1
|
Harada N, Okamura Y, Kono T, Sakai M, Hikima JI. Identification of two interleukin 17 receptor C (IL-17RC) genes and their binding activities to three IL-17A/F ligands in the Japanese medaka, Oryzias latipes. Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 124:104179. [PMID: 34171369 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, interleukin (IL)-17 receptor C (IL-17RC) and IL-17RA mediate IL-17A and IL-17F signaling to produce mucin, antimicrobial peptides, and maintain healthy intestinal flora. However, IL-17RC signaling in fish remains unclear. In this study, three il17rc transcripts (il17rca1, il17rca2, and il17rcb) from the Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) were cloned; il17rca1 and il17rca2 mRNAs were alternatively spliced from il17rca pre-mRNA as transcript variants. The il17rca and il17rcb genes were located on chromosomes 7 and 5, respectively. Teleost clades containing medaka il17rca and il17rcb clustered separately from the tetrapod clade. In adult tissues, il17rca1 expression was significantly higher than il17rca2 and il17rcb. Conversely, il17rcb expression was significantly higher in embryos and larvae. These expression patterns changed following infection with Edwardsiella piscicida and Aeromonas hydrophila. Furthermore, an immunoprecipitation assay using recombinant IL-17RCs and rIL-17A/Fs suggested that, in teleosts, three ligands could function in signaling through two IL-17RCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nanaki Harada
- International Course of Agriculture, Graduate School of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Yo Okamura
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Agriculture and Engineering, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kono
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakai
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan
| | - Jun-Ichi Hikima
- Department of Biochemistry and Applied Biosciences, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 889-2192, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sáenz-Martínez DE, Santana PA, Aróstica M, Forero JC, Guzmán F, Mercado L. Immunodetection of rainbow trout IL-8 cleaved-peptide: Tissue bioavailability and potential antibacterial activity in a bacterial infection context. Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 124:104182. [PMID: 34166719 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines such as IL-8 are part of an important group of proinflammatory response molecules, as well as cell recruitment. However, it has been described in both higher vertebrates and fish that IL-8 has an additional functional role by acting as an antimicrobial effector, either directly or by cleavage of a peptide derived from its C-terminal end. Nevertheless, it is still unknown whether this fragment is released in the context of infection by bacterial pathogens and if it could be immunodetected in tissues of infected salmonids. Therefore, the objective of this research was to demonstrate that the C-terminal end of IL-8 from Oncorhynchus mykiss is cleaved, retaining its antibacterial properties, and that is detectable in tissues of infected rainbow trout. SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry demonstrated the cleavage of a fragment of about 2 kDa when the recombinant IL-8 was subjected to acidic conditions. By chemical synthesis, it was possible to synthesize this fragment called omIL-8α80-97 peptide, which has antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria at concentrations over 10 μM. Besides, by fluorescence microscopy, it was possible to locate the omIL-8α80-97 peptide both on the cell surface and in the cytoplasm of the bacteria, as well as inside the monocyte/macrophage-like cell. Finally, by indirect ELISA, Western blot, and mass spectrometry, the presence of the fragment derived from the C-terminal end of IL-8 was detected in the spleen of trout infected with Piscirickettsia salmonis. The results reported in this work present the first evidence about the immunodetection of an antibacterial, and probably cell-penetrating peptide cleaved from the C-terminal end of IL-8 in monocyte/macrophage-like cell and tissue of infected rainbow trout.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Sáenz-Martínez
- Doctorado en Biotecnología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Universidad Técnico Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Paula A Santana
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, San Miguel, Santiago 8910060, Chile.
| | - Mónica Aróstica
- Doctorado en Biotecnología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Universidad Técnico Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Juan C Forero
- Núcleo Biotecnología Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad #330, 2373223,Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Fanny Guzmán
- Núcleo Biotecnología Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad #330, 2373223,Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Luis Mercado
- Núcleo Biotecnología Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad #330, 2373223,Valparaíso, Chile; Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad #330, 2373223,Valparaíso, Chile.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Han Z, Li J, Wang W, Li J, Zhao Q, Li M, Wang L, Song L. A calmodulin targeted by miRNA scaffold659_26519 regulates IL-17 expression in the early immune response of oyster Crassostrea gigas. Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 124:104180. [PMID: 34171368 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Calmodulin (CaM) is a highly conserved second messenger protein transducing calcium signals by binding and modulating intracellular calcium ions (Ca2+), and involves in the Ca2+-dependent physical processes including host defense in vertebrates. In the present study, a CaM homologue (designated as CgCaM) was identified from Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. The open reading frame of CgCaM cDNA was of 471 bp encoding a polypeptide of 156 amino acid residues. There were four EFh domains predicted in CgCaM, which shared high homologies with those in CaMs from oyster C. virginica and other invertebrates. The mRNA transcripts of CgCaM were constitutively expressed in all the tested tissues including labellum, mantle, gonad, gills, adductor muscle, haemocytes and hepatopancreas, with the highest expression level in haemocytes. The mRNA expression level of CgCaM in haemocytes decreased significantly (0.31-fold of that in blank, p < 0.05) at 3 h after LPS stimulation, while the intracellular Ca2+ (1.57-fold of that in blank, p < 0.05) and the mRNA expression of cytokine CgIL17-1 (4.87-fold of that in blank, p < 0.05) both increased in haemocytes. Meanwhile, an oyster miRNA scaffold659_26519 was identified, and it was proved to target the 3'-untranslated regions (3'-UTR) of CgCaM mRNA by luciferase reporter assay. The expression of scaffold659_26519 increased significantly at 3 h (43.523-fold of that of blank, p < 0.05) and 6 h (55.91-fold of that of blank, p < 0.05) after LPS stimulation. When the expression of scaffold659_26519 was inhibited by transfection with its inhibitor in vitro, the expression of CgIL17-1 declined significantly to 0.58-fold of that in LPS stimulation group. These findings indicated that the miRNA scaffold659_26519 targeted CaM was involved in the early inflammatory response of oyster immunity, and provided a new evidence for CaM-mediated immune mechanism in molluscs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zirong Han
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jialuo Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Meijia Li
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Linsheng Song
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Functional Laboratory of Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266235, China; Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Animal Immunology and Disease Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Dalian Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
As an essential modulator of IgG disposition, the neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) governs the pharmacokinetics and functions many therapeutic modalities. In this review, we thoroughly reexamine the hitherto elucidated biological and thermodynamic properties of FcRn to provide context for our assessment of more recent advances, which covers antigen-binding fragment (Fab) determinants of FcRn affinity, transgenic preclinical models, and FcRn targeting as an immune-complex (IC)-clearing strategy. We further comment on therapeutic antibodies authorized for treating SARS-CoV-2 (bamlanivimab, casirivimab, and imdevimab) and evaluate their potential to saturate FcRn-mediated recycling. Finally, we discuss modeling and simulation studies that probe the quantitative relationship between in vivo IgG persistence and in vitro FcRn binding, emphasizing the importance of endosomal transit parameters.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yanguang Cao
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ravichandran E, Janardhanan P, Patel K, Riding S, Cai S, Singh BR. In Vivo Toxicity and Immunological Characterization of Detoxified Recombinant Botulinum Neurotoxin Type A. Pharm Res 2015; 33:639-52. [PMID: 26530460 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1816-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE A double-mutant E224A/E262A full-length botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) Type A with structural similarity to native BoNT/A but lacking the endopeptidase activity provides an ideal surrogate for testing pharmacokinetics and immunochemical characteristics of BoNT. METHODS We determined lethality (LD50) of deactivated recombinant botulinum neurotoxin (drBoNT/A) to be 24.0 μg by intraperitoneal route (i.p). The polypeptide drBoNT/A labeled with near infra-red dye 800 (NIR 800) was used to examine its distribution to different organs using whole body imaging when administered to mice via intravenous (i.v) or i.p route. Also, drBoNT/A was used to evaluate its immunogenicity in Balb/C mice model. RESULTS drBoNT/A was found to be highly immunogenic when tested under various in vivo conditions in Balb/C mice model. For the first time we have demonstrated that a full length 150 kDa drBoNT/A, by administering via inhalation route in mice model, has evoked both circulating immunoglobulin levels of IgG and secretory IgA at the mucosal surface. The immunoglobulin levels were sufficient enough to protect against the challenge dose of native BoNT toxin in mice model. Tissue distribution of drBoNT/A seems to be similar to that of native toxin. CONCLUSIONS Based on the characteristics described in this report this nontoxic holotoxin protein will assist us to explore the window of opportunity available for therapeutic treatment in case of unnatural poisoning, and also it can be an effective vaccine candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Easwaran Ravichandran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts, 02747, USA
- Aurobindo Pharma USA Inc, 6 Wheeling Road, Dayton, New Jersey, 08810, USA
| | - Pavithra Janardhanan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts, 02747, USA
| | - Kruti Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts, 02747, USA
| | - Stephen Riding
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts, 02747, USA
| | - Shuowei Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts, 02747, USA
| | - Bal Ram Singh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth, 285 Old Westport Road, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts, 02747, USA.
- Botulinum Research Center, Institute of Advanced Sciences, Dartmouth, Massachusetts, 02747, USA.
