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Oliver C, Ruiz P, Vidal JM, Carrasco C, Escalona CE, Barros J, Sepúlveda D, Urrutia H, Romero A. Effect of florfenicol on Piscirickettsia salmonis biofilm formed in materials used in salmonid nets, nylon and high-density polyethylene. J Fish Dis 2024; 47:e13862. [PMID: 37776076 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Piscirickettsiosis is the most prevalent bacterial disease affecting seawater salmon in Chilean salmon industry. Antibiotic therapy is the first alternative to counteract infections caused by Piscirickettsia salmonis. The presence of bacterial biofilms on materials commonly used in salmon farming may be critical for understanding the bacterial persistence in the environment. In the present study, the CDC Biofilm Reactor® was used to investigate the effect of sub- and over-MIC of florfenicol on both the pre-formed biofilm and the biofilm formation by P. salmonis under the antibiotic stimuli on Nylon and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) surfaces. This study demonstrated that FLO, at sub- and over-MIC doses, decreases biofilm-embedded live bacteria in the P. salmonis isolates evaluated. However, it was shown that in the P. salmonis Ps007 strain the presence of sub-MIC of FLO reduced its biofilm formation on HDPE surfaces; however, biofilm persists on Nylon surfaces. These results demonstrated that P. salmonis isolates behave differently against FLO and also, depending on the surface materials. Therefore, it remains a challenge to find an effective strategy to control the biofilm formation of P. salmonis, and certainly other marine pathogens that affect the sustainability of the Chilean salmon industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Oliver
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pamela Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Biopelículas y Microbiología Ambiental, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Talcahuano, Chile
| | - José Miguel Vidal
- Laboratorio de Biopelículas y Microbiología Ambiental, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo, Ecombio Limitada, Concepción, Chile
| | - Carlos Carrasco
- Laboratorio de Biopelículas y Microbiología Ambiental, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Carla Estefanía Escalona
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Javier Barros
- Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo, Micbiotech Spa, Concepción, Chile
| | - Daniela Sepúlveda
- Laboratorio de Biopelículas y Microbiología Ambiental, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Homero Urrutia
- Laboratorio de Biopelículas y Microbiología Ambiental, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alex Romero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
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Bustos P, Figueroa C, Cádiz B, Santander T, Dixon B, Gallardo JA, Conejeros P. Immune response induced by coinfection of the sea louse Caligus rogercresseyi and the intracellular bacteria Piscirickettsia salmonis in vaccinated Atlantic salmon. J Fish Dis 2023; 46:1337-1342. [PMID: 37675858 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we showed that Atlantic salmon vaccinated against Piscirickettsia salmonis lose their protection upon coinfection with Caligus rogercresseyi (sea lice). However, the causes of the overriding effect of C. rogercresseyi infection have not been elucidated, and the molecular basis of the cellular and humoral immune responses upon C. rogercresseyi infection has not been described for vaccinated salmon. Therefore, we studied changes in the transcription of immune genes in vaccinated Atlantic salmon that were experimentally challenged by co-infecting them with C. rogercresseyi and P. salmonis. In general, coinfection treatments showed immune gene expression similar to treatments with a single P. salmonis infection, showing a decreased cellular response. However, a high variance was found between individual fish in the case of crucial cellular immune genes, with a few fish reacting overwhelmingly highly compared to the majority. This supports our previous findings on vaccination response variation and reinforces the idea that vaccination failures in the field might be caused by an overwhelming amount of vaccinated fish that display a deficient immune response to the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Bustos
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Acuática y Genómica Reproductiva (LABYGER), Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales (CIGREN), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Carolina Figueroa
- Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Bárbara Cádiz
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Tamara Santander
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Brian Dixon
- Faculty of Science, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - José A Gallardo
- Escuela de Ciencias del Mar, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Pablo Conejeros
- Laboratorio de Biotecnología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro de Investigación y Gestión de Recursos Naturales (CIGREN), Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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3
