1
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Sauermann U, Radaelli A, Stolte-Leeb N, Raue K, Bissa M, Zanotto C, Krawczak M, Tenbusch M, Überla K, Keele BF, De Giuli Morghen C, Sopper S, Stahl-Hennig C. Vector Order Determines Protection against Pathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in a Triple-Component Vaccine by Balancing CD4 + and CD8 + T-Cell Responses. J Virol 2017; 91:e01120-17. [PMID: 28904195 PMCID: PMC5686736 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01120-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective AIDS vaccine should elicit strong humoral and cellular immune responses while maintaining low levels of CD4+ T-cell activation to avoid the generation of target cells for viral infection. The present study investigated two prime-boost regimens, both starting vaccination with single-cycle immunodeficiency virus, followed by two mucosal boosts with either recombinant adenovirus (rAd) or fowlpox virus (rFWPV) expressing SIVmac239 or SIVmac251 gag/pol and env genes, respectively. Finally, vectors were switched and systemically administered to the reciprocal group of animals. Only mucosal rFWPV immunizations followed by systemic rAd boost significantly protected animals against a repeated low-dose intrarectal challenge with pathogenic SIVmac251, resulting in a vaccine efficacy (i.e., risk reduction per exposure) of 68%. Delayed viral acquisition was associated with higher levels of activated CD8+ T cells and Gag-specific gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-secreting CD8+ cells, low virus-specific CD4+ T-cell responses, and low Env antibody titers. In contrast, the systemic rFWPV boost induced strong virus-specific CD4+ T-cell activity. rAd and rFWPV also induced differential patterns of the innate immune responses, thereby possibly shaping the specific immunity. Plasma CXCL10 levels after final immunization correlated directly with virus-specific CD4+ T-cell responses and inversely with the number of exposures to infection. Also, the percentage of activated CD69+ CD8+ T cells correlated with the number of exposures to infection. Differential stimulation of the immune response likely provided the basis for the diverging levels of protection afforded by the vaccine regimen.IMPORTANCE A failed phase II AIDS vaccine trial led to the hypothesis that CD4+ T-cell activation can abrogate any potentially protective effects delivered by vaccination or promote acquisition of the virus because CD4+ T helper cells, required for an effective immune response, also represent the target cells for viral infection. We compared two vaccination protocols that elicited similar levels of Gag-specific immune responses in rhesus macaques. Only the animal group that had a low level of virus-specific CD4+ T cells in combination with high levels of activated CD8+ T cells was significantly protected from infection. Notably, protection was achieved despite the lack of appreciable Env antibody titers. Moreover, we show that both the vector and the route of immunization affected the level of CD4+ T-cell responses. Thus, mucosal immunization with FWPV-based vaccines should be considered a potent prime in prime-boost vaccination protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Sauermann
- Unit of Infection Models, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Antonia Radaelli
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicole Stolte-Leeb
- Unit of Infection Models, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Raue
- Unit of Infection Models, Deutsches Primatenzentrum GmbH, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Massimiliano Bissa
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Carlo Zanotto
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Michael Krawczak
- Institute of Medical Informatics and Statistics, Christian-Albrechts University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Klaus Überla
- University Hospital Erlangen, Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Brandon F Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Carlo De Giuli Morghen
- Department of Medical Biotechnologies and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
- Catholic University Our Lady of Good Counsel, Tirana, Albania
| | - Sieghart Sopper
- Clinic for Hematology and Oncology, Medical University Innsbruck, Tyrolean Cancer Research Center, Innsbruck, Austria
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2
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Lakhashe SK, Wang W, Siddappa NB, Hemashettar G, Polacino P, Hu SL, Villinger F, Else JG, Novembre FJ, Yoon JK, Lee SJ, Montefiori DC, Ruprecht RM, Rasmussen RA. Vaccination against heterologous R5 clade C SHIV: prevention of infection and correlates of protection. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22010. [PMID: 21799765 PMCID: PMC3140488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A safe, efficacious vaccine is required to stop the AIDS pandemic. Disappointing results from the STEP trial implied a need to include humoral anti-HIV-1 responses, a notion supported by RV144 trial data even though correlates of protection are unknown. We vaccinated rhesus macaques with recombinant simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag-Pol particles, HIV-1 Tat and trimeric clade C (HIV-C) gp160, which induced cross-neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) and robust cellular immune responses. After five low-dose mucosal challenges with a simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) that encoded a heterologous R5 HIV-C envelope (22.1% divergence from the gp160 immunogen), 94% of controls became viremic, whereas one third of vaccinees remained virus-free. Upon high-dose SHIV rechallenge, all controls became infected, whereas some vaccinees remained aviremic. Peak viremia was inversely correlated with both cellular immunity (p<0.001) and cross-nAb titers (p<0.001). These data simultaneously linked cellular as well as humoral immune responses with the degree of protection for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir K. Lakhashe
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Wendy Wang
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nagadenahalli B. Siddappa
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Girish Hemashettar
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Patricia Polacino
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Shiu-Lok Hu
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - François Villinger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James G. Else
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Francis J. Novembre
- Department of Microbiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John K. Yoon
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sandra J. Lee
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Ruth M. Ruprecht
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Robert A. Rasmussen
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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3
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Aidoo M, Otten RA, Rodriguez V, Sariol CA, Martinez M, Kraiselburd E, Robinson H, Folks T, Butera S, Ellenberger D. Absence of SHIV infection in gut and lymph node tissues in rhesus monkeys after repeated rectal challenges following HIV-1 DNA/MVA immunizations. Vaccine 2007; 25:6474-81. [PMID: 17688978 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 06/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We reported previously the absence of systemic infection in a subset of macaques vaccinated with an HIV-1 DNA/MVA vaccine after 18 or more rectal challenges with low (physiologically relevant) doses of SHIV162P3. To further study the apparent protection, we looked for sequestered virus in gut tissues, lymph nodes, spleen, and testes obtained at necropsy using virus co-culture and nested PCR for SIV Gag, Pol and LTR. There was no evidence of sequestered virus in tissues obtained from the four protected macaques. In contrast, at least one tissue from each of 11 infected animals scored positive by one of these sensitive procedures. Activated PBMC from the protected macaques were not inherently resistant to in vitro infection by the challenge virus. These findings demonstrate that some vaccinated macaques appeared to be free from the challenge virus. Therefore, such T cell-based vaccines may provide some protection when challenge virus doses approach physiological equivalencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Aidoo
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road, Mail Stop A-25, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA.
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4
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Uberla K, Rosenwirth B, Ten Haaft P, Heeney J, Sutter G, Erfle V. Therapeutic immunization with Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) vaccines in SIV-infected rhesus monkeys undergoing antiretroviral therapy. J Med Primatol 2007; 36:2-9. [PMID: 17359459 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2006.00190.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The long-term benefits of highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients are limited by emergence of drug-resistant variants and side effects. Therefore, we studied the concept of therapeutic immunization in 18 rhesus monkeys infected with a highly pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) swarm. METHODS Monkeys were treated with the reverse transcriptase inhibitor (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)adenine (PMPA) for 19 weeks starting 10 days after infection. After suppression of viremia, one group of monkeys was immunized with recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vectors expressing gag-pol and env. A second group received MVA vectors expressing the regulatory genes tat, rev and nef, while a third group was not immunized. RESULTS Immunization with gag-pol and env expressing MVA enhanced SIV antibody titers. Following discontinuation of PMPA treatment, a rebound in viral load was observed. However, in three of six monkeys immunized with MVA gag-pol and MVA env, and two of six monkeys immunized MVA expressing regulatory genes set point RNA levels were below or close to a threshold level of 10(4) RNA copies/ml, while only one of six unvaccinated monkeys maintained such low RNA levels. CONCLUSIONS Although a subset of animals seem to benefit from therapeutic immunization with MVA vectors, the difference in set point RNA levels between the groups did not reach statistical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Uberla
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
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5
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Graham BS, Koup RA, Roederer M, Bailer RT, Enama ME, Moodie Z, Martin JE, McCluskey MM, Chakrabarti BK, Lamoreaux L, Andrews CA, Gomez PL, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ. Phase 1 safety and immunogenicity evaluation of a multiclade HIV-1 DNA candidate vaccine. J Infect Dis 2006; 194:1650-60. [PMID: 17109336 PMCID: PMC2428069 DOI: 10.1086/509259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gene-based vaccine delivery is an important strategy in the development of a preventive vaccine for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Vaccine Research Center (VRC) 004 is the first phase 1 dose-escalation study of a multiclade HIV-1 DNA vaccine. METHODS VRC-HIVDNA009-00-VP is a 4-plasmid mixture encoding subtype B Gag-Pol-Nef fusion protein and modified envelope (Env) constructs from subtypes A, B, and C. Fifty healthy, uninfected adults were randomized to receive either placebo (n=10) or study vaccine at 2 mg (n=5), 4 mg (n=20), or 8 mg (n=15) by needle-free intramuscular injection. Humoral responses (measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay, Western blotting, and neutralization assay) and T cell responses (measured by enzyme-linked immunospot assay and intracellular cytokine staining after stimulation with antigen-specific peptide pools) were measured. RESULTS The vaccine was well tolerated and induced cellular and humoral responses. The maximal CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses occurred after 3 injections and were in response to Env peptide pools. The pattern of cytokine expression by vaccine-induced HIV-specific T cells evolved over time, with a diminished frequency of interferon- gamma -producing T cells and an increased frequency of interleukin-2-producing T cells at 1 year. CONCLUSIONS DNA vaccination induced antibody to and T cell responses against 3 major HIV-1 subtypes and will be further evaluated as a potential component of a preventive AIDS vaccine regimen.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/adverse effects
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibody Specificity
- Blotting, Western
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cytokines/analysis
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Double-Blind Method
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Fusion Proteins, gag-pol/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, gag-pol/immunology
- Gene Products, nef/genetics
- Gene Products, nef/immunology
- Genetic Vectors
- HIV Infections/blood
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV-1/immunology
- Humans
- Immunization Schedule
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Male
- Neutralization Tests
- Plasmids
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/adverse effects
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
- nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-3017, USA.