- Prime Bio, Inc., Dartmouth, Massachusetts, 02747, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Orozco JJ, Balkin ER, Gooley TA, Kenoyer A, Hamlin DK, Wilbur DS, Fisher DR, Hylarides MD, Shadman M, Green DJ, Gopal AK, Press OW, Pagel JM. Anti-CD45 radioimmunotherapy with 90Y but not 177Lu is effective treatment in a syngeneic murine leukemia model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113601. [PMID: 25460570 PMCID: PMC4252056 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioimmunotherapy (RIT) for treatment of hematologic malignancies has primarily employed monoclonal antibodies (Ab) labeled with 131I or 90Y which have limitations, and alternative radionuclides are needed to facilitate wider adoption of RIT. We therefore compared the relative therapeutic efficacy and toxicity of anti-CD45 RIT employing 90Y and 177Lu in a syngeneic, disseminated murine myeloid leukemia (B6SJLF1/J) model. Biodistribution studies showed that both 90Y- and 177Lu-anti-murine CD45 Ab conjugates (DOTA-30F11) targeted hematologic tissues, as at 24 hours 48.8 ± 21.2 and 156 ± 14.6% injected dose per gram of tissue (% ID/g) of 90Y-DOTA-30F11 and 54.2 ± 9.5 and 199 ± 11.7% ID/g of 177Lu-DOTA-30F11 accumulated in bone marrow (BM) and spleen, respectively. However, 90Y-DOTA-30F11 RIT demonstrated a dose-dependent survival benefit: 60% of mice treated with 300 µCi 90Y-DOTA-30F11 lived over 180 days after therapy, and mice treated with 100 µCi 90Y-DOTA-30F11 had a median survival 66 days. 90Y-anti-CD45 RIT was associated with transient, mild myelotoxicity without hepatic or renal toxicity. Conversely, 177Lu- anti-CD45 RIT yielded no long-term survivors. Thus, 90Y was more effective than 177Lu for anti-CD45 RIT of AML in this murine leukemia model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johnnie J. Orozco
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Hematology Division, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Ethan R. Balkin
- Radiation Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Ted A. Gooley
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Aimee Kenoyer
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Donald K. Hamlin
- Radiation Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - D. Scott Wilbur
- Radiation Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | | | - Mark D. Hylarides
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Mazyar Shadman
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Hematology Division, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Damian J. Green
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Ajay K. Gopal
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - Oliver W. Press
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| | - John M. Pagel
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States of America
- Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
The autoimmune regulator is a critical transcription factor for generating central tolerance in the thymus. Recent studies have revealed how the autoimmune regulator targets many otherwise tissue-restricted Ag genes to enable negative selection of autoreactive T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Zumer
- Department of Virology, Haartman Institute, Helsinki University Central Hospital, University of Helsinki, FIN-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nabuurs RJA, Rutgers KS, Welling MM, Metaxas A, de Backer ME, Rotman M, Bacskai BJ, van Buchem MA, van der Maarel SM, van der Weerd L. In vivo detection of amyloid-β deposits using heavy chain antibody fragments in a transgenic mouse model for Alzheimer's disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38284. [PMID: 22675537 PMCID: PMC3366949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the in vivo properties of two heavy chain antibody fragments (VHH), ni3A and pa2H, to differentially detect vascular or parenchymal amyloid-β deposits characteristic for Alzheimer's disease and cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Blood clearance and biodistribution including brain uptake were assessed by bolus injection of radiolabeled VHH in APP/PS1 mice or wildtype littermates. In addition, in vivo specificity for Aβ was examined in more detail with fluorescently labeled VHH by circumventing the blood-brain barrier via direct application or intracarotid co-injection with mannitol. All VHH showed rapid renal clearance (10–20 min). Twenty-four hours post-injection 99mTc-pa2H resulted in a small yet significant higher cerebral uptake in the APP/PS1 animals. No difference in brain uptake were observed for 99mTc-ni3A or DTPA(111In)-pa2H, which lacked additional peptide tags to investigate further clinical applicability. In vivo specificity for Aβ was confirmed for both fluorescently labeled VHH, where pa2H remained readily detectable for 24 hours or more after injection. Furthermore, both VHH showed affinity for parenchymal and vascular deposits, this in contrast to human tissue, where ni3A specifically targeted only vascular Aβ. Despite a brain uptake that is as yet too low for in vivo imaging, this study provides evidence that VHH detect Aβ deposits in vivo, with high selectivity and favorable in vivo characteristics, making them promising tools for further development as diagnostic agents for the distinctive detection of different Aβ deposits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rob J A Nabuurs
- Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Eberhard N, Mayer C, Santic R, Navio RP, Wagner A, Bauer HC, Sperk G, Boehm U, Kofler B. Distribution of alarin immunoreactivity in the mouse brain. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 46:18-32. [PMID: 21647713 PMCID: PMC3260429 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Alarin is a 25 amino acid peptide that belongs to the galanin peptide family. It is derived from the galanin-like peptide gene by a splice variant, which excludes exon 3. Alarin was first identified in gangliocytes of neuroblastic tumors and later shown to have a vasoactive function in the skin. Recently, alarin was demonstrated to stimulate food intake as well as the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis in rodents, suggesting that it might be a neuromodulatory peptide in the brain. However, the individual neurons in the central nervous system that express alarin have not been identified. Here, we determined the distribution of alarin-like immunoreactivity (alarin-LI) in the adult murine brain. The specificity of the antibody against alarin was demonstrated by the absence of labeling after pre-absorption of the antiserum with synthetic alarin peptide and in transgenic mouse brains lacking neurons expressing the GALP gene. Alarin-LI was observed in different areas of the murine brain. A high intensity of alarin-LI was detected in the accessory olfactory bulb, the medial preoptic area, the amygdala, different nuclei of the hypothalamus such as the arcuate nucleus and the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus, the trigeminal complex, the locus coeruleus, the ventral chochlear nucleus, the facial nucleus, and the epithelial layer of the plexus choroideus. The distinct expression pattern of alarin in the adult mouse brain suggests potential functions in reproduction and metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Eberhard
- Department of Pediatrics, Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumormetabolism, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, 5020 Austria
| | - Christian Mayer
- Institute for Neural Signal Transduction, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg, 20253 Hamburg Germany
| | - Radmila Santic
- Department of Pediatrics, Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumormetabolism, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, 5020 Austria
| | - Ruben Peco Navio
- Institute for Neural Signal Transduction, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg, 20253 Hamburg Germany
| | - Andrea Wagner
- Department of Organismic Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, 5020 Austria
- Department of Applied Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, 5020 Austria
| | - Hans Christian Bauer
- Department of Organismic Biology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, 5020 Austria
- Department of Applied Cell Biology, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, 5020 Austria
| | - Guenther Sperk
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, 6020 Austria
| | - Ulrich Boehm
- Institute for Neural Signal Transduction, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, Hamburg, 20253 Hamburg Germany
| | - Barbara Kofler
- Department of Pediatrics, Laura Bassi Centre of Expertise THERAPEP, Research Program for Receptor Biochemistry and Tumormetabolism, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, 5020 Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Alt K, Wiehr S, Ehrlichmann W, Reischl G, Wolf P, Pichler BJ, Elsässer-Beile U, Bühler P. High-resolution animal PET imaging of prostate cancer xenografts with three different 64Cu-labeled antibodies against native cell-adherent PSMA. Prostate 2010; 70:1413-21. [PMID: 20687214 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is expressed by virtually all prostate cancers and represents an ideal target for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. This article compares the in vivo behavior and tumor uptake of three different radiolabeled anti-PSMA monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and corresponding F(ab)(2) and Fab fragments thereof. METHODS The mAbs 3/A12, 3/F11, and 3/E7 and fragments of 3/A12 were conjugated with the chelating agent DOTA and radiolabeled with 64Cu. For the microPET imaging studies, SCID mice bearing PSMA-positive C4-2 and PSMA-negative DU 145 prostate cancer xenografts were used. Each animal received 20-30 microg radiolabeled mAb or fragment corresponding to an activity of 8-14 MBq. Imaging was performed 3, 24, and 48 hr post-injection. After the last scan, mice were sacrificed and tracer in vivo biodistribution was measured by gamma-counting. RESULTS Static microPET images of mice with PSMA-positive tumors revealed a high uptake of the mAbs in the C4-2 tumors at 24 and 48 hr after tracer injection and only a minimal distribution in the DU 145 tumors and other organs. In contrast, the F(ab)(2) and Fab fragments of 3/A12 were detected at a high extend in the kidney but not in the C4-2 tumors. These results were confirmed by gamma counting of dissected organs after the final imaging. CONCLUSIONS Due to the high and specific uptake of the 64Cu-labeled mAbs in PSMA-positive tumors, these antibodies represent excellent tools for prostate cancer imaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen Alt
