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Crossley MP, Song C, Bocek MJ, Choi JH, Kousouros JN, Sathirachinda A, Lin C, Brickner JR, Bai G, Lans H, Vermeulen W, Abu-Remaileh M, Cimprich KA. R-loop-derived cytoplasmic RNA-DNA hybrids activate an immune response. Nature 2023; 613:187-194. [PMID: 36544021 PMCID: PMC9949885 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
R-loops are RNA-DNA-hybrid-containing nucleic acids with important cellular roles. Deregulation of R-loop dynamics can lead to DNA damage and genome instability1, which has been linked to the action of endonucleases such as XPG2-4. However, the mechanisms and cellular consequences of such processing have remained unclear. Here we identify a new population of RNA-DNA hybrids in the cytoplasm that are R-loop-processing products. When nuclear R-loops were perturbed by depleting the RNA-DNA helicase senataxin (SETX) or the breast cancer gene BRCA1 (refs. 5-7), we observed XPG- and XPF-dependent cytoplasmic hybrid formation. We identify their source as a subset of stable, overlapping nuclear hybrids with a specific nucleotide signature. Cytoplasmic hybrids bind to the pattern recognition receptors cGAS and TLR3 (ref. 8), activating IRF3 and inducing apoptosis. Excised hybrids and an R-loop-induced innate immune response were also observed in SETX-mutated cells from patients with ataxia oculomotor apraxia type 2 (ref. 9) and in BRCA1-mutated cancer cells10. These findings establish RNA-DNA hybrids as immunogenic species that aberrantly accumulate in the cytoplasm after R-loop processing, linking R-loop accumulation to cell death through the innate immune response. Aberrant R-loop processing and subsequent innate immune activation may contribute to many diseases, such as neurodegeneration and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena P Crossley
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Chenlin Song
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Bocek
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jun-Hyuk Choi
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Biometrology Group, Division of Chemical and Biological Metrology, Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science, Daejeon, South Korea
- Department of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Joseph N Kousouros
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ataya Sathirachinda
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Cindy Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering & Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Joshua R Brickner
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gongshi Bai
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Hannes Lans
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wim Vermeulen
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monther Abu-Remaileh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- The Institute for Chemistry, Engineering & Medicine for Human Health (ChEM-H), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Karlene A Cimprich
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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Fernández-Duran I, Quintanilla A, Tarrats N, Birch J, Hari P, Millar FR, Lagnado AB, Smer-Barreto V, Muir M, Brunton VG, Passos JF, Acosta JC. Cytoplasmic innate immune sensing by the caspase-4 non-canonical inflammasome promotes cellular senescence. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:1267-1282. [PMID: 34916628 PMCID: PMC9177556 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-021-00917-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoplasmic recognition of microbial lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in human cells is elicited by the caspase-4 and caspase-5 noncanonical inflammasomes, which induce a form of inflammatory cell death termed pyroptosis. Here we show that LPS-mediated activation of caspase-4 also induces a stress response promoting cellular senescence, which is dependent on the caspase-4 substrate gasdermin-D and the tumor suppressor p53. Furthermore, we found that the caspase-4 noncanonical inflammasome is induced and assembled in response to oncogenic RAS signaling during oncogene-induced senescence (OIS). Moreover, targeting caspase-4 expression in OIS showed its critical role in the senescence-associated secretory phenotype and the cell cycle arrest induced in cellular senescence. Finally, we observed that caspase-4 induction occurs in vivo in mouse models of tumor suppression and ageing. Altogether, we are showing that cellular senescence is induced by cytoplasmic LPS recognition by the noncanonical inflammasome and that this pathway is conserved in the cellular response to oncogenic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Fernández-Duran
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Andrea Quintanilla
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Núria Tarrats
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Jodie Birch
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Priya Hari
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Fraser R Millar
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Anthony B Lagnado
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Vanessa Smer-Barreto
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Morwenna Muir
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - Valerie G Brunton
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK
| | - João F Passos
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Juan Carlos Acosta
- Cancer Research UK Edinburgh Centre, MRC Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Crewe Road, Edinburgh, EH4 2XR, UK.
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, IBBTEC (CSIC, Universidad de Cantabria). C/ Albert Einstein 22, Santander, 39011, Spain.