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6
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Catanzaro AT, Koup RA, Roederer M, Bailer RT, Enama ME, Moodie Z, Gu L, Martin JE, Novik L, Chakrabarti BK, Butman BT, Gall JGD, King CR, Andrews CA, Sheets R, Gomez PL, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ, Graham BS. Phase 1 safety and immunogenicity evaluation of a multiclade HIV-1 candidate vaccine delivered by a replication-defective recombinant adenovirus vector. J Infect Dis 2006; 194:1638-49. [PMID: 17109335 PMCID: PMC2428071 DOI: 10.1086/509258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 06/28/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of an effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine is a high global priority. Here, we report the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a replication-defective recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5) vector HIV-1 candidate vaccine. METHODS The vaccine is a mixture of 4 rAd5 vectors that express HIV-1 subtype B Gag-Pol fusion protein and envelope (Env) from subtypes A, B, and C. Healthy, uninfected adults were randomized to receive 1 intramuscular injection of placebo (n=6) or vaccine at dose levels of 10(9) (n=10), 10(10) (n=10), or 10(11) (n=10) particle units and were followed for 24 weeks to assess immunogenicity and safety. RESULTS The vaccine was well tolerated but was associated with more reactogenicity at the highest dose. At week 4, vaccine antigen-specific T cell responses were detected in 28 (93.3%) and 18 (60%) of 30 vaccine recipients for CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells, respectively, by intracellular cytokine staining assay and in 22 (73%) of 30 vaccine recipients by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Env-specific antibody responses were detected in 15 (50%) of 30 vaccine recipients by enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay and in 28 (93.3%) of 30 vaccine recipients by immunoprecipitation followed by Western blotting. No neutralizing antibody was detected. CONCLUSIONS A single injection induced HIV-1 antigen-specific CD4(+) T cell, CD8(+) T cell, and antibody responses in the majority of vaccine recipients. This multiclade rAd5 HIV-1 vaccine is now being evaluated in combination with a multiclade HIV-1 DNA plasmid vaccine.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/adverse effects
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Adenoviruses, Human/genetics
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibody Specificity
- Blotting, Western
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cytokines/analysis
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Double-Blind Method
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Fusion Proteins, gag-pol/immunology
- Gene Products, env/immunology
- Genetic Vectors
- HIV Infections/immunology
- HIV-1/immunology
- Humans
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Male
- Nausea/etiology
- Recombination, Genetic
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- env Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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7
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Gómez CE, Nájera JL, Jiménez EP, Jiménez V, Wagner R, Graf M, Frachette MJ, Liljeström P, Pantaleo G, Esteban M. Head-to-head comparison on the immunogenicity of two HIV/AIDS vaccine candidates based on the attenuated poxvirus strains MVA and NYVAC co-expressing in a single locus the HIV-1BX08 gp120 and HIV-1(IIIB) Gag-Pol-Nef proteins of clade B. Vaccine 2006; 25:2863-85. [PMID: 17113200 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.09.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2006] [Revised: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 09/21/2006] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In this investigation we have generated and defined the immunogenicity of two novel HIV/AIDS vaccine candidates based on the highly attenuated vaccinia virus strains, MVA and NYVAC, efficiently expressing in the same locus (TK) and under the same viral promoter the codon optimized HIV-1 genes encoding gp120 and Gag-Pol-Nef antigens of clade B (referred as MVA-B and NYVAC-B). In infected human HeLa cells, gp120 is released from cells and GPN is produced as a polyprotein; NYVAC-B induces severe apoptosis but not MVA-B. The two poxvirus vectors showed genetic stability of the inserts. In BALB/c and in transgenic HHD mice for human HLA-A2 class I, both vectors are efficient immunogens and induced broad cellular immune responses against peptides represented in the four HIV-1 antigens. Some differences were observed in the magnitude and breadth of the immune response in the mouse models. In DNA prime/poxvirus boost protocols, the strongest immune response, as measured by fresh IFN-gamma and IL-2 ELISPOT, was obtained in BALB/c mice boosted with NYVAC-B, while in HHD mice there were no differences between the poxvirus vectors. When the prime/boost was performed with homologous or with combination of poxvirus vectors, the protocols MVA-B/MVA-B and NYVAC-B/NYVAC-B, or the combination NYVAC-B/MVA-B gave the most consistent broader immune response in both mouse models, although the magnitude of the overall response was higher for the DNA-B/poxvirus-B regime. All of the immunization protocols induced some humoral response against the gp160 protein from HIV-1 clone LAV. Our findings indicate that MVA-B and NYVAC-B meet the criteria to be potentially useful vaccine candidates against HIV/AIDS.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral/genetics
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Chick Embryo
- Fusion Proteins, gag-pol/biosynthesis
- Fusion Proteins, gag-pol/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, gag-pol/immunology
- Gene Products, nef/biosynthesis
- Gene Products, nef/genetics
- Gene Products, nef/immunology
- Genomic Instability
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/biosynthesis
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/genetics
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/immunology
- HLA-A2 Antigen/immunology
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Poxviridae/genetics
- Poxviridae/immunology
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/genetics
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Elena Gómez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, Ciudad Universitaria Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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8
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Cottingham MG, van Maurik A, Zago M, Newton AT, Anderson RJ, Howard MK, Schneider J, Skinner MA. Different levels of immunogenicity of two strains of Fowlpox virus as recombinant vaccine vectors eliciting T-cell responses in heterologous prime-boost vaccination strategies. Clin Vaccine Immunol 2006; 13:747-57. [PMID: 16829611 PMCID: PMC1489571 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00088-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The FP9 strain of F has been described as a more immunogenic recombinant vaccine vector than the Webster FPV-M (FPW) strain (R. J. Anderson et al., J. Immunol. 172:3094-3100, 2004). This study expands the comparison to include two separate recombinant antigens and multiple, rather than single, independent viral clones derived from the two strains. Dual-poxvirus heterologous prime-boost vaccination regimens using individual clones of recombinant FP9 or FPW in combination with recombinant modified V Ankara expressing the same antigen were evaluated for their ability to elicit T-cell responses against recombinant antigens from Plasmodium berghei (circumsporozoite protein) or human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (a Gag-Pol-Nef fusion protein). Gamma interferon enzyme-linked immunospot assay and fluorescence-activated cell sorting assays of the responses to specific epitopes confirmed the approximately twofold-greater cellular immunogenicity of FP9 compared to FPW, when given as the priming or boosting immunization. Equality of transgene expression in mouse cells infected with the two strains in vitro was verified by Western blotting. Directed partial sequence analysis and PCR analysis of FPW and comparison to available whole-genome sequences revealed that many loci that are mutated in the highly attenuated and culture-adapted FP9 strain are wild type in FPW, including the seven multikilobase deletions. These "passage-specific" alterations are hypothesized to be involved in determining the immunogenicity of fowlpox virus as a recombinant vaccine vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Cottingham
- Department of Virology, Division of Investigative Science, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, St. Mary's Campus, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
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9
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Otten GR, Schaefer M, Doe B, Liu H, Megede JZ, Donnelly J, Rabussay D, Barnett S, Ulmer JB. Potent immunogenicity of an HIV-1 gag–pol fusion DNA vaccine delivered by in vivo electroporation. Vaccine 2006; 24:4503-9. [PMID: 16181711 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A plasmid DNA vaccine containing a fusion gene consisting of an HIV-1 subtype C gag and a modified subtype C pol was compared to a mixture of gag plus pol or gag plus HIV env plasmids. Plasmid DNA was delivered by intramuscular injection followed by electroporation in vivo. Two vaccinations were sufficient to induce high levels of Gag- and Pol-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells in peripheral blood. The gag-pol fusion plasmid was as immunogenic as the plasmid mixtures. Thus, DNA vaccination by intramuscular electroporation was an effective means for inducing high levels of Gag- and Pol-specific T cells, and a single gag-pol fusion DNA vaccine was sufficient for eliciting immune responses against both antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillis R Otten
- Vaccines Research, Chiron Corporation 4560 Horton St., Mail Stop 4.3, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA.
