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Carrizo V, Valenzuela CA, Aros C, Dettleff P, Valenzuela-Muñoz V, Gallardo-Escarate C, Altamirano C, Molina A, Valdés JA. Transcriptomic analysis reveals a Piscirickettsia salmonis-induced early inflammatory response in rainbow trout skeletal muscle. Comp Biochem Physiol Part D Genomics Proteomics 2021; 39:100859. [PMID: 34087760 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is the most abundant tissue in teleosts and is essential for movement and metabolism. Recently, it has been described that skeletal muscle can express and secrete immune-related molecules during pathogen infection. However, the role of this tissue during infection is poorly understood. To determine the immunocompetence of fish skeletal muscle, juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were challenged with Piscirickettsia salmonis strain LF-89. P. salmonis is the etiological agent of piscirickettsiosis, a severe disease that has caused major economic losses in the aquaculture industry. This gram-negative bacterium produces a chronic systemic infection that involves several organs and tissues in salmonids. Using high-throughput RNA-seq, we found that 60 transcripts were upregulated in skeletal muscle, mostly associated with inflammatory response and positive regulation of interleukin-8 production. Conversely, 141 transcripts were downregulated in association with muscle filament sliding and actin filament-based movement. To validate these results, we performed in vitro experiments using rainbow trout myotubes. In myotubes coincubated with P. salmonis strain LF-89 at an MOI of 50, we found increased expression of the proinflammatory cytokine il1b and the pattern recognition receptor tlr5s 8 and 12 h after infection. These results demonstrated that fish skeletal muscle is an immunologically active organ that can implement an early immunological response against P. salmonis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Carrizo
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370186 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristián A Valenzuela
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Camila Aros
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370186 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile; Laboratorio de Cultivos Celulares, Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Phillip Dettleff
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370186 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile
| | - Valentina Valenzuela-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370186 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile; Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Barrio Universitario s/n, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristian Gallardo-Escarate
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile; Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Barrio Universitario s/n, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Claudia Altamirano
- Laboratorio de Cultivos Celulares, Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Alfredo Molina
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370186 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Juan Antonio Valdés
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, 8370186 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile.
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Carrizo V, Valenzuela CA, Zuloaga R, Aros C, Altamirano C, Valdés JA, Molina A. Effect of cortisol on the immune-like response of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) myotubes challenged with Piscirickettsia salmonis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 237:110240. [PMID: 33962313 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Salmonids are a species of high commercial value in Chilean aquaculture, where muscle is the final product of the industry. Fish can be affected by stress during intensive cultures, increasing susceptibility to infections. Recently, we reported that muscle is an important focus of immune reactions. However, studies have shown the immunosuppressive effect of stress only in lymphoid organs, and few studies have been conducted on muscle and immunity. Hence, we determine the effects of cortisol on the immune-like response of fish myotubes challenged with Piscirickettsia salmonis by three trials. First, rainbow trout primary culture of muscle was cultured and treated with cortisol (100 ng/mL) for 3 and 4 h. Second, myotubes were challenged with P. salmonis (MOI 50) for 4, 6 and 8 h. And third, muscle cell cultures were pretreated with cortisol and then challenged with P. salmonis. The mRNA levels of glucocorticoid pathway and innate immunity were evaluated by qPCR. Cortisol increased the klf15 levels and downregulated the innate immune-related tlr5m gene and antimicrobial peptides. P. salmonis challenge upregulated several immune-related genes. Finally, cortisol pretreatment followed by P. salmonis challenge differentially modulated stress- and immune-related genes. These data suggest that fish muscle cells possess an intrinsic immune response and are differentially regulated by cortisol, which could lead to bacterial outbreaks in muscle under stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Carrizo
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146, Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Cristián A Valenzuela
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo Zuloaga
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146, Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Camila Aros
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146, Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000, Concepción, Chile; Laboratorio de Cultivos Celulares, Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2362803, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Claudia Altamirano
- Laboratorio de Cultivos Celulares, Escuela de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2362803, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Juan A Valdés
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146, Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000, Concepción, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), 2340000, Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Alfredo Molina
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146, Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000, Concepción, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), 2340000, Valparaíso, Chile.
