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Mercado L, Rose S, Escalona-Vargas D, Siegel ER, Whittington JR, Preissl H, Helmich M, Eswaran H. Correlation of fetal heart rate dynamics to inflammatory markers and brain-derived neurotrophic factor during pregnancy. J Perinat Med 2024; 52:399-405. [PMID: 38404246 PMCID: PMC11068021 DOI: 10.1515/jpm-2023-0413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to show the relation between biomarkers in maternal and cord-blood samples and fetal heart rate variability (fHRV) metrics through a non-invasive fetal magnetocardiography (fMCG) technique. METHODS Twenty-three women were enrolled for collection of maternal serum and fMCG tracings immediately prior to their scheduled cesarean delivery. The umbilical cord blood was collected for measurement of biomarker levels. The fMCG metrics were then correlated to the biomarker levels from the maternal serum and cord blood. RESULTS Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) had a moderate correlation with fetal parasympathetic activity (0.416) and fetal sympathovagal ratios (-0.309; -0.356). Interleukin (IL)-6 also had moderate-sized correlations but with an inverse relationship as compared to BDNF. These correlations were primarily in cord-blood samples and not in the maternal blood. CONCLUSIONS In this small sample-sized exploratory study, we observed a moderate correlation between fHRV and cord-blood BDNF and IL-6 immediately preceding scheduled cesarean delivery at term. These findings need to be validated in a larger population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Mercado
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Shannon Rose
- Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Diana Escalona-Vargas
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Eric R. Siegel
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Julie R. Whittington
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Hubert Preissl
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Melissa Helmich
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Hari Eswaran
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA
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2
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Bolin EH, Escalona-Vargas D, Siegel ER, Mercado L, Johnson T, Eswaran H. Feasibility of magnetoencephalography in fetuses with cyanotic congenital heart disease. Prenat Diagn 2024. [PMID: 38622756 DOI: 10.1002/pd.6578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Key pointsWhat's already known about this topic?
A disproportionate number of children with cyanotic heart disease suffer from neurodevelopmental (ND) impairment, which is believed to be due in part to abnormal cerebral development in utero. Magnetoencephelography (MEG) is a non‐invasive method for assessing neurodevelopment, but has not been studied in fetuses with congenital heart disease (CHD).
What does this study add?
In this preliminary study, we showed the feasibility of performing MEG in fetuses with CHD. Fetuses with CHD had different magnetoencephalographic characteristics when compared with matched controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah H Bolin
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Cardiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Diana Escalona-Vargas
- Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Eric R Siegel
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Luis Mercado
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Tara Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Neurology Section, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Hari Eswaran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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3
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Mercado L, Escalona-Vargas D, Siegel ER, Preissl H, Bolin EH, Eswaran H. Exploring the Influence of Fetal Sex on Heart Rate Dynamics Using Fetal Magnetocardiographic Recordings. Reprod Sci 2024; 31:823-831. [PMID: 37884730 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-023-01384-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Fetal sex has been associated with different development trajectories that cause structural and functional differences between the sexes throughout gestation. Fetal magnetocardiography (fMCG) recordings from 123 participants (64 females and 59 males; one recording/participant) from a database consisting of low-risk pregnant women were analyzed to explore and compare fetal development trajectories of both sexes. The gestational age of the recordings ranged from 28 to 38 weeks. Linear metrics in both the time and frequency domains were applied to study fetal heart rate variability (fHRV) measures that reveal the dynamics of short- and long-term variability. Rates of linear change with GA in these metrics were analyzed using general linear model regressions with assessments for significantly different variances and GA regression slopes between the sexes. The fetal sexes were well balanced for GA and sleep state. None of the fHRV measures analyzed exhibited significant variance heterogeneity between the sexes, and none of them exhibited a significant sex-by-GA interaction. The absence of a statistically significant sex-by-GA interaction on all parameters resulted in none of the regression slope estimates being significantly different between the sexes. With high-precision fMCG recordings, we were able to explore the variation in fHRV parameters as it relates to fetal sex. The fMCG-based fHRV parameters did not show any significant difference in rates of change with gestational age between sexes. This study provides a framework for understanding normal development of the fetal autonomic nervous system, especially in the context of fetal sex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Mercado
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Diana Escalona-Vargas
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Eric R Siegel
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Hubert Preissl
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases (IDM) of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, fMEG Center, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Elijah H Bolin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Hari Eswaran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA.
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Jara-Gutiérrez C, Mercado L, Paz-Araos M, Howard C, Parraga M, Escobar C, Mellado M, Madrid A, Montenegro I, Santana P, Murgas P, Jimenez-Jara C, González-Olivares LG, Ahumada M, Villena J. Oxidative stress promotes cytotoxicity in human cancer cell lines exposed to Escallonia spp. extracts. BMC Complement Med Ther 2024; 24:38. [PMID: 38218817 PMCID: PMC10787448 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-024-04341-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standard cancer treatments show a lack of selectivity that has led to the search for new strategies against cancer. The selective elimination of cancer cells modulating the redox environment, known as "selective oxycution", has emerged as a viable alternative. This research focuses on characterizing the unexplored Escallonia genus plant extracts and evaluating their potential effects on cancer's redox balance, cytotoxicity, and activation of death pathways. METHODS 36 plant extracts were obtained from 4 different species of the Escallonia genus (E. illinita C. Presl, E. rubra (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers., E. revoluta (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers., and E. pulverulenta (Ruiz & Pav.) Pers.), which were posteriorly analyzed by their phytoconstituents, antioxidant capacity, and GC-MS. Further, redox balance assays (antioxidant enzymes, oxidative damage, and transcription factors) and cytotoxic effects (SRB, ∆Ψmt, and caspases actives) of those plant extracts were analyzed on four cell lines (HEK-293T, MCF-7, HT-29, and PC-3). RESULTS 36 plant extracts were obtained, and their phytoconstituents and antioxidant capacity were established. Further, only six extracts had EC50 values < 10 µg*mL- 1, indicating high toxicity against the tested cells. From those, two plant extracts were selective against different cancer cell lines: the hexane extract of E. pulverulenta´s stem was selective for HT-29, and the ethyl acetate extract of E. rubra´s stem was selective for PC-3. Both extracts showed unbalanced redox effects and promoted selective cell death. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study proving "selective oxycution" induced by Chilean native plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Jara-Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CIB), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Kinesiología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Luis Mercado
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Marilyn Paz-Araos
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CIB), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Kinesiología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carolyn Howard
- Facultad de Medicina, Escuela de Kinesiología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Mario Parraga
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CIB), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Camila Escobar
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CIB), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Marco Mellado
- Instituto de Investigación y Postgrado, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Central de Chile, Santiago, 8330507, Chile
| | - Alejandro Madrid
- Laboratorio de Productos Naturales y Síntesis Orgánica (LPNSO), Departamento de Ciencias y Geografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Avda. Leopoldo Carvallo 270, Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, 2340000, Chile
| | - Iván Montenegro
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CIB), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Paula Santana
- Instituto de Ciencias Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, el Llano Subercaseaux 2801, San Miguel, Santiago, Chile
| | - Paola Murgas
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Sede Patagonia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Cristina Jimenez-Jara
- Doctorado en Ciencias e Ingeniería para la Salud, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | | | - Manuel Ahumada
- Centro de Nanotecnología Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.
- Escuela de Biotecnología, Facultad de Ciencias, Ingeniería y Tecnología, Universidad Mayor, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Joan Villena
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CIB), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
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García-Álvarez MA, Cervera L, Valero Y, González-Fernández C, Mercado L, Chaves-Pozo E, Cuesta A. Regulation and distribution of European sea bass perforins point to their role in the adaptive cytotoxic response against NNV. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2024; 144:109244. [PMID: 38000653 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
Cell-mediated cytotoxicity is a complex immune mechanism that involves the release of several killing molecules, being perforin (PRF) one of the most important effector players. Perforin is synthesized by T lymphocytes and natural killer cells in mammals and responsible for the formation of pores on the target cell membrane during the killing process. Although perforin has been extensively studied in higher vertebrates, this knowledge is very limited in fish. Therefore, in this study we have identified four prf genes in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and evaluated their mRNA levels. All sea bass prf genes showed the typical and conserved domains of its human orthologue and were closely clustered by the phylogenetic analysis. In addition, all genes showed constitutive and ubiquitous tissular expression, being prf1.9 gene the most highly expressed in immune tissues. Subsequently, in vitro stimulation of head-kidney (HK) cells with phytohemagglutinin, a T-cell activator, showed an increase of all prf gene levels, except for prf1.3 gene. European sea bass HK cells increased the transcription of prf1.2 and prf1.9 during the innate cell-mediated cytotoxic activity against xenogeneic target cells. In addition, sea bass infected with nodavirus (NNV) showed a similar expression pattern of all prf in HK and brain at 15 days post-infection, except for prf1.3 gene and in the gonad. Finally, the use of a polyclonal antibody against PRF1.9 showed an increase of positive cells in HK, brain and gonad from NNV-infected fish. Taken together, the data seem to indicate that all prf genes, except prf1.3, appear to be involved in the European sea bass immunity, and probably in the cell-mediated cytotoxic response, with PRF1.9 playing the most important role against nodavirus. The involvement of the PRFs and the CMC activity in the vertical transmission success of the virus is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A García-Álvarez
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Physiology and Welfare of Marine Species Group (PHYSIS), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (COMU-IEO), CSIC, Carretera de la Azohía s/n. 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Laura Cervera
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Physiology and Welfare of Marine Species Group (PHYSIS), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (COMU-IEO), CSIC, Carretera de la Azohía s/n. 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Yulema Valero
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen González-Fernández
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain; INRAE, UR RiverLy, Laboratoire d'écotoxicologie, F-69625, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Physiology and Welfare of Marine Species Group (PHYSIS), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Instituto Español de Oceanografía (COMU-IEO), CSIC, Carretera de la Azohía s/n. 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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Hernández-Cabanyero C, Sanjuán E, Mercado L, Amaro C. Evidence that fish death after Vibrio vulnificus infection is due to an acute inflammatory response triggered by a toxin of the MARTX family. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2023; 142:109131. [PMID: 37832748 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio vulnificus is an emerging zoonotic pathogen associated with fish farms that is capable of causing a hemorrhagic septicemia known as warm-water vibriosis. According to a recent transcriptomic and functional study, the death of fish due to vibriosis is more related to the inflammatory response of the host than to the tissue lesions caused by the pathogen. In this work, we hypothesize that the RtxA1 toxin (a V. vulnificus toxin of the MARTX (Multifunctional Autoprocessing Repeats in Toxin) family) is the key virulence factor that would directly or indirectly trigger this fatal inflammatory response. Our hypothesis was based on previous studies that showed that rtxA1-deficient mutants maintained their ability to colonize and invade, but were unable to kill fish. To demonstrate this hypothesis, we infected eels (model of fish vibriosis) by immersion with a mutant deficient in RtxA1 production and analyzed their transcriptome in blood, red blood cells and white blood cells during early vibriosis (0, 3 and 12 h post-infection). The transcriptomic results were compared with those obtained in the previous study in which eels were infected with the V. vulnificus parental strain, and were functionally validated. Overall, our results confirm that fish death after V. vulnificus infection is due to an acute, early and atypical inflammatory response triggered by RtxA1 in which red blood cells seem to play a central role. These results could be relevant to other vibriosis as the toxins of this family are widespread in the Vibrio genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Hernández-Cabanyero
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Eva Sanjuán
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis Mercado
- Instituto de Biología. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carmen Amaro
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología y Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Dr. Moliner, 50, 46100, Valencia, Spain.
