covert asymptomatic to an overt symptomatic state and cause the collapse of an entire fly colony. Although the effects of GpSGHV infections can be mitigated, the presence of other covert viruses threaten tsetse mass production. Here we demonstrated the presence of two single-stranded RNA viruses isolated from Glossina morsitans morsitans originating from a colony at the Seibersdorf rearing facility. The genome organization and the phylogenetic analysis based on the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) revealed that the two viruses belong to the genera Iflavirus and Negevirus, respectively. The names proposed for the two viruses are Glossina morsitans morsitans iflavirus (GmmIV) and Glossina morsitans morsitans negevirus (GmmNegeV). The GmmIV genome is 9685 nucleotides long with a poly(A) tail and encodes a single polyprotein processed into structural and non-structural viral proteins. The GmmNegeV genome consists of 8140 nucleotides and contains two major overlapping open reading frames (ORF1 and ORF2). ORF1 encodes the largest protein which includes a methyltransferase domain, a ribosomal RNA methyltransferase domain, a helicase domain and a RdRp domain. In this study, a selective RT-qPCR assay to detect the presence of the negative RNA strand for both GmmIV and GmmNegeV viruses proved that both viruses replicate in G. m. morsitans. We analyzed the tissue tropism of these viruses in G. m. morsitans by RNA-FISH to decipher their mode of transmission. Our results demonstrate that both viruses can be found not only in the host’s brain and fat bodies but also in their reproductive organs, and in milk and salivary glands. These findings suggest a potential horizontal viral transmission during feeding and/or a vertically viral transmission from parent to offspring. Although the impact of GmmIV and GmmNegeV in tsetse rearing facilities is still unknown, none of the currently infected tsetse species show any signs of disease from these viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene K. Meki
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (I.K.M.); (H.-I.H.); (H.M.K.)
| | - Hannah-Isadora Huditz
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (I.K.M.); (H.-I.H.); (H.M.K.)
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.A.A.v.d.V.); (J.M.V.); (M.M.v.O.)
| | - Anton Strunov
- Lab Genome Dynamics, Department Cell & Developmental Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.); (W.J.M.)
| | - René A. A. van der Vlugt
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.A.A.v.d.V.); (J.M.V.); (M.M.v.O.)
| | - Henry M. Kariithi
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (I.K.M.); (H.-I.H.); (H.M.K.)
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30605, USA
- Biotechnology Research Center, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi P.O. Box 57811-00200, Kenya
| | - Mohammadreza Rezapanah
- Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection (IRIPP), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Tehran 19395, Iran;
| | - Wolfgang J. Miller
- Lab Genome Dynamics, Department Cell & Developmental Biology, Center for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Schwarzspanierstraße 17, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (A.S.); (W.J.M.)
| | - Just M. Vlak
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.A.A.v.d.V.); (J.M.V.); (M.M.v.O.)
| | - Monique M. van Oers
- Laboratory of Virology, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; (R.A.A.v.d.V.); (J.M.V.); (M.M.v.O.)
| | - Adly M. M. Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna International Centre, P.O. Box 100, 1400 Vienna, Austria; (I.K.M.); (H.-I.H.); (H.M.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-12-60-02-84-25
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ng JCK, Peng JHC, Chen AYS, Tian T, Zhou JS, Smith TJ. Plasticity of the lettuce infectious yellows virus minor coat protein (CPm) in mediating the foregut retention and transmission of a chimeric CPm mutant by whitefly vectors. J Gen Virol 2021; 102:001652. [PMID: 34494949 PMCID: PMC8567426 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Transmission of the crinivirus, lettuce infectious yellows virus (LIYV), is determined by a minor coat protein (CPm)-mediated virion retention mechanism located in the foregut of its whitefly vector. To better understand the functions of LIYV CPm, chimeric CPm mutants engineered with different lengths of the LIYV CPm amino acid sequence and that of the crinivirus, lettuce chlorosis virus (LCV), were constructed based on bioinformatics and sequence alignment data. The 485 amino acid-long chimeric CPm of LIYV mutant, CPmP-1, contains 60 % (from position 3 to 294) of LCV CPm amino acids. The chimeric CPm of mutants CPmP-2, CPmP-3 and CPmP-4 contains 46 (position 3 to 208), 51 (position 3 to 238) and 41 % (position 261 to 442) of LCV CPm amino acids, respectively. All four mutants moved systemically, expressed the chimeric CPm and formed virus particles. However, following acquisition feeding of the virus preparations, only CPmP-1 was retained in the foreguts of a significant number of vectors and transmitted. In immuno-gold labelling transmission electron microscopy (IGL-TEM) analysis, CPmP-1 particles were distinctly labelled by antibodies directed against the LCV but not LIYV CPm. In contrast, CPmP-4 particles were not labelled by antibodies directed against the LCV or LIYV CPm, while CPmP-2 and -3 particles were weakly labelled by anti-LIYV CPm but not anti-LCV CPm antibodies. The unique antibody recognition and binding pattern of CPmP-1 was also displayed in the foreguts of whitefly vectors that fed on CPmP-1 virions. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the chimeric CPm of CPmP-1 is incorporated into functional virions, with the LCV CPm region being potentially exposed on the surface and accessible to anti-LCV CPm antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James C. K. Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vector Research, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - James H. C. Peng
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Angel Y. S. Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Tongyan Tian
- California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, CA 95832, USA
| | - Jaclyn S. Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Thomas J. Smith
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, TX, 77555, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aguila EJT, Cua IHY, Singh R. Effects of coronavirus disease 2019 on the digestive system and its nutritional implications. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2021; 24:440-445. [PMID: 34334686 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There has been a deluge of scientific data since coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first reported. The effects of COVID-19 on the digestive system are now increasingly well understood. This article aims to review the current data on the effects of COVID-19 on the digestive system with particular emphasis on preexisting digestive diseases and its implications on nutrition practices. RECENT FINDINGS Evidence has shown that Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 virus affects the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, pancreas and hepatobiliary system resulting in different GI manifestations. Several preexisting digestive diseases have been investigated. These studies have revealed that these special patient population groups are generally not at an increased risk to contract COVID-19, but are susceptible to develop increasing severity of disease. Aside from medical therapy, optimizing nutritional care has a beneficial role in this group of patients. SUMMARY GI manifestations of COVID-19 in addition to preexisting digestive diseases have an impact on patient's nutrition. Digestion, absorption and transport of nutrients may be impaired. To date, there are no existing guidelines on the nutritional management of patients for this particular at-risk group. Most nutrition practices are based only on observations and clinical experience. Basic prepandemic nutrition care principles are primarily followed but often individualized based on clinical judgment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enrik John T Aguila
- Institute of Digestive and Liver Diseases, St. Luke's Medical Center Global City, Taguig City, Philippines
| | - Ian Homer Y Cua
- Institute of Digestive and Liver Diseases, St. Luke's Medical Center Global City, Taguig City, Philippines
| | - Rajvinder Singh
- Department of Gastroenterology, Lyell McEwin Hospital
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen AYS, Zhou JS, Liu JX, Ng JCK. Nuances of Whitefly Vector-Crinivirus Interactions Revealed in the Foregut Retention and Transmission of Lettuce Chlorosis Virus by Two Bemisia tabaci Cryptic Species. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081578. [PMID: 34452445 PMCID: PMC8402701 DOI: 10.3390/v13081578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lettuce infectious yellows virus is the first crinivirus for which the retention of purified virions ingested into the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci New World (NW)) vector's foregut, has been demonstrated to be a requisite for successful virus transmission. This key finding supports the hypothesis that the determinant of foregut retention and transmission is present on the virion itself. However, whether this is also true for other criniviruses has not been established. Here, we provide evidence that lettuce chlorosis virus (LCV) acquired from plants is retained in the foreguts of both the B. tabaci NW and Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) vector species and transmitted upon inoculation feeding. An association between foregut retention and transmission by NW vectors is also observed following the acquisition and inoculation feeding of LCV virions purified using a standard procedure involving 2% or 4% (v/v) Triton™ X-100 (TX-100). However, while virions purified with 2% or 4% TX-100 are also retained in the foreguts of MEAM1 vectors, transmission is observed with the 4% TX-100-purified virions or when more vectors are used for acquisition and inoculation feeding. These results suggest that an intrinsic difference exists between NW and MEAM1 vectors in their interactions with, and transmission of, LCV virions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Y. S. Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (A.Y.S.C.); (J.S.Z.)
| | - Jaclyn S. Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (A.Y.S.C.); (J.S.Z.)
| | - Jin-Xiang Liu
- Citrus Research Institute, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400712, China;
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 12 Zhongguancun South St., Beijing 100080, China
| | - James C. K. Ng
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Pathology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; (A.Y.S.C.); (J.S.Z.)