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3
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Abstract
Nuclear scaffold attachment factor A (SAFA) is a novel RNA sensor involved in sensing viral RNA in the nucleus and mediating antiviral immunity. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is a bunyavirus that causes SFTS with a high fatality rate of up to 30%. It remains elusive whether and how cytoplasmic SFTSV can be sensed by the RNA sensor SAFA. Here, we demonstrated that SAFA was able to detect SFTSV infection and mediate antiviral interferon and inflammatory responses. Transcription and expression levels of SAFA were strikingly upregulated under SFTSV infection. SAFA was retained in the cytoplasm by interaction with SFTSV nucleocapsid protein (NP). Importantly, SFTSV genomic RNA was recognized by cytoplasmic SAFA, which recruited and promoted activation of the STING-TBK1 signaling axis against SFTSV infection. Of note, the nuclear localization signal (NLS) domain of SAFA was important for interaction with SFTSV NP and recognition of SFTSV RNA in the cytoplasm. In conclusion, our study reveals a novel antiviral mechanism in which SAFA functions as a novel cytoplasmic RNA sensor that directly recognizes RNA virus SFTSV and mediates an antiviral response. Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is an RNA virus with a high fatality rate of up to 30%, which replicates exclusively in the cytoplasm. To date, many cytoplasmic RNA sensors were known to recognize SFTSV infection and trigger antiviral immune responses. Nuclear scaffold attachment factor A (SAFA) is a novel nuclear RNA sensor which can sense viral RNA in the nucleus and promote activation of antiviral immunity. However, there are no studies to investigate whether SAFA could detect cytoplasmic RNA virus infection. Here, we reported that SAFA was able to detect RNA virus SFTSV invasion. Under SFTSV infection, SAFA was retained in the cytoplasm and recognized SFTSV infection by interaction with SFTSV nucleocapsid protein (NP) and cytoplasmic SFTSV RNA directly. Importantly, SAFA recruited and promoted the activation of the STING-TBK1 signaling pathway-mediated antiviral immunity to suppress SFTSV infection. This study provides a further acquaintance in SAFA-mediated antiviral immune responses, illustrating the novel role of SAFA in sensing cytoplasmic SFTSV and mediates an antiviral response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xue-jie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (XY); (C-mZ)
| | - Chuan-min Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (XY); (C-mZ)
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Pinczewski J, Obeng RC, Slingluff CL, Engelhard VH. Phospho-β-catenin expression in primary and metastatic melanomas and in tumor-free visceral tissues, and associations with expression of PD-L1 and PD-L2. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 224:153527. [PMID: 34167064 PMCID: PMC8645338 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
β-catenin (βcat) is an important downstream effector in the Wnt signaling pathway and plays important roles in the development and progression of many cancers including melanoma. βcat expression is regulated by GSK-3β-mediated phosphorylation at positions 33, 37 and 41. In normal cells, phosphorylation at these sites triggers proteasomal degradation, which prevents accumulation of free cytoplasmic βcat. In cancer cells, stabilized β-catenin translocates into the nucleus, where it associates with TCF/Lef proteins to activate transcription of genes that promote tumorigenesis and metastasis, including PD-L1. It has been suggested that nuclear phospho-βcat (pβcat) staining may be diagnostically useful in differentiating primary from metastatic melanoma. Also, a pβcat peptide (residues 30-39, with only S33 phosphorylated) is naturally presented by melanoma cells as a T-cell target. We evaluated expression of pS33-βcat in primary and metastatic melanomas by immunohistochemistry and found its expression varied widely but was most commonly cytoplasmic. Nuclear staining was identified in only 18% of metastatic melanomas. Staining with antibodies to pS33-βcat and pS33/37/T41-βcat was most intense in mitotic melanoma cells; however, pS33-βcat intensity was not significantly associated with AJCC stage, tumor location, BRAF mutation status, or immune infiltrates. Yet, PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression by tumor cells were significantly higher in tumors with high pS33-βcat expression. The low rate of nuclear pS33-βcat expression suggests that pS33-βcat may have limited utility for identifying metastatic melanomas. However, high expression in dividing cells and strong associations with PD-L1 and PD-L2 expression may inform future personalized therapies for tumors with high pS33-βcat expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Pinczewski
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Rebecca C Obeng
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
| | - Craig L Slingluff
- Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Department of Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; UVA Cancer Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| | - Victor H Engelhard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; Beirne Carter Center for Immunology Research, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; UVA Cancer Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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5
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Wang Y, Fu Z, Li X, Liang Y, Pei S, Hao S, Zhu Q, Yu T, Pei Y, Yuan J, Ye J, Fu J, Xu J, Hong J, Yang R, Hou H, Huang X, Peng C, Zheng M, Xiao Y. Cytoplasmic DNA sensing by KU complex in aged CD4 + T cell potentiates T cell activation and aging-related autoimmune inflammation. Immunity 2021; 54:632-647.e9. [PMID: 33667382 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with DNA accumulation and increased homeostatic proliferation of circulating T cells. Although these attributes are associated with aging-related autoimmunity, their direct contributions remain unclear. Conventionally, KU complex, the regulatory subunit of DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK), together with the catalytic subunit of DNA-PK (DNA-PKcs), mediates DNA damage repair in the nucleus. Here, we found KU complex abundantly expressed in the cytoplasm, where it recognized accumulated cytoplasmic DNA in aged human and mouse CD4+ T cells. This process enhanced T cell activation and pathology of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in aged mice. Mechanistically, KU-mediated DNA sensing facilitated DNA-PKcs recruitment and phosphorylation of the kinase ZAK. This activated AKT and mTOR pathways, promoting CD4+ T cell proliferation and activation. We developed a specific ZAK inhibitor, which dampened EAE pathology in aged mice. Overall, these findings demonstrate a KU-mediated cytoplasmic DNA-sensing pathway in CD4+ T cells that potentiates aging-related autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zunyun Fu