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Torrealba D, Morales-Lange B, Mulero V, Vasemägi A, Mercado L, Gallardo-Matus J. Heritability of Immunity Traits and Resistance of Atlantic Salmon against the Sea Louse Caligus rogercresseyi. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:1078. [PMID: 37626964 PMCID: PMC10452322 DOI: 10.3390/biology12081078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
The immune response of Atlantic salmon to sea lice has been extensively studied, but we still do not know the mechanisms by which some fish become resistant and others do not. In this study, we estimated the heritabilities of three key proteins associated with the innate immunity and resistance of Salmo salar against the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi. In particular, we quantified the abundance of 2 pro-inflammatory cytokines, Tnfα and Il-8, and an antioxidant enzyme, Nkef, in Atlantic salmon skin and gill tissue from 21 families and 268 individuals by indirect ELISA. This covers a wide parasite load range from low or resistant (mean sea lice ± SE = 8.7 ± 0.9) to high or susceptible (mean sea lice ± SE = 43.3 ± 2.0). Our results showed that susceptible fish had higher levels of Nkef and Tnfα than resistant fish in their gills and skin, although gill Il-8 was higher in resistant fish, while no significant differences were found in the skin. Furthermore, moderate to very high heritable genetic variation was estimated for Nkef (h2 skin: 0.96 ± 0.14 and gills: 0.97 ± 0.11) and Tnfα (h2 skin: 0.53 ± 0.17 and gills: 0.32 ± 0.14), but not for Il-8 (h2 skin: 0.22 ± 0.12 ns and gills: 0.09 ± 0.08 ns). This work provides evidence that Nkef and Tnfα protein expressions are highly heritable and related to resistance against sea lice in Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Torrealba
- Laboratorio de Genética y Genómica Aplicada, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile;
| | - Byron Morales-Lange
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos en Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile; (B.M.-L.); (L.M.)
| | - Victoriano Mulero
- Departamento de Biología Celular e Histología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Murcia, C. Campus Universitario, 5, 30100 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Anti Vasemägi
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences. Almas Allé 8, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwaldi 1a, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos en Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile; (B.M.-L.); (L.M.)
| | - José Gallardo-Matus
- Laboratorio de Genética y Genómica Aplicada, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile;
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8
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Bravo A, Fernández-García L, Ibarra-Karmy R, Mardones GA, Mercado L, Bustos FJ, Gifford RJ, Arriagada G. Antiviral Activity of an Endogenous Parvoviral Element. Viruses 2023; 15:1420. [PMID: 37515112 PMCID: PMC10384997 DOI: 10.3390/v15071420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Endogenous viral elements (EVEs) are genomic DNA sequences derived from viruses. Some EVEs have open reading frames (ORFs) that can express proteins with physiological roles in their host. Furthermore, some EVEs exhibit a protective role against exogenous viral infection in their host. Endogenous parvoviral elements (EPVs) are highly represented in mammalian genomes, and although some of them contain ORFs, their function is unknown. We have shown that the locus EPV-Dependo.43-ODegus, an EPV with an intact ORF, is transcribed in Octodon degus (degu). Here we examine the antiviral activity of the protein encoded in this EPV, named DeRep. DeRep was produced in bacteria and used to generate antibodies that recognize DeRep in western blots of degu tissue. To test if DeRep could protect against exogenous parvovirus, we challenged cells with the minute virus of mice (MVM), a model autonomous parvovirus. We observed that MVM protein expression, DNA damage induced by replication, viral DNA, and cytopathic effects are reduced when DeRep is expressed in cells. The results of this study demonstrate that DeRep is expressed in degu and can inhibit parvovirus replication. This is the first time that an EPV has been shown to have antiviral activity against an exogenous virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Bravo
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370071, Chile
| | - Leandro Fernández-García
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370071, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Ibarra-Karmy
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370071, Chile
| | - Gonzalo A Mardones
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Valdivia 5110466, Chile
| | - Luis Mercado
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2373223, Chile
| | - Fernando J Bustos
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370071, Chile
| | - Robert J Gifford
- Centre for Virus Research, MRC-University of Glasgow, 464 Bearsden Rd, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK
| | - Gloria Arriagada
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 8370071, Chile
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Mercado L, Escalona-Vargas D, Blossom S, Siegel ER, Whittington JR, Preissl H, Walden K, Eswaran H. The effect of maternal pregestational diabetes on fetal autonomic nervous system. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15680. [PMID: 37144450 PMCID: PMC10161040 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart rate variability assessment of neonates of pregestational diabetic mothers have shown alterations in the autonomic nervous system (ANS). The objective was to study the effect of maternal pregestational diabetes on ANS at the fetal stage by combining cardiac and movement parameters using a non-invasive fetal magnetocardiography (fMCG) technique. This is an observational study with 40 participants where fetuses from a group of 9 Type 1, 19 Type 2 diabetic, and 12 non-diabetic pregnant women were included. Time and frequency domain fetal heart rate variability (fHRV) and coupling of movement and heart rate acceleration parameters related to fetal ANS were analyzed. Group differences were investigated using analysis of covariance to adjust for gestational age (GA). When compared to non-diabetics, the Type 1 diabetics had a 65% increase in average ratio of very low-frequency (VLF) to low-frequency (LF) bands and 63% average decrease in coupling index after adjusting for GA. Comparing Type 2 diabetics to non-diabetics, there was an average decrease in the VLF (50%) and LF bands (63%). Diabetics with poor glycemic control had a higher average VLF/LF (49%) than diabetics with good glycemic control. No significant changes at p < 0.05 were observed in high-frequency (HF) frequency domain parameters or their ratios, or in the time domain. Fetuses of pregestational diabetic mothers exhibited some differences in fHRV frequency domain and heart rate-movement coupling when compared to non-diabetics but the effect of fHRV related to fetal ANS and sympathovagal balance were not as conclusive as observed in the neonates of pregestational diabetic mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Mercado
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Diana Escalona-Vargas
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Sarah Blossom
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Eric R Siegel
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Julie R Whittington
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Hubert Preissl
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kaitlyn Walden
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Hari Eswaran
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
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10
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Ortega-Villaizan M, Mercado L, Chico V. Editorial: Antiviral immune response in fish and shellfish. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1155538. [PMID: 37056766 PMCID: PMC10086535 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1155538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Ortega-Villaizan
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández (IDiBE-UMH), Elche, Spain
| | - L. Mercado
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - V. Chico
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández (IDiBE-UMH), Elche, Spain
- *Correspondence: V. Chico,
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11
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Wilkerson-Vidal QC, Wimalarathne M, Collins G, Wolfsberger JG, Clopp A, Mercado L, Fowler E, Gibson H, McConnell V, Martin S, Hunt EC, Vogler B, Love-Rutledge ST. Young adult male LEW.1WR1 rats have reduced beta cell area and develop glucose intolerance. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2023; 562:111837. [PMID: 36549462 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prediabetes affects 1 in 3 American adults and is characterized by insulin resistance, insulin hypersecretion, and impaired glucose tolerance. Weanling LEW.1WR1 (1WR1) rats have increased blood insulin concentrations, so we hypothesized that young adult 1WR1 rats would develop impaired glucose tolerance due to the poor regulation of insulin. We monitored glucose tolerance, insulin tolerance, and weight gain for 10 weeks to assess if there was a decline in glucose processing over time. 1WR1 rats were significantly more glucose intolerant after 8 weeks. 1WR1 rats had increased body mass, yet abdominal fat mass was not significantly increased. Although the 1WR1 rats had increased circulating insulin and glucagon protein levels, 1WR1 rat beta cell area was significantly reduced. There may be underlying insulin resistance as evidenced by dysfunctional insulin regulation during fasting. Understanding the metabolic phenotype of this rat model can provide insight into the human pathophysiological changes that increase susceptibility to glucose intolerance and prediabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quiana C Wilkerson-Vidal
- The University of Alabama Huntsville, Department of Chemistry, Materials Science Building 201, John Wright Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA; The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Department of Biology, Shelby Center for Science and Technology, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
| | - Madushika Wimalarathne
- The University of Alabama Huntsville, Department of Chemistry, Materials Science Building 201, John Wright Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA; The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Department of Biology, Shelby Center for Science and Technology, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
| | - Genoah Collins
- The University of Alabama Huntsville, Department of Chemistry, Materials Science Building 201, John Wright Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
| | - James Gerard Wolfsberger
- The University of Alabama Huntsville, Department of Chemistry, Materials Science Building 201, John Wright Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
| | - Amelia Clopp
- The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Department of Biology, Shelby Center for Science and Technology, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
| | - Luis Mercado
- The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Department of Biology, Shelby Center for Science and Technology, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
| | - Evann Fowler
- The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Department of Biology, Shelby Center for Science and Technology, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
| | - Helen Gibson
- The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Department of Biology, Shelby Center for Science and Technology, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
| | - Victoria McConnell
- The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Department of Biology, Shelby Center for Science and Technology, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
| | - Sidney Martin
- The University of Alabama Huntsville, Department of Chemistry, Materials Science Building 201, John Wright Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA; The University of Alabama in Huntsville, Department of Biology, Shelby Center for Science and Technology, 301 Sparkman Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
| | - Emily C Hunt
- The University of Alabama Huntsville, Department of Chemistry, Materials Science Building 201, John Wright Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
| | - Bernhard Vogler
- The University of Alabama Huntsville, Department of Chemistry, Materials Science Building 201, John Wright Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
| | - Sharifa T Love-Rutledge
- The University of Alabama Huntsville, Department of Chemistry, Materials Science Building 201, John Wright Drive, Huntsville, AL, 35899, USA.
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Valero Y, Mercado L, Arizcun M, Cuesta A, Chaves-Pozo E. Priming European Sea Bass Female Broodstock Improves the Antimicrobial Immunity of Their Offspring. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13030415. [PMID: 36766303 PMCID: PMC9913748 DOI: 10.3390/ani13030415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquiring immunocompetence is essential in the development of fish embryos, as they are exposed to environmental pathogens even before they are fertilized. Despite the importance of the antimicrobial function as the first line of defense against foreign microorganisms, little knowledge is available about its role in larval development. In vertebrates, transgenerational immune priming influences the acquisition of immunocompetence of specimens, regulating the selective allocation of nongenetic resources to their progeny and modulating their development. In this work, we primed teleost European sea bass broodstock females with a viral protein expression vector in order to evaluate the innate immunity development of their offspring. Several antimicrobial functions, the pattern of expression of gene coding for different antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), and their protein levels, were evaluated in eggs and larvae during development. Our data determined the presence of antimicrobial proteins of maternal origin in eggs, and that female vaccination increases antimicrobial activities and the transcription and synthesis of AMPs during larval development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulema Valero
- Oceanographic Centre of Murcia, Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Spanish National Research Council, Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2362807, Chile
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2362807, Chile
| | - Marta Arizcun
- Oceanographic Centre of Murcia, Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Spanish National Research Council, Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Oceanographic Centre of Murcia, Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Spanish National Research Council, Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860 Murcia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-968153339; Fax: +34-968153934
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13
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Cervera L, González-Fernández C, Cano D, Esteban MÁ, Mercado L, Chaves-Pozo E, Cuesta A. Immunity elicited by AMP-encoding plasmids fails to increase the protection of European sea bass against nodavirus. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2023; 132:108507. [PMID: 36581252 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.108507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a potent arm of the innate immune system that can directly kill pathogens and induce immunomodulation. In the marine aquaculture, European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax L.) is one of the most prosperous species but is highly susceptible to nodavirus (NNV), which produces high rates of mortality in larvae and juvenile stages. Thus, we aimed to evaluate whether AMPs exert immunomodulatory and/or NNV-preventive actions in sea bass. To do this, plasmids encoding the sea bass AMPs dicentracin (pDIC), beta-defensin (pDB1), hepcidin (pHAMP2) or NK-lysin (pNKL) were generated and intramuscularly injected into sea bass juveniles to evaluate their immunomodulatory and anti-NNV roles. Sea bass muscle transcribes the AMPs and produces an increase in their circulating levels, along with an increase of the antibacterial activity. Immune-related gene analysis revealed a great activation of the inflammatory response and the recruitment of neutrophilic granulocytes at the site of injection. However, AMP-encoding plasmids, namely pHAMP2, negatively affected to NNV disease by increasing fish mortality. In conclusion, plasmids encoding AMPs show immunostimulatory effects on European sea bass but do not improve the resistance to NNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cervera
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Carmen González-Fernández
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Daniela Cano
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Oceanographic Centre of Murcia, Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Spanish National Research Council (IEO-CSIC), Carretera de la Azohía s/n, Puerto de Mazarrón, 30860, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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14
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Valenzuela-Aviles P, Torrealba D, Figueroa C, Mercado L, Dixon B, Conejeros P, Gallardo-Matus J. Why vaccines fail against Piscirickettsiosis in farmed salmon and trout and how to avoid it: A review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1019404. [PMID: 36466828 PMCID: PMC9714679 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1019404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Piscirickettsiosis is the most severe, persistent, and damaging disease that has affected the Chilean salmon industry since its origins in the 1980s. As a preventive strategy for this disease, different vaccines have been developed and used over the last 30 years. However, vaccinated salmon and trout frequently die in the sea cages and the use of antibiotics is still high demonstrating the low efficiency of the available vaccines. The reasons why the vaccines fail so often are still debated, but it could involve different extrinsic and intrinsic factors. Among the extrinsic factors, mainly associated with chronic stress, we can distinguish: 1) biotic including coinfection with sea lice, sealions attacks or harmful algal blooms; 2) abiotic including low oxygen or high temperature; and 3) farm-management factors including overcrowding or chemical delousing treatments. Among the intrinsic factors, we can distinguish: 1) fish-related factors including host's genetic variability (species, population and individual), sex or age; 2) pathogen-related factors including their variability and ability to evade host immune responses; and 3) vaccine-related factors including low immunogenicity and poor matches with the circulating pathogen strain. Based on the available evidence, in order to improve the development and the efficacy of vaccines against P. salmonis we recommend: a) Do not perform efficacy evaluations by intraperitoneal injection of pathogens because they generate an artificial protective immune response, instead cohabitation or immersion challenges must be used; b) Evaluate the diversity of pathogen strains in the field and ensure a good antigenic match with the vaccines; c) Investigate whether host genetic diversity could be improved, e.g. through selection, in favor of better and longer responses to vaccination; d) To reduce the stressful effects at the cage level, controlling the co-infection of pathogens and avoiding fish overcrowding. To date, we do not know the immunological mechanisms by which the vaccines against P. salmonis may or may not generate protection. More studies are required to identify what type of response, cellular or molecular, is required to develop effective vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Valenzuela-Aviles
- Laboratorio de Genética y Genómica Aplicada, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Débora Torrealba
- Laboratorio de Genética y Genómica Aplicada, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carolina Figueroa
- Laboratorio de Genética y Genómica Aplicada, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos en Organismos Acuáticos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Instituto de Biología, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Pablo Conejeros
- Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales (CIGREN), Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - José Gallardo-Matus
- Laboratorio de Genética y Genómica Aplicada, Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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15
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Landa E, Javaid S, Vigandt E, Campos F, Mercado L. Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease Requiring Desensitization Prior to Planned Percutaneous Catheterization Intervention. Cureus 2022; 14:e26686. [PMID: 35949785 PMCID: PMC9359106 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) consists of a triad of asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis, and a hypersensitivity reaction to aspirin consisting of nasal congestion and broncho-constriction. This disease presents a conundrum in cardiac patients undergoing percutaneous catheterization intervention (PCI) who might require stent deployment due to the need for aspirin as part of the dual antiplatelet therapy required if a stent is placed. Here, we present the case of a patient who underwent a coronary angiogram showing two-vessel disease but had to undergo aspirin desensitization first before planned PCI as he had a history of severe aspirin allergy in the past.