- Center for Infectious Diseases and Vector Research, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(951)-827-4239
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cao HH, Zhang SZ, Zhu LB, Wang J, Liu YX, Wang YL, Kong X, You LL, Toufeeq S, Liu SH, Xu JP. The digestive proteinase trypsin, alkaline A contributes to anti-BmNPV activity in silkworm (Bombyx mori). Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 119:104035. [PMID: 33535067 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) is a serious pathogenic microorganism that causes tremendous loss to sericulture. Previous studies have found that some proteins of serine protease family in the digestive juice of B. mori larvae have anti-BmNPV activity. In our previous publication about proteome analysis of the digestive juice of B. mori larvae, the digestive enzyme trypsin, alkaline A (BmTA) was filtered as a differentially expressed protein possibly involved in BmNPV resistance. Here, the biological characteristics and anti-BmNPV functions of BmTA were comprehensively analysed. The cDNA sequence of BmTA had an ORF of 768 nucleotides encoding 255 amino acid residues. Domain architecture analysis showed that BmTA contained a signal peptide and a typical Tryp_SPc domain. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that BmTA was highly expressed in the larval stages and specifically expressed in the midgut of B. mori larvae. The expression level of BmTA in BmNPV resistant strain A35 was higher than that in susceptible strain P50. After BmNPV infection, the expression of BmTA increased in both strains from 24 to 72 h. Virus amplification analysis showed that the relative levels of VP39 in B. mori larvae and BmN cells infected with the appropriate concentration of recombinant-BmTA-treated BmNPV were significantly lower than in the control groups. Moreover, overexpression of BmTA in BmN cells significantly inhibited the amplification of BmNPV. Taken together, the results of this study indicated that BmTA possessed anti-BmNPV activity in B. mori, which broadens the horizon for virus-resistant breeding of silkworms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hua Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Shang-Zhi Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Field Weeds Control, Hunan University of Humanities, Science and Technology, Loudi, 417000, China
| | - Lin-Bao Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jie Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Ying-Xue Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yu-Ling Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xue Kong
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Ling-Ling You
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Shahzad Toufeeq
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Shi-Huo Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, 230036, China.
| | - Jia-Ping Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China; Anhui International Joint Research and Developmental Center of Sericulture Resources Utilization, Hefei, 230036, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhao J, Lei T, Zhang XJ, Yin TY, Wang XW, Liu SS. A vector whitefly endocytic receptor facilitates the entry of begomoviruses into its midgut cells via binding to virion capsid proteins. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1009053. [PMID: 33270808 PMCID: PMC7714154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many circulative plant viruses transmitted by insect vectors are devastating to agriculture worldwide. The midgut wall of vector insects represents a major barrier and at the same time the key gate a circulative plant virus must cross for productive transmission. However, how these viruses enter insect midgut cells remains poorly understood. Here, we identified an endocytic receptor complex for begomoviruses in the midgut cells of their whitefly vector. Our results show that two whitefly proteins, BtCUBN and BtAMN, compose a receptor complex BtCubam, for which BtCUBN contributes a viral-binding region and BtAMN contributes to membrane anchorage. Begomoviruses appear to be internalized together with BtCubam via its interaction with the 12–19 CUB domains of BtCUBN via clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Functional analysis indicates that interruption of BtCUBN and BtAMN lead to reduction of virus acquisition and transmission by whitefly. In contrast, CUBN-begomovirus interaction was not observed in two non-competent whitefly-begomovirus combinations. These observations suggest a major role of the specific endocytic receptor in facilitating viral entry into vector midgut cells. Many viruses depend on insect vectors for transmission and spread. Following ingestion by insect vectors, many viruses need to circulate in the vector via a sequential path of stylet-midgut-haemolymph-salivary glands and are finally inoculated into plants with saliva secretion. To complete this journey, virions have to cross many physical/physiological barriers, of which the insect midgut wall represents the first and one of the major challenges. While this route of virus circulation has been known for a long time, the physiological and molecular mechanisms underlying the crossing of these barriers by viruses are poorly understood. Working with begomoviruses, a group of plant viruses of economic significance worldwide, and their insect vectors, the whiteflies of the Bemisia tabaci complex, we found that upon virus infection, two vector proteins, cubilin (CUBN) and amnionless (AMN), form a virus receptor complex to uptake the virions and assist them to move through the apical membrane of whitefly midgut cells via clathrin-dependent endocytosis. These novel findings contribute to a better understanding on the molecular mechanisms of insect transmission of circulative viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Teng Lei
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xin-Jia Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Yan Yin
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Liu H, Zhou Y, Xu Q, Wong SM. Selection of DNA Aptamers for Subcellular Localization of RBSDV P10 Protein in the Midgut of Small Brown Planthoppers by Emulsion PCR-Based SELEX. Viruses 2020; 12:v12111239. [PMID: 33143344 PMCID: PMC7692627 DOI: 10.3390/v12111239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV), classified under the Reoviridae, Fijivirus genus, caused an epidemic in the eastern provinces of China and other East Asian countries and resulted in severe yield loss in rice and wheat production. RBSDV is transmitted by the small brown planthopper (SBPH, Laodelphax striatellus Fallén) in a persistent manner. In order to provide a stable and cost-effective detection probe, in this study we selected three DNA aptamers (R3, R5 and R11) by an optimized, standardized and time saving emulsion PCR-based SELEX, for the detection of RBSDV outer-shell P10 protein for in situ localization studies in the midgut of SBPH. The specificity of these three DNA aptamers was tested through detection of the P10 protein using an enzyme-linked oligonucleotide assay (ELONA) and aptamer-based dot-blot ELISA. All three DNA aptamers can be used to detect RBSDV P10 protein by immunofluorescent labeling in the midgut of RBSDV-infected SBPH. These data show that the selected aptamers can be used for the detection of RBSDV P10 protein in vitro and in vivo. This is the first report of aptamers being selected for detection of a rice virus capsid protein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoqiu Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore;
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China;
| | - Qiufang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety of Jiangsu Province, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base, Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China;
- Correspondence: (Q.X.); (S.-M.W.); Tel.: +86-25-84390394 (Q.X.); +65-65162976 (S.-M.W.); Fax: +86-25-84390391 (Q.X.); +65-67792486 (S.-M.W.)
| | - Sek-Man Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore;
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, Suzhou 215123, China
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, 1 Research Link, Singapore 117604, Singapore
- Correspondence: (Q.X.); (S.-M.W.); Tel.: +86-25-84390394 (Q.X.); +65-65162976 (S.-M.W.); Fax: +86-25-84390391 (Q.X.); +65-67792486 (S.-M.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Sanz Segura P, Arguedas Lázaro Y, Mostacero Tapia S, Cabrera Chaves T, Sebastián Domingo JJ. Involvement of the digestive system in covid-19. A review. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020; 43:464-471. [PMID: 32859408 PMCID: PMC7303613 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2020.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is leading to high mortality and a global health crisis. The primary involvement is respiratory; however, the virus can also affect other organs, such as the gastrointestinal tract and liver. The most common symptoms are anorexia and diarrhea. In about half of the cases, viral RNA could be detected in the stool, which is another line of transmission and diagnosis. covid19 has a worse prognosis in patients with comorbidities, although there is not enough evidence in case of previous digestive diseases. Digestive endoscopies may give rise to aerosols, which make them techniques with a high risk of infection. Experts and scientific organizations worldwide have developed guidelines for preventive measures. The available evidence on gastrointestinal and hepatic involvement, the impact on patients with previous digestive diseases and operating guidelines for Endoscopy Units during the pandemic are reviewed.
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu WQ, Chen SQ, Bai HQ, Wei QM, Zhang SN, Chen C, Zhu YH, Yi TW, Guo XP, Chen SY, Yin MJ, Sun CF, Liang SH. The Ras/ERK signaling pathway couples antimicrobial peptides to mediate resistance to dengue virus in Aedes mosquitoes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008660. [PMID: 32866199 PMCID: PMC7485967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aedes mosquitoes can transmit dengue and several other severe vector-borne viral diseases, thereby influencing millions of people worldwide. Insects primarily control and clear the viral infections via their innate immune systems. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (MAPKs) and antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are both evolutionarily conserved components of the innate immune systems. In this study, we investigated the role of MAPKs in Aedes mosquitoes following DENV infection by using genetic and pharmacological approaches. We demonstrated that knockdown of ERK, but not of JNK or p38, significantly enhances the viral replication in Aedes mosquito cells. The Ras/ERK signaling is activated in both the cells and midguts of Aedes mosquitoes following DENV infection, and thus plays a role in restricting the viral infection, as both genetic and pharmacological activation of the Ras/ERK pathway significantly decreases the viral titers. In contrast, inhibition of the Ras/ERK pathway enhances DENV infection. In addition, we identified a signaling crosstalk between the Ras/ERK pathway and DENV-induced AMPs in which defensin C participates in restricting DENV infection in Aedes mosquitoes. Our results reveal that the Ras/ERK signaling pathway couples AMPs to mediate the resistance of Aedes mosquitoes to DENV infection, which provides a new insight into understanding the crosstalk between MAPKs and AMPs in the innate immunity of mosquito vectors during the viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Quan Liu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Si-Qi Chen
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hao-Qiang Bai
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qi-Mei Wei
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yi-Han Zhu
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Tang-Wei Yi
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Pu Guo
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Si-Yuan Chen
- School of the 1 Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Meng-Jie Yin
- School of the 1 Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chen-Feng Sun
- School of the 1 Clinical Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Shao-Hui Liang