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Oliver C, Céspedes C, Santibañez N, Ruiz P, Romero A. Subinhibitory concentrations of florfenicol increase the biofilm formation of Piscirickettsia salmonis. J Fish Dis 2023; 46:591-596. [PMID: 36639965 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Public health is facing a new challenge due to the increased bacterial resistance to most of the conventional antibacterial agents. Inadequate use of antibiotics in the Chilean aquaculture industry leads to the generation of multidrug resistance bacteria. Many fish pathogenic bacteria produce biofilm upon various sources of stress such as antibiotics, which provides several survival advantages for the bacterial life in community and can constitute a reservoir of pathogens in the marine environment. Being florfenicol a broad-spectrum antibiotic commonly used to treat infections in aquaculture, the aim of this study was to assess whether this antibiotic modulates in vitro the biofilm formation in several isolates of Piscirickettsia salmonis. Standard antibiotic-micro broth 96-flat well plates were used to determinate the minimal inhibitory concentration of florfenicol in eight different P. salmonis isolates. In vitro findings, with P. salmonis growing in the presence and absence of the antibiotic, exhibited a statistically significantly increase (p < .05) in biofilm formation in all the bacterial isolates cultivated with sub-MIC (defined as the half of the minimal inhibitory concentration in the presence of antibiotic) of florfenicol compared with controls (antibiotic-free broth). In conclusion, sub-MIC of florfenicol induced an increased biofilm formation in all P. salmonis isolates tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian Oliver
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Constanza Céspedes
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Natacha Santibañez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pamela Ruiz
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Talcahuano, Chile
| | - Alex Romero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
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Valenzuela B, Benavides A, Leyton F, Moreno F, Cortés M, Ibacache JA. Evaluation of bactericidal activity of 7-arylaminoisoquinolin-5,8-quinones against Piscirickettsia salmonis. J Fish Dis 2023; 46:85-89. [PMID: 36179045 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Valenzuela
- Environmental Sciences Department, Chemistry and Biology Faculty, Natural Product Chemistry Laboratory, Aquatic Biotechnology Center, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Almendra Benavides
- Environmental Sciences Department, Chemistry and Biology Faculty, Natural Product Chemistry Laboratory, Aquatic Biotechnology Center, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Francisco Leyton
- Environmental Sciences Department, Chemistry and Biology Faculty, Organic Synthesis Laboratory, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Franco Moreno
- Environmental Sciences Department, Chemistry and Biology Faculty, Organic Synthesis Laboratory, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Marcos Cortés
- Biology Department, Chemistry and Biology Faculty, Immunology Laboratory, Aquatic Biotechnology Center, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juana A Ibacache
- Environmental Sciences Department, Chemistry and Biology Faculty, Organic Synthesis Laboratory, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Vidal JM, Ruiz P, Carrasco C, Barros J, Sepúlveda D, Ruiz-Tagle N, Romero A, Urrutia H, Oliver C. Piscirickettsia salmonis forms a biofilm on nylon surface using a CDC Biofilm Reactor. J Fish Dis 2022; 45:1099-1107. [PMID: 35543448 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Research into Piscirickettsia salmonis biofilms on materials commonly used in salmon farming is crucial for understanding its persistence and virulence. We used the CDC Biofilm Reactor to investigate P. salmonis (LF-89 and EM-90) biofilm formation on Nylon, Stainless steel (316L), Polycarbonate and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE) surfaces. After 144 h of biofilm visualization by scanning confocal laser microscopy under batch growth conditions, Nylon coupons generated the greatest biofilm formation and coverage compared to Stainless steel (316L), Polycarbonate and HDPE. Additionally, P. salmonis biofilm formation on Nylon was significantly greater (p ≤ .01) than Stainless steel (316L), Polycarbonate and HDPE at 288 h. We used Nylon coupons to determine the kinetic parameters of the planktonic and biofilm phases of P. salmonis. The two strains had similar latencies in the planktonic phase; however, LF-89 maximum growth was 2.5 orders of magnitude higher (Log cell ml-1 ). Additionally, LF-89 had a specified growth rate (µmax) of 0.0177 ± 0.006 h-1 and a generation time of 39.2 h. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of the biofilm formation by P. salmonis and elucidates the impact of the biofilm on aquaculture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Miguel Vidal
- Laboratorio de Biopelículas y Microbiología Ambiental, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo, Ecombio limitada, Concepción, Chile
| | - Pamela Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Biopelículas y Microbiología Ambiental, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andres Bello, Talcahuano, Chile