- Department of Urology, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abadie V, Bonduelle O, Duffy D, Parizot C, Verrier B, Combadière B. Original encounter with antigen determines antigen-presenting cell imprinting of the quality of the immune response in mice. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8159. [PMID: 19997562 PMCID: PMC2785484 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obtaining a certain multi-functionality of cellular immunity for the control of infectious diseases is a burning question in immunology and in vaccine design. Early events, including antigen shuttling to secondary lymphoid organs and recruitment of innate immune cells for adaptive immune response, determine host responsiveness to antigens. However, the sequence of these events and their impact on the quality of the immune response remain to be elucidated. Here, we chose to study Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) which is now replacing live Smallpox vaccines and is proposed as an attenuated vector for vaccination strategies against infectious diseases. Methodology/Principal findings We analyzed in vivo mechanisms triggered following intradermal (i.d.) and intramuscular (i.m.) Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) administration. We demonstrated significant differences in the antigen shuttling to lymphoid organs by macrophages (MΦs), myeloid dendritic cells (DCs), and neutrophils (PMNs). MVA i.d. administration resulted in better antigen distribution and more sustained antigen-presenting cells (APCs) recruitment into draining lymph nodes than with i.m. administration. These APCs, which comprise both DCs and MΦs, were differentially involved in T cell priming and shaped remarkably the quality of cytokine-producing virus-specific T cells according to the entry route of MVA. Conclusions/Significance This study improves our understanding of the mechanisms of antigen delivery and their consequences on the quality of immune responses and provides new insights for vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Abadie
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U945, Paris, France
- University of Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC)- Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
- Assistance-Publique/Hopitaux-de-Paris, Immunity and Infection, Paris, France
| | - Olivia Bonduelle
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U945, Paris, France
- University of Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC)- Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
- Assistance-Publique/Hopitaux-de-Paris, Immunity and Infection, Paris, France
| | - Darragh Duffy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U945, Paris, France
- University of Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC)- Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
- Assistance-Publique/Hopitaux-de-Paris, Immunity and Infection, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Parizot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U945, Paris, France
- University of Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC)- Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
- Assistance-Publique/Hopitaux-de-Paris, Immunity and Infection, Paris, France
| | - Bernard Verrier
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, UMR 5086 CNRS/UCBL, Lyon, France
| | - Béhazine Combadière
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U945, Paris, France
- University of Pierre and Marie Curie (UPMC)- Univ Paris 06, Paris, France
- Assistance-Publique/Hopitaux-de-Paris, Immunity and Infection, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Doñate C, Roher N, Balasch JC, Ribas L, Goetz FW, Planas JV, Tort L, MacKenzie S. CD83 expression in sea bream macrophages is a marker for the LPS-induced inflammatory response. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2007; 23:877-85. [PMID: 17521923 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
CD83, a cell surface membrane glycoprotein member of the Ig superfamily which is commonly used as standard surface marker for dendritic cells, was cloned from gilthead sea bream macrophages using degenerate primers against conserved motifs of known CD83 sequences. The obtained cDNA contains an open reading frame of 669 nucleotides that translate into a 222 amino acid putative peptide. The deduced protein sequence shows conservation of features shared by vertebrate CD83 and multiple alignment with fish CD83 sequences reveals high homology. In cultured sea bream macrophages CD83 mRNA expression was significantly enhanced in a dose- and time-dependent fashion after stimulation with Escherichia coli LPS. These results indicate that in fish, macrophages express high levels of CD83 mRNA after LPS exposure and CD83 is therefore a good marker for activated mature myeloid cells in fish.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Doñate
- Unitat de Fisiología Animal, Departament de Biologia Cellular, Fisiología i d'Immunologia, Facultat de Ciencies, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Butler JE, Lemke CD, Weber P, Sinkora M, Lager KM. Antibody repertoire development in fetal and neonatal piglets: XIX. Undiversified B cells with hydrophobic HCDR3s preferentially proliferate in the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome. J Immunol 2007; 178:6320-31. [PMID: 17475861 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.10.6320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes an extraordinary increase in the proportion of B cells resulting in lymphoid hyperplasia, hypergammaglobulinemia, and autoimmunity in neonatal piglets. Spectratypic analysis of B cells from neonatal isolator piglets show a non-Gaussian pattern with preferential expansion of clones bearing certain H chain third complementary region (HCDR3) lengths. However, only in PRRSV-infected isolator piglets was nearly the identical spectratype observed for all lymphoid tissues. This result suggests dissemination of the same dominant B cell clones throughout the body. B cell expansion in PRRS was not associated with preferential VH gene usage or repertoire diversification and these cells appeared to bear a naive phenotype. The B cell population observed during infection comprised those with hydrophobic HCDR3s, especially sequences encoded by reading frame 3 of DHA that generates the AMVLV motif. Thus, the hydropathicity profile of B cells after infection was skewed to favor those with hydrophobic binding sites, whereas the normally dominant region of the hydropathicity profile containing neutral HCDR3s was absent. We believe that the hypergammaglobulinemia results from the products of these cells. We speculate that PRRSV infection generates a product that engages the BCR of naive B cells, displaying the AMVLV and similar motifs in HCDR3 and resulting in their T-independent proliferation without repertoire diversification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John E Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Interdisciplinary Immunology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cedeño-Arias M, Rengifo CE, Batista YR, Calzado ER, Rodríguez T. Immunohistochemical Evaluation of H-R3 a Novel Humanized Monoclonal Antibody That Neutralizes the EGF-receptor. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2007; 15:213-9. [PMID: 17525637 DOI: 10.1097/01.pai.0000209860.82463.5f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) is an important growth regulator of epithelial cancer cells, overexpressed by several human tumors and scantly detectable in most normal tissues. The introduction of monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) and more recently engineered humanized Mabs have greatly expanded the therapeutic potential of this modality of cancer treatment. The present study was designed to compare the specificity of the murine and humanized anti-EGF-R Mabs. Biotinylated Mabs were tested in samples of fetal and adult normal and neoplastic tissues by ABC peroxidase method. All fetal tissues studied were positive for both Mabs, showing 2 different staining patterns, one homogeneous and finely granular in cytoplasm and another grosser with intense labeling in both membrane and cytoplasm. A similar recognition pattern was exhibited in adult normal tissues, where an intense reactivity was also evidenced in skin, tongue, gastrointestinal tract, renal tubules, and breast gland epithelium. In tissues from genitourinary and central nervous system, a faint staining was demonstrate, whereas those from cardiovascular and lymphoid tissues proved to be negative. These Mabs exhibited a heterogeneous and strong membrane and cytoplasm staining in neoplastic cells from lung, breast, and head and neck cancer. On the basis of these results, we conclude that the humanized (h-R3) and murine (egf/r3) anti-EGF-R Mabs show a very similar immunohistochemical pattern of recognition of fetal, adult, and neoplastic tissues. Also h-R3 Mab is a novel candidate for the development of an immunotherapeutic approach suitable for the treatment of tumors with EGF-R overexpression.
Collapse
|
15
|
Herías MV, Hogenkamp A, van Asten AJAM, Tersteeg MHG, van Eijk M, Haagsman HP. Expression sites of the collectin SP-D suggest its importance in first line host defence: power of combining in situ hybridisation, RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Mol Immunol 2007; 44:3324-32. [PMID: 17420052 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Surfactant proteins A and D are pattern recognition molecules that play a role in pulmonary host defence. In this paper, we describe for the first time the expression and localisation of both collectins in various porcine tissues using a combination of in situ hybridisation (ISH), RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry (IHC). SP-D was expressed in several tissues including lung, tongue, intestinal tract, thymus, skin, gall bladder and lacrimal gland. Focal SP-D expression was detected in oesophagus, stomach, kidney, liver, prostate and spleen with both histological techniques. These tissues tested negative with RT-PCR. In contrast, SP-A expression was limited to the lung as measured by ISH and IHC. Interestingly, analysis by RT-PCR showed that thymus, trachea, jejunum and duodenum are positive for the presence of SP-A mRNA. We conclude that the combination of different methods can be advantageous if tissue-specific expression is studied. The importance of SP-D in innate immune defence of the pig is underlined by its expression at the potential ports of entry of pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Veronica Herías
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Division Molecular Host Defence, Graduate School of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80175, NL-3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hsu CS, Chiu WC, Yeh CL, Hou YC, Chou SY, Yeh SL. Dietary fish oil enhances adhesion molecule and interleukin-6 expression in mice with polymicrobial sepsis. Br J Nutr 2007; 96:854-60. [PMID: 17092373 DOI: 10.1017/bjn20061891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of fish oil (FO) diet on plasma intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) levels and leucocyte integrin expression in polymicrobial sepsis. Mice were randomly assigned to a control group and an FO group. The control group was fed a medium-fat diet containing soyabean oil, whereas in the FO group, 70 % of the soyabean oil was replaced by FO for 3 weeks. After that, sepsis was induced by caecal ligation and puncture (CLP) in the experimental groups and mice were killed at 0, 6, 12 and 24 h, respectively, after CLP. Results showed that compared with the control group, plasma ICAM-1 levels were higher in the FO group 6 h after CLP. Intra-lymphocyte interferon-γ expression in the FO group was lower, whereas IL-4 expression was higher than in the control group 12 and 24 h after CLP. The expression of leucocyte integrin was significantly higher in the FO group 12 and 24 h after CLP. The FO group had higher IL-6 levels at 12 h in the lungs, at 6 and 12 h in the kidneys, and at 6, 12 and 24 h in the intestines after CLP. The survival rate did not differ between the two groups after CLP. The present findings suggest that pretreatment with an FO diet enhances adhesion molecule and inflammatory cytokine expressions during sepsis, which might aggravate the inflammatory reaction and increase neutrophil infiltration into tissues. In addition, FO diet promotes the Th2-type response and suppresses cellular immune response in polymicrobial sepsis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Sen Hsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Medical University Associated Wan-Fang Hospital, 111 Hsing-Long Road, Sec 3, Taipei, Taiwan 116, ROC