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10
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Singh RAK, Barry MA. Repertoire and immunofocusing of CD8 T cell responses generated by HIV-1 gag-pol and expression library immunization vaccines. J Immunol 2004; 173:4387-93. [PMID: 15383568 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.7.4387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Several gene-based vaccine approaches are being tested to drive multivalent cellular immune responses to control HIV-1 viral variants. To compare the utility of these approaches, HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice were genetically immunized with plasmids encoding wild-type (wt) gag-pol, codon-optimized (CO) gag-pol, and an expression library immunization (ELI) vaccine genetically re-engineered to express non-CO fragments of gag and pol fused to ubiquitin for proteasome targeting. Equimolar delivery of each vaccine into HLA-A*0201 transgenic mice generated CD8 T cell responses, with the ELI vaccine producing up to 10-fold higher responses than the wt or CO gag-pol plasmids against cognate and mutant epitopes. All three vaccines generated multivalent CD8 responses against varying numbers of epitopes after priming. However, when the animals were immunized again, the wt and CO gag-pol vaccines boosted only the responses against a subset of epitopes and attenuated the responses against all other Ags including epitopes from clade and drug-resistant viral variants. In contrast, the ELI vaccine boosted CD8 responses against all of the gag-pol Ags and against mutant epitopes from clade and drug-resistant variants. These data suggest that HIV-1 vaccines expressing structurally intact gag and pol proteins drive immunofocused CD8 responses that reduce the repertoire of T cell responses. In contrast, the genetically re-engineered ELI vaccine appears to better maintain the multivalent CD8 responses that may be required to control HIV-1 viral variants.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Line
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Drug Resistance, Viral/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/administration & dosage
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Fusion Proteins, gag-pol/administration & dosage
- Fusion Proteins, gag-pol/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, gag-pol/immunology
- Gene Library
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- HIV Protease/genetics
- HIV-1/enzymology
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/immunology
- HLA-A Antigens/genetics
- HLA-A Antigens/immunology
- HLA-A2 Antigen
- Humans
- Immunization, Secondary
- Immunodominant Epitopes/administration & dosage
- Immunodominant Epitopes/genetics
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C3H
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Library
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana A K Singh
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy. Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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11
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Letvin NL, Huang Y, Chakrabarti BK, Xu L, Seaman MS, Beaudry K, Korioth-Schmitz B, Yu F, Rohne D, Martin KL, Miura A, Kong WP, Yang ZY, Gelman RS, Golubeva OG, Montefiori DC, Mascola JR, Nabel GJ. Heterologous envelope immunogens contribute to AIDS vaccine protection in rhesus monkeys. J Virol 2004; 78:7490-7. [PMID: 15220422 PMCID: PMC434100 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.14.7490-7497.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Because a strategy to elicit broadly neutralizing anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antibodies has not yet been found, the role of an Env immunogen in HIV-1 vaccine candidates remains undefined. We sought to determine whether an HIV-1 Env immunogen genetically disparate from the Env of the challenge virus can contribute to protective immunity. We vaccinated Indian-origin rhesus monkeys with Gag-Pol-Nef immunogens, alone or in combination with Env immunogens that were either matched or mismatched with the challenge virus. These animals were then challenged with a pathogenic simian-human immunodeficiency virus. The vaccine regimen included a plasmid DNA prime and replication-defective adenoviral vector boost. Vaccine regimens that included the matched or mismatched Env immunogens conferred better protection against CD4(+) T-lymphocyte loss than that seen with comparable regimens that did not include Env immunogens. This increment in protective immunity was associated with anamnestic Env-specific cellular immunity that developed in the early days following viral challenge. These data suggest that T-lymphocyte immunity to Env can broaden the protective cellular immune response to HIV despite significant sequence diversity of the strains of the Env immunogens and can contribute to immune protection in this AIDS vaccine model.
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MESH Headings
- AIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- AIDS Vaccines/genetics
- AIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Adenoviridae/immunology
- Animals
- CD4 Lymphocyte Count
- Fusion Proteins, gag-pol/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, gag-pol/immunology
- Gene Products, env/genetics
- Gene Products, env/immunology
- Gene Products, nef/genetics
- Gene Products, nef/immunology
- HIV Infections/prevention & control
- HIV-1/immunology
- Humans
- Macaca mulatta
- RNA, Viral/blood
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- SAIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- SAIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- nef Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman L Letvin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-3005, USA.
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12
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Wang SW, Bertley FMN, Kozlowski PA, Herrmann L, Manson K, Mazzara G, Piatak M, Johnson RP, Carville A, Mansfield K, Aldovini A. An SHIV DNA/MVA rectal vaccination in macaques provides systemic and mucosal virus-specific responses and protection against AIDS. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004; 20:846-59. [PMID: 15320989 DOI: 10.1089/0889222041725253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the use of a simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) DNA vaccine as an effective mucosal priming agent to stimulate a protective immune response for AIDS prevention. Rhesus macaques were vaccinated rectally with a DNA construct producing replication-defective SHIV particles, and boosted with either the same DNA construct or recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing SIV Gag, SIV Pol, and HIV Env (MVA-SHIV). Virus-specific mucosal and systemic humoral and cell-mediated immune responses could be stimulated by this approach but were present inconsistently among the vaccinated animals. Rectal vaccination with either SHIV DNA alone or SHIV DNA followed by MVA-SHIV induced SIV Gag/Pol- or HIV gp120-specific IgA in rectal secretions of four of seven animals. However, the gp120-specific rectal IgA antibody responses were not durable and had become undetectable in all but one animal shortly before rectal challenge with pathogenic SHIV 89.6P. Only the macaques primed with SHIV DNA and boosted with MVA-SHIV demonstrated SHIV-specific IgG in plasma. In addition, these animals developed more consistent antiviral cell-mediated responses and had better preservation of CD4 T cells following challenge with SHIV 89.6P. Our study demonstrates the utility of a rectal DNA/MVA vaccination protocol for the induction of diverse responses in different immunological compartments. In addition, the immunity achieved with this mucosal vaccination regimen is sufficient to delay progression to AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shainn-Wei Wang
- Department of Medicine, Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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13
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Kantakamalakul W, De Souza M, Karnasuta C, Brown A, Gurunathan S, Birx D, Thongcharoen P, Taveg T. Enhanced sensitivity of detection of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to HIV type 1 proteins using an extended in vitro stimulation period for measuring effector function in volunteers enrolled in an ALVAC-HIV phase I/II prime boost vaccine trial in Thailand. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004; 20:642-4. [PMID: 15242541 DOI: 10.1089/0889222041217473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A phase I/II prime-boost vaccine trial in HIV-1-seronegative adults was conducted in Thailand using ALVAC-HIV (vCP1521) as a prime, boosting with either oligomeric gp160 TH023/LAI or Chiron HIV Thai subtype E (CM235) plus U. S. subtype B (SF2) gp120. Cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assays were conducted at one of the vaccine trial sites (Siriraj Hospital) at a single time point following the completion of immunization demonstrated that 8 of 50 (16%) vaccine recipients showed HIV-specific CTL by standard chromium release assay (CRA) after in vitro stimulation (IVS) for 2 weeks. Five additional vaccinees (13/50 = 26%) showed CTL responses after IVS for up to 4 weeks. Moreover, one volunteer with a positive CTL response to a single HIV antigen at Day 14 demonstrated a response to an additional HIV-1 antigen(s) after the longer IVS period. CTL activity was CD8+ restricted. Despite extension of the IVS up to 4 weeks, no CTL responses were detected in placebo recipients. These results imply that extension of the IVS period may increase the sensitivity of the CRA when measuring HIV-specific CTL in ALVAC-HIV prime-boost recipients without compromising specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wannee Kantakamalakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
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14
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Mossman SP, Pierce CC, Watson AJ, Robertson MN, Montefiori DC, Kuller L, Richardson BA, Bradshaw JD, Munn RJ, Hu SL, Greenberg PD, Benveniste RE, Haigwood NL. Protective immunity to SIV challenge elicited by vaccination of macaques with multigenic DNA vaccines producing virus-like particles. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2004; 20:425-34. [PMID: 15157361 DOI: 10.1089/088922204323048177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We utilized SIV(mne) infection of Macaca fascicularis to assess the efficacy of DNA vaccination alone, and as a priming agent in combination with subunit protein boosts. All SIV(mne) structural and regulatory genes were expressed using the human cytomegalovirus Immediate Early-1 promoter in plasmids that directed the formation of virus-like particles in vitro. Macaques (n = 4) were immunized intradermally and intramuscularly four times over 36 weeks with 3 mg plasmid DNA. A second group (n = 4) received two DNA priming inoculations followed by two intramuscular boosts consisting of 250 microg recombinant Env gp160 and 250 microg recombinant Gag-Pol particles in MF-59 adjuvant. These regimens elicited modest cellular immunity prior to challenge. Humoral immune responses to Env gp160 were elicited and sustained by both vaccine protocols, and as expected antibody titers were higher in the protein subunit-boosted animals. Neutralizing antibodies prior to challenge were measurable in two of four subunit-boosted macaques. The two vaccine regimens elicited comparable helper T cell responses at the time of challenge. Vaccinees and mock-immunized controls (n = 4) were challenged intrarectally at week 38 with uncloned SIV(mne). Following challenge all macaques became infected, but both vaccine regimens resulted in reduced peak virus loads (p = 0.07) and significantly improved maintenance of peripheral CD4(+) T cell counts postchallenge (p = 0.007, DNA alone and p = 0.01, all vaccinees). There was no significant difference between the two vaccine groups in levels of plasma viremia or maintenance of CD4(+) T cell counts postchallenge.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- CD4 Lymphocyte Count