- Department of Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li Y, Chen D, Hu J, Zhang K, Kang L, Chen Y, Huang L, Zhang L, Xiang Y, Song Q, Liu F. The α-tubulin of Laodelphax striatellus mediates the passage of rice stripe virus (RSV) and enhances horizontal transmission. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1008710. [PMID: 32817722 PMCID: PMC7446811 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rice stripe virus (RSV, genus Tenuivirus, family Phenuiviridae) is the causal agent of rice stripe disease transmitted by the small brown planthopper (SBPH, Laodelphax striatellus) in a persistent propagative manner. The midgut and salivary glands of SBPH are the first and last barriers to the viral circulation and transmission processes, respectively; however, the precise mechanisms used by RSV to cross these organs and transmit to rice plants have not been fully elucidated. We obtained the full-length cDNA sequence of L. striatellus α-tubulin 2 (LsTUB) and found that RSV infection increased the level of LsTUB in vivo. Furthermore, LsTUB was shown to co-localize with RSV nonstructural protein 3 (NS3) in vivo and bound NS3 at positions 74-76 and 80-82 in vitro. Transient gene silencing of LsTUB expression caused a significant reduction in detectable RSV loads and viral NS3 expression levels, but had no effect on NS3 silencing suppressor activity and viral replication in insect cells. However, suppression of LsTUB attenuated viral spread in the bodies of SBPHs and decreased RSV transmission rates to rice plants. Electrical penetration graphs (EPG) showed that LsTUB knockdown by RNAi did not impact SBPH feeding; therefore, the reduction in RSV transmission rates was likely caused by a decrease in viral loads inside the planthopper. These findings suggest that LsTUB mediates the passage of RSV through midgut and salivary glands and leads to successful horizontal transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Danyu Chen
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jia Hu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lin Kang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lijun Huang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yin Xiang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Fang Liu
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
The outbreak of novel coronavirus pneumonia in 2019 (Coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) is now threatening global public health. Although COVID-19 is principally defined by its respiratory symptoms, it is now clear that the virus can also affect the digestive system. In this review, we elaborate on the close relationship between COVID-19 and the digestive system, focusing on both the clinical findings and potential underlying mechanisms of COVID-19 gastrointestinal pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital and State Key Lab of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yingzi Cong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Hu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, West China Hospital and State Key Lab of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Centre for Inflammatory Bowel Disease, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kemmerer M, Bonning BC. Transcytosis of Junonia coenia densovirus VP4 across the gut epithelium of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Insect Sci 2020; 27:22-32. [PMID: 29704325 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The Junonia coenia densovirus rapidly traverses the gut epithelium of the host lepidopteran without replicating in the gut cells. The ability of this virus to transcytose across the gut epithelium is of interest for the potential use of virus structural proteins as delivery vehicles for insecticidal peptides that act within the insect hemocoel, rather than in the gut. In this study, we used fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda to examine the binding of the virus to brush border membrane vesicle proteins by two-dimensional ligand blot analysis. We also assessed the rate of flux of the primary viral structural protein, VP4 fused to eGFP with a proline-rich linker (VP4-P-eGFP) through the gut epithelium ex vivo in an Ussing chamber. The mechanisms involved with transcytosis of VP4-P-eGFP were assessed by use of inhibitors. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and eGFP were used as positive and negative control proteins, respectively. In contrast to BSA, which binds to multiple proteins on the brush border membrane, VP4-P-eGFP binding was specific to a protein of high molecular mass. Protein flux was significantly higher for VP4-P-eGFP after 2 h than for albumin or eGFP, with rapid transcytosis of VP4-P-eGFP within the first 30 min. In contrast to BSA which transcytosed following clathrin-mediated endocytosis, the movement of VP4-P-eGFP was vesicle-mediated but clathrin-independent. The specificity of binding combined with the efficiency of transport across the gut epithelium suggest that VP4 will provide a useful carrier for insecticidal peptides active within the hemocoel of key lepidopteran pests including S. frugiperda.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariah Kemmerer
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Bryony C Bonning
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pan L, Chen Q, Guo T, Wang X, Li P, Wang X, Liu S. Differential efficiency of a begomovirus to cross the midgut of different species of whiteflies results in variation of virus transmission by the vectors. Sci China Life Sci 2018; 61:1254-1265. [PMID: 29785572 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-017-9283-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Begomoviruses are important crop viral disease agents, and they are transmitted by whiteflies of the Bemisia tabaci complex. Although the transmission of begomoviruses by whiteflies has been studied for many years, the mechanisms governing differential transmission of begomoviruses by different species of the Bemisia tabaci complex remain largely unknown. Here we firstly compared the transmission efficiency of tobacco curly shoot virus (TbCSV) by four species of the B. tabaci complex and found that Asia II 1 transmitted this virus with the highest efficiency, whereas MEAM1 transmitted it with the lowest. Next, by performing quantitative analysis of virus and immune-fluorescence detection, we found that the efficiency of TbCSV to cross the midgut wall was higher in Asia II 1 than in MEAM1. Finally, we set the quantities of virions in the haemolymph to the same level in Asia II 1 and MEAM1 via injection and then compared their capacity in TbCSV transmission, and found that the difference in TbCSV transmission between them became smaller. Taken together, our findings suggest that the efficiency of a begomovirus to cross the midgut wall of a whitefly to reach the vector's haemolymph plays a significant role in determining transmission of the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lilong Pan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qunfang Chen
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tao Guo
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xinru Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ping Li
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Shusheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Saraiva RG, Fang J, Kang S, Angleró-Rodríguez YI, Dong Y, Dimopoulos G. Aminopeptidase secreted by Chromobacterium sp. Panama inhibits dengue virus infection by degrading the E protein. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006443. [PMID: 29694346 PMCID: PMC5937796 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is the most prevalent and burdensome arbovirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, against which there is only a limited licensed vaccine and no approved drug treatment. A Chromobacterium species, C. sp. Panama, isolated from the midgut of A. aegypti is able to inhibit DENV replication within the mosquito and in vitro. Here we show that C. sp. Panama mediates its anti-DENV activity through secreted factors that are proteinous in nature. The inhibitory effect occurs prior to virus attachment to cells, and is attributed to a factor that destabilizes the virion by promoting the degradation of the viral envelope protein. Bioassay-guided fractionation, coupled with mass spectrometry, allowed for the identification of a C. sp. Panama-secreted neutral protease and an aminopeptidase that are co-expressed and appear to act synergistically to degrade the viral envelope (E) protein and thus prevent viral attachment and subsequent infection of cells. This is the first study characterizing the anti-DENV activity of a common soil and mosquito-associated bacterium, thereby contributing towards understanding how such bacteria may limit disease transmission, and providing new tools for dengue prevention and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl G. Saraiva
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Jingru Fang
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Seokyoung Kang
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Yesseinia I. Angleró-Rodríguez
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - Yuemei Dong
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Xia WQ, Liang Y, Chi Y, Pan LL, Zhao J, Liu SS, Wang XW. Intracellular trafficking of begomoviruses in the midgut cells of their insect vector. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006866. [PMID: 29370296 PMCID: PMC5800681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Begomoviruses are exclusively transmitted by whiteflies in a persistent circulative manner and cause considerable economic losses to crop production worldwide. Previous studies have shown that begomoviruses accumulate in vesicle-like structures in whitefly midgut cells and that clathrin-mediated endocytosis is responsible for their internalization. However, the process by which begomoviruses are trafficked within whitefly midgut cells remains largely unknown. In this study, we investigated the roles of vesicle trafficking in the transport of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a begomovirus that has spread to over 50 countries and caused extensive damage to a range of important crops, within midgut cells of whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). By disrupting vesicle trafficking using RNA silencing and inhibitors, we demonstrated that the early steps of endosomal trafficking are important for the intracellular transport of TYLCV in the whitefly midgut. In addition, our data show that, unlike many animal viruses, TYCLV is trafficked within cells in a manner independent of recycling endosomes, late endosomes, lysosomes, the Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum. Instead, our results suggest that TYLCV might be transported directly from early endosomes to the basal plasma membrane and released into the hemolymph. Silencing of the sorting nexin Snx12, which may be involved in membrane tubulation, resulted in fewer viral particles in hemolymph; this suggests that the tubular endosomal network may be involved in the transport of TYLCV. Our results also support a role for the endo-lysosomal system in viral degradation. We further showed that the functions of vector early endosomes and sorting nexin Snx12 are conserved in the transmission of several other begomoviruses. Overall, our data indicate the importance of early endosomes and the tubular endosomal network in begomovirus transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qiang Xia
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yao Chi
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li-Long Pan
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Sheng Liu
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Wang
- Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects, Institute of Insect Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Czosnek H, Hariton-Shalev A, Sobol I, Gorovits R, Ghanim M. The Incredible Journey of Begomoviruses in Their Whitefly Vector. Viruses 2017; 9:E273. [PMID: 28946649 PMCID: PMC5691625 DOI: 10.3390/v9100273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Begomoviruses are vectored in a circulative persistent manner by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci. The insect ingests viral particles with its stylets. Virions pass along the food canal and reach the esophagus and the midgut. They cross the filter chamber and the midgut into the haemolymph, translocate into the primary salivary glands and are egested with the saliva into the plant phloem. Begomoviruses have to cross several barriers and checkpoints successfully, while interacting with would-be receptors and other whitefly proteins. The bulk of the virus remains associated with the midgut and the filter chamber. In these tissues, viral genomes, mainly from the tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) family, may be transcribed and may replicate. However, at the same time, virus amounts peak, and the insect autophagic response is activated, which in turn inhibits replication and induces the destruction of the virus. Some begomoviruses invade tissues outside the circulative pathway, such as ovaries and fat cells. Autophagy limits the amounts of virus associated with these organs. In this review, we discuss the different sites begomoviruses need to cross to complete a successful circular infection, the role of the coat protein in this process and the sites that balance between virus accumulation and virus destruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Henryk Czosnek
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Aliza Hariton-Shalev
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Iris Sobol
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Rena Gorovits
- Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel.