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Butler JE, Wertz N. Antibody Repertoire Development in Fetal and Neonatal Piglets. XVII. IgG Subclass Transcription Revisited with Emphasis on New IgG3. J Immunol 2006; 177:5480-9. [PMID: 17015734 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fetal piglets offer an in vivo model for determining whether Ag-independent IgG subclass transcription proceeds in a manner that differs from subclass transcription in pigs exposed to environmental Ags and TLR ligands. Our data from approximately 12,000 Cgamma clones from > 60 piglets provide the first report on the relative usage of all known porcine Cgamma genes in fetal and young pigs. Studies revealed that among the six Cgamma genes, allelic variants of IgG1 comprised 50-80% of the repertoire, and IgG2 alleles comprised < 10% in nearly all tissues. However, relative transcription of allelic variants of IgG1 randomly deviate from the 1:1 ratio expected in heterozygotes. Most surprising was the finding that IgG3 accounted for half of all Cgamma transcripts in the ileal Peyer's patches (IPPs) and mesenteric lymph nodes but on average only approximately 5% of the clones from the thymus, tonsil, spleen, peripheral blood, and bone marrow of newborns. Lymphoid tissues from late term fetuses revealed a similar expression pattern. Except for IgG3 in the IPPs and mesenteric lymph nodes, no stochastic pattern of Cgamma expression during development was seen in animals from mid-gestation through 5 mo. The age and tissue dependence of IgG3 transcription paralleled the developmental persistence of the IPP, and its near disappearance corresponds to the diversification of the preimmune VDJ repertoire in young piglets. We hypothesize that long-hinged porcine IgG3 may be important in preadaptive responses to T cell-independent Ags similar to those described for its murine namesake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John E Butler
- Department of Microbiology and Interdisciplinary Immunology Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Brennan D, Hu Y, Kljuic A, Choi Y, Joubeh S, Bashkin M, Wahl J, Fertala A, Pulkkinen L, Uitto J, Christiano AM, Panteleyev A, Mahoney MG. Differential structural properties and expression patterns suggest functional significance for multiple mouse desmoglein 1 isoforms. Differentiation 2005; 72:434-49. [PMID: 15606502 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2004.07208009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The four isoforms of desmosomal cadherin desmogleins (Dsg1-4) are expressed in epithelial tissues in a differentiation-specific manner. Extensive sequencing of the human genome has revealed only one copy of the Dsg1 gene. However, we recently cloned two novel additional mouse Dsg1 genes, Dsg1-beta and -gamma, which flank the original Dsg1-alpha on chromosome 18. Sequence conservation between the Dsg1 isoforms diverged significantly at exon 11, particularly in the region that encodes for the extracellular anchoring (EA) domains. Computational analysis revealed very low hydrophilic potential of the Dsg1-gamma EA compared with the corresponding sequences of Dsg1-alpha and -beta, suggesting that the Dsg1-gamma EA domain may have a stronger affinity to the cell membrane. We generated antibodies using synthetic peptides or recombinant proteins localized within the EA domains. These antibodies were tested for their specificity and were then used to demonstrate expression of Dsg1 isoforms in various tissues. In the epidermis, all Dsg1 isoforms were differentially expressed in the differentiating cell layers. In the hair follicle, all Dsg1 isoforms were present throughout the entire process of its development and cycling but the expression of Dsg1 isoforms is subject to significant hair cycle-dependent changes. Dsg1-beta and -gamma, but not Dsg1-alpha, were detected in the sebaceous gland epithelium and the stratified epithelium of the stomach. Finally, Dsg1-alpha and Dsg1-beta, but not Dsg1-gamma, are proteolytically cleaved by exfoliative toxin A. These results suggest that the developmental complexity of mouse tissues, including skin and hair, may play a significant role in the evolutionary driving force to maintain multiple Dsg1 genes in mouse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Donna Brennan
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lu W, Gersting JA, Maheshwari A, Christensen RD, Calhoun DA. Developmental expression of chemokine receptor genes in the human fetus. Early Hum Dev 2005; 81:489-96. [PMID: 15935926 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2004.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2004] [Revised: 07/01/2004] [Accepted: 10/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokines induce cell motility during embryogenesis by activating specific receptors. While the orchestration of organogenesis is complex and requires the interaction of many morphoregulatory molecules that lead to coordinated organ development, limited knowledge exists regarding the human developmental biology of chemokines and their receptors. Such information on chemokine receptor expression could potentially enhance our understanding of organogenesis in the normal human fetus. AIM To determine the distribution of the CXC receptors (CXCR-1, CXCR-2, CXCR-3, and CXCR-4) and SDF-1 in human fetuses. SUBJECTS Tissues from human fetuses 12-15 weeks (n = 5) and 16-19 weeks (n = 5) gestation were studied. OUTCOME MEASURES Reverse transcription-PCR was performed to simultaneously determine the gene expression of CXCR-1-4 and SDF-1, and immunohistochemical staining of non-hematopoietic tissues was used to determine the specific cellular proteins. RESULTS CXCR-1-4 and SDF-1 mRNA were present in every tissue examined. The expression of CXCR-3 in kidney, liver, and brain was dependent upon gestational age. CXCR-1-4 protein was expressed in non-hematopoietic cells in the brain, heart, intestine, and kidney. CONCLUSIONS CXCR-1-4 and SDF-1 genes are widely expressed in the normal human fetus. This suggests that these gene products could influence fetal development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenge Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
5-Hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and its receptor have been localized and quantified in the submaxillary gland of rats of various ages, using immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and in situ quantification. In male rats, the epithelial cells of serous acini, intercalated ducts, secretary tubes and excretory ducts all showed 5-HT and 5-HT receptor (5-HTR) immunoreactivity. Both 5-HT and 5-HTR reactive sites were found in the same cells of adjacent sections. 5-HT1A receptor mRNA hybridized signals could be detected in cytoplasm of these cells. The parasympathetic ganglia cells and endothelial cells of small vessels also showed 5-HT and 5-HTR immunoreactivity in the cytoplasm. However, in female rats, only the epithelial cells in excretory tubes showed 5-HT and 5-HTR immunoreactivity. The immunoreactivity was present in the same cells of adjacent sections. The relative content of 5-HT and its receptor increased during the first 60 postnatal days but remained constant from day 60 to day 90 postnatum. These results suggest that the submaxillary gland of rats possess autocrine 5-HT, which may regulate the function and development of the gland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiquan Huang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Hsu K, Look AT, Kanki JP. Lessons from Transgenic Zebrafish Expressing the Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) in the Myeloid Lineage. Methods Cell Biol 2004; 77:333-47. [PMID: 15602920 DOI: 10.1016/s0091-679x(04)77018-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl Hsu
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) represent a heterogeneous population of professional antigen-presenting cells. Precursor cells move via the blood to peripheral tissues. These immature DCs can take up invading pathogens and then rapidly migrate to the draining secondary lymphoid organs. Converted into antigen-presenting mature DCs, these cells are able to prime naive T cells and to initiate an adoptive immune response. The extraordinary functional profile suggests that, under certain preconditions, DCs may represent an ideal vector in the immunotherapy of cancer and infectious diseases
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Keller
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Experimental Immunology, University of Zurich, CH-8091, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hobmayer B, Snyder P, Alt D, Happel CM, Holstein TW. Quantitative analysis of epithelial cell aggregation in the simple metazoan Hydra reveals a switch from homotypic to heterotypic cell interactions. Cell Tissue Res 2001; 304:147-57. [PMID: 11383881 DOI: 10.1007/s004410000344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydra, a member of the diploblastic phylum Cnidaria, exhibits the most basic type of organized metazoan tissues. Two unicellular sheets of polarized epithelial cells - ectoderm and endoderm - form a double layer throughout the body column. The double layer can be reestablished from single-cell suspensions by tissue-specific cell-sorting processes. However, the underlying pattern of interactions between ectodermal and endodermal epithelial cells responsible for double-layer formation is unclear. By analyzing cell interactions in a quantitative adhesion assay using mechanically dissociated Hydra epithelial cells, we show that aggregation proceeds in two steps. First, homotypic interactions within ectodermal epithelial cells (ecto-ecto) and within endodermal epithelial cells (endo-endo) form homotypic cell clusters. Second, at an aggregate size of about ten epithelial cells/cluster, ectodermal and endodermal clusters start to form heterotypic aggregates. Homotypic ecto-ecto interactions are inhibited by a polyclonal anti-Hydra membrane antiserum, and under these conditions homotypic endo-endo interactions do not proceed beyond a size of about ten epithelial cells/cluster. These data suggest that homotypic cell clusters reduce their initial homotypic affinity and acquire a new heterotypic affinity. A link between cell adhesion and cell signaling in early Hydra aggregates is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Hobmayer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, University of Technology, Darmstadt, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Takeda M, Takayama I, Terada N, Baba T, Ward SM, Ohno S, Fujino MA. Immunoelectron-microscopic study of Kit-expressing cells in the jejunum of wildtype and Ws/Ws rats. Cell Tissue Res 2001; 304:21-30. [PMID: 11383883 DOI: 10.1007/s004410000333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are responsible for generating electrical slow waves in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Slow waves regulate the frequency of contractions of the tunica muscularis, and therefore ICC are critical for normal motility in the small intestine. ICC express Kit, the gene product of c-kit, a protooncogene that encodes a receptor tyrosine kinase. Physiological evidence demonstrating that ICC are pacemakers has come from experiments