| | - Carlos Carrasco
- Laboratorio de Biopelículas y Microbiología Ambiental, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Javier Barros
- Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo, Micbiotech spa, Concepción, Chile
| | - Daniela Sepúlveda
- Laboratorio de Biopelículas y Microbiología Ambiental, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Nathaly Ruiz-Tagle
- Laboratorio de Biopelículas y Microbiología Ambiental, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Alex Romero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research, INCAR, Concepción, Chile
| | - Homero Urrutia
- Laboratorio de Biopelículas y Microbiología Ambiental, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
- Departamento de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | - Cristian Oliver
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y Estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Martínez DP, Oliver C, Santibañez N, Coronado JL, Oyarzún-Salazar R, Enriquez R, Vargas-Chacoff L, Romero A. PAMPs of Piscirickettsia salmonis Trigger the Transcription of Genes Involved in Nutritional Immunity in a Salmon Macrophage-Like Cell Line. Front Immunol 2022; 13:849752. [PMID: 35493529 PMCID: PMC9046600 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.849752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system can limit the growth of invading pathogens by depleting micronutrients at a cellular and tissue level. However, it is not known whether nutrient depletion mechanisms discriminate between living pathogens (which require nutrients) and pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) (which do not). We stimulated SHK-1 cells with different PAMPs (outer membrane vesicles of Piscirickettsia salmonis “OMVs”, protein extract of P. salmonis “TP” and lipopolysaccharides of P. salmonis “LPS”) isolated from P. salmonis and evaluated transcriptional changes in nutritional immunity associated genes. Our experimental treatments were: Control (SHK-1 stimulated with bacterial culture medium), OMVs (SHK-1 stimulated with 1μg of outer membrane vesicles), TP (SHK-1 stimulated with 1μg of total protein extract) and LPS (SHK-1 stimulated with 1μg of lipopolysaccharides). Cells were sampled at 15-, 30-, 60- and 120-minutes post-stimulation. We detected increased transcription of zip8, zip14, irp1, irp2 and tfr1 in all three experimental conditions and increased transcription of dmt1 in cells stimulated with OMVs and TP, but not LPS. Additionally, we observed generally increased transcription of ireg-1, il-6, hamp, irp1, ft-h and ft-m in all three experimental conditions, but we also detected decreased transcription of these markers in cells stimulated with TP and LPS at specific time points. Our results demonstrate that SHK-1 cells stimulated with P. salmonis PAMPs increase transcription of markers involved in the transport, uptake, storage and regulation of micronutrients such as iron, manganese and zinc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danixa Pamela Martínez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de peces, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- *Correspondence: Danixa Pamela Martínez, ; Luis Vargas-Chacoff, ; Alex Romero,
| | - Cristian Oliver
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Natacha Santibañez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - José Leonardo Coronado
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ricardo Oyarzún-Salazar
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de peces, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Ricardo Enriquez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Luis Vargas-Chacoff
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de peces, Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Millennium Institute Biodiversity of Antarctic and Subantarctic Ecosystems, BASE, University Austral of Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- *Correspondence: Danixa Pamela Martínez, ; Luis Vargas-Chacoff, ; Alex Romero,
| | - Alex Romero
- Laboratorio de Inmunología y estrés de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Patología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondap Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- *Correspondence: Danixa Pamela Martínez, ; Luis Vargas-Chacoff, ; Alex Romero,
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Herrera V, Olavarría N, Saavedra J, Yuivar Y, Bustos P, Almarza O, Mancilla M. Complete Lipopolysaccharide of Piscirickettsia salmonis Is Required for Full Virulence in the Intraperitoneally Challenged Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar, Model. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:845661. [PMID: 35372121 PMCID: PMC8972169 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.845661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cell envelopes play a critical role in host-pathogen interactions. Macromolecular components of these structures have been closely linked to the virulence of pathogens. Piscirickettsia salmonis is a relevant salmonid pathogen with a worldwide distribution. This bacterium is the etiological agent of piscirickettsiosis, a septicemic disease that causes a high economic burden, especially for the Chilean salmon farming industry. Although P. salmonis has been discovered long ago, its pathogenicity and virulence mechanisms are not completely understood. In this work, we present a genetic approach for producing in-frame deletion mutants on genes related to the biosynthesis of membrane-associated polysaccharides. We provide a detailed in vitro phenotype description of knock-out mutants on wzx and wcaJ genes, which encode predicted lipopolysaccharide (LPS) flippase and undecaprenyl-phosphate glucose phosphotransferase enzymes, respectively. We exhibit evidence that the wzx mutant strain carries a defect in the probably most external LPS moiety, while the wcaJ mutant proved to be highly susceptible to the bactericidal action of serum but retained the ability of biofilm production. Beyond that, we demonstrate that the deletion of wzx, but not wcaJ, impairs the virulence of P. salmonis in an intraperitoneally infected Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, model of piscirickettsiosis. Our findings support a role for LPS in the virulence of P. salmonis during the onset of piscirickettsiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Olavarría
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico y Biotecnología, R & D Department, ADL Diagnostic Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - José Saavedra
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico y Biotecnología, R & D Department, ADL Diagnostic Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Yassef Yuivar
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico y Biotecnología, R & D Department, ADL Diagnostic Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Patricio Bustos
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico y Biotecnología, R & D Department, ADL Diagnostic Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Oscar Almarza
- Blue Genomics SpA, Puerto Varas, Chile
- *Correspondence: Oscar Almarza, ; Marcos Mancilla,
| | - Marcos Mancilla
- Laboratorio de Diagnóstico y Biotecnología, R & D Department, ADL Diagnostic Chile, Puerto Montt, Chile
- *Correspondence: Oscar Almarza, ; Marcos Mancilla,
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Levipan HA, Reyes-Garcia L, Avendaño-Herrera R. Commentary: Piscirickettsia salmonis Produces a N-Acetyl-L-Homoserine Lactone as a Bacterial Quorum Sensing System-Related Molecule. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:858387. [PMID: 35310837 PMCID: PMC8930913 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.858387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Héctor A. Levipan
- Laboratorio de Ecopatología y Nanobiomateriales, Departamento de Ciencias y Geografía, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile
- *Correspondence: Héctor A. Levipan, ; ; Ruben Avendaño-Herrera, ;
| | - Luis Reyes-Garcia
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Santo Tomás, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - Ruben Avendaño-Herrera
- Laboratorio de Patología de Organismos Acuáticos y Biotecnología Acuícola, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Andrés Bello, Viña del Mar, Chile
- Centro de Investigación Marina Quintay (CIMARQ), Universidad Andrés Bello, Quintay, Chile
- *Correspondence: Héctor A. Levipan, ; ; Ruben Avendaño-Herrera, ;
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Zrnčić S, Vendramin N, Boutrup TS, Boye M, Madsen L, Nonneman B, Brnić D, Oraić D. First description and diagnostics of disease caused by Piscirickettsia salmonis in farmed European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax Linnaeus) from Croatia. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1033-1042. [PMID: 33754342 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
During the winter of 2013 and 2016, several Croatian fish farms experienced mortalities in the fry of European sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax. Affected fish showed abnormal swimming behaviour and reduced appetite, and death ensued several days after the onset of clinical signs of disease. Necropsy revealed pale liver, empty digestive tract, distended gall bladder, and hyperaemia and congestion of the meninges. Routine bacteriological examination tested negative, and virological examination ruled out nodavirus infection. Histological examination revealed multifocal necrosis and extensive inflammation in the brain with abundant cellular debris in the ventricles. Inflammatory cells displayed intra-cytoplasmic basophilic vacuoles leading to suspicion of Piscirickettsia salmonis infection. Fluorescent in situ hybridization using an oligonucleotide probe targeting Domain Bacterium applied to tissue sections tested positive. The pathogen was identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing of brain material, and the sequence showed 99% similarity with P. salmonis. This result enabled the design of an oligonucleotide probe specifically targeting P. salmonis. In 2016, P. salmonis was successfully isolated on CHAB from the brain of an affected specimen and identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and MALDI-TOF. This study describes the first outbreak of disease caused by P. salmonis in sea bass in Croatia, while new diagnostic tools will enable further research on its epidemiology and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niccolò Vendramin
- Unit for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, DTU AQUA, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Mette Boye