| | - Murad Ghanim
- Department of Entomology, Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Center, HaMaccabim Road 68, Rishon LeZion, 7505101, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Le Coupanec A, Tchankouo-Nguetcheu S, Roux P, Khun H, Huerre M, Morales-Vargas R, Enguehard M, Lavillette D, Missé D, Choumet V. Co-Infection of Mosquitoes with Chikungunya and Dengue Viruses Reveals Modulation of the Replication of Both Viruses in Midguts and Salivary Glands of Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081708. [PMID: 28777313 PMCID: PMC5578098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arthropod-borne virus (arbovirus) infections cause several emerging and resurgent infectious diseases in humans and animals. Chikungunya-affected areas often overlap with dengue-endemic areas. Concurrent dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infections have been detected in travelers returning from regions of endemicity. CHIKV and DENV co-infected Aedes albopictus have also been collected in the vicinity of co-infected human cases, emphasizing the need to study co-infections in mosquitoes. We thus aimed to study the pathogen-pathogen interaction involved in these co-infections in DENV/CHIKV co-infected Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. In mono-infections, we detected CHIKV antigens as early as 4 days post-virus exposure in both the midgut (MG) and salivary gland (SG), whereas we detected DENV serotype 2 (DENV-2) antigens from day 5 post-virus exposure in MG and day 10 post-virus exposure in SG. Identical infection rates were observed for singly and co-infected mosquitoes, and facilitation of the replication of both viruses at various times post-viral exposure. We observed a higher replication for DENV-2 in SG of co-infected mosquitoes. We showed that mixed CHIKV and DENV infection facilitated viral replication in Ae. aegypti. The outcome of these mixed infections must be further studied to increase our understanding of pathogen-pathogen interactions in host cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alain Le Coupanec
- Unité de Génétique Moléculaire des Bunyavirus, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
| | | | - Pascal Roux
- Imagopole, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Huot Khun
- Unité de Recherche et d'Expertise Histotechnologie et Pathologie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Michel Huerre
- Unité de Recherche et d'Expertise Histotechnologie et Pathologie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Ronald Morales-Vargas
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 73170, Thailand.
| | - Margot Enguehard
- Interspecies transmission of arboviruses and Therapeutics research Unit, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Dimitri Lavillette
- Interspecies transmission of arboviruses and Therapeutics research Unit, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Shanghai Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
| | - Dorothée Missé
- Maladies infectieuses et vecteurs: écologie, génétique, évolution et contrôle (MIVEGEC), IRD, 34394 Montpellier, France.
| | - Valérie Choumet
- Unité Environnement et Risques Infectieux, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Zhao W, Lu L, Yang P, Cui N, Kang L, Cui F. Organ-specific transcriptome response of the small brown planthopper toward rice stripe virus. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 70:60-72. [PMID: 26678499 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Rice stripe virus (RSV) causes rice stripe disease and is transmitted by the small brown planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus, SBPH) in a persistent, circulative, and propagative manner. The alimentary canal and salivary gland of SBPH play important roles in viral replication and transmission. However, little is known about the underlying molecular functions of these two organs in the interaction between RSV and SBPH. In this study, organ-specific transcriptomes of the alimentary canal and salivary gland were analyzed in viruliferous and naïve SBPH. The number of differentially expressed unigenes in the alimentary canal was considerably greater than that in the salivary gland after RSV infection, and only 23 unigenes were co-regulated in the two organs. In the alimentary canal, genes involved in lysosome, digestion and detoxification were activated upon RSV infection, whereas the genes related to DNA replication and repair were suppressed. RSV activated RNA transport and repressed the MAPK, mTOR, Wnt, and TGF-beta signaling pathways in the salivary gland. The overall immune reaction toward RSV was much stronger in the salivary gland than in the alimentary canal. RSV activated the pattern recognition molecules and Toll pathway in the salivary gland but inhibited these two reactions in the alimentary canal. The responses from reactive oxygen and the immune-responsive effectors were stronger in the salivary gland than in the alimentary canal after RSV infection. These findings provide clues on the roles of the two organs in confronting RSV infection and aid in the understanding of the interaction between RSV and SBPHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lixia Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Pengcheng Yang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Na Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Le Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Feng Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Li Z, Li F, Han Y, Xu L, Yang F. VP24 Is a Chitin-Binding Protein Involved in White Spot Syndrome Virus Infection. J Virol 2016; 90:842-50. [PMID: 26512091 PMCID: PMC4702682 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02357-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Oral ingestion is the major route of infection for the white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). However, the mechanism by which virus particles in the digestive tract invade host cells is unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that WSSV virions can bind to chitin through one of the major envelope proteins (VP24). Mutagenesis analysis indicated that amino acids (aa) 186 to 200 in the C terminus of VP24 were required for chitin binding. Moreover, the P-VP24186-200 peptide derived from the VP24 chitin binding region significantly inhibited the VP24-chitin interaction and the WSSV-chitin interaction, implying that VP24 participates in WSSV binding to chitin. Oral inoculation experiments showed that P-VP24186-200 treatment reduced the number of virus particles remaining in the digestive tract during the early stage of infection and greatly hindered WSSV proliferation in shrimp. These data indicate that binding of WSSV to chitin through the viral envelope protein VP24 is essential for WSSV per os infection and provide new ideas for preventing WSSV infection in shrimp farms. IMPORTANCE In this study, we show that WSSV can bind to chitin through the envelope protein VP24. The chitin-binding domain of VP24 maps to amino acids 186 to 200 in the C terminus. Binding of WSSV to chitin through the viral envelope protein VP24 is essential for WSSV per os infection. These findings not only extend our knowledge of WSSV infection but also provide new insights into strategies to prevent WSSV infection in shrimp farms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaipeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
| | - Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
| | - Yali Han
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
| | - Limei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Ozawa H, Kumazaki M, Ueki S, Morita M, Usuku S. Detection and Genetic Analysis of Noroviruses and Sapoviruses in Sea Snail. Food Environ Virol 2015; 7:325-332. [PMID: 26100718 PMCID: PMC4642597 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-015-9205-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An outbreak of acute gastroenteritis occurred at a restaurant in Yokohama in December 2011. Because many of the customers had consumed raw sea snail, sea snail was suspected to be the source of this outbreak. To determine whether sea snail contains Norovirus (NoV) or Sapovirus (SaV), we analyzed 27 sea snail samples collected over 5 months (May, June, August, October, and December 2012) and 59.3% were positive for NoV and/or SaV. The levels of NoV ranged from 1.5 × 10(3) to 1.5 × 10(5) copies/g tissue, and those of SaV from 1.5 × 10(2) to 1.3 × 10(3) copies/g tissue. The highest levels were observed in sea snails collected in December. A phylogenetic analysis of the NoVs showed that the viral strains were NoV genotypes GI.4, GI.6, GII.4, GII.12, GII.13, and GII.14, and the SaV strains were genotypes GI.2 and GI.3. The NoV GII.4 Sydney 2012 variants were only detected in December. This variant was a major source of gastroenteritis in Japan in the winter of 2012/2013. In contrast, the NoV GII.4 strains detected in May and June 2012 were not the Sydney 2012 variant. This study demonstrates that sea snail contains multiple genogroups and genotypes of NoV and SaV strains. We conclude that the sea snail presents a risk of gastroenteritis when consumed raw.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Ozawa
- Department of Testing and Research, Yokohama City Institute of Health, Tomiokahigashi 2-7-1, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0051, Japan.