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Álvarez CA, Santana PA, Cárcamo CB, Cárdenas C, Morales-Lange B, Ramírez F, Valenzuela C, Boltaña S, Alcaíno J, Guzmán F, Mercado L. Effect of Fish Stock Density on Hormone Genes Expression from Brain and Gastrointestinal Tract of Salmo salar. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12091174. [PMID: 35565600 PMCID: PMC9102067 DOI: 10.3390/ani12091174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Various long-term stress conditions may exist in fish cultivation, damaging the physiological responses that regulate the fish growth and feed. Different signalers connect the brain with the gastrointestinal tract, including the perception of stress factors for the regulation of physiological responses. Here, we evaluated the effect of varying culture densities of Salmo salar post-smolt on the gene expression of some brain and gastrointestinal hormone signalers. We found that high stock densities could promote the levels of molecules associated with feed inhibition, which could be related to the stress pathway regulated by corticoids. Thus, the expression of these peptide hormones could be used as biological markers to improve production practices in fish aquaculture. Abstract A variety of long-term stress conditions may exist in fish cultivation, some of which are so severe that fish can no longer reestablish homeostasis. In teleost fish, the brain and gastrointestinal tract integrate signals that include the perception of stress factors regulating physiological responses, such as social stress by fish population density, where peripheral and central signals, such as peptide hormones, are the main regulators. Therefore, we proposed in this study to analyze the effect of different stock densities (SD) in the gene expression of brain neuropeptide Y (NPY) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), together with the gastrointestinal peptide hormones leptin (Lep), vasointestinal peptide (VIP), and protachykinin-1 (Prk-1) in Salmo salar post-smolt. The coding sequence of S. salar VIP and Prk-1 precursors were firstly cloned and characterized. Then, the mRNA expression of these genes, together with the NPY, Lep, and CGRP genes, were evaluated in post-smolts kept at 11 Kg/m3, 20 Kg/m3, and 40 Kg/m3. At 14 days of culture, the brain CGRP and liver leptin mRNA levels increased three and tenfold in the post-smolt salmons kept at the highest SD, respectively. The high levels of leptin were kept during all the fish culture experiments. In addition, the highest expression of intestine VIP mRNA was obtained on Day 21 in the group of 40 Kg/m3 returning to baseline on Day 40. In terms of stress biochemical parameters, cortisol levels were increased in the 20 Kg/m3 and 40 Kg/m3 groups on Day 40 and were the highest in the 20 Kg/m3 group on Day 14. This study provides new insight into the gastrointestinal signals that could be affected by chronic stress induced by high stock density in fish farming. Thus, the expression of these peptide hormones could be used as molecular markers to improve production practices in fish aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio A. Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile;
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
- Correspondence: (C.A.Á.); (L.M.)
| | - Paula A. Santana
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, San Miguel, Santiago 8910060, Chile;
| | - Claudia B. Cárcamo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile;
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
- Centro de Innovación Acuícola, Aquapacifico, Coquimbo 1781421, Chile
| | - Constanza Cárdenas
- Núcleo Biotecnología Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2374631, Chile; (C.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Byron Morales-Lange
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2374631, Chile; (B.M.-L.); (F.R.); (C.V.)
| | - Felipe Ramírez
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2374631, Chile; (B.M.-L.); (F.R.); (C.V.)
| | - Cristian Valenzuela
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2374631, Chile; (B.M.-L.); (F.R.); (C.V.)
| | - Sebastián Boltaña
- Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción 4070386, Chile;
| | - Javier Alcaíno
- AquaAdvise-Fundación Chile, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile;
| | - Fanny Guzmán
- Núcleo Biotecnología Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2374631, Chile; (C.C.); (F.G.)
| | - Luis Mercado
- Núcleo Biotecnología Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2374631, Chile; (C.C.); (F.G.)
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2374631, Chile; (B.M.-L.); (F.R.); (C.V.)
- Correspondence: (C.A.Á.); (L.M.)
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17
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Portuondo Fuentes DL, Batista-Duharte A, Carvajal CC, de Oliveira CS, Borges JC, Téllez-Martínez D, Santana PA, Gauna A, Mercado L, Soleder BC, Inácio da Costa P, Quimbayo FG, Carlos IZ. A Sporothrix spp enolase derived multi-epitope vaccine confers protective response in BALB/c mice challenged with Sporothrix brasiliensis. Microb Pathog 2022; 166:105539. [PMID: 35447314 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is a cosmopolitan mycosis caused by pathogenic species of Sporothrix genus, that in Brazil is often acquired by zoonotic transmission involved infected cats with S. brasiliensis. Previous studies showed that the Sporothrix spp. recombinant enolase (rSsEno), a multifunctional protein with immunogenic properties, could be a promising target for vaccination against sporotrichosis in cats. Nevertheless, the considerable sequence identity (62%) of SsEno with its feline counterpart is a great concern. Here, we report the identification in silico, chemical synthesis and biological validation of six peptides of SsEno with low sequence identity to its cat orthologue. All synthesized peptides exhibit B-cell epitopes on the molecular surface of SsEno and proved to be highly reactive with the serum of infected mice with S. brasiliensis and sera of cats with sporotrichosis. Interestingly, our study revealed that anti-peptide sera did not react with the recombinant enolase from Felis catus (cats, rFcEno), thus, may not trigger autoimmune response in these felines if used as a vaccine antigen. The immunization with peptide mixture (PeptMix) formulated with Freund adjuvant (FA), induced high levels of antigen-specific IgG, IgG1 and IgG2b antibodies that conferred protection upon passive transference in infected BALB/c mice with S. brasiliensis. We also observed, that the FA + PeptMix formulation induced a Th1/Th2/Th17 cytokine profile ex vivo, associated with protecting effect against the experimental sporotrichosis. Our results suggest that the six SsEno-derived peptides here evaluated, could be used as safe antigens for the development of vaccine strategies against feline sporotrichosis, whether prophylactic or therapeutic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexander Batista-Duharte
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil; GC01 Immunology and Allergy Group. Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC). Reina Sofía University Hospital, IMIBIC Building, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Constanza Cardenas Carvajal
- Nucleo Biotecnologıa Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Campus Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Carlos S de Oliveira
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, P.O. Box 780, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Júlio César Borges
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, P.O. Box 780, 13560-970, Brazil.
| | - Damiana Téllez-Martínez
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paula Andrea Santana
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, el Llano Subercaseaux 2801, San Miguel, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Adriana Gauna
- Nucleo Biotecnologıa Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Campus Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad #330, 2373223, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Bruna Castilho Soleder
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Inácio da Costa
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fanny Guzmán Quimbayo
- Nucleo Biotecnologıa Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Campus Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Iracilda Zeppone Carlos
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Clinical Analysis, Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
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18
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González R, González D, Stambuk F, Ramírez F, Guzmán F, Mercado L, Rojas R, Henríquez C, Brokordt K, Schmitt P. A g-type lysozyme from the scallop Argopecten purpuratus participates in the immune response and in the stability of the hemolymph microbiota. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2022; 123:324-334. [PMID: 35314329 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lysozymes are antimicrobial acid hydrolases widely distributed in nature. They are located inside the cells in lysosomes, or they are secreted to the extracellular space, where they can lyse the cell wall of certain species of bacteria via hydrolysis of the peptidoglycan. Thus, lysozymes are bacteriolytic enzymes and play a major biological role in biodefense, as these enzymes can act as antibacterial and immune-modulating agents. In this study, we characterized a g-type lysozyme from the scallop Argopecten purpuratus named ApGlys. The cDNA sequence comprises an open reading frame (ORF) of 600 nucleotides, codifying for a putative protein of 200 amino acids with a signal peptide of 18 amino acids. The deduced mature protein sequence displays a molecular weight of 20.07 kDa and an isoelectric point (pI) of 6.49. ApGlys deduced protein sequence exhibits conserved residues associated with catalytic activity and substrate fixation in other g-type lysozymes. The phylogenetic analysis revealed a high degree of identity of ApGlys with other mollusk g-type lysozymes, which form a restricted and separated clade from the vertebrate lysozymes. ApGlys transcripts were constitutively and highly expressed in the digestive gland, and it was induced in hemocytes and gills of scallops after an immune challenge. Furthermore, the ApGlys protein was located inside hemocytes of immunostimulated scallops, determined by immunofluorescence analysis. Finally, the transcript silencing of ApGlys by RNA interference led to an increase of total culturable bacteria from the scallop hemolymph. Furthermore, we detected a higher diversity of the bacterial community in ApGlys-silenced scallops and an imbalance of certain bacterial groups present in the hemolymph by 16S rDNA deep amplicon sequencing. Overall, our results showed that ApGlys is a new member of scallop lysozymes that is implicated in the immune response and in the microbial homeostasis of A. purpuratus hemolymph.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana González
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile; Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Daniel González
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Felipe Stambuk
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Felipe Ramírez
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Fanny Guzmán
- Núcleo Biotecnología Curauma. Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Rojas
- Laboratorio de Patobiología Acuática, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Carlos Henríquez
- Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Katherina Brokordt
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Departamento de Acuicultura, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA), Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Innovación Acuícola (AquaPacífico), Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo 1281, Coquimbo, Chile.