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lone Madsen
- Unit for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, DTU AQUA, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Bettina Nonneman
- Unit for Fish and Shellfish Diseases, National Institute of Aquatic Resources, DTU AQUA, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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Quintanilla JC, González MP, García JP, Olmos P, Contreras-Lynch S. Horizontal transmission of Piscirickettsia salmonis from the wild sub-Antarctic notothenioid fish Eleginops maclovinus to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) under experimental conditions. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:993-1004. [PMID: 33675091 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Piscirickettsia salmonis is the aetiological agent of piscirickettsiosis, a bacterial disease that affects farmed salmonids, causing high mortalities and significant economic losses in the Chilean salmon farm industry. Given the Chilean native fish species Patagonian blenny, Eleginops maclovinus, lives in the vicinity of salmon farms, it is relevant to clarify the epidemiological role that this species could play in the transmission and/or dissemination of this pathogen. This study aimed to evaluate the bidirectional transmission of P. salmonis between the Patagonian blenny and Oncorhynchus mykiss (rainbow trout), via a cohabitation challenge model. The results of this study demonstrated the transmission of the bacteria from Patagonian blennies to rainbow trout, considering the specific mortality in cohabitant rainbow trout, reaching 46%: the necropsy of these specimens, evidencing the characteristic pathological lesions of the disease and the positive results of the qPCR analysis for P. salmonis, in the same individuals. In contrast, no mortalities of Patagonian blenny specimens were recorded in the challenged experimental groups. This study is the first report showing the horizontal transmission of P. salmonis from a native non-salmonid species, such as the Patagonian blenny, to a salmonid species, generating the disease and specific mortality in rainbow trout, using a cohabitation challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Carlos Quintanilla
- Departamento de Salud Hidrobiológica, División de Investigación en Acuicultura, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Margarita P González
- Departamento de Salud Hidrobiológica, División de Investigación en Acuicultura, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo García
- Departamento de Salud Hidrobiológica, División de Investigación en Acuicultura, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Paola Olmos
- Departamento de Salud Hidrobiológica, División de Investigación en Acuicultura, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Sergio Contreras-Lynch
- Departamento de Salud Hidrobiológica, División de Investigación en Acuicultura, Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Puerto Montt, Chile
- Doctorado en Acuicultura, Programa Cooperativo Universidad de Chile, Universidad Católica del Norte, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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11
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Morales-Lange B, Ramírez-Cepeda F, Schmitt P, Guzmán F, Lagos L, Øverland M, Wong-Benito V, Imarai M, Fuentes D, Boltaña S, Alcaíno J, Soto C, Mercado L. Interferon Gamma Induces the Increase of Cell-Surface Markers (CD80/86, CD83 and MHC-II) in Splenocytes From Atlantic Salmon. Front Immunol 2021; 12:666356. [PMID: 34054836 PMCID: PMC8155612 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.666356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Type II interferon gamma (IFNγ) is a pleiotropic cytokine capable of modulating the innate and adaptive immune responses which has been widely characterized in several teleost families. In fish, IFNγ stimulates the expression of cytokines and chemokines associated with the pro-inflammatory response and enhances the production of nitrogen and oxygen reactive species in phagocytic cells. This work studied the effect of IFNγ on the expression of cell-surface markers on splenocytes of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). In vitro results showed that subpopulations of mononuclear splenocytes cultured for 15 days were capable of increasing gene expression and protein availability of cell-surface markers such as CD80/86, CD83 and MHC II, after being stimulated with recombinant IFNγ. These results were observed for subpopulations with characteristics associated with monocytes (51%), and features that could be related to lymphocytes (46.3%). In addition, a decrease in the expression of zbtb46 was detected in IFNγ-stimulated splenocytes. Finally, the expression of IFNγ and cell-surface markers was assessed in Atlantic salmon under field conditions. In vivo results showed that the expression of ifnγ increased simultaneously with the up-regulation of cd80/86, cd83 and mhcii during a natural outbreak of Piscirickettsia salmonis. Overall, the results obtained in this study allow us to propose IFNγ as a candidate molecule to stimulate the phenotypic progression of a small population of immune cells, which will increase antigen presenting cells markers. Thereby, modulatory strategies using IFNγ may generate a robust and coordinated immune response in fish against pathogens that affect aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Morales-Lange