| | - Makoto Kumazaki
- Department of Testing and Research, Yokohama City Institute of Health, Tomiokahigashi 2-7-1, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0051, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ueki
- Department of Testing and Research, Yokohama City Institute of Health, Tomiokahigashi 2-7-1, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0051, Japan
| | - Masahiro Morita
- Department of Testing and Research, Yokohama City Institute of Health, Tomiokahigashi 2-7-1, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0051, Japan
| | - Shuzo Usuku
- Department of Testing and Research, Yokohama City Institute of Health, Tomiokahigashi 2-7-1, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 236-0051, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yang X, Wu S, Wu Y, Liu Y, Qian Y, Jiao F. Lack of Connection Between Midgut Cell Autophagy Gene Expression and BmCPV Infection in the Midgut of Bombyx mori. J Insect Sci 2015; 15:iev047. [PMID: 26163666 PMCID: PMC4677490 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iev047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is associated with multiple biological processes and has protective and defensive functions with respect to immunity, inflammation, and resistance to microbial infection. In this experiment, we wished to investigate whether autophagy is a factor in the midgut cell response of Bombyx mori to infection by the B. mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV). Our results indicated that the expression of three autophagy-related genes (BmAtg8, BmAtg5, and BmAtg7) in the midgut did not change greatly after BmCPV infection in B. mori. Basal ATG8/ATG8PE protein expression was detected in different B. mori tissues by using western blot analysis. Immunohistochemistry showed that the ATG8/ATG8PE proteins were located mainly in the cytoplasm. ATG8/ATG8PE protein levels decreased at 12 and 16 h after BmCPV infection. Our results indicate that autophagy responded slightly to BmCPV infection, but could not prevent the invasion and replication of the virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forest University, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Suli Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forest University, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yongpeng Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forest University, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forest University, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yonghua Qian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forest University, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Feng Jiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest Agriculture and Forest University, Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Crava CM, Jakubowska AK, Escriche B, Herrero S, Bel Y. Dissimilar Regulation of Antimicrobial Proteins in the Midgut of Spodoptera exigua Larvae Challenged with Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins or Baculovirus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125991. [PMID: 25993013 PMCID: PMC4436361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and lysozymes are the main effectors of the insect immune system, and they are involved in both local and systemic responses. Among local responses, midgut immune reaction plays an important role in fighting pathogens that reach the insect body through the oral route, as do many microorganisms used in pest control. Under this point of view, understanding how insects defend themselves locally during the first phases of infections caused by food-borne pathogens is important to further improve microbial control strategies. In the present study, we analyzed the transcriptional response of AMPs and lysozymes in the midgut of Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a polyphagous pest that is commonly controlled by products based on Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) or baculovirus. First, we comprehensively characterized the transcripts encoding AMPs and lysozymes expressed in S. exigua larval midgut, identifying 35 transcripts that represent the S. exigua arsenal against microbial infection. Secondly, we analyzed their expression in the midgut after ingestion of sub-lethal doses of two different pore-forming B. thuringiensis toxins, Cry1Ca and Vip3Aa, and the S. exigua nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV). We observed that both Bt toxins triggered a similar, wide and in some cases high transcriptional activation of genes encoding AMPs and lysozymes, which was not reflected in the activation of the classical systemic immune-marker phenoloxidase in hemolymph. Baculovirus ingestion resulted in the opposed reaction: Almost all transcripts coding for AMPs and lysozymes were down-regulated or not induced 96 hours post infection. Our results shed light on midgut response to different virulence factors or pathogens used nowadays as microbial control agents and point out the importance of the midgut immune response contribution to the larval immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina M. Crava
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Agata K. Jakubowska
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Baltasar Escriche
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Herrero
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yolanda Bel
- Department of Genetics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- Estructura de Recerca Interdisciplinar en Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (ERI BIOTECMED), University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kolliopoulou A, Van Nieuwerburgh F, Stravopodis DJ, Deforce D, Swevers L, Smagghe G. Transcriptome analysis of Bombyx mori larval midgut during persistent and pathogenic cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121447. [PMID: 25816294 PMCID: PMC4376736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many insects can be persistently infected with viruses but do not show any obvious adverse effects with respect to physiology, development or reproduction. Here, Bombyx mori strain Daizo, persistently infected with cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV), was used to study the host's transcriptional response after pathogenic infection with the same virus in midgut tissue of larvae persistently and pathogenically infected as 2nd and 4th instars. Next generation sequencing revealed that from 13,769 expressed genes, 167 were upregulated and 141 downregulated in both larval instars following pathogenic infection. Several genes that could possibly be involved in B. mori immune response against BmCPV or that may be induced by the virus in order to increase infectivity were identified, whereas classification of differentially expressed transcripts (confirmed by qRT-PCR) resulted in gene categories related to physical barriers, immune responses, proteolytic/metabolic enzymes, heat-shock proteins, hormonal signaling and uncharacterized proteins. Comparison of our data with the available literature (pathogenic infection of persistently vs. non-persistently infected larvae) unveiled various similarities of response in both cases, which suggests that pre-existing persistent infection does not affect in a major way the transcriptome response against pathogenic infection. To investigate the possible host's RNAi response against BmCPV challenge, the differential expression of RNAi-related genes and the accumulation of viral small RNAs (vsRNAs) were studied. During pathogenic infection, siRNA-like traces like the 2-fold up-regulation of the core RNAi genes Ago-2 and Dcr-2 as well as a peak of 20 nt small RNAs were observed. Interestingly, vsRNAs of the same size were detected at lower rates in persistently infected larvae. Collectively, our data provide an initial assessment of the relative significance of persistent infection of silkworm larvae on the host response following pathogenic infection with CPV, while they also highlight the relative importance of RNAi as an antiviral mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kolliopoulou
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Filip Van Nieuwerburgh
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dimitrios J. Stravopodis
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dieter Deforce
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc Swevers
- Insect Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology, Institute of Biosciences and Applications, National Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Aghia Paraskevi, Athens, Greece
| | - Guy Smagghe
- Laboratory of Agrozoology, Department of Crop Protection, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Jia D, Mao Q, Chen H, Wang A, Liu Y, Wang H, Xie L, Wei T. Virus-induced tubule: a vehicle for rapid spread of virions through basal lamina from midgut epithelium in the insect vector. J Virol 2014; 88:10488-500. [PMID: 24965461 PMCID: PMC4178856 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01261-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The plant reoviruses, plant rhabdoviruses, tospoviruses, and tenuiviruses are transmitted by insect vectors in a persistent propagative manner. These viruses induce the formation of viral inclusions to facilitate viral propagation in insect vectors. The intestines of insect vectors are formed by epithelial cells that lie on the noncellular basal lamina surrounded by visceral muscle tissue. Here, we demonstrate that a recently identified plant reovirus, southern rice black-streaked dwarf virus (SRBSDV), exploits virus-containing tubules composed of virus-encoded nonstructural protein P7-1 to directly cross the basal lamina from the initially infected epithelium toward visceral muscle tissues in the intestine of its vector, the white-backed planthopper (Sogatella furcifera). Furthermore, such tubules spread along visceral muscle tissues through a direct interaction of P7-1 and actin. The destruction of tubule assembly by RNA interference with synthesized double-stranded RNA targeting the P7-1 gene inhibited viral spread in the insect vector in vitro and in vivo. All these results show for the first time that a virus employs virus-induced tubule as a vehicle for viral spread from the initially infected midgut epithelium through the basal lamina, facilitating the rapid dissemination of virus from the intestine of the insect vector. IMPORTANCE Numerous plant viruses are transmitted in a persistent manner by sap-sucking insects, including thrips, aphids, planthoppers, and leafhoppers. These viruses, ingested by the insects, establish their primary infection in the intestinal epithelium of the insect vector. Subsequently, the invading virus manages to transverse the basal lamina, a noncellular layer lining the intestine, a barrier that may theoretically hinder viral spread. The mechanism by which plant viruses cross the basal lamina is unknown. Here, we report that a plant virus has evolved to exploit virus-induced tubules to pass through the basal lamina from the initially infected midgut epithelium of the insect vector, thus revealing the previously undescribed pathway adapted by the virus for rapid dissemination of virions from the intestine of the insect vector.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongsheng Jia
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianzhuo Mao
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyan Chen
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiming Wang
- Southern Crop Protection and Food Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yuyan Liu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianhui Xie
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Taiyun Wei
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Jiang S, Wang Z, Guo X, Zhang Y, Li C, Dong Y, Xing D, Zhao T. Infection and dissemination of West Nile virus in China by the potential vector, Culex pipiens pallens. J Vector Ecol 2014; 39:78-82. [PMID: 24820559 DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2014.12073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of the West Nile virus (WNV) in the organs and tissues of the mosquito Culex pipiens pallens, a potential vector of WNV in China, was investigated up to 14 days after oral infection. The WNV antigen was detected in paraffin-embedded mosquitoes using immunocytochemistry and viral titers of post-infected mosquitoes determined by plaque assay. Viral titers sharply decreased 24 h post-infection, were undetectable for the first few days, then rose over the course of infection. The first midgut infection appeared after one day, and the overall infection rate (based on midgut infection) was 43.9%. Other tissues, including hindgut, foregut, ovarian follicles, Malpighian tubules, and ommatidia, showed weak WNV antigens as early as three days post-infection. Staining in the salivary glands first appeared after seven days, and the salivary gland infection rate on the 14th day was 37.5%. Specimens with no detectable WNV antigens in any tissues, and with positive results confined to the midgut, anterior midgut, and hindgut, were observed on the 14th day. The route of viral dissemination from the midgut, and the relative importance of amplifying tissues in mosquitoes' susceptibility to infection, were evaluated. The results indicate that Cx. p. pallens has the ability to harbor WNV throughout its alimentary system and that midgut epithelial cells may be the initial site of the replication of this virus in this species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China; General Hospital of the People's Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hwang JY, Park JJ, Yu HJ, Hur YB, Arzul I, Couraleau Y, Park MA. Ostreid herpesvirus 1 infection in farmed Pacific oyster larvae Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) in Korea. J Fish Dis 2013; 36:969-972. [PMID: 23957681 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 01/08/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J Y Hwang