on W-mutant mice which have few Kit-positive cells at the level of the myenteric plexus (IC-MY) and also lack electrical slow waves. In the past identification of ICC required the use of electron microscopy, however the discovery that ICC express Kit has facilitated studies of the distribution of ICC in several species. Immunoelectron microscopy to relate ultrastructure to Kit expression has only been performed in a limited number of studies of mice. We examined the ultrastructure of Kit-expressing cells in the rat using immunoelectron microscopy and an anti-Kit antibody. We compared the presence and appearance of Kit-expressing ICC in wildtype and Ws/Ws rats, which carry a mutation in the white spotting locus and have a phenotype similar to W/Wv mutant mice. Kit-expressing cells could be detected in the myenteric plexus (MY) and deep muscular plexus (DMP) regions of the small intestine of wildtype animals. In Ws/Ws rats, Kit-expressing cells were not observed in the region of MY, but were observed in the DMP. The density of Kit-positive cells in the DMP of Ws/Ws rats was similar to those in wildtype rats. Electron microscopy showed that Kit-expressing cells at the level of the MY of the rat had similar ultrastructural features as IC-MY in wildtype mice. IC-DMP in the rat of both wildtype and Ws/Ws mutants were similar in structure to IC-DMP of the mouse. We conclude that wildtype rats have IC-MY and IC-DMP in the tunica muscularis of the jejunum. ICC express Kit-like immunoreactivity (Kit-LI) in the rat as in the mouse. IC-MY are absent in the small intestine of Ws/Ws rats, and this corresponds to the lack of Kit-labeling in this region. Ws/Ws rats, however, possess IC-DMP with normal ultrastructural features and Kit-LI. The absence of IC-MY of Ws/Ws rats is likely to account for the abnormal contractile activity of the GI tract observed in these mutants. The present study suggests that Ws/Ws rats could provide an interesting model to investigate the physiological significance of pacemaker activity because they manifest a defect in IC-MY.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Takeda
- Department of Anatomy, Yamanashi Medical University, Tamaho, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Using immunocytochemistry, morphometry and electron microscopy, we have investigated the distribution and characteristics of CD15-immunoreactive (IR) neurons in the guinea pig retina. In the present study, two types of amacrine cells, including interplexiform cells in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and some cells in the ganglion cell layer (GCL), were labeled with anti-CD15 antisera. Type 1 amacrine cells had large somata located in the INL, with long and branched processes ramifying mainly in strata 4 and 5 of the inner plexiform layer (IPL). Somata of type 2 cells had smaller diameters, and were also located in the INL. Their processes stratified in stratum 1. The densities of type I and type 2 amacrine cells increased from 152.8+/-36.7/mm2 and 160.6+/-61.7/mm2 in the peripheral retina, to 404.3+/-41.5/mm2 and 552.2+/-72.2/mm2 in the central retina, respectively. Cells in the GCL exhibiting CD15 immunoreactivity were rarely observed. Colocalization experiments, using consecutive semi-thin sections, demonstrated that these CD15-IR amacrine cells exhibited gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunoreactivity. In addition, the processes of the type 1 cells formed one member of the postsynaptic dyads that are formed in the axon terminals of rod bipolar cells. Most of these processes made reciprocal synapses back to the axon terminals of the rod bipolar cells. Thus, CD15-IR amacrine cells constitute a subpopulation of GABAergic amacrine cells in the guinea pig retina, and the type 1 cells among them provide the inhibitory input to rod bipolar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I B Kim
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Reproduction in Japanese quail is primarily regulated by photoperiod. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) has been suggested as a transducer of environmental information, especially photoperiodic cues, to the hypothalamo-pituitary-gonadal axis. To investigate the possible interaction of VIP and the reproductive (gonadotropin-releasing hormone, GnRH) system, double-immunocytochemical staining for VIP and cGnRH-I was conducted in sexually mature male quail held under a long-day photoperiod (16L:8D; LD) and in sexually quiescent males held under a short-day photoperiod (8L:16D; SD). VIP-immunoreactive (ir) cells were found primarily in three locations: lateral septal organ (LSO) in nucleus accumbens (Ac), ventral hypothalamus, and infundibular area. VIP-ir cells in LSO displayed characteristics typical of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-contacting cells, and co-existed with cGnRH-I-ir cells and beaded fibers. In contrast, VIP-ir cells in the infundibular area did not co-exist with cGnRH-I-ir structures. The number of visible VIP-ir cells in the infundibular area of SD males was significantly lower than that of LD males, while the number of visible VIP-ir cells in Ac/LSO was not altered by photoperiod. A cluster of cGnRH-I-ir cells in the caudalmost septal area was heavily innervated by VIP-ir fibers, which appeared to contact cGnRH-I-ir cells directly at this location. Both VIP- and cGnRH-I-ir fibers heavily innervated the external layer of the median eminence (ME). These data suggest that Ac/LSO, the caudalmost septal area, and ME are possible sites of interaction between the VIP and the GnRH systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Teruyama
- Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0908, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
van Ginkel FW, Jackson RJ, Yuki Y, McGhee JR. Cutting edge: the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin redirects vaccine proteins into olfactory tissues. J Immunol 2000; 165:4778-82. [PMID: 11045998 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.9.4778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We tested the notion that the mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin (CT) could target, in addition to nasal-associated lymphoreticular tissues, the olfactory nerves/epithelium (ON/E) and olfactory bulbs (OBs) when given intranasally. Radiolabeled CT ((125)I-CT) or CT-B subunit ((125)I-CT-B), when given intranasally to mice, entered the ON/E and OB and persisted for 6 days; however, neither molecule was present in nasal-associated lymphoreticular tissues beyond 24 h. This uptake into olfactory regions was monosialoganglioside (GM1) dependent. Intranasal vaccination with (125)I-tetanus toxoid together with unlabeled CT as adjuvant resulted in uptake into the ON/E but not the OB, whereas (125)I-tetanus toxoid alone did not penetrate into the CNS. We conclude that GM1-binding molecules like CT target the ON/E and are retrograde transported to the OB and may promote uptake of vaccine proteins into olfactory neurons. This raises concerns about the role of GM1-binding molecules that target neuronal tissues in mucosal immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F W van Ginkel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology Vaccine Center, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gómez-Guerrero C, Duque N, Casado MT, Pastor C, Blanco J, Mampaso F, Vivanco F, Egido J. Administration of IgG Fc fragments prevents glomerular injury in experimental immune complex nephritis. J Immunol 2000; 164:2092-101. [PMID: 10657663 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.4.2092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Most human nephritis is due to glomerular deposition and/or formation of immune complexes (IC). In cultured mesangial cells, Fc receptor stimulation induces proliferation, matrix synthesis, and release of several mediators implicated in the initiation and progression of glomerular injury. Since Ig Fc fragments in vitro modified these phenomena, we studied the effects of systemic administration of IgG Fc fragments on the evolution of experimental IC nephritis. Fc fragment injection (1 mg/day i.p.) to rats with ongoing nephritis (proteinuria 20-50 mg/24 h vs 9 +/- 0.2 mg/24 h in controls) markedly ameliorates proteinuria, renal function, and morphological renal lesions. This was accompanied by a reduction in the renal synthesis of chemokines (monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, IFN-inducible protein-10, and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1), matrix proteins, and growth factors (platelet-derived growth factor, and TGF-beta), and in the activity of transcription factors. The treatment did not affect the glomerular deposition of IgG IC and complement C1q. In contrast, a decrease in the renal expression and production of C3 was observed without changes in serum complement levels. In vitro, very low complement consumption and no C3b covalent interaction were observed with Fc fragments, confirming that they did not modify systemic complement activity. These results indicate that the administration of Fc fragments prevents the development of glomerular damage in an aggressive model of proliferative glomerulonephritis through mechanisms involving a reduced local generation of complement, chemokines and growth factors. Modulation of IC-mesangial cell interaction by Fc fragment administration could represent a new approach to the treatment of severe immune nephritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Gómez-Guerrero
- Renal Research Laboratory, Department of Immunology, Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Autonoma University, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Robinson BW, Lake RA, Nelson DJ, Scott BA, Marzo AL. Cross-presentation of tumour antigens: evaluation of threshold, duration, distribution and regulation. Immunol Cell Biol 1999; 77:552-8. [PMID: 10571677 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1711.1999.00876.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of technology to measure antigen presentation in the secondary lymphoid system has provided the opportunity of analysing components of the host antitumour immune response that have, until now, been unavailable for study. In particular, this technology has enabled us to evaluate threshold levels of tumour antigen required for cross-presentation in draining lymph nodes, the duration of this antigen presentation and processes that regulate tumour antigen presentation. Thus, we have been able to dissect out the relationship between antigen presentation and the resultant development of effector function in class I-restricted T cells, as well as the role of regulatory CD4 cells. We have also used this technology to evaluate the effects of antitumour therapy on local antigen cross-presentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B W Robinson
- University Department of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chun S, Daheshia M, Lee S, Eo SK, Rouse BT. Distribution fate and mechanism of immune modulation following mucosal delivery of plasmid DNA encoding IL-10. J Immunol 1999; 163:2393-402. [PMID: 10452973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