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos en Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Felipe Ramírez-Cepeda
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos en Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Paulina Schmitt
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos en Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Fanny Guzmán
- Laboratorio de Síntesis de Péptidos, Núcleo Biotecnología de Curauma, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Leidy Lagos
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Margareth Øverland
- Department of Animal and Aquaculture Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Valentina Wong-Benito
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Biología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mónica Imarai
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Departamento de Biología, Centro de Biotecnología Acuícola, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Derie Fuentes
- Aquaculture and Marine Ecosystems, Center for Systems Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Chile Research, Santiago, Chile
| | - Sebastián Boltaña
- Department of Oceanography, University of Concepción, Concepción, Chile
| | | | | | - Luis Mercado
- Grupo de Marcadores Inmunológicos en Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
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12
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Long A, Goodall A, Jones SR. Development of a Piscirickettsia salmonis immersion challenge model to investigate the comparative susceptibility of three salmon species. J Fish Dis 2021; 44:1-9. [PMID: 33067883 PMCID: PMC7756497 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Piscirickettsia salmonis, the aetiological agent of salmonid rickettsial septicaemia (SRS), is a global pathogen of wild and cultured marine salmonids. Here, we describe the development and application of a reproducible, standardized immersion challenge model to induce clinical SRS in juvenile pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha), Atlantic (Salmo salar) and sockeye salmon (O. nerka). Following a 1-hr immersion in 105 colony-forming units/ml, cumulative mortality in Atlantic salmon was 63.2% while mortality in sockeye salmon was 10%. Prevalence and levels of the bacterium in kidney prior to onset of mortality were lower in sockeye compared with Atlantic or pink salmon. The timing and magnitude of bacterial shedding were estimated from water samples collected during the exposure trials. Shedding was estimated to be 82-fold higher in Atlantic salmon as compared to sockeye salmon and peaked in the Atlantic salmon trial at 36 d post-immersion. These data suggest sockeye salmon are less susceptible to P. salmonis than Atlantic or pink salmon. Finally, skin lesions were observed on infected fish during all trials, often in the absence of detectable infection in kidney. As a result, we hypothesize that skin is the primary point of entry for P. salmonis during the immersion challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Long
- Fisheries and Ocean CanadaNanaimoBCCanada
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13
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Gaete-Carrasco A, Rosenfeld C, Gallardo A. Análisis epidemiológico del programa de vigilancia activa de Piscirickettsia salmonis del Servicio Nacional de Pesca y Acuicultura de Chile. REV SCI TECH OIE 2020; 38:823-849. [PMID: 32286564 DOI: 10.20506/rst.38.3.3029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Piscirickettsia salmonis is the causative agent of piscirickettsiosis, a disease that causes significant economic losses in salmonid sea farms in Chile. The objective of this study was to determine and describe the geographical distribution, seasonality and time period when P. salmonis was first detected in farms studied under the active surveillance programme for piscirickettsiosis of the National Fisheries and Aquaculture Service of Chile (SERNAPESCA), which was conducted from January 2013 to March 2017. A 0.28% prevalence of piscirickettsiosis was determined in freshwater fish and one of 58.1% in sea farms. The prevalence of P. salmonis was 61.1% in the Aysén region, 59.8% in the Los Lagos region, 5.1% in the Los Ríos region and 3.0% in the Magallanes region. In Los Lagos and Aysén, eight clusters of sea farms were identified, in space and time, as having a positive diagnosis of P. salmonis, whereas, in Magallanes, none was identified, confirming the absence of horizontal transmission or spread of the agent in this geographical area. A seasonal variation was found in the monthly prevalence of P. salmonis, with increases in Salmo salar and Oncorhynchus mykiss in summer and autumn, and in Oncorhynchus kisutch in winter, spring and summer. It was determined that the average time required to detect the agent after fish had been transferred to the sea was 105 days (minimum, 7 days; maximum, 351 days), and no differences were found either between regions or species. Thus the results obtained from the active surveillance programme have helped to increase knowledge of the epidemiology of P. salmonis.