- Fish Pathology Division, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), Busan, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Wu P, Han S, Chen T, Qin G, Li L, Guo X. Involvement of microRNAs in infection of silkworm with bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV). PLoS One 2013; 8:e68209. [PMID: 23844171 PMCID: PMC3699532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV) is one of the most important pathogens of silkworm. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been demonstrated to play key roles in regulating host-pathogen interaction. However, there are limited reports on the miRNAs expression profiles during insect pathogen challenges. In this study, four small RNA libraries from BmCPV-infected midgut of silkworm at 72 h post-inoculation and 96 h post-inoculation and their corresponding control midguts were constructed and deep sequenced. A total of 316 known miRNAs (including miRNA*) and 90 novel miRNAs were identified. Fifty-eight miRNAs displayed significant differential expression between the infected and normal midgut (P value < = 0.01 and fold change > = 2.0 or < = 0.5), among which ten differentially expressed miRNA were validated by qRT-PCR method. Further bioinformatics analysis of predicted target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs showed that the miRNA targets were involved in stimulus and immune system process in silkworm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang Jiangsu, China
- Quality Inspection Center for Sericulture Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhenjiang Jiangsu, China
| | - Shaohua Han
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang Jiangsu, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang Jiangsu, China
- Quality Inspection Center for Sericulture Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhenjiang Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangxing Qin
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang Jiangsu, China
| | - Long Li
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang Jiangsu, China
- Quality Inspection Center for Sericulture Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhenjiang Jiangsu, China
| | - Xijie Guo
- Sericultural Research Institute, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang Jiangsu, China
- Quality Inspection Center for Sericulture Products, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhenjiang Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Arias-Goeta C, Mousson L, Rougeon F, Failloux AB. Dissemination and transmission of the E1-226V variant of chikungunya virus in Aedes albopictus are controlled at the midgut barrier level. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57548. [PMID: 23437397 PMCID: PMC3578806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Emergence of arboviruses could result from their ability to exploit new environments, for example a new host. This ability is facilitated by the high mutation rate occurring during viral genome replication. The last emergence of chikungunya in the Indian Ocean region corroborates this statement since a single viral mutation at the position 226 on the E1 glycoprotein (E1-A226V) was associated with enhanced transmission by the mosquito Aedes albopictus in regions where the major mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti, is absent. We used direct competition assays in vivo to dissect out the mechanisms underlying the selection of E1-226V by Ae. albopictus. When the original variant E1-226A and the newly emerged E1-226V were provided in the same blood-meal at equal titers to both species of mosquitoes, we found that the proportion of both variants was drastically different in the two mosquito species. Following ingestion of the infectious blood-meal, the E1-226V variant was preferentially selected in Ae. albopictus, whereas the E1-226A variant was sometimes favored in Ae. aegypti. Interestingly, when the two variants were introduced into the mosquitoes by intrathoracic inoculations, E1-226V was no longer favored for dissemination and transmission in Ae. albopictus, showing that the midgut barrier plays a key role in E1-226V selection. This study sheds light on the role of the midgut barrier in the selection of novel arbovirus emerging variants. We also bring new insight into how the pre-existing variant E1-226V was selected among other viral variants including E1-226A. Indeed the E1-226V variant present at low levels in natural viral populations could rapidly emerge after being selected in Ae. albopictus at the midgut barrier level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Arias-Goeta
- Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Cellule Pasteur, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Mousson
- Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Anna-Bella Failloux
- Department of Virology, Arboviruses and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Chauhan C, Behura SK, deBruyn B, Lovin DD, Harker BW, Gomez-Machorro C, Mori A, Romero-Severson J, Severson DW. Comparative expression profiles of midgut genes in dengue virus refractory and susceptible Aedes aegypti across critical period for virus infection. PLoS One 2012; 7:e47350. [PMID: 23077596 PMCID: PMC3471866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0047350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes aegypti is the primary mosquito vector for dengue virus (DENV) worldwide. Infectivity of dengue virus varies among natural populations of this mosquito. How A. aegypti responds to DENV infection relative to which genes and associated pathways contribute to its differential susceptibility as a vector is not well defined. Methods/Principal Findings Here, we used custom cDNA microarrays to identify groups of genes that were differentially expressed in midgut tissues between susceptible and refractory strains in a highly time specific manner. While genes involved in protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, mRNA surveillance, and the proteasome were significantly up-regulated in the susceptible strain, several metabolic processes including glycolysis, glycan biosynthesis and Wnt pathway were active in the refractory strain. In addition, several key signaling genes were expressed as common responsive genes in both susceptible and refractory mosquitoes that may be necessary for signal transduction to trigger the appropriate host response to the viral infection. These are coordinately expressed in the form of tight gene networks and expression clusters that may be necessary to differentially contribute to the progression of dengue infection between the two strains. Conclusions Our data show that highly correlated differential expression of responsive genes throughout the post infection period in A. aegypti midgut tissues is necessary for a coordinated transcriptional response of the mosquito genes to host or defend the viral infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Chauhan
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Susanta K. Behura
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Becky deBruyn
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Diane D. Lovin
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Brent W. Harker
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Consuelo Gomez-Machorro
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Akio Mori
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jeanne Romero-Severson
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - David W. Severson
- Eck Institute for Global Health, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lau SKP, Woo PCY, Lai KKY, Huang Y, Yip CCY, Shek CT, Lee P, Lam CSF, Chan KH, Yuen KY. Complete genome analysis of three novel picornaviruses from diverse bat species. J Virol 2011; 85:8819-28. [PMID: 21697464 PMCID: PMC3165794 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02364-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although bats are important reservoirs of diverse viruses that can cause human epidemics, little is known about the presence of picornaviruses in these flying mammals. Among 1,108 bats of 18 species studied, three novel picornaviruses (groups 1, 2, and 3) were identified from alimentary specimens of 12 bats from five species and four genera. Two complete genomes, each from the three picornaviruses, were sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis showed that they fell into three distinct clusters in the Picornaviridae family, with low homologies to known picornaviruses, especially in leader and 2A proteins. Moreover, group 1 and 2 viruses are more closely related to each other than to group 3 viruses, which exhibit genome features distinct from those of the former two virus groups. In particular, the group 3 virus genome contains the shortest leader protein within Picornaviridae, a putative type I internal ribosome entry site (IRES) in the 5'-untranslated region instead of the type IV IRES found in group 1 and 2 viruses, one instead of two GXCG motifs in 2A, an L→V substitution in the DDLXQ motif in 2C helicase, and a conserved GXH motif in 3C protease. Group 1 and 2 viruses are unique among picornaviruses in having AMH instead of the GXH motif in 3C(pro). These findings suggest that the three picornaviruses belong to two novel genera in the Picornaviridae family. This report describes the discovery and complete genome analysis of three picornaviruses in bats, and their presence in diverse bat genera/species suggests the ability to cross the species barrier.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susanna K. P. Lau
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick C. Y. Woo
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | | | - Yi Huang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Cyril C. Y. Yip
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chung-Tong Shek
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong
| | - Paul Lee
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Carol S. F. Lam
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok-Hung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Qin Z, Clements T, Wang L, Khatri M, Pillai SPS, Zhang Y, LeJeune JT, Lee C. Detection of influenza viral gene in European starlings and experimental infection. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2011; 5:268-75. [PMID: 21651737 PMCID: PMC4634539 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2010.00190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND European starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) are common, widely distributed birds in North America that frequently come into contact with agricultural operations. However, starlings have been one of the neglected land-based wild bird species for influenza surveillance. OBJECTIVES To study the potential role of starlings in the ecology and epidemiology of influenza virus. METHODS We collected 328 digestive and 156 tracheal samples from starlings in Ohio in years 2007 (July) to 2008 (August) and screened for the presence of influenza virus by real-time RT-PCR, standard RT-PCR and virus isolation using embryonated chicken eggs. In addition, we conducted an experimental infection study to evaluate the replication and induction of antibody response by two low pathogenic avian influenza (AI) viruses in starlings. RESULTS Although virus isolation was negative, we confirmed 21 influenza positive digestive and tracheal samples by real-time and standard RT-PCR tests. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that five NS genes recovered from Starlings belonged to NS subtype A and were most similar to the NS genes from a wild aquatic bird origin isolate from Ohio. Experimental infection studies using two low pathogenic AI strains showed that starlings could be infected, shed virus, and seroconvert. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that starlings can carry influenza virus that is genetically similar to wild aquatic bird origin strains and may serve as a carrier of influenza virus to domestic animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoming Qin
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Teresa Clements
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Leyi Wang
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Mahesh Khatri
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Smitha P. S. Pillai
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
| | - Yan Zhang
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, OH, USA
| | - Jeffrey T. LeJeune
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chang‐Won Lee
- Food Animal Health Research Program, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH, USA
- Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Chamnanpood C, Sanguansermsri D, Pongcharoen S, Sanguansermsri P. Detection of distribution of avian influenza H5N1 virus by immunohistochemistry, chromogenic in situ hybridization and real-time PCR techniques in experimentally infected chickens. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2011; 42:303-310. [PMID: 21710850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ten specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens were inoculated intranasally with avian influenza virus subtype H5N1. Evaluation revealed distribution of the virus in twelve organs: liver, intestine, bursa, lung, trachea, thymus, heart, pancreas, brain, spleen, kidney, and esophagus. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH), and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were developed and compared for detection of the virus from the organs. The distribution of avian influenza H5N1 in chickens varied by animal and detecting technique. The heart, kidneys, intestines, lungs, and pancreas were positive with all three techniques, while the others varied by techique. The three techniques can be used to detect avian influenza effectively, but the pros and cons of each technique need to be determined. The decision of which technique to use depends on the objective of the examination, budget, type and quality of samples, laboratory facilities and technician skills.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chanpen Chamnanpood
- Veterinary Research and Development Center (Lower Northern Region), Department of Livestock Development, Phitsanulok, Thailand
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang Z, Zhang X, Li C, Zhang Y, Xin D, Zhao T. Dissemination of western equine encephalomyelitis virus in the potential vector, Culex pipiens pallens. J Vector Ecol 2010; 35:313-317. [PMID: 21175937 DOI: 10.1111/j.1948-7134.2010.00088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Two western equine encephalomyelitis virus (WEEV) strains have been isolated in China. Our previous studies have verified that the mosquito Culex pipiens pallens Coquillett (Diptera: Culicidae) infected with WEEV was capable of transmitting this arbovirus, but it was not clear how the sequential multiplication and spread of virus occurred within the mosquito. In this study, we observed the distribution of WEEV antigen in orally-infected Cx. p. pallens by immunohistochemistry in order to better understand the initial infection, dissemination, and transmission of WEEV in the potential vector. Orally-infected WEEV dissemination varied within the different tissues of Cx. p. pallens, with virus antigen consistently observed in the salivary glands, foregut, midgut epithelial cells, Malpighian tubules, hindgut, and ovarian follicles of some individuals after various days of extrinsic incubation. We suggest that Cx. p. pallens, the potential vector of WEEV, has the ability to harbor the virus through the alimentary system, and the midgut epithelial cell may be the initial site of WEEV replication after ingestion of a viremic blood meal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogens and Biosecurity, Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Solt I, Bornstein J. [Childhood vaccines and autism--much ado about nothing?]. Harefuah 2010; 149:251-260. [PMID: 20812501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The increased diagnoses of autism and developmental disorders in recent decades, together with the childhood vaccination program, has led to the hypothesis that vaccination in general, and the measles, mumps, and rubella virus live vaccine, and vaccines that contain mercury, in particular, cause autism. It has been hypothesized that intestinal infection caused by live virus vaccines change the permeability of the intestinal wall, and subsequently, the passage of peptides through the intestinal wall to the blood, and from there to the brain. It has been suggested that the accumulation of these peptides in the central nervous system causes autism. Studies that investigated this theory did not find an association between vaccine administration and between digestive system symptoms and autism. According to a second hypothesis, an organomercury compound (Thimerosal), used as a preservative in vaccines that do not include live viruses, is a cause of autism. Like the former, this hypothesis has been well researched, and refuted. Some studies have in fact found an increase in autism diagnosis among children who were vaccinated after Thimerosal was removed from the vaccine preparation. Recent studies have refuted the theory that the consecutive administration of vaccines weakens the young immune system in children, and leads to an autoimmune process that causes autism. The etiology of autism is still unknown, with research continuing from different directions. The extensive research conducted so far indicates that childhood vaccination is not a cause of the sharp increase in autism diagnoses in recent decades.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ido Solt
- Obstetrics & Gynecology Wing, Western Galilee Hospital, Nahariya, Israel Technion Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hashimoto Y, Valles SM. Solenopsis invicta virus-1 tissue tropism and intra-colony infection rate in the red imported fire ant: A quantitative PCR-based study. J Invertebr Pathol 2007; 96:156-61. [PMID: 17544438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2007.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2007] [Revised: 04/17/2007] [Accepted: 04/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative real-time PCR was employed to measure the Solenopsis invicta virus 1 (SINV-1) load in tissues, individuals, and among colonies of the red imported fire ant, S. invicta Buren. Among tissues examined from SINV-1-infected adults and larvae, the alimentary canal (specifically the midgut) consistently had the highest number of SINV-1 genome copies (91.1 and 99.9%, respectively). Negative staining of a supernatant of the gut homogenate demonstrated the presence of spherical virus particles with a diameter of 30-35 nm, consistent with SINV-1. The number of SINV-1 genome copies in infected larvae and workers from the same queenright colonies were similar to each other. In other words, the infection rate was consistent among both developmental stages. No significant differences were observed in SINV-1 genome copy number among infected colonies sampled during the winter and summer. Although the SINV-1 infection rate of summer-collected mounds was previously shown to be six-times higher than winter-collected mounds, the intra-colony infection rate appears to be unaffected by season. Perhaps less inter-mound interaction during the winter months among S. invicta restricts spread of the virus. A positive correlation between intra-colony infection rate and mean SINV-1 genome copy number per ant was also observed. Based on these results, it is likely that SINV-1 replicates in gut epithelia of S. invicta and virus is shed into the gut lumen where it may be transmitted to nestmates by trophallaxis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Hashimoto
- Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, U.S. Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 1600 SW 23rd Drive, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Aidoo M, Otten RA, Rodriguez V, Sariol CA, Martinez M, Kraiselburd E, Robinson H, Folks T, Butera S, Ellenberger D. Absence of SHIV infection in gut and lymph node tissues in rhesus monkeys after repeated rectal challenges following HIV-1 DNA/MVA immunizations. Vaccine 2007; 25:6474-81. [PMID: 17688978 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We reported previously the absence of systemic infection in a subset of macaques vaccinated with an HIV-1 DNA/MVA vaccine after 18 or more rectal challenges with low (physiologically relevant) doses of SHIV162P3. To further study the apparent protection, we looked for sequestered virus in gut tissues, lymph nodes, spleen, and testes obtained at necropsy using virus co-culture and nested PCR for SIV Gag, Pol and LTR. There was no evidence of sequestered virus in tissues obtained from the four protected macaques. In contrast, at least one tissue from each of 11 infected animals scored positive by one of these sensitive procedures. Activated PBMC from the protected macaques were not inherently resistant to in vitro infection by the challenge virus. These findings demonstrate that some vaccinated macaques appeared to be free from the challenge virus. Therefore, such T cell-based vaccines may provide some protection when challenge virus doses approach physiological equivalencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Aidoo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mail Stop A-25, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Abstract
Mosquito midgut epithelial cells (MEC) play a major role in determining whether an arbovirus can successfully infect and be transmitted by mosquitoes. The Sindbis virus (SINV) strain TR339 efficiently infects Aedes aegypti MEC but the SINV strain TE/5'2J poorly infects MEC. SINV determinants for MEC infection have been localized to the E2 glycoprotein. The E2 amino acid sequences of TR339 and TE/5'2J differ at two sites, E2-55 and E2-70. We have altered the TE/5'2J virus genome by site-directed mutagenesis to contain two TR339 residues, E2-55 H-->Q (histidine to glutamine) and E2-70 K-->E (lysine to glutamic acid). We have characterized the growth patterns of derived viruses in cell culture and determined the midgut infection rate (MIR) in A. aegypti mosquitoes. Our results clearly show that the E2-55 H-->Q and the E2-70 K-->E mutations in the TE/5'2J virus increase MIR both independently and in combination. TE/5'2J virus containing both TR339 E2 residues had MIRs similar to the parental TR339 virus. In addition, SINV propagated in a mammalian cell line had a significantly lower A. aegypti midgut 50 % infectious dose than virus propagated in a mosquito cell line.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis J Pierro
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Erik L Powers
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Ken E Olson
- Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Li X, Song J, Jiang T, Liang C, Chen X. The N-terminal hydrophobic sequence of Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus PIF-3 is essential for oral infection. Arch Virol 2007; 152:1851-8. [PMID: 17585368 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-007-1012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) open reading frame 115 has been identified as a per os infection factor (pif-3) and is essential for oral infection. Here, we have characterized the pif-3 of AcMNPV in more detail. The pif-3 transcripts were detected from 12 to 96 h post-infection (hpi) in Sf9 cells infected with AcMNPV. Polyclonal antiserum first recognized a 25-kDa protein at 36 hpi. Western blot analysis indicated that PIF-3 is a component of occlusion-derived virus but not of budded virus. The subcellular localization demonstrated that the 21-amino-acid (aa) N-terminal hydrophobic domain of PIF-3, which is conserved in PIF-1, PIF2 and PIF-3, acts as a nuclear location signal and is essential for trafficking the protein to the nucleus. Deletion of either pif-3 or the 21-aa N-terminal hydrophobic domain of pif-3 from AcMNPV abolished per os infectivity but had no effect on the infectivity of the budded virus phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Levy SM, Falleiros AMF, Moscardi F, Gregório EA. Susceptibility/resistance of Anticarsia gemmatalis larvae to its nucleopolyhedrovirus (AgMNPV): Structural study of the peritrophic membrane. J Invertebr Pathol 2007; 96:183-6. [PMID: 17568609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2006] [Revised: 04/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
This investigation compares the peritrophic membrane (PM) morphology along the midgut of susceptible (SL) and resistant (RL) Anticarsia gemmatalis larvae to the AgMNPV. The PM increased the thickness from the anterior to the posterior midgut region in both insects strain; however, the intensity of FITC-WGA reaction of the PM in the RL were greater than in SL. The PM in RL was ultrastructurally constituted by several layers of fibrous/vesicular materials in comparison with the few ones in SL. Our results showed that the structure of PM in the RL could be one of the resistance barriers to AgMNPV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M Levy
- Depto de Histologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Li H, Tang H, Harrison RL, Bonning BC. Impact of a basement membrane-degrading protease on dissemination and secondary infection of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus in Heliothis virescens (Fabricus). J Gen Virol 2007; 88:1109-1119. [PMID: 17374754 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82691-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ScathL is a cathepsin L-like cysteine protease from the flesh fly, Sarcophaga peregrina, that digests components of the basement membrane (BM) during insect metamorphosis. A recombinant baculovirus that expresses ScathL (AcMLF9.ScathL) kills larvae of the tobacco budworm, Heliothis virescens, significantly faster than the wild-type virus and triggers melanization and tissue fragmentation in infected larvae shortly before death. As BMs are a potential barrier to the spread of baculovirus secondary infection to other tissues in the host, this study tested the hypothesis that the rapid death of insects infected with AcMLF9.ScathL was caused by accelerated secondary infection resulting from the degradation of host BMs by ScathL. Viruses expressing catalytically active or inactive ScathL were used to examine the effects of ScathL activity on budded virus release into the haemocoel during infection, the production of polyhedra in infected larvae and the rate of infection of the gut, trachea, haemocytes, fat body and Malpighian tubules. It was concluded that the enhanced insecticidal efficacy of the recombinant baculovirus that expresses ScathL does not result from altered tissue tropism or accelerated systemic infection. Implications for the role of the BM as a barrier to baculovirus dissemination within the host insect are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huarong Li