| | - Paulina Schmitt
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
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19
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Morales-Lange B, Djordjevic B, Gaudhaman A, Press CM, Olson J, Mydland LT, Mercado L, Imarai M, Castex M, Øverland M. Dietary Inclusion of Hydrolyzed Debaryomyces hansenii Yeasts Modulates Physiological Responses in Plasma and Immune Organs of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) Parr Exposed to Acute Hypoxia Stress. Front Physiol 2022; 13:836810. [PMID: 35418880 PMCID: PMC8998430 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.836810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress related to salmon aquaculture practices (handling, sub-optimal nutrition, diseases, and environmental problems) may compromise fish welfare. This study describes the effects of two hydrolyzed Debaryomyces hansenii yeast-based products (LAN4 and LAN6) on physiological and immune responses of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr exposed to short hypoxia stress. A commercial-like diet (control diet: CD) and two experimental diets (CD supplemented with 0.1% of either component LAN4 or LAN6) were fed to fish for 8 weeks. At the end of the feeding experiment, fish were exposed to 1-min hypoxia and samples were collected at 0, 1, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h post-stress. Results showed that plasma cortisol reached a peak at 1 h post-stress in CD and LAN6 groups, whereas no significant increase in cortisol levels was detected in the LAN4 group. Moreover, the LAN6 group enhanced IL-10 responses to hypoxia, when compared to the control and LAN4 group. This suggests a regulation of immunosuppressive profiles in fish fed LAN4. Hypoxia stress increased TNFα in all groups, which indicates that fish may compensate for the short-term stress response, by modulating innate immune molecules. The apparent suppression of hypoxia responses in the LAN4 group coincided with the detection of differences in goblet cells size and Muc-like proteins production in DI; and upregulation (1 h post-stress) of pathways related to oxygen transport, hemoglobin complex, and glutathione transferase activity and the downregulation of fatty acid metabolism (6 h post-stress) in gills. To conclude, a 1-min hypoxia stress exposure affects the response to stress and immunity; and D. hansenii-based yeast products are promising components in functional aquafeeds for salmon due to their ability to counteract possible consequences of hypoxic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Morales-Lange
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- *Correspondence: Byron Morales-Lange,
| | - Brankica Djordjevic
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- Brankica Djordjevic,
| | - Ashwath Gaudhaman
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Charles McLean Press
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Jake Olson
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Liv Torunn Mydland
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Margareth Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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20
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Stambuk F, Ojeda C, Machado Matos G, Rosa RD, Mercado L, Schmitt P. Big defensin from the scallop Argopecten purpuratus ApBD1 is an antimicrobial peptide which entraps bacteria through nanonets formation. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2021; 119:456-461. [PMID: 34710565 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Big defensins is a large family of antimicrobial peptides found in restricted groups of invertebrates, in particular mollusks where they have highly diversified. Big defensins are composed of a highly hydrophobic N-terminal region and a C-terminal region containing six cysteine residues whose arrangement is identical to that of vertebrate β-defensins. They have been shown to be active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. Antimicrobial aggregates called nanonets entrapping and killing bacteria have been recently described for the hydrophobic N-terminal region of the Cg-BigDef1 from the oyster Crassostrea gigas. To determine whether nanonets formation is a conserved trait of mollusk big defensins, we assessed the potential entrapping of bacteria through nanonets of the big defensin from the scallop Argopecten purpuratus, ApBD1. Recombinant ApBD1 was produced with a thrombin-cleavable N-terminal His6 tag, followed by the mature peptide carrying a mutation of the last cysteine residue of the C-terminal region by and arginine, named rApBD1(C87R). This mutation did not apparently affect the three-dimensional structure and the biological properties of rApBD1(C87R), as evidenced by in silico modeling and in vitro antimicrobial assays. Strong immune staining of rApBD1(C87R) in numerous areas surrounding bacteria was observed by confocal microscopy, suggesting that rApBD1(C87R) entraps bacteria in peptide aggregates similar to those reported to the oyster big defensin. This study suggests the conservation of bactericidal activity and nanonet formation across big defensins from bivalve mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Stambuk
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Claudia Ojeda
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Gabriel Machado Matos
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rafael Diego Rosa
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Paulina Schmitt
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
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21
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Sáenz-Martínez DE, Santana PA, Aróstica M, Forero JC, Guzmán F, Mercado L. Immunodetection of rainbow trout IL-8 cleaved-peptide: Tissue bioavailability and potential antibacterial activity in a bacterial infection context. Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 124:104182. [PMID: 34166719 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines such as IL-8 are part of an important group of proinflammatory response molecules, as well as cell recruitment. However, it has been described in both higher vertebrates and fish that IL-8 has an additional functional role by acting as an antimicrobial effector, either directly or by cleavage of a peptide derived from its C-terminal end. Nevertheless, it is still unknown whether this fragment is released in the context of infection by bacterial pathogens and if it could be immunodetected in tissues of infected salmonids. Therefore, the objective of this research was to demonstrate that the C-terminal end of IL-8 from Oncorhynchus mykiss is cleaved, retaining its antibacterial properties, and that is detectable in tissues of infected rainbow trout. SDS-PAGE and mass spectrometry demonstrated the cleavage of a fragment of about 2 kDa when the recombinant IL-8 was subjected to acidic conditions. By chemical synthesis, it was possible to synthesize this fragment called omIL-8α80-97 peptide, which has antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria at concentrations over 10 μM. Besides, by fluorescence microscopy, it was possible to locate the omIL-8α80-97 peptide both on the cell surface and in the cytoplasm of the bacteria, as well as inside the monocyte/macrophage-like cell. Finally, by indirect ELISA, Western blot, and mass spectrometry, the presence of the fragment derived from the C-terminal end of IL-8 was detected in the spleen of trout infected with Piscirickettsia salmonis. The results reported in this work present the first evidence about the immunodetection of an antibacterial, and probably cell-penetrating peptide cleaved from the C-terminal end of IL-8 in monocyte/macrophage-like cell and tissue of infected rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Sáenz-Martínez
- Doctorado en Biotecnología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Universidad Técnico Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Paula A Santana
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, El Llano Subercaseaux 2801, San Miguel, Santiago 8910060, Chile.
| | - Mónica Aróstica
- Doctorado en Biotecnología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Universidad Técnico Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Juan C Forero
- Núcleo Biotecnología Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad #330, 2373223,Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Fanny Guzmán
- Núcleo Biotecnología Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad #330, 2373223,Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Luis Mercado
- Núcleo Biotecnología Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad #330, 2373223,Valparaíso, Chile; Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad #330, 2373223,Valparaíso, Chile.
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22
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Santana PA, Álvarez CA, Sáenz-Martínez DE, Salinas-Parra N, Guzmán F, Paradela A, Mercado L. New insight to the rol of α-enolase (Eno-1) as immunological marker in rainbow trout fry. Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 123:104163. [PMID: 34118278 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
α-Enolase is an enzyme of the glycolytic pathway that has also been involved in vertebrate inflammatory processes through its interaction with plasminogen. However, its participation in the immune response of lower vertebrates during early life development is unknown. Opportunistic pathogens in salmon farming are the principal cause of mortality in the fry stage. For that reason, molecular indicators of their immunological status are required to ensure the success of the large-scale cultivation. Thus, the objective of this work was to analyze if ENO-1 is involved in the immune response of rainbow trout fry. For this purpose, the coding sequence of trout ENO-1 was characterized, identifying the plasminogen-binding domain that has been described for homologs of this enzyme in higher vertebrates. A peptide-epitope of α-enolase was used for producing mice antiserum. The specificity of polyclonal antibodies was confirmed by dot blot, ELISA and Western blot. Then, the antiserum was used to evaluate α-enolase expression in fry between 152 and 264 degree-days post-hatching after 2, 8, and 12 h of challenge with lipopolysaccharide from Pseudomona auroginosa. The expression of α-enolase at both transcriptional (RT-qPCR) and protein (ELISA) levels was significantly increased after 8 h post-challenge with lipopolysaccharide. These results were confirmed by proteomic analysis by 2D-difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE). This work provides the first evidence of the involvement of α-enolase in the early immune response of salmonids. Future research will be required to understand the possible interaction of α-enolase with plasminogen in cells and tissues of the salmonid immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula A Santana
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Instituto de Ciencias Químicas Aplicadas, Universidad Autónoma de Chile, el Llano Subercaseaux 2801, San Miguel, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Claudio A Álvarez
- Lab oratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Coquimbo, Chile; Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile.
| | - Daniel E Sáenz-Martínez
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad #330, 2373223,Valparaíso, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Biotecnología Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso/Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Nicolás Salinas-Parra
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad #330, 2373223,Valparaíso, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Biotecnología Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso/Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Fanny Guzmán
- Núcleo Biotecnológico de Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad #330, 2373223,Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Alberto Paradela
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CSIC, C/ Darwin n°3 Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, España, Spain.
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad #330, 2373223,Valparaíso, Chile; Núcleo Biotecnológico de Curauma (NBC), Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad #330, 2373223,Valparaíso, Chile.
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23
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Agboola JO, Schiavone M, Øverland M, Morales-Lange B, Lagos L, Arntzen MØ, Lapeña D, Eijsink VGH, Horn SJ, Mydland LT, François JM, Mercado L, Hansen JØ. Author Correction: Impact of down-stream processing on functional properties of yeasts and the implications on gut health of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Sci Rep 2021; 11:18711. [PMID: 34526649 PMCID: PMC8443570 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98424-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeleel Opeyemi Agboola
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - Marion Schiavone
- Lallemand SAS, 19 rue des Briquetiers, BP59, 31702, Blagnac, France.,TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France.,LAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Margareth Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - Byron Morales-Lange
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Leidy Lagos
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Magnus Øverlie Arntzen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - David Lapeña
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Svein Jarle Horn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Liv Torunn Mydland
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway
| | | | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos en Organismos Acuáticos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jon Øvrum Hansen
- Department of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432, Ås, Norway.
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Morales-Lange B, Agboola JO, Hansen JØ, Lagos L, Øyås O, Mercado L, Mydland LT, Øverland M. The Spleen as a Target to Characterize Immunomodulatory Effects of Down-Stream Processed Cyberlindnera jadinii Yeasts in Atlantic Salmon Exposed to a Dietary Soybean Meal Challenge. Front Immunol 2021; 12:708747. [PMID: 34489959 PMCID: PMC8417602 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.708747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture feeds have changed dramatically from being largely based on fishmeal (FM) towards increased use of plant protein sources, which could impact the fish's immune response. In order to characterize immunomodulatory properties of novel functional ingredients, this study used four diets, one based on FM, a challenging diet with 40% soybean meal (SBM), and two diets containing 40% SBM with 5% of Cyberlindnera jadinii yeast exposed to different down-stream processing conditions: heat-inactivated (ICJ) or autolysation (ACJ). The immunomodulatory effects of the diets were analyzed in the spleen of Atlantic salmon after 37 days of feeding, using a transcriptomic evaluation by RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and the detection of specific immunological markers at the protein level through indirect Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (indirect ELISA). The results showed that SBM (compared to FM) induced a down-regulation of pathways related to ion binding and transport, along with an increase at the protein level of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interferon gamma (IFNγ). On the other hand, while ICJ (compared to FM-group) maintain the inflammatory response associated with SBM, with higher levels of TNFα and IFNγ, and with an upregulation of creatine kinase activity and phosphagen metabolic process, the inclusion of ACJ was able to modulate the response of Atlantic salmon compared to fish fed the SBM-diet by the activation of biological pathways related to endocytosis, Pattern recognition receptor (PPRs)-signal transduction and transporter activity. In addition, ACJ was also able to control the pro-inflammatory profile of SBM, increasing Interleukin 10 (IL-10) levels and decreasing TNFα production, triggering an immune response similar to that of fish fed an FM-based diet. Finally, we suggest that the spleen is a good candidate to characterize the immunomodulatory effects of functional ingredients in Atlantic salmon. Moreover, the inclusion of ACJ in fish diets, with the ability to control inflammatory processes, could be considered in the formulation of sustainable salmon feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Morales-Lange
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Jeleel Opeyemi Agboola
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Jon Øvrum Hansen
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Leidy Lagos
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Ove Øyås
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos en Organismos Acuáticos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Liv Torunn Mydland
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Margareth Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
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Sanhueza N, Fuentes R, Aguilar A, Carnicero B, Vega K, Muñoz D, Contreras D, Moreno N, Troncoso E, Mercado L, Morales-Lange B, Boltana S. Behavioural Fever Promotes an Inflammatory Reflex Circuit in Ectotherms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168860. [PMID: 34445566 PMCID: PMC8396262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The communication between the brain and the immune system is a cornerstone in animal physiology. This interaction is mediated by immune factors acting in both health and pathogenesis, but it is unclear how these systems molecularly and mechanistically communicate under changing environmental conditions. Behavioural fever is a well-conserved immune response that promotes dramatic changes in gene expression patterns during ectotherms’ thermoregulatory adaptation, including those orchestrating inflammation. However, the molecular regulators activating the inflammatory reflex in ectotherms remain unidentified. Methods: We revisited behavioural fever by providing groups of fish a thermal gradient environment during infection. Our novel experimental setup created temperature ranges in which fish freely moved between different thermal gradients: (1) wide thermoregulatory range; T° = 6.4 °C; and (2) restricted thermoregulatory range; T° = 1.4 °C. The fish behaviour was investigated during 5-days post-viral infection. Blood, spleen, and brain samples were collected to determine plasmatic pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels. To characterize genes’ functioning during behavioural fever, we performed a transcriptomic profiling of the fish spleen. We also measured the activity of neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine and acetylcholine in brain and peripheral tissues. Results: We describe the first set of the neural components that control inflammatory modulation during behavioural fever. We identified a neuro-immune crosstalk as a potential mechanism promoting the fine regulation of inflammation. The development of behavioural fever upon viral infection triggers a robust inflammatory response in vivo, establishing an activation threshold after infection in several organs, including the brain. Thus, temperature shifts strongly impact on neural tissue, specifically on the inflammatory reflex network activation. At the molecular level, behavioural fever causes a significant increase in cholinergic neurotransmitters and their receptors’ activity and key anti-inflammatory factors such as cytokine Il10 and Tgfβ in target tissues. Conclusion: These results reveal a cholinergic neuronal-based mechanism underlying anti-inflammatory responses under induced fever. We performed the first molecular characterization of the behavioural fever response and inflammatory reflex activation in mobile ectotherms, identifying the role of key regulators of these processes. These findings provide genetic entry points for functional studies of the neural–immune adaptation to infection and its protective relevance in ectotherm organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataly Sanhueza
- Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (N.S.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (K.V.); (D.M.)