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Valenzuela CA, Ponce C, Zuloaga R, González P, Avendaño-Herrera R, Valdés JA, Molina A. Effects of crowding on the three main proteolytic mechanisms of skeletal muscle in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:294. [PMID: 32799856 PMCID: PMC7429773 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02518-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Skeletal muscle is one of the tissues most affected by stress conditions. The protein degradation in this tissue is vital for the supply of energy mediated by different proteolytic pathways such as the ubiquitin-proteasome (UPS), autophagy-lysosome (ALS) and the calpain/calpastatin system (CCS). Nevertheless, the regulation of this proteolytic axis under stress conditions is not yet completely clear. Chile is the main producer of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in the world. This intensive fish farming has resulted in growing problems as crowding and stress are one of the major problems in the freshwater stage. In this context, we evaluated the crowding effect in juvenile rainbow trout kept in high stocking density (30 kg/m3) for 15, 45 and 60 days, using a control group of fish (10 kg/m3). Results Plasmatic cortisol and glucose were evaluated by enzyme immunoassay. The mRNA levels of stress-related genes (gr1, gr2, mr, hsp70, klf15 and redd1), markers of the UPS (atrogin1 and murf1) and CCS (capn1, capn1, cast-l and cast-s) were evaluated using qPCR. ALS (LC3-I/II and P62/SQSTM1) and growth markers (4E-BP1 and ERK) were measured by Western blot analysis. The cortisol levels increased concomitantly with weight loss at 45 days of crowding. The UPS alone was upregulated at 15 days of high stocking density, while ALS activation was observed at 60 days. However, the CCS was inactivated during the entire trial. Conclusion All these data suggest that stress conditions, such as crowding, promote muscle degradation in a time-dependent manner through the upregulation of the UPS at early stages of chronic stress and activation of the ALS in long-term stress, while the CCS is strongly inhibited by stress conditions in the rainbow trout muscle farmed during freshwater stage. Our descriptive study will allow perform functional analysis to determine, in a more detailed way, the effect of stress on skeletal muscle physiology as well as in the animal welfare in rainbow trout. Moreover, it is the first step to elucidate the optimal crop density in the freshwater stage and improve the standards of Chilean aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristián A Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, 8370146, Santiago, Chile.,Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Claudia Ponce
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, 8370146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Zuloaga
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, 8370146, Santiago, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pamela González
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, 8370146, Santiago, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000, Concepción, Chile. .,Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad Andrés Bello, 2520000, Viña del Mar, Chile. .,Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, 2340000, Quintay, Chile.
| | - Juan A Valdés
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, 8370146, Santiago, Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000, Concepción, Chile.,Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, 2340000, Quintay, Chile
| | - Alfredo Molina
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, 8370146, Santiago, Chile. .,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000, Concepción, Chile. .,Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, 2340000, Quintay, Chile.
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Valenzuela CA, Escobar-Aguirre S, Zuloaga R, Vera-Tobar T, Mercado L, Björnsson BT, Valdés JA, Molina A. Stocking density induces differential expression of immune-related genes in skeletal muscle and head kidney of fine flounder (Paralichthys adspersus). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2019; 210:23-27. [PMID: 30947976 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Immunity can be modulated by different internal and external factors, being stress one of the most important. However, the stress effects on the immunocompetence of the skeletal muscle has not been studied in detail in earlier vertebrates. Here, we examine the effect of chronic (4 and 7 weeks) crowding stress on the immunocompetence of skeletal muscle and head kidney in the fine flounder (Paralichthys adspersus). Corticosteroid receptor transcript levels and their target genes; pro-inflammatory cytokines, and Toll-, NOD-, and RIG-like receptors were quantified by qPCR. The results indicate that chronic stress down-regulates the expression of these genes in muscle, compromising skeletal muscle immunocompetence, while the expression of these genes is upregulated in head kidney after seven weeks of crowding stress. The data suggests that chronic stress modulates the expression of these immune-related genes in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristián A Valenzuela
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepcion, Chile.
| | - Sebastián Escobar-Aguirre
- Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 7820436 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo Zuloaga
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Tamara Vera-Tobar
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepcion, Chile.
| | - Luis Mercado
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Björn Thrandur Björnsson
- Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Juan A Valdés
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepcion, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Alfredo Molina
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepcion, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile.