DNA vaccination has been widely studied in several models of vaccination and in the treatment of inflammatory diseases, even though the mechanism involved is still unclear. This report demonstrates that mucosal administration of plasmid DNA leads to rapid and widespread distribution around the body. Dissemination likely occurred via the bloodstream because plasmid DNA was present in blood plasma. The plasmid DNA was also detectable in several tissues including draining lymph nodes, spleen, liver, bone marrow, and even the dermis of ear pinnae. Except for the site of administration, plasmid DNA was no longer detectable in tissues after 3 wk postadministration. RNA and protein expression was also found in the tissues and bloodstream. Animals previously primed by HSV infection and subsequently given IL-10 DNA via the nasal mucosa, showed diminished Ag-induced delayed type hypersensitivity reactions for up to 5 wk posttreatment. The mechanism of modulation involved diminished the Ag-specific proliferation and production of Th1 cytokines. The Ag-specific silencing effects persisted beyond the duration of detectable plasmid encoded protein and was maintained upon adoptive transfer of T cells into a plasmid-free environment. The silenced T cells were not a source of IL-10, and their anergic state was reversible by exposure to Ag in the presence of exogenous IL-2.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Administration, Intranasal
- Animals
- Antigens, Viral/immunology
- Female
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/administration & dosage
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Interleukin-10/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-10/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, SCID
- Nasal Mucosa/immunology
- Plasmids/administration & dosage
- Plasmids/blood
- Plasmids/immunology
- Plasmids/pharmacokinetics
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Simplexvirus/immunology
- Skin/immunology
- Skin/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Tissue Distribution/genetics
- Tissue Distribution/immunology
- Transfection
- Vaccines, DNA/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, DNA/blood
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/pharmacokinetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Chun
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville 37996, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yang PC, Berin MC, Perdue MH. Enhanced antigen transport across rat tracheal epithelium induced by sensitization and mast cell activation. J Immunol 1999; 163:2769-76. [PMID: 10453020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Ag challenge to the apical surface of tracheal epithelium results in a rapid ion secretory response due to the activation of mast cells. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of sensitization and specific Ag challenge on the timing, route, and quantity of Ag transported across tracheal epithelium. After sensitization of rats to a model protein, HRP, tracheal tissues were excised and mounted in Ussing chambers. Tracheas from HRP-sensitized rats, but not naive or OVA-sensitized rats, responded to apical HRP challenge with a rise in short-circuit current (beginning at approximately 2 min). Photomicrographs of tissues fixed at 2 min showed that initial transepithelial HRP transport occurred via endosomes and was significantly enhanced in HRP-sensitized rats compared with both control groups. In addition, nonciliated cells, the proportion of which increased after sensitization, contained significantly more HRP than ciliated cells. The hypersensitivity response occurred only in HRP-sensitized and challenged rats and was associated with increased conductance of tracheal epithelium and overall flux of HRP across the tissue. This increased flux of Ag and elevated conductance was not observed in mast cell-deficient Ws/Ws rats. Photomicrographs of tissues fixed 90 min after challenge also showed HRP in the paracellular spaces between adjacent epithelial cells. We conclude that sensitization increases uptake of specific Ag initially via an endosomal transcellular pathway across tracheal epithelium and that, after the hypersensitivity reaction, mast cell-dependent recruitment of the paracellular pathway further augments Ag influx into airway tissue.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P C Yang
- Intestinal Disease Research Program, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
In order to determine the distribution of antibodies such as anti-NGF following systemic injection in neonates, immunocytochemical techniques were used to examine the localization of rabbit IgG in rat skin, DRG, and spinal cord after treatments with normal rabbit serum or purified rabbit IgG. Daily subcutaneous injections beginning on postnatal day 2 or on day 15 were given for three days. On the fourth day the animals were sacrificed and tissues were processed for rabbit IgG-IR. In the dorsal and ventral spinal cord, staining intensities suggest a substantial increase in the blood-brain barrier during the first two weeks after birth. Staining intensity in the epidermis of the glabrous skin from the hindpaw was substantially lower than in the adjacent dermis. In addition, IgG infrequently accumulated intracellularly in intensely stained patches in the epidermis. IgG was also able to reach relatively high intracellular concentrations in a small number of sensory neurons. The IgG staining pattern in the skin was similar when anti-NGF itself was administered to the animals. The results are discussed in the context of the effects of anti-NGF on the development of nociceptive afferents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J R Tonra
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, SUNY at Stony Brook 11794, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Shirai K, Watanabe H, Weerasinghe A, Sakai T, Sekikawa H, Abo T. A monoclonal antibody, DL10, which recognizes a sugar moiety of MHC class I antigens expressed on NK cells, NK+ T cells, and granulocytes in humans. J Clin Immunol 1997; 17:510-23. [PMID: 9418192 DOI: 10.1023/a:1027379929042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
One mAb, DL10, was established from mice injected with dolphin lymphocytes. In addition to its reactivity against all dolphin lymphocytes, it reacted with some human leukocytes, including NK cells, NK+ T cells, and granulocytes. When its reactivity was examined in various animals, bovine, ovine, and equine leukocytes were DL10+. Murine, rat, and canine leukocytes were DL10-. Although the reactivity of DL10+ was similar to those of CD56 and CD57 antigens in humans, the actual molecules it recognized were different. Thus, all reactivity of DL10 disappeared after treatment of cells with glycopeptidase or after culture of cells with tunicamycin. Furthermore, the immunoprecipitation method revealed that DL10 indirectly recognized the heavy chain (45kD) of MHC class I antigen in humans and animals. Considering data from analysis of the N-terminal amino acid sequence of the DL10 molecule and the HLA typing of reactive cells, DL10 recognized a sugar moiety of some monomorphic MHC antigens and polymorphic MHC antigens such as HLA-B60 and -B61. If the donors are HLA-B60- and -B61 (> 80% in Japan and > 95% in the United States), DL10 would appear to be a very useful agent for the detection of pan-NK+ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Shirai
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Nihon University School of Veterinary Medicine, Nihon University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Abstract
Activated T cells must be removed by apoptosis at the end of an immune response in order to maintain cellular homeostasis. Although recent attention has focused on the role of CD95 (Fas/APO-1) in the elimination of activated T cells, apoptosis can also be induced by cytokine deprivation. Here, Arne Akbar and Mike Salmon describe how both death pathways interact in activated T cells and are profoundly influenced by different tissue microenvironments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A N Akbar
- Dept of Clinical Immunology, Royal Free Hospital School of Medicine, Hampstead, London, UK.
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Winegar RA, Monforte JA, Suing KD, O'Loughlin KG, Rudd CJ, Macgregor JT. Determination of tissue distribution of an intramuscular plasmid vaccine using PCR and in situ DNA hybridization. Hum Gene Ther 1996; 7:2185-94. [PMID: 8934232 DOI: 10.1089/hum.1996.7.17-2185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing use of nucleic acid-based therapeutics has created a need for new methods of determining tissue distribution and levels. Radiolabel methods may not always be appropriate because nucleic acids are easily degraded. Quantitation using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has the advantage that only continuous stretches of DNA will be amplified. In situ hybridization allows detection of specific sequences in histological preparations. We have used quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization techniques to study the pharmacokinetics and distribution of PGagPol (a potential anti-HIV plasmid vaccine) in rabbits. Samples were obtained 4 hr, 24 hr, 7 days, and 28 days after intramuscular injection of 100 micrograms or 400 micrograms of plasmid. A simplified procedure for collecting and processing tissues for PCR that minimizes the risk of contamination was developed. Using PCR, plasmid was found principally in the skin and muscle of the injection site and in blood plasma. At 4 hr after dosing with 400 micrograms, the plasmid was detected at the injection site with mean copy numbers of 10(6) (in muscle) and 4 x 10(4) (in skin) per microgram of tissue. Plasmid copy number declined rapidly in muscle during the first 24 hr and was undetectable at 7 and 28 days after injection. The decline was slower in the skin, and the plasmid was still detectable at 28 days. With in situ hybridization, plasmid was detected in muscle, mainly in the perimysium and to a lesser degree in the endomysium and within the muscle fibers. These data indicate that quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization are sensitive methods for examining tissue distribution of DNA used for gene therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R A Winegar
- Toxicology Laboratory, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Weller PF, Lim K, Wan HC, Dvorak AM, Wong DT, Cruikshank WW, Kornfeld H, Center DM. Role of the eosinophil in allergic reactions. Eur Respir J Suppl 1996; 22:109s-115s. [PMID: 8871054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The eosinophil may have several functions in health and in the pathogenesis of allergic and other diseases. Some roles of the eosinophil are based on the acute, effector responses of this cell, its capacity to generate biologically active lipid mediators and release its granule contents, including its distinctive cationic proteins. Whilst the effector responses of eosinophils are important for their contribution to the acute pathogenesis of allergic diseases, a fuller understanding of the eosinophil requires evaluation of the role this cell may play at tissue sites, especially submucosal sites, where the cell is normally localized in the absence of disease. Moreover, for the long-lived, tissue-resident eosinophil, definition of the interactions that occur between the eosinophil and other immune cells is germane to understanding the functions of eosinophils both in acute and chronic diseases. Many allergic diseases are characterized by heightened accumulation of eosinophils and are chronic ongoing diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P F Weller