- Fusion Proteins, gag-pol/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, gag-pol/immunology
- Gene Products, env/immunology
- HIV Envelope Protein gp160/genetics
- HIV Envelope Protein gp160/immunology
- Immunity, Cellular
- Macaca fascicularis
- Neutralization Tests
- Plasmids
- Proviruses/genetics
- Proviruses/isolation & purification
- RNA, Viral/blood
- SAIDS Vaccines/administration & dosage
- SAIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally P Mossman
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA
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15
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Neuman de Vegvar HE, Amara RR, Steinman L, Utz PJ, Robinson HL, Robinson WH. Microarray profiling of antibody responses against simian-human immunodeficiency virus: postchallenge convergence of reactivities independent of host histocompatibility type and vaccine regimen. J Virol 2003; 77:11125-38. [PMID: 14512560 PMCID: PMC224970 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.20.11125-11138.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed antigen microarrays to profile the breadth, strength, and kinetics of epitope-specific antiviral antibody responses in vaccine trials with a simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) model for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. These arrays contained 430 distinct proteins and overlapping peptides spanning the SHIV proteome. In macaques vaccinated with three different DNA and/or recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA) vaccines encoding Gag-Pol or Gag-Pol-Env, these arrays distinguished vaccinated from challenged macaques, identified three novel viral epitopes, and predicted survival. Following viral challenge, anti-SHIV antibody responses ultimately converged to target eight immunodominant B-cell regions in Env regardless of vaccine regimen, host histocompatibility type, and divergent T-cell specificities. After challenge, responses to nonimmunodominant epitopes were transient, while responses to dominant epitopes were gained. These data suggest that the functional diversity of anti-SHIV B-cell responses is highly limited in the presence of persisting antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry E Neuman de Vegvar
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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16
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McGettigan JP, Naper K, Orenstein J, Koser M, McKenna PM, Schnell MJ. Functional human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag-Pol or HIV-1 Gag-Pol and env expressed from a single rhabdovirus-based vaccine vector genome. J Virol 2003; 77:10889-99. [PMID: 14512539 PMCID: PMC224996 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.20.10889-10899.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombinant rabies virus (RV) vaccine strain-based vectors have been successfully developed as vaccines against other viral diseases (J. P. McGettigan et al., J. Virol. 75:4430-4434, 2001; McGettigan et al., J. Virol. 75:8724-8732, 2001; C. A. Siler et al., Virology 292:24-34, 2002), and safety concerns have recently been addressed (McGettigan et al., J. Virol. 77:237-244, 2003). However, size limitations of the vectors may restrict their use for development of vaccine applications that require the expression of large and multiple foreign antigens. Here we describe a new RV-based vaccine vehicle expressing 4.4 kb of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Gag-Pol precursor Pr160. Our results indicate that Pr160 is expressed and processed, as demonstrated by immunostaining and Western blotting. Electron microscopy studies showed both immature and mature HIV-1 virus-like particles (VLPs), indicating that the expressed HIV-1 Gag Pr55 precursor was processed properly by the HIV-1 protease. A functional assay also confirmed the cleavage and functional expression of the HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) from the modified RV genome. In the next step, we constructed and recovered a new RV vaccine strain-based vector expressing a chimeric HIV-1(89.6P) RV envelope protein from an additional RV transcription unit located between the RV nucleoprotein (N) and phosphoprotein (P) in addition to HIV-1 Pr160. The 2.2-kb chimeric HIV-1/RV envelope protein is composed of the HIV-1 Env ectodomain (ED) and transmembrane domain (TD) fused to RV glycoprotein (G) cytoplasmic domain (CD), which is required for efficient incorporation of HIV-1 Env into RV particles. Of note, the expression of both HIV-1 Env and HIV-1 Pr160 resulted in an increase in the rhabdoviral genome of >55%. Both rhabdovirus-expressed HIV-1 precursor proteins were functional, as indicated by RT activity and Env-based fusion assays. These findings demonstrate that both multiple and very large foreign genes can be effectively expressed by RV-based vectors. This research opens up the possibility for the further improvement of rhabdovirus-based HIV-1 vaccines and their use to express large foreign proteins, perhaps from multiple human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P McGettigan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology. Center for Human Virology and Biodefense, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
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17
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Buge SL, Ma HL, Amara RR, Wyatt LS, Earl PL, Villinger F, Montefiori DC, Staprans SI, Xu Y, Carter E, O'Neil SP, Herndon JG, Hill E, Moss B, Robinson HL, McNicholl JM. Gp120-alum boosting of a Gag-Pol-Env DNA/MVA AIDS vaccine: poorer control of a pathogenic viral challenge. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2003; 19:891-900. [PMID: 14585221 DOI: 10.1089/088922203322493067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Envelope protein immunogens may improve DNA or live-vectored HIV vaccines by complementing antiviral cellular responses with Env antibodies. We tested this concept by administering two immunizations of alum-adjuvanted HIV-1 89.6 gp120 to macaques being primed at weeks 0 and 8 with SHIV 89.6 Gag-Pol-Env DNA and boosted at week 24 with SHIV-89.6 Gag-Pol-Env recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA). Three hundred micrograms of gp120 was delivered with the second DNA prime and the MVA booster. Eight months after vaccination, all animals were challenged intrarectally with the related, yet serologically distinct, SHIV-89.6P. The gp120 immunizations raised binding, but not neutralizing antibody for the challenge virus, and allowed testing of whether gp120 vaccines that fail to raise neutralizing antibody can improve protection. Following the second gp120 immunization, the plus-gp120 group showed >10 times higher levels of binding antibody than the minus-gp120 group. These levels fell and were overall similar in both groups at the time of challenge. Following the second challenge, both groups had similar temporal patterns and heights of binding and neutralizing antibodies. However, the plus-gp120 group had less consistent control of viremia and higher levels of plasma viral RNA for the first year postchallenge. Assays for complement-dependent enhancing antibody revealed a trend toward higher levels of activity in the plus-gp120 group. This trend did not reach significance in our animal groups of 8. We conclude that gp120 inoculations that fail to raise neutralizing antibody do not improve the efficacy of Gag-Pol-Env DNA/MVA vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan L Buge
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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18
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zur Megede J, Otten GR, Doe B, Liu H, Leung L, Ulmer JB, Donnelly JJ, Barnett SW. Expression and immunogenicity of sequence-modified human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype B pol and gagpol DNA vaccines. J Virol 2003; 77:6197-207. [PMID: 12743276 PMCID: PMC154993 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.11.6197-6207.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of the worldwide AIDS pandemic may require not only preventive but also therapeutic immunization strategies. To meet this challenge, the next generation of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccines must stimulate broad and durable cellular immune responses to multiple HIV antigens. Results of both natural history studies and virus challenge studies with macaques indicate that responses to both Gag and Pol antigens are important for the control of viremia. Previously, we reported increased Rev-independent expression and improved immunogenicity of DNA vaccines encoding sequence-modified Gag derived from the HIV-1(SF2) strain (J. zur Megede, M. C. Chen, B. Doe, M. Schaefer, C. E. Greer, M. Selby, G. R. Otten, and S. W. Barnett, J. Virol. 74: 2628-2635, 2000). Here we describe results of expression and immunogenicity studies conducted with novel sequence-modified HIV-1(SF2) GagPol and Pol vaccine antigens. These Pol antigens contain deletions in the integrase coding region and were mutated in the reverse transcriptase (RT) coding region to remove potentially deleterious enzymatic activities. The resulting Pol sequences were used alone or in combination with sequence-modified Gag. In the latter, the natural translational frameshift between the Gag and Pol coding sequences was either retained or removed. Smaller, in-frame fusion gene cassettes expressing Gag plus RT or protease plus RT also were evaluated. Expression of Gag and Pol from GagPol fusion gene cassettes appeared to be reduced when the HIV protease was active. Therefore, additional constructs were evaluated in which mutations were introduced to attenuate or inactivate the protease activity. Nevertheless, when these constructs were delivered to mice as DNA vaccines, similar levels of CD8(+) T-cell responses to Gag and Pol epitopes were observed regardless of the level of protease activity. Overall, the cellular immune responses against Gag induced in mice immunized with multigenic gagpol plasmids were similar to those observed in mice immunized with the plasmid encoding Gag alone. Furthermore, all of the sequence-modified pol and gagpol plasmids expressed high levels of Pol-specific antigens in a Rev-independent fashion and were able to induce potent Pol-specific T- and B-cell responses in mice. These results support the inclusion of a gagpol in-frame fusion gene in future HIV vaccine approaches.