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xutong Li
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yinming Liang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Siyu Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shumeng Hao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qingchen Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Tao Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yifei Pei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jia Yuan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jialin Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jiemeng Fu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jing Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jin Hong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; Comprehensive Breast Health Center, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Ruirui Yang
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China; Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, and School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Hui Hou
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Xinfang Huang
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, China
| | - Chao Peng
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- Drug Discovery and Design Center, State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Yichuan Xiao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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Herdlevær I, Kråkenes T, Schubert M, Vedeler CA. Localization of CDR2L and CDR2 in paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 7:2231-2242. [PMID: 33009713 PMCID: PMC7664253 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identify the subcellular location and potential binding partners of two cerebellar degeneration-related proteins, CDR2L and CDR2, associated with anti-Yo-mediated paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration. METHODS Cancer cells, rat Purkinje neuron cultures, and human cerebellar sections were exposed to cerebrospinal fluid and serum from patients with paraneoplastic cerebellar degeneration with Yo antibodies and with several antibodies against CDR2L and CDR2. We used mass spectrometry-based proteomics, super-resolution microscopy, proximity ligation assay, and co-immunoprecipitation to verify the antibodies and to identify potential binding partners. RESULTS We confirmed the CDR2L specificity of Yo antibodies by mass spectrometry-based proteomics and found that CDR2L localized to the cytoplasm and CDR2 to the nucleus. CDR2L co-localized with the 40S ribosomal protein S6, while CDR2 co-localized with the nuclear speckle proteins SON, eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-III, and serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 2. INTERPRETATION We showed that Yo antibodies specifically bind to CDR2L in Purkinje neurons of PCD patients where they potentially interfere with the function of the ribosomal machinery resulting in disrupted mRNA translation and/or protein synthesis. Our findings demonstrating that CDR2L interacts with ribosomal proteins and CDR2 with nuclear speckle proteins is an important step toward understanding PCD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Herdlevær
- Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Department of NeurologyHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
| | | | - Manja Schubert
- Department of NeurologyHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
| | - Christian A. Vedeler
- Department of Clinical MedicineUniversity of BergenBergenNorway
- Department of NeurologyHaukeland University HospitalBergenNorway
- Departments of Neurology and Clinical MedicineNeuro‐SysMed ‐ Centre of Excellence for Experimental Therapy in NeurologyBergenNorway
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7
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Rabl J, Bunker RD, Schenk AD, Cavadini S, Gill ME, Abdulrahman W, Andrés-Pons A, Luijsterburg MS, Ibrahim AFM, Branigan E, Aguirre JD, Marceau AH, Guérillon C, Bouwmeester T, Hassiepen U, Peters AHFM, Renatus M, Gelman L, Rubin SM, Mailand N, van Attikum H, Hay RT, Thomä NH. Structural Basis of BRCC36 Function in DNA Repair and Immune Regulation. Mol Cell 2019; 75:483-497.e9. [PMID: 31253574 PMCID: PMC6695476 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In mammals, ∼100 deubiquitinases act on ∼20,000 intracellular ubiquitination sites. Deubiquitinases are commonly regarded as constitutively active, with limited regulatory and targeting capacity. The BRCA1-A and BRISC complexes serve in DNA double-strand break repair and immune signaling and contain the lysine-63 linkage-specific BRCC36 subunit that is functionalized by scaffold subunits ABRAXAS and ABRO1, respectively. The molecular basis underlying BRCA1-A and BRISC function is currently unknown. Here we show that in the BRCA1-A complex structure, ABRAXAS integrates the DNA repair protein RAP80 and provides a high-affinity binding site that sequesters the tumor suppressor BRCA1 away from the break site. In the BRISC structure, ABRO1 binds SHMT2α, a metabolic enzyme enabling cancer growth in hypoxic environments, which we find prevents BRCC36 from binding and cleaving ubiquitin chains. Our work explains modularity in the BRCC36 DUB family, with different adaptor subunits conferring diversified targeting and regulatory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Rabl
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard D Bunker
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas D Schenk
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simone Cavadini
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Mark E Gill
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Wassim Abdulrahman