- Dept of Medicine, Beth Israel Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sotozono M, Okada Y, Sasagawa T, Nakatou T, Yoshida A, Yokoi T, Kubota M, Tsuji T. Novel monoclonal antibody, SO-MU1, against human gastric MUC5AC apomucin. J Immunol Methods 1996; 192:87-96. [PMID: 8699025 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(96)00025-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Human gastric mucins were chemically deglycosylated with trifluoromethanesulfonic acid. A mouse monoclonal antibody (MoAb), SO-MU1, was established against the deglycosylated mucins. SO-MU1 recognized not only the deglycosylated mucins but also the native gastric mucins. Periodate treatment of the native mucins increased the SO-MU1 reactivity. Trypsin digestion abolished the antigenicity. Human gastric cDNA expression library was screened with SO-MU1 and a mucin cDNA clone was obtained. Its sequence contained the MUC5AC tandem repeat domain. We studied gastrointestinal distribution of the SO-MU1-reactive antigen immunohistochemically. Gastric surface epithelial cells and parietal cells expressed the antigen, but the glandular cells did not. The antigen was also detected in the small intestine and biliary tract but not in the colon and pancreas. In summary, (1) MoAb SO-MU1 was raised against human gastric mucins, (2) it recognized human gastric MUC5AC apomucin, and (3) the SO-MU1-reactive antigen showed characteristic distribution in the organs of endodermal origin. MoAb SO-MU1 is the first MoAb against MUC5AC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Sotozono
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Okayama University Medical School, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Rodríguez JL, Orós J, Rodríguez F, Poveda JB, Ramírez A, Fernández A. A pathological and immunohistochemical study of caprine pleuropneumonia induced by subspecies of Mycoplasma mycoides. J Comp Pathol 1996; 114:373-84. [PMID: 8814532 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9975(96)80013-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In a population of 700 goats, 150 died; of these, 29 were necropsied. Ten of the 29 goats had pleuropneumonia. Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides (Large Colony) (MmmLC), Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri (Mmc), and Pasteurella multocida were isolated from five of the pleuropneumonic goats. Gross and microscopical lesions were typical of caprine pleuropneumonia (CPP), with bronchopneumonia, fibrinopurulent or fibrinonecrotic pleuropneumonia and dilatation of the interlobular septa and pleura. Immunohistochemical examination with antisera against MmmLC and Mmc showed mycoplasma antigens in all 10 goats with CPP. In all cases, both MmmLC and Mmc antigens were detected together. Mycoplasma antigens were present in the lumina of the airways and alveoli, mainly inside the cytoplasm of neutrophils and macrophages, but extracellular antigen was demonstrated in areas of necrosis. Pasteurella antigens were detected in four of the 10 animals with CPP. From the histological, immunohistochemical and microbiological results it was concluded that the two mycoplasmas, acting together, caused the pleuropneumonia, with P. multocida playing a subsidiary synergistic role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Rodríguez
- Department of Histology and Pathological Anatomy, Veterinary Faculty, University of Las Palmas of Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Rodrigues PN, Hermsen TT, Rombout JH, Egberts E, Stet RJ. Detection of MHC class II transcripts in lymphoid tissues of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). Dev Comp Immunol 1995; 19:483-496. [PMID: 8801130 DOI: 10.1016/0145-305x(95)00033-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In all vertebrates studied to date, the expression of MHC class II genes is known to be restricted to a limited number of tissues and cell types. In order to have a better understanding of the function of the equivalent genes in teleost fish, the distribution of MHC class II beta transcripts (Cyca-DAB) in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) was investigated. RNA was isolated from tissues and leucocytes, cDNA was produced, and amplification of the Cyca-DAB genes was carried out by PCR. Of the organs with known immunological function, the highest level of Cyca-DAB transcription was found in the thymus. Despite their expected different cellular organization, total blood, head kidney, spleen and the second segment of the gut had similar Cyca-DAB expression levels. No class II transcripts were detected in the skeletal muscle. The studies carried out with leucocytes isolated from the lymphoid tissues point to a direct correlation between the levels of expression and the amounts of surface immunoglobulin positive (sIg+) cells present in the different cell fractions. However, thymus leucocytes did not follow this correlation since the highest level of class II expression was found in a thymocyte fraction that contained very low numbers of Ig+ cells. In PBL the Ig+ cells were highly positive whereas the Ig- were weakly positive. Adherent leucocytes shown to be class II positive, although adherent cells from PBL show a lower level of expression compared to those from the spleen and head kidney.
Collapse
|
40
|
Rajasenan RS, Riley RJ, Leeder JS. Expression and inducibility of antigens in severe combined immunodeficient mice recognized by human anti-P450 antibodies. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1995; 135:89-99. [PMID: 7482543 DOI: 10.1006/taap.1995.1211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Engrafting components of human immune systems in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice has been utilized to investigate the pathogenesis of several human autoimmune diseases and may provide a model for studying idiosyncratic drug toxicity. The purpose of this investigation was to examine in SCID mice the tissue distribution and inducibility of antigens recognized by anti-cytochrome P450 (CYP) antibodies in sera from patients with hypersensitivity reactions to the aromatic anticonvulsants phenytoin, phenobarbital, and carbamazepine. Microsomal proteins were prepared from liver, skin, kidney, intestine, and lung of SCID mice pretreated with vehicle (50% propylene glycol/DMSO), phenytoin, carbamazepine, phenobarbital, or dexamethasone. Proteins immunoreactive with anti-CYP2C and anti-CYP3A antisera were detected in all organs examined. Antibodies in patient sera recognized a 53-kDa hepatic microsomal protein that was expressed to a limited extent in vehicle-pretreated microsomes, but which was induced by dexamethasone, phenytoin, and phenobarbital, but not carbamazepine. This antigen was very similar to a 52.5-kDa protein immunoreactive with anti-CYP3A polyclonal antibody. The expression and inducibility of the 53-kDa antigen correlated significantly with testosterone 6 beta-, 2 beta-, and 15 beta-hydroxylation and erythromycin N-demethylase activity, all markers of CYP3A activity, and is tentatively identified as CYP3A11. No immunoreactivity was observed in murine extrahepatic organs including skin, kidney, intestine, and lung. Therefore, further development of the SCID mouse model may require xenotransplantation of human target organs like skin together with transfer of patient immune systems to reproduce the serological and pathological features of human anticonvulsant hypersensitivity reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R S Rajasenan
- Department of Pediatrics and Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Holmes KL, Lantz LM, Lee JS, Bedigian HG, Taubenberger JK. Characterization of a new antigen expressed by B and myeloid lineage cells identified by the monoclonal antibody LIP-6. Cell Immunol 1995; 166:131-40. [PMID: 7585973 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1995.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The LIP-6 MAb was produced against the undifferentiated cell line bh2-1 and recognizes an antigen expressed on all pre-B and B cell lines tested and some myeloid lineage lines. FACS analysis of normal tissues showed that LIP-6 is expressed on B lineage cells at all stages of differentiation, from bone marrow pre-B to plasma cells. T cells and thymocytes are LIP-6-, and splenic CD11b+ cells are heterogeneous for LIP-6 expression. The LIP-6 MAb was shown to precipitate a major 75-kDa and a minor 85-kDa protein under reducing conditions and a large protein of > 240 kDa under nonreducing conditions. Removal of N-linked sugars from the reduced lysates resulted in a single 65-kDa protein, suggesting that there is differential glycosylation of a single 65-kDa protein that forms disulfide-linked multimers. Finally, the LIP-6 antigen was shown not to be linked to the cell surface via a GPI linkage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K L Holmes
- Laboratory of Molecular Structure, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Tangen G, Kirchhoff H. Investigation into the origin of the antigens of Mycoplasma arthritidis cross-reacting with host tissue antigens. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1995; 12:9-15. [PMID: 8580906 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1995.tb00168.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The electrophoretical separations of Mycoplasma arthritidis and the serum used in the cultivation medium show a high number of protein bands with identical molecular weights. Proteins with molecular weights of 84, 72 and 52 kDa also appeared to be identical with proteins of Mycoplasma arthritidis in their antigenic properties as demonstrated by Western blotting with rat-anti-Mycoplasma arthritidis serum. The autoradiography of electrophoretically separated Mycoplasma arthritidis cells metabolically labeled with 35S-methionine and 35S-cysteine revealed that the proteins of Mycoplasma arthiritidis identical in molecular weight and antigenic structure with serum proteins are synthesized by Mycoplasma arthritidis, and represent true translation products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Tangen
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Tierseuchen, Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Bertotto A, Spinozzi F, Gerli R, Bassotti G, Fabietti GM, Castellucci G, Vagliasindi C, Vaccaro R. Gamma delta T-cell subset distribution in human semen from fertile donors. Am J Reprod Immunol 1995; 34:176-8. [PMID: 8561875 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1995.tb00935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Gamma delta T-cell subset distribution has not been fully investigated in normal human semen. METHODS We therefore carried out experiments by using a direct immunofluorescence staining technique followed by two-color cytofluorimetric analysis on mononuclear cell (MC) suspensions from ejaculates of ten healthy, fertile volunteers. Autologous peripheral blood MC were simultaneously analyzed and the results used for statistical comparison. RESULTS The proportion of normal human semen lymphocytes bearing the gamma delta T-cell receptor for antigen was greatly increased compared with autologous circulating counterparts. Interestingly, the rise was mainly due to an overexpansion of cells expressing V delta 1 gene-encoded determinants on their surface. This contrasts with the normal blood picture, where most gamma delta T cells express V delta 2 conformational epitopes. CONCLUSIONS The numerical and phenotypical differences in semen gamma delta T lymphocytes provide further evidence of a defined migrating lymphocyte subset balance in anatomically and physiologically distinct areas of the body. Their functional role, in terms of both helper and suppressor-cytotoxic activities in the nonsterile proximal portions of the male genital tract, now needs to be explored in detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Bertotto