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19
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Muthumani K, Bagarazzi M, Conway D, Hwang DS, Manson K, Ciccarelli R, Israel Z, Montefiori DC, Ugen K, Miller N, Kim J, Boyer J, Weiner DB. A Gag-Pol/Env-Rev SIV239 DNA vaccine improves CD4 counts, and reduce viral loads after pathogenic intrarectal SIV(mac)251 challenge in rhesus Macaques. Vaccine 2003; 21:629-37. [PMID: 12531331 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(02)00571-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA vaccines are an important vaccine approach for many infectious diseases including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Recently, there have been exciting results reported for plasmid vaccination in pathogenic SHIV model systems. In these studies, plasmid vaccines supplemented by IL-2 Ig cytokine gene adjuvants or boosted by recombinant MVA vectors expressing relevant SIV and HIV antigens prevented CD4(+) T-cell loss and lowered viral loads following pathogenic challenge. However, similar results have not been reported in a direct pathogenic macaque challenge model. Here we report on a study of the ability of a multiplasmid SIV DNA vaccine in a pathogenic SIV251 rhesus mucosal challenge study. We observed that pGag/Pol+pEnv/Rev plasmid vaccines could not prevent SIV infection; however, vaccinated animals exhibited significant improvement in control of viral challenge compared to control animals. Furthermore, vaccinated animals exhibited protection against CD4(+) T-cell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuppiah Muthumani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 505 Stellar Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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20
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Amara RR, Villinger F, Staprans SI, Altman JD, Montefiori DC, Kozyr NL, Xu Y, Wyatt LS, Earl PL, Herndon JG, McClure HM, Moss B, Robinson HL. Different patterns of immune responses but similar control of a simian-human immunodeficiency virus 89.6P mucosal challenge by modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) and DNA/MVA vaccines. J Virol 2002; 76:7625-31. [PMID: 12097576 PMCID: PMC136377 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.15.7625-7631.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently we demonstrated the control of a mucosal challenge with a pathogenic chimera of simian and human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV-89.6P) by priming with a Gag-Pol-Env-expressing DNA and boosting with a Gag-Pol-Env-expressing recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (DNA/MVA) vaccine. Here we evaluate the ability of the MVA component of this vaccine to serve as both a prime and a boost for an AIDS vaccine. The same immunization schedule, MVA dose, and challenge conditions were used as in the prior DNA/MVA vaccine trial. Compared to the DNA/MVA vaccine, the MVA-only vaccine raised less than 1/10 the number of vaccine-specific T cells but 10-fold-higher titers of binding antibody for Env. Postchallenge, the animals vaccinated with MVA alone increased their CD8 cell numbers to levels that were similar to those seen in DNA/MVA-vaccinated animals. However, they underwent a slower emergence and contraction of antiviral CD8 T cells and were slower to generate neutralizing antibodies than the DNA/MVA-vaccinated animals. Despite this, by 5 weeks postchallenge, the MVA-only-vaccinated animals had achieved as good control of the viral infection as the DNA/MVA group, a situation that has held up to the present time in the trial (48 weeks postchallenge). Thus, MVA vaccines, as well as DNA/MVA vaccines, merit further evaluation for their ability to control the current AIDS pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Rao Amara
- Vaccine Research Center and Yerkes Regional Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30329, USA
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21
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Amara RR, Smith JM, Staprans SI, Montefiori DC, Villinger F, Altman JD, O'Neil SP, Kozyr NL, Xu Y, Wyatt LS, Earl PL, Herndon JG, McNicholl JM, McClure HM, Moss B, Robinson HL. Critical role for Env as well as Gag-Pol in control of a simian-human immunodeficiency virus 89.6P challenge by a DNA prime/recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara vaccine. J Virol 2002; 76:6138-46. [PMID: 12021347 PMCID: PMC136190 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.76.12.6138-6146.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular immune responses against epitopes in conserved Gag and Pol sequences of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 have become popular targets for candidate AIDS vaccines. Recently, we used a simian-human immunodeficiency virus model (SHIV 89.6P) with macaques to demonstrate the control of a pathogenic mucosal challenge by priming with Gag-Pol-Env-expressing DNA and boosting with Gag-Pol-Env-expressing recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara (rMVA). Here we tested Gag-Pol DNA priming and Gag-Pol rMVA boosting to evaluate the contribution of anti-Env immune responses to viral control. The Gag-Pol vaccine raised frequencies of Gag-specific T cells similar to those raised by the Gag-Pol-Env vaccine. Following challenge, these rapidly expanded to counter the challenge infection. Despite this, the control of the SHIV 89.6P challenge was delayed and inconsistent in the Gag-Pol-vaccinated group and all of the animals underwent severe and, in most cases, sustained loss of CD4(+) cells. Interestingly, most of the CD4(+) cells that were lost in the Gag-Pol-vaccinated group were uninfected cells. We suggest that the rapid appearance of binding antibody for Env in Gag-Pol-Env-vaccinated animals helped protect uninfected CD4(+) cells from Env-induced apoptosis. Our results highlight the importance of immune responses to Env, as well as to Gag-Pol, in the control of immunodeficiency virus challenges and the protection of CD4(+) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Rao Amara
- Vaccine Research Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
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22
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Sharpe S, Polyanskaya N, Dennis M, Sutter G, Hanke T, Erfle V, Hirsch V, Cranage M. Induction of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CTL in rhesus macaques by vaccination with modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing SIV transgenes: influence of pre-existing anti-vector immunity. J Gen Virol 2001; 82:2215-2223. [PMID: 11514732 DOI: 10.1099/0022-1317-82-9-2215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A major aim in AIDS vaccine development is the definition of strategies to stimulate strong and durable cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. Here we report that simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CTL developed in 4/4 macaques following a single intramuscular injection of modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) constructs expressing both structural and regulatory/accessory genes of SIV. In two animals Nef-specific responses persisted, but other responses diminished and new responses were not revealed, following further vaccination. Vaccination of another two macaques, expressing Mamu A*01 MHC class I, with MVA constructs containing nef and gag-pol under the control of the moderate strength natural vaccinia virus early/late promoter P7.5, again induced an early Nef-specific response, whereas responses to Gag remained undetectable. Anti-vector immunity induced by this immunization was shown to prevent the efficient stimulation of CTL directed to the cognate Gag epitope, p11C C-M, following vaccination with another MVA construct expressing SIV Gag-Pol under a strong synthetic vaccinia virus-specific promoter. In contrast, vaccination of a previously unexposed animal resulted in a SIV-specific CTL response widely disseminated in lymphoid tissues including lymph nodes associated with the rectal and genital routes of SIV entry. Thus, despite the highly attenuated nature of MVA, repeated immunization may elicit sufficient anti-vector immunity to limit the effectiveness of later vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Sharpe
- Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research (CAMR), Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK1
| | | | - Mike Dennis
- Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research (CAMR), Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK1
| | - Gerd Sutter
- Institut für Molekulare Virologie, GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit GmbH, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany2
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK3
| | - Volker Erfle
- Institut für Molekulare Virologie, GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit GmbH, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 München-Neuherberg, Germany2
| | - Vanessa Hirsch
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, MD 20852, USA4
| | - Martin Cranage
- Centre for Applied Microbiology and Research (CAMR), Salisbury SP4 0JG, UK1
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Hanlon L, Argyle D, Bain D, Nicolson L, Dunham S, Golder MC, McDonald M, McGillivray C, Jarrett O, Neil JC, Onions DE. Feline leukemia virus DNA vaccine efficacy is enhanced by coadministration with interleukin-12 (IL-12) and IL-18 expression vectors. J Virol 2001; 75:8424-33. [PMID: 11507187 PMCID: PMC115087 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.75.18.8424-8433.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2001] [Accepted: 06/07/2001] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The expectation that cell-mediated immunity is important in the control of feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection led us to test a DNA vaccine administered alone or with cytokines that favored the development of a Th1 immune response. The vaccine consisted of two plasmids, one expressing the gag/pol genes and the other expressing the env gene of FeLV-A/Glasgow-1. The genetic adjuvants were plasmids encoding the feline cytokines interleukin-12 (IL-12), IL-18, or gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). Kittens were immunized by three intramuscular inoculations of the FeLV DNA vaccine alone or in combination with plasmids expressing IFN-gamma, IL-12, or both IL-12 and IL-18. Control kittens were inoculated with empty plasmid. Following immunization, anti-FeLV antibodies were not detected in any kitten. Three weeks after the final immunization, the kittens were challenged by the intraperitoneal inoculation of FeLV-A/Glasgow-1 and were then monitored for a further 15 weeks for the presence of virus in plasma and, at the end of the trial, for latent virus in bone marrow. The vaccine consisting of FeLV DNA with the IL-12 and IL-18 genes conferred significant immunity, protecting completely against transient and persistent viremia, and in five of six kittens protecting against latent infection. None of the other vaccines provided significant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Hanlon