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Amparo Andrés-Pons
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martijn S Luijsterburg
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Human Genetics, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Adel F M Ibrahim
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Emma Branigan
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Jacob D Aguirre
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aimee H Marceau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Claire Guérillon
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Tewis Bouwmeester
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Hassiepen
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antoine H F M Peters
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Renatus
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Novartis Pharma AG, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Gelman
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Seth M Rubin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Niels Mailand
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Haico van Attikum
- Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Human Genetics, Einthovenweg 20, 2333 ZC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ronald T Hay
- Centre for Gene Regulation and Expression, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Nicolas H Thomä
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Petersplatz 10, 4003 Basel, Switzerland.
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Abstract
Neutrophils serve as the circulating cells that respond early and figure prominently in human host defense to infection and in inflammation in other settings. Optimal oxidant-dependent antimicrobial activity by neutrophils relies on the ability of stimulated phagocytes to utilize a multicomponent NADPH oxidase to generate oxidants. The frequent, severe, and often fatal infections experienced by individuals with chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), an inherited disorder in which one of the NADPH oxidase components is absent or dysfunctional, underscore the link between a functional phagocyte NADPH oxidase and robust host protection against microbial infection.The history of the discovery and characterization of the normal neutrophil NADPH oxidase and the saga of recognizing CGD and its underlying causes together illustrate how the observations of astute clinicians and imaginative basic scientists synergize to forge new understanding of both basic cell biology and pathogenesis of human disease.In this chapter, we review the events in the stepwise evolution of our understanding of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase, both in the context of normal human neutrophil function and in the setting of CGD. The phagocyte oxidase complex employs a heterodimeric transmembrane protein composed of gp91phox and p22phox to relay electrons from NADPH to molecular oxygen, while other cofactors contribute to localization and regulation of the activity of the assembled oxidase. The b-type cytochrome gp91phox, also known as NOX2, serves as the catalytic component of this multicomponent enzyme complex. Although many of the features of the composition and regulation of the phagocyte oxidase may apply as well to NOX2 expressed in non-phagocytes and to other members of the NOX protein family, exceptions exist and pose special challenges to investigators exploring the biology of NADPH oxidases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program, Department of Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Robert A Clark
- Institute for Integration of Medicine and Science and Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, and South Texas Veterans Healthcare System, San Antonio, TX, USA.
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9
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Su H, Yan X, Chen W, Guo T, Lin Z, Hu Q. Intracellular NOD2 Activation Promotes Maturation and Antigen-Presenting Functions of Dentritic Cells Exposed to Porphyromonas Gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide. Clin Lab 2018; 64. [PMID: 30549997 DOI: 10.7754/clin.lab.2018.180413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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10
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Zhong Y, Tang X, Sheng X, Xing J, Zhan W. Development and Characterization of Monoclonal Antibodies to the 32 kDa Viral Attachment Protein of Lymphocystis Disease Virus and Their Neutralizing Ability in Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092536. [PMID: 30150566 PMCID: PMC6165272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous research, a 32 kDa protein in lymphocystis disease virus (LCDV) was identified as viral attachment protein (VAP) that specifically interacted with the 27.8 kDa cellular receptor from flounder Paralichthys olivaceus gill (FG) cells, and the recombinant VAP (rVAP) was expressed in Escherichia coli strain BL21 (DE3). In this study, monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against 32 kDa VAP are produced by immunization of BALB/c mice with the rVAP. Seven hybridoma secreting MAbs were screened by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, five of which designated as 1C6, 1C8, 3B5, 3D11 and 3H10 are cloned by the limiting dilution method, depending on the strongly positive results of ELISA. Western blotting analysis shows that the five MAbs can specifically react with the 32 kDa protein of LCDV and the purified 50 kDa rVAP, and the subtype of the MAbs is identified as IgG. Immunofluorescence results demonstrate that the specific fluorescence signals for LCDV appear in the cytoplasm of FG cells at 24 h post LCDV infection. Neutralization assay results indicate that pre-incubations of LCDV with the five MAbs can significantly decrease the LCDV copy numbers and delay the development of the cytopathic effect in FG cells, revealing that the five MAbs can neutralize the LCDV particles and block viral infection in vitro. The neutralizing MAbs against 32 kDa VAP would be useful for the study on the LCDV⁻host interaction and might be promising inhibitors of LCDV infection in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhong
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
- Function Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China.