| | - Ricardo Fuentes
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile;
| | - Andrea Aguilar
- Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (N.S.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (K.V.); (D.M.)
| | - Beatriz Carnicero
- Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (N.S.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (K.V.); (D.M.)
| | - Karina Vega
- Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (N.S.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (K.V.); (D.M.)
| | - David Muñoz
- Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (N.S.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (K.V.); (D.M.)
| | - David Contreras
- Biotechnology Center, Renewable Resources Laboratory, University Campus, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (D.C.); (N.M.); (E.T.)
| | - Nataly Moreno
- Biotechnology Center, Renewable Resources Laboratory, University Campus, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (D.C.); (N.M.); (E.T.)
| | - Eduardo Troncoso
- Biotechnology Center, Renewable Resources Laboratory, University Campus, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (D.C.); (N.M.); (E.T.)
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; (L.M.); (B.M.-L.)
| | - Byron Morales-Lange
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2340000, Chile; (L.M.); (B.M.-L.)
| | - Sebastian Boltana
- Centro de Biotecnología, Departamento de Oceanografía, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción 4030000, Chile; (N.S.); (A.A.); (B.C.); (K.V.); (D.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Fax: +56-41-266-16-17
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Mercado L, Quiroz-Compean G, Azorín JM. Analyzing the performance of segmented trajectory reconstruction of lower limb movements from EEG signals with combinations of electrodes, gaps, and delays. Biomed Signal Process Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.102783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Morales-Lange B, Ramírez-Cepeda F, Schmitt P, Guzmán F, Lagos L, Øverland M, Wong-Benito V, Imarai M, Fuentes D, Boltaña S, Alcaíno J, Soto C, Mercado L. Interferon Gamma Induces the Increase of Cell-Surface Markers (CD80/86, CD83 and MHC-II) in Splenocytes From Atlantic Salmon. Front Immunol 2021; 12:666356. [PMID: 34054836 PMCID: PMC8155612 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II interferon gamma (IFNγ) is a pleiotropic cytokine capable of modulating the innate and adaptive immune responses which has been widely characterized in several teleost families. In fish, IFNγ stimulates the expression of cytokines and chemokines associated with the pro-inflammatory response and enhances the production of nitrogen and oxygen reactive species in phagocytic cells. This work studied the effect of IFNγ on the expression of cell-surface markers on splenocytes of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). In vitro results showed that subpopulations of mononuclear splenocytes cultured for 15 days were capable of increasing gene expression and protein availability of cell-surface markers such as CD80/86, CD83 and MHC II, after being stimulated with recombinant IFNγ. These results were observed for subpopulations with characteristics associated with monocytes (51%), and features that could be related to lymphocytes (46.3%). In addition, a decrease in the expression of zbtb46 was detected in IFNγ-stimulated splenocytes. Finally, the expression of IFNγ and cell-surface markers was assessed in Atlantic salmon under field conditions. In vivo results showed that the expression of ifnγ increased simultaneously with the up-regulation of cd80/86, cd83 and mhcii during a natural outbreak of Piscirickettsia salmonis. Overall, the results obtained in this study allow us to propose IFNγ as a candidate molecule to stimulate the phenotypic progression of a small population of immune cells, which will increase antigen presenting cells markers. Thereby, modulatory strategies using IFNγ may generate a robust and coordinated immune response in fish against pathogens that affect aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Morales-Lange
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos en Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Felipe Ramírez-Cepeda
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos en Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Paulina Schmitt
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos en Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Fanny Guzmán
- Laboratorio de Síntesis de Péptidos, Núcleo Biotecnología de Curauma, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Leidy Lagos
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Margareth Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Valentina Wong-Benito
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Biología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Biología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Derie Fuentes
- Aquaculture and Marine Ecosystems, Center for Systems Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Chile Research, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Boltaña
- Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | | | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos en Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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Fowler E, Mercado L, Wilkerson‐Vidal Q, Wimalarathne M, Love‐Rutledge S. LEW.1WR1 Rats Have Decreased Normalized Beta Cell Area. FASEB J 2021. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.s1.02395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evann Fowler
- BiologyThe University of Alabama in HuntsvilleHuntsvilleAL
| | - Luis Mercado
- BiologyThe University of Alabama in HuntsvilleHuntsvilleAL
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Mercado L, Wimalarathne M, McConnell V, Love‐Rutledge S. LEW.1WR1 Rat Shows an Increased Risk of Developing Malignant Forms of NAFLD. FASEB J 2021. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.s1.02372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis Mercado
- Department of BiologyThe University of Alabama in HuntsvilleHuntsvilleAL
| | | | - Victoria McConnell
- Department of BiologyThe University of Alabama in HuntsvilleHuntsvilleAL
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Morales-Lange B, Nombela I, Ortega-Villaizán MDM, Imarai M, Schmitt P, Mercado L. Induction of foxp3 during the Crosstalk between Antigen Presenting Like-Cells MHCII +CD83 + and Splenocytes CD4 +IgM - in Rainbow Trout. Biology (Basel) 2021; 10:biology10040324. [PMID: 33924548 PMCID: PMC8069158 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary In aquatic biological models, the communication between cells from the immune system remains poorly characterized. In this work, to determine the gene expression of master transcriptional factors that coordinate the polarization of T cells, co-cultures of rainbow trout splenocytes are analyzed after stimulation with Interferon-gamma and/or Piscirickettsia salmonis. The results showed an upregulation of foxp3 compared to the other transcriptional factors, suggesting a potential communication between cells in the spleen, which may induce a Treg phenotype. Abstract In fish, the spleen is one of the major immune organs in the animal, and the splenocytes could play a key role in the activation and modulation of the immune response, both innate and adaptive. However, the crosstalk between different types of immune cells in the spleen has been poorly understood. In this work, an in vitro strategy is carried out to obtain and characterize mononuclear splenocytes from rainbow trout, using biomarkers associated with lymphocytes (CD4 and IgM) and antigen-presenting cells (CD83 and MHC II). Using these splenocytes, co-cultures of 24 and 48 h are used to determine the gene expression of master transcriptional factors that coordinate the polarization of T cells (t-bet, gata3, and foxp3). The results show a proportional upregulation of foxp3 (compared to t-bet and gata3) in co-cultures (at 24 h) of IFNγ-induced splenocytes with and without stimulation of Piscirickettsia salmonis proteins. In addition, foxp3 upregulation was established in co-cultures with IFNγ-induced cells and in cells only stimulated previously with P. salmonis proteins at 48 h of co-culture. These results show a potential communication between antigen-presenting-like cells and lymphocyte in the spleen, which could be induced towards a Treg phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Morales-Lange
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos en Organismos Acuáticos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile; (B.M.-L.); (P.S.)
| | - Ivan Nombela
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain; (I.N.); (M.D.M.O.-V.)
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, 3000 Flanders, Belgium
| | - María Del Mar Ortega-Villaizán
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC) and Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain; (I.N.); (M.D.M.O.-V.)
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Estación Central, 9160000 Santiago, Chile;
| | - Paulina Schmitt
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos en Organismos Acuáticos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile; (B.M.-L.); (P.S.)