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, University of Glasgow, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, United Kingdom.
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24
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Seth A, Ourmanov I, Schmitz JE, Kuroda MJ, Lifton MA, Nickerson CE, Wyatt L, Carroll M, Moss B, Venzon D, Letvin NL, Hirsch VM. Immunization with a modified vaccinia virus expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag-Pol primes for an anamnestic Gag-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response and is associated with reduction of viremia after SIV challenge. J Virol 2000; 74:2502-9. [PMID: 10684264 PMCID: PMC111738 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.6.2502-2509.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/1999] [Accepted: 12/08/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) recombinant expressing the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag-Pol proteins (MVA-gag-pol) was explored in rhesus monkeys expressing the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I allele, MamuA*01. Macaques received four sequential intramuscular immunizations with the MVA-gag-pol recombinant virus or nonrecombinant MVA as a control. Gag-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) responses were detected in all MVA-gag-pol-immunized macaques by both functional assays and flow cytometric analyses of CD8(+) T cells that bound a specific MHC complex class I-peptide tetramer, with levels peaking after the second immunization. Following challenge with uncloned SIVsmE660, all macaques became infected; however, viral load set points were lower in MVA-gag-pol-immunized macaques than in the MVA-immunized control macaques. MVA-gag-pol-immunized macaques exhibited a rapid and substantial anamnestic CTL response specific for the p11C, C-M Gag epitope. The level at which CTL stabilized after resolution of primary viremia correlated inversely with plasma viral load set point (P = 0.03). Most importantly, the magnitude of reduction in viremia in the vaccinees was predicted by the magnitude of the vaccine-elicited CTL response prior to SIV challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Seth
- Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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25
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Ourmanov I, Brown CR, Moss B, Carroll M, Wyatt L, Pletneva L, Goldstein S, Venzon D, Hirsch VM. Comparative efficacy of recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag-Pol and/or Env in macaques challenged with pathogenic SIV. J Virol 2000; 74:2740-51. [PMID: 10684290 PMCID: PMC111764 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.6.2740-2751.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/1999] [Accepted: 12/23/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies demonstrated that immunization of macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Gag-Pol and Env recombinants of the attenuated poxvirus modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) provided protection from high levels of viremia and AIDS following challenge with a pathogenic strain of SIV (V. M. Hirsch et al., J. Virol. 70:3741-3752, 1996). This MVA-SIV recombinant expressed relatively low levels of the Gag-Pol portion of the vaccine. To optimize protection, second-generation recombinant MVAs that expressed high levels of either Gag-Pol (MVA-gag-pol) or Env (MVA-env), alone or in combination (MVA-gag-pol-env), were generated. A cohort of 24 macaques was immunized with recombinant or nonrecombinant MVA (four groups of six animals) and was challenged with 50 times the dose at which 50% of macaques are infected with uncloned pathogenic SIVsmE660. Although all animals became infected postchallenge, plasma viremia was significantly reduced in animals that received the MVA-SIV recombinant vaccines as compared with animals that received nonrecombinant MVA (P = 0.0011 by repeated-measures analysis of variance). The differences in the degree of virus suppression achieved by the three MVA-SIV vaccines were not significant. Most importantly, the reduction in levels of viremia resulted in a significant increase in median (P < 0.05 by Student's t test) and cumulative (P = 0.010 by log rank test) survival. These results suggest that recombinant MVA has considerable potential as a vaccine vector for human AIDS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antigens, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- CD4 Lymphocyte Count
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Line
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Fusion Proteins, gag-pol/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, gag-pol/immunology
- Gene Expression
- Gene Products, env/biosynthesis
- Gene Products, env/genetics
- Gene Products, env/immunology
- Gene Products, gag/biosynthesis
- Gene Products, gag/genetics
- Gene Products, gag/immunology
- Genetic Vectors/genetics
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/biosynthesis
- HIV Envelope Protein gp120/immunology
- Macaca mulatta
- Membrane Glycoproteins
- Recombination, Genetic
- SAIDS Vaccines/genetics
- SAIDS Vaccines/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/blood
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/prevention & control
- Simian Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/virology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/genetics
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/immunology
- Simian Immunodeficiency Virus/ultrastructure
- Vaccines, DNA/genetics
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccinia virus/genetics
- Viral Envelope Proteins
- Viral Load
- Viral Matrix Proteins/biosynthesis
- Viral Matrix Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ourmanov
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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26
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Ourmanov I, Bilska M, Hirsch VM, Montefiori DC. Recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara expressing the surface gp120 of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) primes for a rapid neutralizing antibody response to SIV infection in macaques. J Virol 2000; 74:2960-5. [PMID: 10684319 PMCID: PMC111793 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.6.2960-2965.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies were assessed before and after intravenous challenge with pathogenic SIVsmE660 in rhesus macaques that had been immunized with recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing one or more simian immunodeficiency virus gene products (MVA-SIV). Animals received either MVA-gag-pol, MVA-env, MVA-gag-pol-env, or nonrecombinant MVA. Although no animals were completely protected from infection with SIV, animals immunized with recombinant MVA-SIV vaccines had lower virus loads and prolonged survival relative to control animals that received nonrecombinant MVA (I. Ourmanov et al., J. Virol. 74:2740-2751, 2000). Titers of neutralizing antibodies measured with the vaccine strain SIVsmH-4 were low in the MVA-env and MVA-gag-pol-env groups of animals and were undetectable in the MVA-gag-pol and nonrecombinant MVA groups of animals on the day of challenge (4 weeks after final immunization). Titers of SIVsmH-4-neutralizing antibodies remained unchanged 1 week later but increased approximately 100-fold 2 weeks postchallenge in the MVA-env and MVA-gag-pol-env groups while the titers remained low or undetectable in the MVA-gag-pol and nonrecombinant MVA groups. This anamnestic neutralizing antibody response was also detected with T-cell-line-adapted stocks of SIVmac251 and SIV/DeltaB670 but not with SIVmac239, as this latter virus resisted neutralization. Most animals in each group had high titers of SIVsmH-4-neutralizing antibodies 8 weeks postchallenge. Titers of neutralizing antibodies were low or undetectable until about 12 weeks of infection in all groups of animals and showed little or no evidence of an anamnestic response when measured with SIVsmE660. The results indicate that recombinant MVA is a promising vector to use to prime for an anamnestic neutralizing antibody response following infection with primate lentiviruses that cause AIDS. However, the Env component of the present vaccine needs improvement in order to target a broad spectrum of viral variants, including those that resemble primary isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ourmanov
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Rockville, Maryland 20852, USA
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27
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Mossman SP, Pierce CC, Robertson MN, Watson AJ, Montefiori DC, Rabin M, Kuller L, Thompson J, Lynch JB, Morton WR, Benveniste RE, Munn R, Hu SL, Greenberg P, Haigwood NL. Immunization against SIVmne in macaques using multigenic DNA vaccines. J Med Primatol 1999; 28:206-13. [PMID: 10593487 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1999.tb00271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