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Valenzuela CA, Zuloaga R, Mercado L, Einarsdottir IE, Björnsson BT, Valdés JA, Molina A. Chronic stress inhibits growth and induces proteolytic mechanisms through two different nonoverlapping pathways in the skeletal muscle of a teleost fish. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 314:R102-R113. [PMID: 28978511 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00009.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress detrimentally affects animal health and homeostasis, with somatic growth, and thus skeletal muscle, being particularly affected. A detailed understanding of the underlying endocrine and molecular mechanisms of how chronic stress affects skeletal muscle growth remains lacking. To address this issue, the present study assessed primary (plasma cortisol), secondary (key components of the GH/IGF system, muscular proteolytic pathways, and apoptosis), and tertiary (growth performance) stress responses in fine flounder ( Paralichthys adspersus) exposed to crowding chronic stress. Levels of plasma cortisol, glucocorticoid receptor 2 ( gr2), and its target genes ( klf15 and redd1) mRNA increased significantly only at 4 wk of crowding ( P < 0.05). The components of the GH/IGF system, including ligands, receptors, and their signaling pathways, were significantly downregulated at 7 wk of crowding ( P < 0.05). Interestingly, chronic stress upregulated the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and the intrinsic apoptosis pathways at 4wk ( P < 0.01), whereas autophagy was only significantly activated at 7 wk ( P < 0.05), and meanwhile the ubiquitin-proteasome and the apoptosis pathways returned to control levels. Overall growth was inhibited in fish in the 7-wk chronic stress trial ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, chronic stress directly affects muscle growth and downregulates the GH/IGF system, an action through which muscular catabolic mechanisms are promoted by two different and nonoverlapping proteolytic pathways. These findings provide new information on molecular mechanisms involved in the negative effects that chronic stress has on muscle anabolic/catabolic signaling balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristián A Valenzuela
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas , Santiago , Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research , Concepción , Chile
| | - Rodrigo Zuloaga
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas , Santiago , Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research , Concepción , Chile
| | - Luis Mercado
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso , Valparaíso , Chile
| | - Ingibjörg Eir Einarsdottir
- Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Björn Thrandur Björnsson
- Fish Endocrinology Laboratory, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Juan Antonio Valdés
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas , Santiago , Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research , Concepción , Chile.,Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales , Valparaíso , Chile
| | - Alfredo Molina
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas , Santiago , Chile.,Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research , Concepción , Chile.,Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay, Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales , Valparaíso , Chile
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Valenzuela CA, Zuloaga R, Poblete-Morales M, Vera-Tobar T, Mercado L, Avendaño-Herrera R, Valdés JA, Molina A. Fish skeletal muscle tissue is an important focus of immune reactions during pathogen infection. Dev Comp Immunol 2017; 73:1-9. [PMID: 28279806 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle in mammals can express and secrete immune-related molecules during pathogen infection. Despite in fish is known that classical immune tissues participate in innate immunity, the role of skeletal muscle in this function is poorly understood. To determine the immunocompetence of fish skeletal muscle, juvenile fine flounder (Paralichthys adpersus) were challenged with Vibrio ordalii. Different Toll-like receptors, pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, Il-1β, and IL-8), and immune-effector molecules (NKEF and the antimicrobial peptides hepcidin and LEAP-2) were analyzed. Infection initially triggered IL-1β upregulation and P38-MAPK/AP-1 pathway activation. Next, the NFĸB pathway was activated, together with an upregulation of intracellular Toll-like receptor expressions (tlr3, tlr8a tlr9, and tlr21), TNFα production, and leap-2 expression. Finally, transcriptions of il-1β, il-8, tnfα, nkef-a, and hepcidin were also upregulated. These results suggest that fish skeletal muscle is an immunologically active organ that could play an important role against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristián A Valenzuela
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile.
| | - Rodrigo Zuloaga
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile.
| | - Matías Poblete-Morales
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, 2520000 Viña del Mar, Chile.
| | - Tamara Vera-Tobar
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, 8370146 Santiago, Chile.
| | - Luis Mercado
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, 2520000 Viña del Mar, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Juan Antonio Valdés
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Alfredo Molina
- Universidad Andres Bello, Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, 8370146 Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), 4030000 Concepción, Chile; Universidad Andres Bello, Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Facultad de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile.