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Hailin Tang
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Robert L Harrison
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Bryony C Bonning
- Department of Entomology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
This study describes the macroscopic and microscopic lesions and the viral antigen distribution in 82 owls (Family: Strigidae) of 11 North American and one Eurasian species that died following natural West Nile virus infection. The range of lesions seen was greater than that previously reported for owls, and involved more organs. Two patterns of antigen distribution were identified: one that involved the blood and all major organs; and a second where antigen was sparse, localized, and absent from the blood. The first pattern was associated with species of northern natural breeding range, while the second was seen in owls of a more southern distribution and appeared to be associated with a more prolonged course of illness. Further differences in lesion and antigen distribution appeared to be either species related or individual. The findings underline the complexity and variability of West Nile virus pathology within birds of a relatively narrow taxonomic group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ady Y Gancz
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
|
43
|
Mitsuhashi W, Kawakita H, Murakami R, Takemoto Y, Saiki T, Miyamoto K, Wada S. Spindles of an entomopoxvirus facilitate its infection of the host insect by disrupting the peritrophic membrane. J Virol 2007; 81:4235-43. [PMID: 17251284 PMCID: PMC1866134 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02300-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The mode of action by which entomopoxvirus (EPV) spindles, proteinaceous crystalline bodies produced by EPVs, enhance EPV infection has not been clarified. We fed Anomala cuprea EPV (AcEPV) spindles to host insects; subsequent scanning electron microscopy revealed the disruption of the peritrophic membranes (PMs) of these insects. The PM is reportedly a barrier against the infection of some insects by viruses. Quantitative PCR of AcEPV DNA in the ectoperitrophic area revealed that PM disruption facilitated the passage of EPVs through the PM toward the initial infection site, the midgut epithelium. These results indicate that EPV spindles enhance infection by EPVs by disrupting the PM in the host insects. Fusolin is almost exclusively the constituent protein of the spindles and is the enhancing factor of the infectivity of nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs) and possibly that of EPVs. Spheroid is another type of proteinaceous crystalline structure produced by EPVs. Pseudaletia separata EPV (PsEPV) spheroids reportedly contain considerable amounts of fusolin and enhance NPV infection. We assessed the ability of AcEPV spheroids to enhance EPV infectivity and their effect on the PM and carried out immunological experiments; these experiments showed that AcEPV spheroids contain little or no fusolin and are biologically inactive, in contrasts to the situation in PsEPV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Mitsuhashi
- National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
McElroy KL, Tsetsarkin KA, Vanlandingham DL, Higgs S. Manipulation of the yellow fever virus non-structural genes 2A and 4B and the 3'non-coding region to evaluate genetic determinants of viral dissemination from the Aedes aegypti midgut. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2006; 75:1158-64. [PMID: 17172386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although much is known about the ecology, epidemiology, and molecular biology of mosquito-borne viruses, the viral factors that allow transmission by mosquitoes to humans or animals remain unknown. Using infectious clones of disseminating (Asibi) and non-disseminating (17D) yellow fever viruses (YFV), we produced chimeric viruses to evaluate the role of different viral genes in dissemination. Previously, we showed that virus produced from an infectious clone containing the structural genes of 17D in Asibi disseminated from the mosquito midgut at a rate of 31%, indicating that some genetic determinants of dissemination must lie within the non-structural (NS) protein genes or 3' non-coding region (NCR). We chose to investigate the roles of NS2A, NS4B, and the 3'NCR in YFV dissemination. Substitution of the 17D NS2A or NS4B into Asibi significantly attenuated YFV dissemination, demonstrating that this is a multigenic property. There was no difference in dissemination after substitution of the 17D 3'NCR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate L McElroy
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0609, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
In the past two decades acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) has become one of the most devastating illnesses in human history. As the epidemic continues to spread increasingly, AIDS patients are no longer confined to a few specialized AIDS hospitals and are now seen in general hospitals and clinics everywhere. Radiologists need to recognize the appearances, to understand how-safely-to care for patients with this disease, and to know enough about the illness to be able to counsel their patients. This article presents a review of current knowledge about the wide range of gastrointestinal hepatic, splenic, biliary, and retroperitoneal manifestations in AIDS, and how the role of modern medical imaging techniques and diagnosis and treatment can be applied. The imaging aspects (conventional double-contrast gastrointestinal studies, ultrasound, CT, and MR) of the diseases of the luminal gastrointestinal tract, liver, spleen, biliary tract, and retroperitoneum will be systematically discussed. Candidiasis, herpes, cytomegalovirus, cryptosporidiosis, histoplasmosis, isosporiasis, salmonellosis, toxoplasmosis, unusual mycobacteria, and viral infections account for the majority of non-neoplastic disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J W A J Reeders
- Department of Radiology, St Elisabeth Hospital, Willemstad, Curaçao, Neth Antilles.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Molecular mimicry is a possible explanation for autoimmune side effects of microorganism infections. Protein sequences from a particular microorganism are compared to known autoimmune immunogens. For diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS), where the infectious agent is unknown, guesses to its identity are made. Mimics are assumed to be rare. This study takes a radically different approach. Reported sequences from all known human bacterial and viral agents were searched for autoimmune immunogen mimics. Three encephalitogenic peptides, whose autoimmune requirements have been studied extensively, were selected for comparison. Mimics were seen in a wide variety of organisms. For each immunogen, the mimics were found predominantly in nonpathogenic gut bacteria. Since the three immunogens used in this study are related to MS, it is suggested that a microorganism responsible for autoimmune activity in MS could be a normally occurring gut bacterium. This would explain many of the peculiar MS epidemiological data and why no infective agent has been identified for MS and supports recently found MS gut metabolism abnormalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fred C Westall
- Institute for Disease Research, P.O. Box 890193, Temecula, CA 92589, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Ohkawa T, Washburn JO, Sitapara R, Sid E, Volkman LE. Specific binding of Autographa californica M nucleopolyhedrovirus occlusion-derived virus to midgut cells of Heliothis virescens larvae is mediated by products of pif genes Ac119 and Ac022 but not by Ac115. J Virol 2005; 79:15258-64. [PMID: 16306597 PMCID: PMC1316039 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.24.15258-15264.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2005] [Accepted: 09/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Per os infectivity factors PIF1 (Ac119) and PIF2 (Ac022), like P74, are essential for oral infection of lepidopteran larval hosts of Autographa californica M nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV). Here we show that Ac115 also is a PIF (PIF3) and that, unlike PIF1 and PIF2, it does not mediate specific binding of AcMNPV occlusion-derived virus (ODV) to midgut target cells. We used an improved in vivo fluorescence dequenching assay to compare binding, fusion, and competition among control AcMNPV ODV and the ODVs of AcMNPV PIF1, PIF2, and PIF3 deletion mutants. Our results showed that binding and fusion of PIF1 and PIF2 mutants, but not the PIF3 mutant, were both qualitatively and quantitatively different from those of control ODV. Unlike control and PIF3-deficient ODV, an excess of PIF1- or PIF2-deficient ODV failed to compete effectively with control ODV's binding to specific receptors on midgut epithelial cells. Moreover, the levels of PIF1- and PIF2-deficient ODV binding were depressed threefold compared to control levels. Binding, fusion, and competition by PIF3-deficient ODV, however, were all indistinguishable from those of control ODV. These results implicated PIF1 and PIF2 as ODV envelope attachment proteins that mediate specific binding to primary target cells within the midgut. In contrast, PIF3 mediates another unidentified, but critical, early event during primary infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taro Ohkawa
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, 251 Koshland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Vanlandingham DL, Tsetsarkin K, Hong C, Klingler K, McElroy KL, Lehane MJ, Higgs S. Development and characterization of a double subgenomic chikungunya virus infectious clone to express heterologous genes in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Insect Biochem Mol Biol 2005; 35:1162-70. [PMID: 16102421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2005.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2005] [Revised: 05/20/2005] [Accepted: 05/20/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Three full-length infectious cDNA clones based on the alphavirus chikungunya (CHIKV) were developed and characterized in vitro and in vivo. The full-length clone retained the viral phenotypes of CHIKV in both cell culture and in mosquitoes and should be a valuable tool for the study of virus interactions in an epidemiologically significant natural vector, Aedes aegypti. Two additional infectious clones were constructed that express green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in the midgut, salivary glands, and nervous tissue of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes following oral infection. The two constructs differed in the placement of the subgenomic promoter and the gene encoding EGFP. Viruses derived from the pCHIKic EGFP constructs (5' CHIKV EGFP and 3' CHIKV EGFP) expressed EGFP in 100% of the Ae. aegypti mosquitoes tested on days 7 and 14 post infection (p.i.). The 5' CHIKV EGFP disseminated to 90% of the salivary glands and nervous tissue by day 14 p.i. Dissemination rates of this new viral vector exceeds those of previous systems, thus expanding the repertoire and potential for gene expression studies on this important vector species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dana L Vanlandingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Di Leonardo VA, Bonnichon V, Roch P, Parrinello N, Bonami JR. Comparative WSSV infection routes in the shrimp genera Marsupenaeus and Palaemon. J Fish Dis 2005; 28:565-9. [PMID: 16266330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2005.00659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V A Di Leonardo
- Pathogens and Immunity, UMR 5119, CNRS-UM2, University Montpellier 2, Montpellier, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Wang XW, Li JS, Guo TK, Zhen B, Kong QX, Yi B, Li Z, Song N, Jin M, Wu XM, Xiao WJ, Zhu XM, Gu CQ, Yin J, Wei W, Yao W, Liu C, Li JF, Ou GR, Wang MN, Fang TY, Wang GJ, Qiu YH, Wu HH, Chao FH, Li JW. Excretion and detection of SARS coronavirus and its nucleic acid from digestive system. World J Gastroenterol 2005; 11:4390-5. [PMID: 16038039 PMCID: PMC4434667 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v11.i28.4390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study whether severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) could be excreted from digestive system.
METHODS: Cell culture and semi-nested RT-PCR were used to detect SARS-CoV and its RNA from 21 stool and urine samples, and a kind of electropositive filter media particles was used to concentrate the virus in 10 sewage samples from two hospitals receiving SARS patients in Beijing in China.
RESULTS: It was demonstrated that there was no live SARS-CoV in all samples collected, but the RNA of SARS-CoV could be detected in seven stool samples from SARS patients with any one of the symptoms of fever, malaise, cough, or dyspnea, in 10 sewage samples before disinfection and 3 samples after disinfection from the two hospitals. The RNA could not be detected in urine and stool samples from patients recovered from SARS.
CONCLUSION: Nucleic acid of SARS-CoV can be excreted through the stool of patients into sewage system, and the possibility of SARS-CoV transmitting through digestive system cannot be excluded.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Wei Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Environment and Health, Tianjin 300050, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|