- Department of Pediatrics, Perugia University Medical School, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Takada K, Saito M, Kaneko H, Iizuka K, Kokai Y, Fujimoto J. Novel monoclonal antibody reactive with thrombin-sensitive 74-kDa glycoproteins present on platelets and megakaryocytes both from mouse and rat. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 1995; 14:361-7. [PMID: 8522348 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.1995.14.361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A monoclonal antibody (designated 1C2) that reacts only with mouse platelets and megakaryocytes among hematopoietic cells was established by immunizing mouse platelets to an Armenian hamster. 1C2 reactive mouse molecule (1C2 antigen) was a surface glycoprotein with molecular weight of 74 kDa. Side by side comparison revealed that 4A5, a rat monoclonal antibody against mouse platelet, immunoprecipitated the identical molecule to 1C2 antigen. Of particular interest, 1C2 also labeled rat tissues with an identical pattern to that of mouse tissues and recognized a 74-kDa protein from rat platelets. Reactivity of 1C2 to mouse and rat platelets decreased when they were treated with thrombin. Following thrombin treatment of mouse platelets, 1C2 reactive 69-kDa protein appeared in the supernatants. Mouse and rat 1C2 antigens purified on 1C2-coated beads were cleaved by thrombin to generate 69-kDa fragments, establishing that 1C2 antigen is a direct substrate for thrombin. 1C2 is the first antibody to platelets and megakaryocytes of mouse and rat whose reactive molecule is well characterized, i.e., substrate for thrombin. 1C2 can be a useful tool in studying megakaryocytopoiesis and thrombopoiesis in rodent systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Takada
- Department of Pathology, National Children's Medical Research Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Abstract
Murine Ly-6 molecules are a family of cell surface glycoproteins which have interesting patterns of tissue expression during haematopoiesis from multipotential stem cells to lineage committed precursor cells, and on specific leucocyte subpopulations in the peripheral lymphoid tissues. These interesting patterns of tissue expression suggest an intimate association between the regulation of Ly-6 expression and the development and homeostasis of the immune system. Ly-6 molecules are low molecular weight phosphatidyl inositol anchored glycoproteins with remarkable amino acid homology throughout a distinctive cysteine rich protein domain that is associated predominantly with O-linked carbohydrate. These molecules are encoded by multiple tightly linked genes located on Chr. 15 which have conserved geneomic organization. The in vivo functions of Ly-6 molecules are not known although in vitro studies suggest a role in cellular activation. This review will summarize our understanding of Ly-6 with regard to tissue expression, molecular structure, gene organization and function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T P Gumley
- Molecular Immunogenetics Laboratory, Austin Research Institute, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Avots A, Escher C, Müller-Deubert S, Neumann M, Serfling E. The interplay between lymphoid-specific and ubiquitous transcription factors controls the expression of interleukin 2 gene in T lymphocytes. Immunobiology 1995; 193:254-8. [PMID: 8530151 DOI: 10.1016/s0171-2985(11)80551-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Avots
- Institute of Pathology, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
McKenzie IF, Xing PX, Vaughan HA, Prenzoska J, Dabkowski PL, Sandrin MS. Distribution of the major xenoantigen (gal (alpha 1-3)gal) for pig to human xenografts. Transpl Immunol 1994; 2:81-6. [PMID: 7953322 DOI: 10.1016/0966-3274(94)90032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the major epitope in pig tissues detected by naturally occurring human IgM antibodies is galactose (alpha 1-3)galactose. Subsequent biochemical studies demonstrated this epitope to be present on molecules (Mr40-220kDa) on both endothelial cells and lymphocytes. The objective of the present study was to define the distribution of gal(alpha 1-3)gal in different pig tissues, concentrating on those of relevance for the potential transplantation of pig organs or tissues to humans. Adult pig tissues were obtained fresh, fixed, and stained by the immunoperoxidase technique using biotinylated Griffonia simplicifolia lectin (IB4) which binds only to gal(alpha 1-3)gal, and examined histologically. Endothelial cells in all small vessels (capillaries, arterioles and venules) had a unifrom and dense expression of gal(alpha 1-3)gal; in larger vessels, like the aorta, they were less reactive. The highest concentrations were found in the liver parenchyma which stained uniformly, and in the kidney, where the highest amounts were found in the brush border of the proximal convoluted tubules. There was no staining of collecting ducts or glomeruli (except for endothelium) and moderate staining of the distal convoluted tubules. Heart muscle was nonreactive, although the high density of capillaries indicated a reasonable content of gal(alpha 1-3)gal. In contrast to these tissues was the distribution in the pancreas, which, apart from vessels and the lining of ducts, was nonreactive, i.e. islet cells were essentially lacking in gal(alpha 1-3)gal. Other tissues such as the lung contained moderate amounts of material lining the alveoli and bronchioles.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I F McKenzie
- Austin Research Institute, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Ackermann MR, DeBey BM, Stabel TJ, Gold JH, Register KB, Meehan JT. Distribution of anti-CD68 (EBM11) immunoreactivity in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded bovine tissues. Vet Pathol 1994; 31:340-8. [PMID: 8053129 DOI: 10.1177/030098589403100307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A commercially acquired anti-human macrophage antibody (anti-CD68; EBM11) was used in an immunocytochemical technique to detect macrophages in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues from cattle, pigs, humans, rats, turkeys, dogs, and cats. In healthy cattle, the antibody labeled alveolar macrophages, pulmonary intravascular cells (presumably intravascular macrophages), and macrophage-like cells in other tissues. In bovine lungs infected with Pasteurella haemolytica, EBM11 antibody labeled 95% of alveolar macrophages and macrophages within alveolar septa but only 0-2% of streaming or "oat" leukocytes. Alveolar macrophages were also stained by EBM11 in pigs but not in rats, turkeys, dogs, and cats. The antibody also stained macrophage aggregates in the mesenteric lymph nodes and intestinal lamina propria of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis-infected cattle. This study shows that the anti-CD68 (EBM11) antibody is a useful marker of macrophages in normal bovine tissues or tissues from areas of acute or chronic inflammation that have been routinely processed. The study also adds strength to the growing evidence suggesting that streaming leukocytes seen in pneumonic pasteurellosis are neutrophils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Ackermann
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lester JP, Evans DL, Leary JH, Fowler SC, Jaso-Friedmann L. Identification of a target cell antigen recognized by nonspecific cytotoxic cells using an anti-idiotype monoclonal antibody. Dev Comp Immunol 1994; 18:219-229. [PMID: 7528150 DOI: 10.1016/0145-305x(94)90014-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) are the teleost equivalent of mammalian natural killer (NK) cells. In the present study an anti-idiotypic monoclonal antibody (mAb 7D12) was generated against idiotopes on an mAb (mAb 6D3.2) that recognizes a putative receptor on NCC. The idiotypic specificity of mAb 7D12 was determined in competition assays by incubating biotinylated mAb 7D12 with mAb 6D3.2 hybridoma cells following preincubation with combinations of biotinylated 7D12 with either nonbiotinylated homologous or heterologous mAb. The ligand recognized by mAb 7D12 (determined by flow cytometry) was found on cells from the anterior kidney, spleen, thymus, PBL, liver, and brain. NCC lysis of IM-9 targets was inhibited 76% following preincubation of the target cells with different concentrations of mAb 7D12. The involvement of the ligand recognized by mAb 7D12 in the NCC lytic cycle was determined by showing that this mAb produced 50% inhibition of NCC conjugate formation with NC-37 target cells. Biochemical analysis using SDS-PAGE and Western blotting revealed that mAb 7D12 recognized 54 and 65 M(r) proteins in IM-9 target cell lysates. These studies demonstrated that an idiotope on a NCC specific anti-receptor mAb was an "internal image" of a target cell ligand. The anti-id mAb generated against this image (idiotope) inhibited NCC cytotoxicity and thus was equivalent to an NCC receptor that binds to a target cell ligand involved in NCC recognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Lester
- Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Yamaga KM, Kimura LH, Plymyer MR, Glant TT, Lance EM. Differentiation antigens of human articular chondrocytes and their tissue distribution as assessed by monoclonal antibodies. J Autoimmun 1994; 7:203-17. [PMID: 8037839 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.1994.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Five monoclonal antibodies (HuMC1, HuMC2, HuMC3, HuMC4 and HuMC5) raised against intact human articular chondrocytes were tested with chondrocyte samples from arthritic and non-arthritic patients by surface immunofluorescence and by immunoperoxidase labeling of fixed cells. All acetone-fixed samples reacted strongly with the monoclonal antibodies but some variation in the percentages of intact chondrocytes positive by immunofluorescence was noted. Under culturing conditions which induced de-differentiation, epitopes recognized by HuMC1, HuMC3 and HuMC4 disappeared with time in culture. In contrast, reactivities to HuMC2 and HuMC5 either persisted or increased as the culture became more fibroblastic and these antibodies bound to antigens on human fibroblast cell lines. HuMC1, HuMC3 and HuMC4 reacted with purified adult and fetal proteoglycan. HuMC2 and HuMC5 exhibited only slight or no reactivity to either proteoglycan. All five monoclonal antibodies reacted with chondrocytes in frozen articular cartilage but HuMC2 and HuMC5 failed to react to chondrocytes in paraffin-embedded cartilage sections. Only HuMC1, HuMC3 and HuMC4 recognized matrix components in both frozen and paraffin-embedded cartilage. When tested against 29 different non-cartilaginous tissues, each of the monoclonal antibodies had distinctive reactivity patterns, suggesting that each reacted to different epitopes. HuMC3 reacted with neurons in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum, indicating that it may recognize epitopes shared on the S-100 protein. HuMC1 showed the greatest specificity for chondrosarcomas. These antibodies are useful for identifying differentiated chondrocytes, providing information on the distribution of chondrocyte antigens shared by other human tissue, assessing the extent of chondrocyte heterogeneity in a population and aiding in the classification of chondrosarcomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K M Yamaga
- Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children, Honolulu Unit, HI
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|