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos en Organismos Acuáticos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile; (B.M.-L.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence:
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Oliveira E, Parikh A, Lopez-Ruiz A, Carrilo M, Goldberg J, Cearras M, Fernainy K, Andersen S, Mercado L, Guan J, Zafar H, Louzon P, Carr A, Baloch N, Pratley R, Silverstry S, Hsu V, Sniffen J, Herrera V, Finkler N. ICU outcomes and survival in patients with severe COVID-19 in the largest health care system in central Florida. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249038. [PMID: 33765049 PMCID: PMC7993561 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Observational studies have consistently described poor clinical outcomes and increased ICU mortality in patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) who require mechanical ventilation (MV). Our study describes the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with severe COVID-19 admitted to ICU in the largest health care system in the state of Florida, United States. Methods Retrospective cohort study of patients admitted to ICU due to severe COVID-19 in AdventHealth health system in Orlando, Florida from March 11th until May 18th, 2020. Patients were characterized based on demographics, baseline comorbidities, severity of illness, medical management including experimental therapies, laboratory markers and ventilator parameters. Major clinical outcomes analyzed at the end of the study period were: hospital and ICU length of stay, MV-related mortality and overall hospital mortality of ICU patients. Results Out of total of 1283 patients with COVID-19, 131 (10.2%) met criteria for ICU admission (median age: 61 years [interquartile range (IQR), 49.5–71.5]; 35.1% female). Common comorbidities were hypertension (84; 64.1%), and diabetes (54; 41.2%). Of the 131 ICU patients, 109 (83.2%) required MV and 9 (6.9%) received ECMO. Lower positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) were observed in survivors [9.2 (7.7–10.4)] vs non-survivors [10 (9.1–12.9] p = 0.004]. Compared to non-survivors, survivors had a longer MV length of stay (LOS) [14 (IQR 8–22) vs 8.5 (IQR 5–10.8) p< 0.001], Hospital LOS [21 (IQR 13–31) vs 10 (7–1) p< 0.001] and ICU LOS [14 (IQR 7–24) vs 9.5 (IQR 6–11), p < 0.001]. The overall hospital mortality and MV-related mortality were 19.8% and 23.8% respectively. After exclusion of hospitalized patients, the hospital and MV-related mortality rates were 21.6% and 26.5% respectively. Conclusions Our study demonstrates an important improvement in mortality of patients with severe COVID-19 who required ICU admission and MV in comparison to previous observational reports and emphasizes the importance of standard of care measures in the management of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Oliveira
- Division of Critical Care – AdventHealth Medical Group, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Amay Parikh
- Division of Critical Care – AdventHealth Medical Group, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Arnaldo Lopez-Ruiz
- Division of Critical Care – AdventHealth Medical Group, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Maria Carrilo
- Division of Critical Care – AdventHealth Medical Group, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Joshua Goldberg
- Division of Critical Care – AdventHealth Medical Group, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Martin Cearras
- Division of Critical Care – AdventHealth Medical Group, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Khaled Fernainy
- Division of Critical Care – AdventHealth Medical Group, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Sonja Andersen
- Division of Critical Care – AdventHealth Medical Group, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Luis Mercado
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jian Guan
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hammad Zafar
- Internal Medicine Residency Program, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Patricia Louzon
- Pharmacy Department, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Amy Carr
- Pharmacy Department, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Natasha Baloch
- Division of Critical Care – AdventHealth Medical Group, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Richard Pratley
- Research Institute, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Scott Silverstry
- Transplant Institute, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Vincent Hsu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jason Sniffen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Victor Herrera
- Division of Infectious Diseases, AdventHealth Orlando, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
| | - Neil Finkler
- AdventHealth Orlando Central Florida Division, Orlando, Florida, United States of America
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Agboola JO, Schiavone M, Øverland M, Morales-Lange B, Lagos L, Arntzen MØ, Lapeña D, Eijsink VGH, Horn SJ, Mydland LT, François JM, Mercado L, Hansen JØ. Impact of down-stream processing on functional properties of yeasts and the implications on gut health of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). Sci Rep 2021; 11:4496. [PMID: 33627754 PMCID: PMC7904851 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83764-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeasts are becoming popular as novel ingredients in fish feeds because of their potential to support better growth and concomitantly ensure good fish health. Here, three species of yeasts (Cyberlindnera jadinii, Blastobotrys adeninivorans and Wickerhamomyces anomalus), grown on wood sugars and hydrolysates of chicken were subjected to two down-stream processes, either direct heat-inactivation or autolysis, and the feed potential of the resulting yeast preparations was assessed through a feeding trial with Atlantic salmon fry. Histological examination of distal intestine based on widening of lamina propria, showed that autolyzed W. anomalus was effective in alleviating mild intestinal enteritis, while only limited effects were observed for other yeasts. Our results showed that the functionality of yeast in counteracting intestinal enteritis in Atlantic salmon was dependent on both the type of yeast and the down-stream processing method, and demonstrated that C. jadinii and W. anomalus have promising effects on gut health of Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeleel Opeyemi Agboola
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XDepartment of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Marion Schiavone
- grid.432671.5Lallemand SAS, 19 rue des Briquetiers, BP59, 31702 Blagnac, France ,grid.461574.50000 0001 2286 8343TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France ,grid.462430.70000 0001 2188 216XLAAS-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Margareth Øverland
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XDepartment of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Byron Morales-Lange
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XDepartment of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Leidy Lagos
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XDepartment of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Magnus Øverlie Arntzen
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - David Lapeña
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Svein Jarle Horn
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XFaculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Liv Torunn Mydland
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XDepartment of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Jean Marie François
- grid.461574.50000 0001 2286 8343TBI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRAE, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Luis Mercado
- grid.8170.e0000 0001 1537 5962Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos en Organismos Acuáticos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jon Øvrum Hansen
- grid.19477.3c0000 0004 0607 975XDepartment of Animal and Aquacultural Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway
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Djordjevic B, Morales-Lange B, McLean Press C, Olson J, Lagos L, Mercado L, Øverland M. Comparison of Circulating Markers and Mucosal Immune Parameters from Skin and Distal Intestine of Atlantic Salmon in Two Models of Acute Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031028. [PMID: 33494146 PMCID: PMC7864346 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ensuring salmon health and welfare is crucial to maximize production in recirculation aquaculture systems. Healthy and robust mucosal surfaces of the skin and intestine are essential to achieve this goal because they are the first immunological defenses and are constantly exposed to multistressor conditions, such as infectious diseases, suboptimal nutrition, and environmental and handling stress. In this work, Atlantic salmon, split from a single cohort, were subjected to acute hypoxia stress or 15-min crowding stress and observed over a 24-h recovery period. Samples were collected from fish at 0, 1, 3, 6, 12 and 24 h post-stress to analyze plasma-circulating markers of endocrine function (cortisol), oxidative stress (glutathione peroxidase) and immune function (interleukin 10 (IL-10), annexin A1). In addition, mucosal barrier function parameters were measured in the skin mucus (Muc-like protein and lysozyme) and distal intestine (simple folds, goblet cell size and goblet cell area). The results showed that both acute stress models induced increases of circulating cortisol in plasma (1 h post-stress), which then returned to baseline values (initial control) at 24 h post-stress. Moreover, the hypoxia stress was mostly related to increased oxidative stress and IL-10 production, whereas the crowding stress was associated with a higher production of Muc-like protein and lysozyme in the skin mucus. Interestingly, in the distal intestine, smaller goblet cells were detected immediately and one hour after post-hypoxia stress, which could be related to rapid release of the cellular content to protect this organ. Finally, the correlation of different markers in the hypoxic stress model showed that the circulating levels of cortisol and IL-10 were directly proportional, while the availability of Muc-like proteins was inversely proportional to the size of the goblet cells. On the other hand, in the crowding stress model, a proportional relationship was established between plasma cortisol levels and skin mucus lysozyme. Our results suggest key differences in energy partitioning between the two acute stress models and support the need for further investigation into the interplay of multistressor conditions and strategies to modulate immunological aspects of mucosal surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brankica Djordjevic
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway; (L.L.); (M.Ø.)
- Correspondence: (B.D.); (B.M-L.)
| | - Byron Morales-Lange
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway; (L.L.); (M.Ø.)
- Correspondence: (B.D.); (B.M-L.)
| | - Charles McLean Press
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway;
| | - Jake Olson
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Leidy Lagos
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway; (L.L.); (M.Ø.)
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos en Organismos Acuáticos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2950 Valparaíso, Chile;
| | - Margareth Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1430 Ås, Norway; (L.L.); (M.Ø.)
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34
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Sendra M, Pereiro P, Yeste MP, Mercado L, Figueras A, Novoa B. Size matters: Zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model to study toxicity of nanoplastics from cells to the whole organism. Environ Pollut 2021; 268:115769. [PMID: 33070068 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of the aquatic environment by plastic nanoparticles is becoming a major concern due to their potential adverse effects in aquatic biota. Therefore, in-depth knowledge of their uptake, trafficking and effects at cellular and systemic levels is essential to understand their potential impacts for aquatic species. In this work, zebrafish (Danio rerio) was used as a model and our aims were: i) to determine the distribution, uptake, trafficking, degradation and genotoxicity of polystyrene (PS) NPs of different sizes in a zebrafish cell line; ii) to study PS NPs accumulation, migration of immune cells and genotoxicity in larvae exposed to PS NPs; and iii) to assess how PS NPs condition the survival of zebrafish larvae exposed to a pathogen and/or how they impact the resistance of an immunodeficient zebrafish. Our results revealed that the cellular distribution differed depending on the particle size: the 50 nm PS NPs were more homogeneously distributed in the cytoplasm and the 1 μM PS NPs more agglomerated. The main endocytic mechanisms for the uptake of NPs were dynamin-dependent internalization for the 50 nm NPs and phagocytosis for the 1 μm nanoparticles. In both cases, degradation in lysosomes was the main fate of the PS NPs, which generated alkalinisation and modified cathepsin genes expression. These effects at cellular level agree with the results in vivo, since lysosomal alkalization increases oxidative stress and vice versa. Nanoparticles mainly accumulated in the gut, where they triggered reactive oxygen species, decreased expression of the antioxidant gene catalase and induced migration of immune cells. Finally, although PS NPs did not induce mortality in wild-type larvae, immunodeficient and infected larvae had decreased survival upon exposure to PS NPs. This fact could be explained by the mechanical disruption and/or the oxidative damage caused by these NPs that increase their susceptibility to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sendra
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - P Pereiro
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - M P Yeste
- Department of Material Science, Metallurgical Engineering and Inorganic Chemistry, University of Cádiz, Spain
| | - L Mercado
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - A Figueras
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain
| | - B Novoa
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208, Vigo, Spain.
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35
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Wilkerson Vidal QC, Collins G, Mercado L, Martin S, Wright LC, Gibson H, Love-Rutledge S. Gene Expression in LEW.1WR1 Rats Indicate Insulin Resistance in Muscle and Liver Tissue. FASEB J 2020. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.03653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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36
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Soto-Covasich J, Reyes-Farias M, Torres R, Vasquez K, Duarte L, Quezada J, Jimenez P, Pino M, Garcia-Nannig L, Mercado L, Garcia-Diaz D. A polyphenol-rich Calafate (Berberis microphylla) extract rescues glucose tolerance in mice fed with cafeteria diet. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.103856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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37
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Valero Y, Arizcun M, Cortés J, Ramírez-Cepeda F, Guzmán F, Mercado L, Esteban MÁ, Chaves-Pozo E, Cuesta A. NK-lysin, dicentracin and hepcidin antimicrobial peptides in European sea bass. Ontogenetic development and modulation in juveniles by nodavirus. Dev Comp Immunol 2020; 103:103516. [PMID: 31593708 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered to be amongst the most powerful tools for the fight against pathogens in fish, since they form part of the innate immune response, which is especially vital in eggs and early larval stages, when the immune system is developing. The fish responsible for a large part of the profits in Mediterranean aquaculture is European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), a species greatly susceptible to nodavirus (NNV), especially in the larval and juvenile stages. In this work, polyclonal antibodies were developed and used to detect and quantify NK-lysin, dicentracin and hepcidin AMPs in European sea bass eggs and during larval development, as well as to evaluate their regulation in juvenile specimens upon NNV infection. Basal and detectable levels of all the AMPs studied were present in eggs, confirming the maternal transfer of peptides, which increased in one or two waves during larval development up to 69 days post-fertilization. After NNV infection, the mRNA of all the AMPs analysed was up-regulated five days after infection in most of the tissues, whilst peptide quantification of all three AMPs decreased in the brain, the target tissue for NNV, but increased in the head-kidney 5 days after infection. Further research should be carried out to ascertain the role of AMPs in fish innate immunity and to understand how NNV evades the immune response to be disseminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulema Valero
- Oceanographic Centre of Murcia, Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía S/n, 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain; Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus Regional de Excelencia Internacional "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain; Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Marta Arizcun
- Oceanographic Centre of Murcia, Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía S/n, 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Jimena Cortés
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Felipe Ramírez-Cepeda
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Fanny Guzmán
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Oceanographic Centre of Murcia, Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía S/n, 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Oceanographic Centre of Murcia, Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía S/n, 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Oceanographic Centre of Murcia, Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO), Carretera de la Azohía S/n, 30860, Puerto de Mazarrón, Murcia, Spain.