All structural and regulatory genes of SIVmne were cloned into mammalian expression vectors to optimize expression in vitro and immunogenicity in mice. Macaca fascicularis were immunized four times with plasmid DNA (n = 4), or two DNA priming inoculations followed by two boosts of recombinant gp160 plus Gag-Pol particles (n = 4). Following intrarectal challenge with SIVmne, all macaques became infected. Three monkeys immunized with DNA alone maintained low plasma virus loads by 1 year post-challenge; the fourth exhibited high virus loads and significant CD4+ cell decline. Two of the DNA plus boost and three control macaques had high virus loads and associated CD4+ cell decline. Both vaccine protocols elicited antibodies and comparable helper T-cell proliferative responses to gp160. Cytokine mRNA levels in activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) taken at time of challenge suggested a dominant T helper (Th) 1 state in three DNA-immunized and one protein-boosted macaque, which correlated with low virus loads and high CD4+ cell counts post-challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Mossman
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, WA 98109-1651, USA
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28
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Kim JJ, Tsai A, Nottingham LK, Morrison L, Cunning DM, Oh J, Lee DJ, Dang K, Dentchev T, Chalian AA, Agadjanyan MG, Weiner DB. Intracellular adhesion molecule-1 modulates beta-chemokines and directly costimulates T cells in vivo. J Clin Invest 1999; 103:869-77. [PMID: 10079108 PMCID: PMC408152 DOI: 10.1172/jci6024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential roles of adhesion molecules in the expansion of T cell-mediated immune responses in the periphery were examined using DNA immunogen constructs as model antigens. We coimmunized cDNA expression cassettes encoding the adhesion molecules intracellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), lymphocyte function associated-3 (LFA-3), and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) along with DNA immunogens, and we analyzed the resulting antigen-specific immune responses. We observed that antigen-specific T-cell responses can be enhanced by the coexpression of DNA immunogen and adhesion molecules ICAM-1 and LFA-3. Coexpression of ICAM-1 or LFA-3 molecules along with DNA immunogens resulted in a significant enhancement of T-helper cell proliferative responses. In addition, coimmunization with pCICAM-1 (and more moderately with pCLFA-3) resulted in a dramatic enhancement of CD8-restricted cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses. Although VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 are similar in size, VCAM-1 coimmunization did not have any measurable effect on cell-mediated responses. These results suggest that ICAM-1 and LFA-3 provide direct T-cell costimulation. These observations are further supported by the finding that coinjection with ICAM-1 dramatically enhanced the level of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and beta-chemokines macrophage inflammatory protein-1alpha (MIP-1alpha), MIP-1beta, and regulated on activation normal T-cell expression and secreted (RANTES) produced by stimulated T cells. Through comparative studies, we observed that ICAM-1/LFA-1 T-cell costimulatory pathways are independent of CD86/CD28 pathways and that they may synergistically expand T-cell responses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Kim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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29
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Kim JJ, Nottingham LK, Sin JI, Tsai A, Morrison L, Oh J, Dang K, Hu Y, Kazahaya K, Bennett M, Dentchev T, Wilson DM, Chalian AA, Boyer JD, Agadjanyan MG, Weiner DB. CD8 positive T cells influence antigen-specific immune responses through the expression of chemokines. J Clin Invest 1998; 102:1112-24. [PMID: 9739045 PMCID: PMC509094 DOI: 10.1172/jci3986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The potential roles of CD8(+) T-cell-induced chemokines in the expansion of immune responses were examined using DNA immunogen constructs as model antigens. We coimmunized cDNA expression cassettes encoding the alpha-chemokines IL-8 and SDF-1alpha and the beta-chemokines MIP-1alpha, RANTES, and MCP-1 along with DNA immunogens and analyzed the resulting antigen-specific immune responses. In a manner more similar to the traditional immune modulatory role of CD4(+) T cells via the expression of Th1 or Th2 cytokines, CD8(+) T cells appeared to play an important role in immune expansion and effector function by producing chemokines. For instance, IL-8 was a strong inducer of CD4(+) T cells, indicated by strong T helper proliferative responses as well as an enhancement of antibody responses. MIP-1alpha had a dramatic effect on antibody responses and modulated the shift of immune responses to a Th2-type response. RANTES coimmunization enhanced the levels of antigen-specific Th1 and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. Among the chemokines examined, MCP-1 was the most potent activator of CD8(+) CTL activity. The enhanced CTL results are supported by the increased expression of Th1 cytokines IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha and the reduction of IgG1/IgG2a ratio. Our results support that CD8(+) T cells may expand both humoral and cellular responses in vivo through the elaboration of specific chemokines at the peripheral site of infection during the effector stage of the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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30
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Seth A, Ourmanov I, Kuroda MJ, Schmitz JE, Carroll MW, Wyatt LS, Moss B, Forman MA, Hirsch VM, Letvin NL. Recombinant modified vaccinia virus Ankara-simian immunodeficiency virus gag pol elicits cytotoxic T lymphocytes in rhesus monkeys detected by a major histocompatibility complex class I/peptide tetramer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:10112-6. [PMID: 9707609 PMCID: PMC21470 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.17.10112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The utility of modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) as a vector for eliciting AIDS virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) was explored in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/rhesus monkey model. After two intramuscular immunizations with recombinant MVA-SIVSM gag pol, the monkeys developed a Gag epitope-specific CTL response readily detected in peripheral blood lymphocytes by using a functional killing assay. Moreover, those immunizations also elicited a population of CD8+ T lymphocytes in the peripheral blood that bound a specific major histocompatibility complex class I/peptide tetramer. These Gag epitope-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes also were demonstrated by using both functional and tetramer-binding assays in lymph nodes of the immunized monkeys. These observations suggest that MVA may prove a useful vector for an HIV-1 vaccine. They also suggest that tetramer staining may be a useful technology for monitoring CTL generation in vaccine trials in nonhuman primates and in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Seth
- Harvard Medical School, Division of Viral Pathogenesis, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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31
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Chattergoon MA, Robinson TM, Boyer JD, Weiner DB. Specific immune induction following DNA-based immunization through in vivo transfection and activation of macrophages/antigen-presenting cells. J Immunol 1998; 160:5707-18. [PMID: 9637479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The initiation of an adaptive immune response requires Ag presentation in combination with the appropriate activation signals. Classically, Ag presentation and immune activation occur in the lymph node and spleen, where a favorable organ architecture and rich cellular help can enhance the process. Recently, several investigators have reported the use of DNA expression cassettes to elicit cellular and humoral immunity against diverse pathogens. Although the immune mechanisms involved are still poorly understood, plasmid inoculation represents a model system for studying immune function in response to invading pathogens. In this report, we demonstrate the presence of activated macrophages or dendritic cells in the blood lymphocyte pool and peripheral tissues of animals inoculated with DNA expression cassettes. These cells are directly transfected in vivo, present Ag, and display the surface proteins CD80 and CD86. Our studies indicate that these cells function as APC and can activate naive T lymphocytes. They may represent an important first step APC in genetic immunization and natural infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- B7-1 Antigen/immunology
- B7-2 Antigen
- Cell Division
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Fusion Proteins, gag-pol/genetics
- Fusion Proteins, gag-pol/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Macrophage Activation/immunology
- Macrophages/immunology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Monocytes/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Spleen/immunology
- Transfection/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Chattergoon
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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32