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Meza K, Inami M, Dalum AS, Lund H, Bjelland AM, Sørum H, Løvoll M. Comparative evaluation of experimental challenge by intraperitoneal injection and cohabitation of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) after vaccination against Piscirickettsia salmonis (EM90-like). J Fish Dis 2019; 42:1713-1730. [PMID: 31625186 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Chilean aquaculture has been challenged for years by piscirickettsiosis. A common prophylactic measurement to try to reduce the impact from this disease is vaccination, but the development of vaccines that induce satisfactory protection of the fish in the field has so far not been successful. Experimental challenge models are used to test vaccine efficacy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of experimental vaccines after challenge by the two most widely used challenge routes, intraperitoneal injection and cohabitation. A total of 1,120 Atlantic salmon were vaccinated with non-commercial experimental vaccines with increasing amounts of an inactivated Piscirickettsia salmonis EM90-like isolate. Differences in mortality, macroscopic and microscopic pathological changes, bacterial load and immune gene expression were compared after challenge by different routes. The results revealed a similar progression of the diseases after challenge by both routes and no gross differences reflecting the efficacy of the vaccines could be identified. The analysis of the immune genes suggests a possible suppression of the cellular immunity by CD8 T cell and with this stimulation of bacterial survival and replication. Comparative studies of experimental challenge models are valuable with regard to identifying the best model to mimic real-life conditions and vaccines' performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Meza
- VESO Vikan, Namsos, Norway
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Hege Lund
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ane M Bjelland
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Henning Sørum
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Parra M, Valenzuela B, Imarai M, Modak B. Obtainment and evaluation of adjuvant effect of the aromatic geranyl derivative Filifolinone in bacterin of Piscirickettsia salmonis. J Fish Dis 2018; 41:157-159. [PMID: 28736920 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Parra
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - B Valenzuela
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - M Imarai
- Laboratory of Immunology, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - B Modak
- Laboratory of Natural Products Chemistry, Centre of Aquatic Biotechnology, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, University of Santiago of Chile, Santiago, Chile
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16
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Martínez D, Oyarzún R, Vargas-Lagos C, Pontigo JP, Soto-Dávila M, Saravia J, Romero A, Núñez JJ, Yáñez AJ, Vargas-Chacoff L. Identification, characterization and modulation of ferritin-H in the sub-Antarctic Notothenioid Eleginops maclovinus challenged with Piscirickettsia salmonis. Dev Comp Immunol 2017; 73:88-96. [PMID: 28336188 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ferritin is a major iron storage protein essential not only in the infectious process, but also in any circumstance generating oxidative stress. In this study, the cDNA coding sequence of ferritin-H was obtained from the sub-Antarctic Notothenioid fish Eleginops maclovinus through transcriptomic analysis of the head kidney. This sequence contained a 534 bp open reading frame that coded for a 177 amino acid protein with a molecular weight of 20,786.2 Da and a theoretical pI of 5.56. The protein displayed a region of iron putative response elements in the 5'UTR, two putative ferritin iron-binding region signatures, and seven characteristic amino acids with ferroxidase functions. Phylogenetic analysis related this sequence to ferritin-H sequences of other Antarctic Notothenioid fish, sharing 96.61% similarity. Constitutive gene expression analysis in different organs revealed increased ferritin-H gene expression in the gills, spleen, muscle, and liver. After infection with two bacterial strains of Piscirickettsia salmonis (LF-89 and Austral-005), ferritin-H was differentially expressed depending on bacterial strain and tissue. This study provides relevant information towards understanding the iron metabolism of a sub-Antarctic Notothenioid fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Martínez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Escuela de Graduados, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Av. Los Pinos s/n Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - R Oyarzún
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Escuela de Graduados, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Av. Los Pinos s/n Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - C Vargas-Lagos
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Escuela de Graduados, Programa de Magister en Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - J P Pontigo
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - M Soto-Dávila
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - J Saravia