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38
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Muñoz K, Flores-Herrera P, Gonçalves AT, Rojas C, Yáñez C, Mercado L, Brokordt K, Schmitt P. The immune response of the scallop Argopecten purpuratus is associated with changes in the host microbiota structure and diversity. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 91:241-250. [PMID: 31100440 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
All organisms live in close association with a variety of microorganisms called microbiota. Furthermore, several studies support a fundamental role of the microbiota on the host health and homeostasis. In this context, the aim of this work was to determine the structure and diversity of the microbiota associated with the scallop Argopecten purpuratus, and to assess changes in community composition and diversity during the host immune response. To do this, adult scallops were immune challenged and sampled after 24 and 48 h. Activation of the immune response was established by transcript overexpression of several scallop immune response genes in hemocytes and gills, and confirmed by protein detection of the antimicrobial peptide big defensin in gills of Vibrio-injected scallops at 24 h post-challenge. Then, the major bacterial community profile present in individual scallops was assessed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of 16S rDNA genes and dendrogram analyses, which indicated a clear clade differentiation of the bacterial communities noticeable at 48 h post-challenge. Finally, the microbiota structure and diversity from pools of scallops were characterized using 16S deep amplicon sequencing. The results revealed an overall modulation of the microbiota abundance and diversity according to scallop immune status, allowing for prediction of some changes in the functional potential of the microbial community. Overall, the present study showed that changes in the structure and diversity of bacterial communities associated with the scallop A. purpuratus are detected after the activation of the host immune response. Now, the relevance of microbial balance disruption in the immune capacity of the scallop remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - P Flores-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - A T Gonçalves
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología y Genómica Acuícola - Centro Interdisciplinario para la Investigación Acuícola (INCAR), Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - C Rojas
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - C Yáñez
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - L Mercado
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - K Brokordt
- Laboratory of Marine Physiology and Genetics (FIGEMA), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA) and Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - P Schmitt
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
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Puente-Marin S, Thwaite R, Mercado L, Coll J, Roher N, Ortega-Villaizan MDM. Fish Red Blood Cells Modulate Immune Genes in Response to Bacterial Inclusion Bodies Made of TNFα and a G-VHSV Fragment. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1055. [PMID: 31178858 PMCID: PMC6538768 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish Red-Blood Cells (RBCs) are nucleated cells that can modulate the expression of different sets of genes in response to stimuli, playing an active role in the homeostasis of the fish immune system. Nowadays, vaccination is one of the main ways to control and prevent viral diseases in aquaculture and the development of novel vaccination approaches is a focal point in fish vaccinology. One of the strategies that has recently emerged is the use of nanostructured recombinant proteins. Nanostructured cytokines have already been shown to immunostimulate and protect fish against bacterial infections. To explore the role of RBCs in the immune response to two nanostructured recombinant proteins, TNFα and a G-VHSV protein fragment, we performed different in vitro and in vivo studies. We show for the first time that rainbow trout RBCs are able to endocytose nanostructured TNFα and G-VHSV protein fragment in vitro, despite not being phagocytic cells, and in response to nanostructured TNFα and G-VHSV fragment, the expression of different immune genes could be modulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Puente-Marin
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Elche, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnologîa Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Elche, Spain
| | - Rosemary Thwaite
- Department Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia Animal i Immunologia, Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Julio Coll
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Roher
- Department Biologia Cellular, Fisiologia Animal i Immunologia, Institut de Biotecnologia i de Biomedicina (IBB), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Del Mar Ortega-Villaizan
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Elche, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnologîa Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Elche, Spain
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40
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Nombela I, Requena-Platek R, Morales-Lange B, Chico V, Puente-Marin S, Ciordia S, Mena MC, Coll J, Perez L, Mercado L, Ortega-Villaizan MDM. Rainbow Trout Red Blood Cells Exposed to Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Up-Regulate Antigen-Processing Mechanisms and MHC I&II, CD86, and CD83 Antigen-presenting Cell Markers. Cells 2019; 8:E386. [PMID: 31035565 PMCID: PMC6562805 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleated teleost red blood cells (RBCs) are known to express molecules from the major histocompatibility complex and peptide-generating processes such as autophagy and proteasomes, but the role of RBCs in antigen presentation of viruses have not been studied yet. In this study, RBCs exposed ex vivo to viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) were evaluated by means of transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. Genes and proteins related to antigen presentation molecules, proteasome degradation, and autophagy were up-regulated. VHSV induced accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins in ex vivo VHSV-exposed RBCs and showed at the same time a decrease of proteasome activity. Furthermore, induction of autophagy was detected by evaluating LC3 protein levels. Sequestosome-1/p62 underwent degradation early after VHSV exposure, and it may be a link between ubiquitination and autophagy activation. Inhibition of autophagosome degradation with niclosamide resulted in intracellular detection of N protein of VHSV (NVHSV) and p62 accumulation. In addition, antigen presentation cell markers, such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I & II, CD83, and CD86, increased at the transcriptional and translational level in rainbow trout RBCs exposed to VHSV. In summary, we show that nucleated rainbow trout RBCs can degrade VHSV while displaying an antigen-presenting cell (APC)-like profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Nombela
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - Ricardo Requena-Platek
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - Byron Morales-Lange
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, 2373223 Valparaiso, Chile.
| | - Veronica Chico
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - Sara Puente-Marin
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB- CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Carmen Mena
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB- CSIC), 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Julio Coll
- Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Perez
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain.
| | - Luis Mercado
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaiso, 2373223 Valparaiso, Chile.
| | - Maria Del Mar Ortega-Villaizan
- Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnología Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE) and Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), 03202 Elche, Spain.
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Chico V, Salvador-Mira ME, Nombela I, Puente-Marin S, Ciordia S, Mena MC, Perez L, Coll J, Guzman F, Encinar JA, Mercado L, Ortega-Villaizan MDM. IFIT5 Participates in the Antiviral Mechanisms of Rainbow Trout Red Blood Cells. Front Immunol 2019; 10:613. [PMID: 31040842 PMCID: PMC6476978 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) infection appears to be halted in rainbow trout nucleated red blood cells (RBCs). Diverse mechanisms are thought to be related to the antiviral immune response of rainbow trout RBCs to VHSV. However, the specific rainbow trout RBC proteins that interact directly with VHSV are still unknown. In an attempt to identify VHSV-RBC protein interactions, we characterized the immunoprecipitated (IP) proteome of RBCs exposed to VHSV using an antibody against the N protein of VHSV. The IP proteomic characterization identified 31 proteins by mass spectrometry analysis. Among them, we identified interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 5 (IFIT5), a protein belonging to a family of proteins that are induced after the production of type I interferon. Importantly, IFIT5 has been implicated in the antiviral immune response. We confirmed the participation of IFIT5 in the rainbow trout RBC antiviral response by examining the expression profile of IFIT5 in RBCs after VHSV exposure at transcriptional and protein levels. We detected a correlation between the highest IFIT5 expression levels and the decline in VHSV replication at 6 h post-exposure. In addition, silencing ifit5 resulted in a significant increase in VHSV replication in RBCs. Moreover, an increase in VHSV replication was observed in RBCs when the IFIT5 RNA-binding pocket cavity was modulated by using a natural compound from the SuperNatural II database. We performed a proximity ligation assay and detected a significant increase in positive cells among VHSV-exposed RBCs compared to unexposed RBCs, indicating protein-protein colocalization between IFIT5 and the glycoprotein G of VHSV. In summary, these results suggest a possible role of IFIT5 in the antiviral response of RBCs against VHSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Chico
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Elche, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnologîa Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Elche, Spain
| | - Maria Elizabhet Salvador-Mira
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Elche, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnologîa Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Elche, Spain
| | - Ivan Nombela
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Elche, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnologîa Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Elche, Spain
| | - Sara Puente-Marin
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Elche, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnologîa Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Elche, Spain
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Carmen Mena
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Perez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Elche, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnologîa Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Elche, Spain
| | - Julio Coll
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones y Tecnologías Agrarias y Alimentarias (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Fanny Guzman
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jose Antonio Encinar
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Elche, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnologîa Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Elche, Spain
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Maria Del Mar Ortega-Villaizan
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Elche, Spain.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Instituto de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación en Biotecnologîa Sanitaria de Elche (IDiBE), Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Elche, Spain
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42
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Collins G, Clopp A, Mercado L, Gibson H, Love-Rutledge S. SAT-LB032 Young Adult LEW.1WR1 Rats Develop Increased Glucose Intolerance on a Moderately Increased Sucrose Diet. J Endocr Soc 2019. [PMCID: PMC6551810 DOI: 10.1210/js.2019-sat-lb032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
FAT10 is an ubiquitin-like protein and Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) susceptibility gene that may play a role in age-related inflammation, adiposity, and cancer risk. The LEW.1WR1(1WR1) rat overexpresses FAT10 and has higher fasting concentrations of blood insulin and triglyceride during the induction of T1D. FAT10 is hypothesized to play a role in the expression of adipogenic genes; however, it is unclear if overexpression of FAT10 directly affects insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. We hypothesize that young adult 1WR1 rats will have increased glucose intolerance due to the poor regulation of insulin secretion which over time leads to reduced insulin sensitivity and increased adiposity. To test this hypothesis, we monitored glucose and insulin tolerance by glucose (GTT) or insulin tolerance (ITT) test and weight gain throughout 12 weeks on high fat and high sucrose (HFD) or moderate sucrose (MS) diet. The LEW/ssNHsd (SsNHsd) rat serves as a control rat. All experiments contain seven rats per group. We observed that at four weeks, the HFD diet rat groups had increased but non-significant fasting blood glucose levels during an ITT (109 +/- 4 mg/dL 1WR1-MS; 113 +/- 5 mg/dL SsNHsd-MS; 132 +/- 6 mg/dL 1WR1 HFD; or 131 +/- 13 mg/dL SsNHsd-HFD.) At ten weeks, the 1WR1-MS rats were more glucose intolerant than the control SsNHsd-MS rat (311.7 +/- 64 mg/dL vs. 194 +/- 53 mg/dL; p=0.09.) We compared the eight week GTT of the 1WR1-MS rats to a GTT before starting the diets (zero weeks) and the thirty minute time points are significantly different for the 1WR1-MS after 8 weeks on the MS diet compared to both the 1WR1-MS and SsNHsd-MS prior to the MS diet ( 164 +/- 27 mg/dL zero weeks 1WR1; 167 +/- 26 mg/dL zero weeks SsNHsd; 311 +/-64 mg/dL eight weeks 1WR1-MS p< 0.0001). 1WR1 rats on both diets also gained weight at similar rates, yet the total abdominal fat mass of the 1WR1-MS rats was not increased compared to the SsNHsd-MS (17.43 +/- 3.48 g 1WR1-MS vs. 16.42 +/- 2.73 g SsNHsd-MS p=0.94 and 24.64 +/- 4.27 g 1WR1-HFD p=0.004) and 1WR1 rat epididymal fat was not significantly different between the two diets compared to the significant difference in SsNHsd rats groups (5.85+/-1.01 1WR1-MS vs. 7.27+/- 1.42 1WR1-HFD p=0.07; 4.63 +/- 0.81 vs. 6.77 +/- 0.65 p=0.0052.) This data suggests that metabolic shifts are occurring in the 1WR1 rat, due to either increased sucrose intake or aging. These shifts reflected the increased glucose intolerance after eight weeks and the changes in abdominal fat pads relative to body mass. This study lays the groundwork for characterizing how alterations in FAT10 increase metabolic dysfunction through aging, glucose metabolism, insulin secretion/signaling, and lipid metabolism/catabolism. Unless otherwise noted, all abstracts presented at ENDO are embargoed until the date and time of presentation. For oral presentations, the abstracts are embargoed until the session begins. Abstracts presented at a news conference are embargoed until the date and time of the news conference. The Endocrine Society reserves the right to lift the embargo on specific abstracts that are selected for promotion prior to or during ENDO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genoah Collins
- University of Alabama at Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Amelia Clopp
- University of Alabama at Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Luis Mercado
- University of Alabama at Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, United States
| | - Helen Gibson
- University of Alabama at Huntsville, Huntsville, AL, United States
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Valenzuela CA, Escobar-Aguirre S, Zuloaga R, Vera-Tobar T, Mercado L, Björnsson BT, Valdés JA, Molina A. Stocking density induces differential expression of immune-related genes in skeletal muscle and head kidney of fine flounder (Paralichthys adspersus). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 210:23-27. [PMID: 30947976 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunity can be modulated by different internal and external factors, being stress one of the most important. However, the stress effects on the immunocompetence of the skeletal muscle has not been studied in detail in earlier vertebrates. Here, we examine the effect of chronic (4 and 7 weeks) crowding stress on the immunocompetence of skeletal muscle and head kidney in the fine flounder (Paralichthys adspersus). Corticosteroid receptor transcript levels and their target genes; pro-inflammatory cytokines, and Toll-, NOD-, and RIG-like receptors were quantified by qPCR. The results indicate that chronic stress down-regulates the expression of these genes in muscle, compromising skeletal muscle immunocompetence, while the expression of these genes is upregulated in head kidney after seven weeks of crowding stress. The data suggests that chronic stress modulates the expression of these immune-related genes in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristián A Valenzuela
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepcion, Chile.
| | - Sebastián Escobar-Aguirre
- Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 7820436 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo Zuloaga
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Tamara Vera-Tobar
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepcion, Chile.
| | - Luis Mercado
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Björn Thrandur Björnsson
- Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Juan A Valdés
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepcion, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Alfredo Molina
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepcion, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile.