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Winegar RA, Monforte JA, Suing KD, O'Loughlin KG, Rudd CJ, Macgregor JT. Determination of tissue distribution of an intramuscular plasmid vaccine using PCR and in situ DNA hybridization. Hum Gene Ther 1996; 7:2185-94. [PMID: 8934232 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1996.7.17-2185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing use of nucleic acid-based therapeutics has created a need for new methods of determining tissue distribution and levels. Radiolabel methods may not always be appropriate because nucleic acids are easily degraded. Quantitation using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has the advantage that only continuous stretches of DNA will be amplified. In situ hybridization allows detection of specific sequences in histological preparations. We have used quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization techniques to study the pharmacokinetics and distribution of PGagPol (a potential anti-HIV plasmid vaccine) in rabbits. Samples were obtained 4 hr, 24 hr, 7 days, and 28 days after intramuscular injection of 100 micrograms or 400 micrograms of plasmid. A simplified procedure for collecting and processing tissues for PCR that minimizes the risk of contamination was developed. Using PCR, plasmid was found principally in the skin and muscle of the injection site and in blood plasma. At 4 hr after dosing with 400 micrograms, the plasmid was detected at the injection site with mean copy numbers of 10(6) (in muscle) and 4 x 10(4) (in skin) per microgram of tissue. Plasmid copy number declined rapidly in muscle during the first 24 hr and was undetectable at 7 and 28 days after injection. The decline was slower in the skin, and the plasmid was still detectable at 28 days. With in situ hybridization, plasmid was detected in muscle, mainly in the perimysium and to a lesser degree in the endomysium and within the muscle fibers. These data indicate that quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization are sensitive methods for examining tissue distribution of DNA used for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Winegar
- Toxicology Laboratory, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
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33
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Dittmer U, Nisslein T, Bodemer W, Petry H, Sauermann U, Stahl-Hennig C, Hunsmann G. Cellular immune response of rhesus monkeys infected with a partially attenuated nef deletion mutant of the simian immunodeficiency virus. Virology 1995; 212:392-7. [PMID: 7571408 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1995.1496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
To date the vaccines most successful in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) model of AIDS are live attenuated viruses. However, the virus-specific immune response induced after infection of monkeys with attenuated SIV has not been described comprehensively. Therefore, we investigated the cellular immune response of eight rhesus macaques infected with a nef deletion mutant of SIVmac32H (pC8). In contrast to monkeys infected with pathogenic SIV, pC8-infected macaques developed a virus-specific T-cell proliferation. In addition, all animals showed a proliferative T-cell response to recall antigen and mitogens. In six of eight monkeys virus-specific cytotoxic T-cells directed against different SIV polypeptides were detected. In two animals, however, the truncated nef gene reverted to full length 12 weeks after pC8 infection. These two monkeys developed hematological alterations, indicating an immunodeficiency. Simultaneously with the onset of disease the animals lost their T-cell responsiveness against recall antigens. Eight weeks later their T-cell reactivity against mitogens was also abrogated. The results indicate that live attenuated SIV induced a virus-specific cellular immune response in monkeys which might be associated with the previously reported resistance to superinfection with pathogenic SIV. Paradoxically, if the attenuated SIV reverts in vivo to a more virulent virus, the SIV-specific immune response was inefficient to prevent the onset of immunodeficiency in the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Dittmer
- Department for Virology and Immunology, German Primate Center, Göttingen
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34
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Coney L, Wang B, Ugen KE, Boyer J, McCallus D, Srikantan V, Agadjanyan M, Pachuk CJ, Herold K, Merva M. Facilitated DNA inoculation induces anti-HIV-1 immunity in vivo. Vaccine 1994; 12:1545-50. [PMID: 7879423 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(94)90082-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Vaccine design against HIV-1 is complicated both by the latent aspects of lentiviral infection and the diversity of the virus. The type of vaccine approach used is therefore likely to be critically important. In general, vaccination strategies have relied on the use of live attenuated material or inactivated/subunit preparations as specific immunogens. Each of these methodologies has advantages and disadvantages in terms of the elicitation of broad cellular and humoral immune responses. Although most success has been achieved with live attenuated vaccines, there is a conceptual safety concern associated with the use of these vaccines for the prevention of human infections. In contrast, subunit or killed vaccine preparations enjoy advantages in preparation and conceptual safety; however, their ability to elicit broad immunity is more limited. In theory, inoculation of a plasmid DNA that supports in vivo expression of proteins, and therefore presentation of the processed protein antigen to the immune system, could be used to combine the features of a subunit vaccine and a live attenuated vaccine. We have designed a strategy for intramuscular DNA inoculation to elicit humoral and cellular immune responses against expressed HIV antigens. Uptake and expression are significantly enhanced if DNA is administered in conjunction with the facilitating agent bupivacaine-HCl. Using this technique we have demonstrated functional cellular and humoral immune responses against the majority of HIV-1 encoded antigens in both rodents and non-human primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Coney
- Apollon Inc., Malvern, PA 19355
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Kent SJ, Stallard V, Corey L, Hu SL, Morton WR, Gritz L, Panicali DL, Greenberg PD. Analysis of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to SIV proteins in SIV-infected macaques using antigen-specific stimulation with recombinant vaccinia and fowl poxviruses. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994; 10:551-60. [PMID: 7917517 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1994.10.551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Methods to analyze CD8+ CTL responses to simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-encoded proteins are essential to understand lentivirus immunopathogenesis and protective immune responses. Recombinant infectious shuttle vectors are useful for analyzing CTL responses to many viruses, including HIV. Therefore, CTL responses in SIV-infected Macaca fascicularis to SIV env and SIV gag/pol were evaluated using specific antigen stimulation with recombinant vaccinia (rVV) and fowl poxviruses (rFPV) containing SIV genes. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from SIV-infected animals were stimulated with autologous cells infected with rVV expressing SIV env/gag/pol, and CTLs specific for SIV env and for SIV gag/pol were detected by testing for lytic activity in target cells expressing these genes separately. Lymphocyte subset purifications from the effector population demonstrated that the CTL response was mediated by CD8+ cells, and the use of brefeldin A to selectively block antigen presentation in association with MHC class I products affirmed this cytolytic activity was class I restricted. The use of rVV to analyze responses to SIV genes is potentially problematic in hosts immunized to vaccinia. Fowl poxvirus is an alternative virus that has many of the molecular advantages of vaccinia virus but is genomically distinct. Therefore, the ability of rFPV to expand and detect SIV-specific CTLs was evaluated. Although there was no cytopathic effect following infection with rFPV, macaque cells infected with this vector did express rFPV gene products, and could be used as stimulator and target cells to detect SIV-specific CD8+ CTLs. The results suggest that these recombinant viral vectors can be used to specifically stimulate CD8+, MHC class I-restricted CTLs reactive to SIV proteins, and should facilitate evaluating CTL responses in both SIV-infected animals and animals vaccinated against SIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Kent
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle 98195
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Singh VK, Kalra HK, Yamaki K, Abe T, Donoso LA, Shinohara T. Molecular mimicry between a uveitopathogenic site of S-antigen and viral peptides. Induction of experimental autoimmune uveitis in Lewis rats. J Immunol 1990; 144:1282-7. [PMID: 1689349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
S-Antigen (S-Ag) is a well characterized 45,000 m.w. photoreceptor cell protein. When injected into susceptible animal species, including primates, it induces an experimental autoimmune uveitis, a predominantly T cell-mediated autoimmune disease of the retina and uveal tract of the eye, and of the pineal gland. In this study we found an amino acid sequence homology between a uveitopathogenic site of S-Ag, several viral proteins and one additional nonviral protein. An experimental autoimmune uveitis and pinealitis was induced in Lewis rats with these different synthetic peptides, corresponding to the amino sequence of hepatitis B virus DNA polymerase, gag-pol polyprotein of Baboon endogenous virus and gag-pol polyprotein of AKV murine leukemia virus and potato proteinase inhibitor IIa, which contain three or more consecutive amino acids identical to peptide M in S-Ag. Lymph node cells from rats immunized with either peptide M or the different synthetic peptides showed a significant degree of cross-reaction. Mononuclear cells from monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) immunized with peptide M also showed significant proliferation when incubated with either peptide M or synthetic peptides as measured by in vitro lymphocyte mitogenesis assay using [3H]TdR. Based on our findings we conclude that a viral infection may sensitize the mononuclear cells that can cross-react with self proteins by a mechanism termed molecular mimicry. Tissue injury from the resultant autoantigenic event can take place in the absence of the infectious virus that initiated the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- V K Singh
- Molecular Biology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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