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7
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Valenzuela CA, Escobar D, Perez L, Zuloaga R, Estrada JM, Mercado L, Valdés JA, Molina A. Transcriptional dynamics of immune, growth and stress related genes in skeletal muscle of the fine flounder (Paralichthys adpersus) during different nutritional statuses. Dev Comp Immunol 2015; 53:145-157. [PMID: 26165160 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of stress on immune activity and growth in early vertebrates have not been studied in detail. The present study used fine flounder (Paralichthys adspersus) skeletal muscle as a model to evaluate molecules involved in the stress response, including the glucocorticoid receptors, foxo1/3, and the target genes of these. Additionally, immune markers (il-1β and tnfα) and effector molecules of atrophy (bnip3, caspase-3, and lc3) were assessed. These molecules were analyzed during periods of long-term fasting and refeeding. During fasting, gene expression related to the stress response and atrophy increased; whereas immune markers were down-regulated. During refeeding, atrophy- and stress-related gene expression significantly decreased. In contrast, immune markers were up-regulated. These results provide novel insight on the control of growth in the skeletal muscle of a non-mammalian species under a stressful condition, suggesting that growth, stress, and immune activity in muscle are closely related and coordinated by orchestrated transcriptional dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristián A Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. Republica 217, Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Víctor Lamas 1290, PO Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigación Marina de Quintay (CIMARQ), Valparaiso, Chile
| | - Daniela Escobar
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. Republica 217, Santiago, Chile
| | - Lorena Perez
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. Republica 217, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Zuloaga
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. Republica 217, Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Víctor Lamas 1290, PO Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigación Marina de Quintay (CIMARQ), Valparaiso, Chile
| | | | - Luis Mercado
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Av. Universidad No 330, Placilla Sector Curauma, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Juan Antonio Valdés
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. Republica 217, Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Víctor Lamas 1290, PO Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigación Marina de Quintay (CIMARQ), Valparaiso, Chile.
| | - Alfredo Molina
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Av. Republica 217, Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Víctor Lamas 1290, PO Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile; Centro de Investigación Marina de Quintay (CIMARQ), Valparaiso, Chile.
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Retamales A, Zuloaga R, Valenzuela CA, Gallardo-Escarate C, Molina A, Valdés JA. Insulin-like growth factor-1 suppresses the Myostatin signaling pathway during myogenic differentiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:596-602. [PMID: 26151859 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Myogenic differentiation is a complex and well-coordinated process for generating mature skeletal muscle fibers. This event is autocrine/paracrine regulated by growth factors, principally Myostatin (MSTN) and Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1). Myostatin, a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily, is a negative regulator of skeletal muscle growth in vertebrates that exerts its inhibitory function by activating Smad transcription factors. In contrast, IGF-1 promotes the differentiation of skeletal myoblasts by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. This study reports on a novel functional crosstalk between the IGF-1 and MSTN signaling pathways, as mediated through interaction between PI3K/Akt and Smad3. Stimulation of skeletal myoblasts with MSTN resulted in a transient increase in the pSmad3:Smad3 ratio and Smad-dependent transcription. Moreover, MSTN inhibited myod gene expression and myoblast fusion in an Activin receptor-like kinase/Smad3-dependent manner. Preincubation of skeletal myoblasts with IGF-1 blocked MSTN-induced Smad3 activation, promoting myod expression and myoblast differentiation. This inhibitory effect of IGF-1 on the MSTN signaling pathway was dependent on IGF-1 receptor, PI3K, and Akt activities. Finally, immunoprecipitation assay analysis determined that IGF-1 pretreatment increased Akt and Smad3 interaction. These results demonstrate that the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt pathway may inhibit MSTN signaling during myoblast differentiation, providing new insight to existing knowledge on the complex crosstalk between both growth factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Retamales
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - R Zuloaga
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - C A Valenzuela
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - C Gallardo-Escarate
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Aquatic Genomics, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - A Molina
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
| | - J A Valdés
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile; Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile.
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