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Valero Y, Cortés J, Mercado L. NK-lysin from skin-secreted mucus of Atlantic salmon and its potential role in bacteriostatic activity. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2019; 87:410-413. [PMID: 30703553 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
NK-lysin, despite being a direct effector of cytotoxic T and natural killer cells, is an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) with known antibacterial function in vertebrates and so in fish. Its presence has been described in different tissues of teleost fish. One of the strongest antimicrobial barriers in fish is skin-secreted mucus; however, this mucus has been found to contain only a small number of AMPs. The present study describes for the first time the constitutive expression of NK-lysin in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) mucus produced by the skin, recording the AMP at a higher concentration than in serum with greater bacteriostatic activity. Hepcidin may be involved to a greater extent in systemic responses since it was expressed to a higher degree in serum which was more potent for alternative complement and peroxidase activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulema Valero
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Jimena Cortés
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile; Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
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Brokordt K, Defranchi Y, Espósito I, Cárcamo C, Schmitt P, Mercado L, de la Fuente-Ortega E, Rivera-Ingraham GA. Reproduction Immunity Trade-Off in a Mollusk: Hemocyte Energy Metabolism Underlies Cellular and Molecular Immune Responses. Front Physiol 2019; 10:77. [PMID: 30804806 PMCID: PMC6378683 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses, as well as reproduction, are energy-hungry processes, particularly in broadcast spawners such as scallops. Thus, we aimed to explore the potential reproduction-immunity trade-off in Argopecten purpuratus, a species with great economic importance for Chile and Peru. Hemocytes, key immunological cells in mollusks, were the center of this study, where we addressed for the first time the relation between reproductive stage, hemocyte metabolic energetics and their capacity to support immune responses at cellular and molecular levels. Hemocyte metabolic capacity was assessed by their respiration rates, mitochondrial membrane potential and citrate synthase (CS) activity. Cellular immune parameters such as the number of circulating and tissue-infiltrating hemocytes and their reactive oxygen species (ROS) production capacity were considered. Molecular immune responses were examined through the transcriptional levels of two pattern recognition receptors (ApCLec and ApTLR) and two anti-microbial effectors (ferritin and big defensin). Their expressions were measured in hemocytes from immature, matured and spawned scallops under basal, and one of the following challenges: (i) in vitro, where hemocytes were challenged with the β glucan zymosan, to determine the immune potentiality under standardized conditions; or (ii) in vivo challenge, using hemocytes from scallops injected with the pathogenic bacteria Vibrio splendidus. Results indicate a post-spawning decrease in the structural components of the immune system (hemocyte number/quality) and their potential capacity of performing immune functions (with reduced ATP-producing machinery and exhaustion of energy reserves). Both in vitro and in vivo challenges demonstrate that hemocytes from immature scallops have, in most cases, the best metabolic potential (increased CS activity) and immune performances, with for example, over threefold higher ROS production and tissue-infiltration capacity than those from mature and spawned scallops after the bacterial challenge. Agreeing with cellular responses, hemocytes from immature individuals induced the highest levels of immune receptors and antimicrobial effectors after the bacterial challenge, while spawned scallops presented the lowest values. Overall, results suggest a trade-off between resource allocation in reproduction and the immune responses in A. purpuratus, with hemocyte energy metabolic capacity potentially underlying cellular and molecular immune responses. Further research would be necessary to explore regulatory mechanisms such as signaling pleiotropy which may potentially be underlying this trade-off.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherina Brokordt
- Laboratory of Marine Physiology and Genetics, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Centro de Innovación Acuícola AquaPacífico, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Yohana Defranchi
- Laboratory of Marine Physiology and Genetics, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Centro de Innovación Acuícola AquaPacífico, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Magister en Ciencias del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Ignacio Espósito
- Laboratory of Marine Physiology and Genetics, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Claudia Cárcamo
- Laboratory of Marine Physiology and Genetics, Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
- Centro de Innovación Acuícola AquaPacífico, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Paulina Schmitt
- Grupo de Marcadores Immunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Immunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Immunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Immunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Erwin de la Fuente-Ortega
- Departamento de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo, Chile
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Mercado L, Azorin JM, Platas M, Ubeda A, Quiroz G. Offline Lower-Limb Kinematic Decodification by Segments of EEG Signals. Annu Int Conf IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2018; 2018:2398-2401. [PMID: 30440890 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2018.8512840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In this work, hip and knee angles were decoded from low frequency EEG components recorded during the execution of two tasks. In order to compare their performance, three decoders based on multiple linear regression (MLR) models were applied under different conditions; which consisted in considering the processed data as a whole or divided into segments. Results suggest that, when the segments are related to specific tasks, the segmentation provides a better performance than applying the decoding method to unsegmented data.
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Maturano Y, Lerena M, Mestre M, Casassa L, Toro M, Vazquez F, Mercado L, Combina M. Inoculation strategies to improve persistence and implantation of commercial S. cerevisiae strains in red wines produced with prefermentative cold soak. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.07.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Coba de la Peña T, Cárcamo CB, Díaz MI, Winkler FM, Morales-Lange B, Mercado L, Brokordt KB. Cloning and molecular characterization of two ferritins from red abalone Haliotis rufescens and their expressions in response to bacterial challenge at juvenile and adult life stages. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2018; 82:279-285. [PMID: 30125708 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ferritins are ubiquitous proteins with a pivotal role in iron storage and homeostasis, and in host defense responses during infection by pathogens in several organisms, including mollusks. In this study, we characterized two ferritin homologues in the red abalone Haliotis rufescens, a species of economic importance for Chile, USA and Mexico. Two ferritin subunits (Hrfer1 and Hrfer2) were cloned. Hrfer1 cDNA is an 807 bp clone containing a 516 bp open reading frame (ORF) that corresponds to a novel ferritin subunit in H. rufescens. Hrfer2 cDNA is an 868 bp clone containing a 516 bp ORF that corresponds to a previously reported ferritin subunit, but in this study 5'- and 3'-UTR sequences were additionally found. We detected a putative Iron Responsive Element (IRE) in the 5'-UTR sequence, suggesting a posttranscriptional regulation of Hrfer2 translation by iron. The deduced protein sequences of both cDNAs possessed the motifs and domains required in functional ferritin subunits. Expression patterns of both ferritins in different tissues, during different developmental stages, and in response to bacterial (Vibrio splendidus) exposure were examined. Both Hrfer1 and Hrfer2 are most expressed in digestive gland and gonad. Hrfer1 mRNA levels increased about 34-fold along with larval developmental process, attaining the highest level in the creeping post-larvae. Exogenous feeding is initiated at the creeping larva stage; thus, the increase of Hrfer1 may suggest and immunity-related role upon exposure to bacteria. Highest Hrfer2 expression levels were detected at trochophore stage; which may be related with early shell formation. Upon challenge with, the bacteria an early mild induction of Hrfer2 (2 h post-challenge), followed by a stronger induction of Hrfer1 at 15 h post-challenge, was observed in haemocytes from adult abalones. While maximal upregulation of both genes in the whole individual occurred at 24 h post-challenge, in juveniles. A significant increase in ferritin protein levels from 6 h to 24 h post-challenge was also detected. Our results suggest an involvement of Hrfer1 and Hrfer2, and of ferritin proteins in the immune response of H. rufescens to bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodoro Coba de la Peña
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA) and Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo, 1281, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Claudia B Cárcamo
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA) and Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo, 1281, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Innovación Acuícola AquaPacífico, Facultad de Ciencias Del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo, 1281, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - María I Díaz
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA) and Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo, 1281, Coquimbo, Chile; Programa de Magíster en Ciencias Del Mar Mención Recursos Costeros, Facultad de Ciencias Del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo, 1281, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Federico M Winkler
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA) and Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo, 1281, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Innovación Acuícola AquaPacífico, Facultad de Ciencias Del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo, 1281, Coquimbo, Chile; Departamento de Biología Marina, Facultad de Ciencias Del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo, 1281, Coquimbo, Chile
| | - Byron Morales-Lange
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2373223, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Luis Mercado
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2373223, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Katherina B Brokordt
- Laboratorio de Fisiología y Genética Marina (FIGEMA), Centro de Estudios Avanzados en Zonas Áridas (CEAZA) and Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo, 1281, Coquimbo, Chile; Centro de Innovación Acuícola AquaPacífico, Facultad de Ciencias Del Mar, Universidad Católica del Norte, Larrondo, 1281, Coquimbo, Chile.
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Puente-Marin S, Nombela I, Chico V, Ciordia S, Mena MC, Coll J, Mercado L, Ortega-Villaizan MDM. Rainbow Trout Erythrocytes ex vivo Transfection With a DNA Vaccine Encoding VHSV Glycoprotein G Induces an Antiviral Immune Response. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2477. [PMID: 30429850 PMCID: PMC6220650 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish red blood cells (RBCs), are integral in several biologic processes relevant to immunity, such as pathogen recognition, pathogen binding and clearance, and production of effector molecules and cytokines. So far, one of the best strategies to control and prevent viral diseases in aquaculture is DNA immunization. DNA vaccines (based on the rhabdoviral glycoprotein G [gpG] gene) have been shown to be effective against fish rhabdoviruses. However, more knowledge about the immune response triggered by DNA immunization is necessary to develop novel and more effective strategies. In this study, we investigated the role of fish RBCs in immune responses induced by DNA vaccines. We show for the first time that rainbow trout RBCs express gpG of viral hemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV) (GVHSV) when transfected with the DNA vaccine ex vivo and modulate the expression of immune genes and proteins. Functional network analysis of transcriptome profiling of RBCs expressing GVHSV revealed changes in gene expression related to G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR)-downstream signaling, complement activation, and RAR related orphan receptor α (RORA). Proteomic profile functional network analysis of GVHSV-transfected RBCs revealed proteins involved in the detoxification of reactive oxygen species, interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) antiviral mechanisms, antigen presentation of exogenous peptides, and the proteasome. Conditioned medium of GVHSV-transfected RBCs conferred antiviral protection and induced ifn1 and mx gene expression in RTG-2 cells infected with VHSV. In summary, rainbow trout nucleated RBCs could be actively participating in the regulation of the fish immune response to GVHSV DNA vaccine, and thus may represent a possible carrier cells for the development of new vaccine approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Puente-Marin
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Ivan Nombela
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Veronica Chico
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad Miguel Hernández, Elche, Spain
| | - Sergio Ciordia
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Carmen Mena
- Unidad de Proteómica, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Coll
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agrarias, Biotecnología, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Mercado
- Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Valparaíso, Chile
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Boltana S, Sanhueza N, Donoso A, Aguilar A, Crespo D, Vergara D, Arriagada G, Morales-Lange B, Mercado L, Rey S, Tort L, Mackenzie S. The expression of TRPV channels, prostaglandin E2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines during behavioural fever in fish. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 71:169-181. [PMID: 29574261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A fever, or increased body temperature, is a symptom of inflammation, which is a complex defence reaction of the organism to pathogenic infections. After pathogens enter the body, immune cells secrete a number of agents, the functions of which stimulate the body to develop a functional immune and fever response. In mammals it is known that PGE2 is the principal mediator of fever. The extent to which PGE2 and other pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-6, or IL-1β could be involved in the induction of behavioural fever in fish remains to be clarified. Several members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) family of ion channels have been implicated as transducers of thermal stimuli, including TRPV1 and TRPV2, which are activated by heat. Here we show that members of the TRP family, TRPV1 and TRPV4, may participate in the coordination of temperature sensing during the behavioural fever. To examine the behavioral fever mechanism in Salmo salar an infection with IPNV, infectious pancreatic necrosis virus, was carried out by an immersion challenge with 10 × 105 PFU/mL-1 of IPNV. Behavioural fever impacted upon the expression levels of both TRPV1 and TRPV4 mRNAs after the viral challenge and revealed a juxtaposed regulation of TRPV channels. Our results suggest that an increase in the mRNA abundance of TRPV1 is tightly correlated with a significant elevation in the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and PGE2) in the Pre-Optic Area (POA) and cytokine release in plasma. Together, these data indicate that the reduction of TRPV4 expression during behavioural fever may contribute to the onset of behavioural fever influencing movement toward higher water temperatures. Our data also suggest an effect of TRPV channels in the regulation of behavioural fever through activation of EP3 receptors in the central nervous system by PGE2 induced by plasma-borne cytokines. These results highlight for first time in mobile ectotherms the key role of pro-inflammatory cytokines and TRPV channels in behavioural fever that likely involves a complex integration of prostaglandin induction, cytokine recognition and temperature sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Boltana
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile.
| | - Nataly Sanhueza
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Andrea Donoso
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Andrea Aguilar
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Diego Crespo
- Reproductive Biology Group, Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Kruyt Building, Room O809, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Daniela Vergara
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Gabriel Arriagada
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Department of Oceanography, Biotechnology Center, University of Concepción, 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Byron Morales-Lange
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunologicos, Instituto de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunologicos, Instituto de Biologia, Facultad de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Sonia Rey
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Stirlingshire FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Lluis Tort
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Simon Mackenzie
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Stirlingshire FK9 4LA, UK
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