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Escuela de Graduados, Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias de la Acuicultura, Universidad Austral de Chile, Av. Los Pinos s/n Balneario Pelluco, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - A Romero
- Centro Fondap Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - J J Núñez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - A J Yáñez
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - L Vargas-Chacoff
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas y Limnológicas, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Centro Fondap de Investigación de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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17
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Peña B, Isla A, Haussmann D, Figueroa J. Immunostimulatory effect of salmon prolactin on expression of Toll-like receptors in Oncorhynchus mykiss infected with Piscirickettsia salmonis. Fish Physiol Biochem 2016; 42:509-516. [PMID: 26537800 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0155-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In aquaculture, antibiotics are the traditional treatment used against bacterial infections. However, their use has increasingly come into question given their effects on fish and, possibly, on human health. Consequently, there is interest in developing alternative treatments aimed at stimulating the innate immune response of fish, which is the first line of defense against pathogens. In relation to this, the Toll-like receptors (TLR) aid in the selective identification of pathogens. The present study evaluated immunostimulatory activity of prolactin (PRL) hormone on expression levels of TLR1, 9, and 22, MyD88, and IL-1β during in vitro infection with the fish pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis, in primary cultures of Oncorhynchus mykiss head kidney cells. Results indicated that PRL increased expression of TLRs and MyD88 during the first hours of bacterial infection, while a constant increase in expression was found for IL-1β. These findings suggest that PRL indirectly modulates expression of TLRs by activating expression of suppressors of cytokine signaling, thereby regulating immune response over long periods of time during bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Peña
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Mailbox 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - A Isla
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Mailbox 567, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondap, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), O'Higgins, 1695, Concepción, Chile
| | - D Haussmann
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Mailbox 567, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro Fondap, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), O'Higgins, 1695, Concepción, Chile
| | - J Figueroa
- Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Universidad Austral de Chile, Mailbox 567, Valdivia, Chile.
- Centro Fondap, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), O'Higgins, 1695, Concepción, Chile.
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18
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Salazar C, Haussmann D, Kausel G, Figueroa J. Molecular cloning of Salmo salar Toll-like receptors (TLR1, TLR22, TLR5M and TLR5S) and expression analysis in SHK-1 cells during Piscirickettsia salmonis infection. J Fish Dis 2016; 39:239-48. [PMID: 25903926 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 12/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In fish, the innate immune system is the primary response against infection. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize pathogens through pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), and some target molecules of TLRs are homologous between fish and mammals. Piscirickettsia salmonis is one of the main pathogens affecting the salmon industry in Chile. Better knowledge of mechanisms underlying its invasive capacity and recognition of target cells is crucial for vaccine development. Therefore, Salmo salar L. TLR1, TLR22, membrane TLR5M and soluble TLR5S sequences were cloned, and expression kinetics were analysed by RT-qPCR in salmon head kidney cells (SHK-1) infected with three different P. salmonis preparations: alive, formaldehyde treated, extract. Clearly, all analysed TLRs were expressed and transcription level changes were revealed at 2 hpi, 12 or 16 hpi and 24 hpi depending on P. salmonis infection scheme. Increased IL1-beta expression confirmed TLR pathway response. Furthermore, significant expression modulations of several members of the TLR pathway in this in vitro model suggest that P. salmonis extract rather than formaldehyde-inactivated bacteria might strengthen the salmon immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Salazar
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - D Haussmann
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro FONDAP: Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
| | - G Kausel
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - J Figueroa
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Centro FONDAP: Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Concepción, Chile
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