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11
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Toscano MG, de Haan P. How Simian Virus 40 Hijacks the Intracellular Protein Trafficking Pathway to Its Own Benefit … and Ours. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1160. [PMID: 29892296 PMCID: PMC5985306 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses efficiently transfer and express their genes in host cells and evolve to evade the host's defense responses. These properties render them highly attractive for use as gene delivery vectors in vaccines, gene, and immunotherapies. Among the viruses used as gene delivery vectors, the macaque polyomavirus Simian Virus 40 (SV40) is unique in its capacity to evade intracellular antiviral defense responses upon cell entry. We here describe the unique way by which SV40 particles deliver their genomes in the nucleus of permissive cells and how they prevent presentation of viral antigens to the host's immune system. The non-immunogenicity in its natural host is not only of benefit to the virus but also to us in developing effective SV40 vector-based treatments for today's major human diseases.
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12
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Soderholm AT, Barnett TC, Korn O, Rivera-Hernandez T, Seymour LM, Schulz BL, Nizet V, Wells CA, Sweet MJ, Walker MJ. Group A Streptococcus M1T1 Intracellular Infection of Primary Tonsil Epithelial Cells Dampens Levels of Secreted IL-8 Through the Action of SpyCEP. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:160. [PMID: 29868516 PMCID: PMC5966554 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus; GAS) commonly causes pharyngitis in children and adults, with severe invasive disease and immune sequelae being an infrequent consequence. The ability of GAS to invade the host and establish infection likely involves subversion of host immune defenses. However, the signaling pathways and innate immune responses of epithelial cells to GAS are not well-understood. In this study, we utilized RNAseq to characterize the inflammatory responses of primary human tonsil epithelial (TEpi) cells to infection with the laboratory-adapted M6 strain JRS4 and the M1T1 clinical isolate 5448. Both strains induced the expression of genes encoding a wide range of inflammatory mediators, including IL-8. Pathway analysis revealed differentially expressed genes between mock and JRS4- or 5448-infected TEpi cells were enriched in transcription factor networks that regulate IL-8 expression, such as AP-1, ATF-2, and NFAT. While JRS4 infection resulted in high levels of secreted IL-8, 5448 infection did not, suggesting that 5448 may post-transcriptionally dampen IL-8 production. Infection with 5448ΔcepA, an isogenic mutant lacking the IL-8 protease SpyCEP, resulted in IL-8 secretion levels comparable to JRS4 infection. Complementation of 5448ΔcepA and JRS4 with a plasmid encoding 5448-derived SpyCEP significantly reduced IL-8 secretion by TEpi cells. Our results suggest that intracellular infection with the pathogenic GAS M1T1 clone induces a strong pro-inflammatory response in primary tonsil epithelial cells, but modulates this host response by selectively degrading the neutrophil-recruiting chemokine IL-8 to benefit infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia T. Soderholm
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Timothy C. Barnett
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Wesfarmers Centre for Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Othmar Korn
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tania Rivera-Hernandez
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Lisa M. Seymour
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Benjamin L. Schulz
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Victor Nizet
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Christine A. Wells
- Centre for Stem Cell Systems, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Matthew J. Sweet
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and IMB Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark J. Walker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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13
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Abreu R, Essler L, Loy A, Quinn F, Giri P. Heparin inhibits intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterial replication by reducing iron levels in human macrophages. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7296. [PMID: 29740038 PMCID: PMC5940867 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25480-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is a crucial micronutrient for both mammals and their associated pathogens, and extensive literature has shown that Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) bacilli inhibited from acquiring iron from the host are severely attenuated. In contrast, increased dietary iron concentrations or patients with hemochromatosis have long been associated with a more severe tuberculosis (TB) disease outcome. We have observed that upon macrophage infection, Mtb bacilli strongly promote intracellular iron sequestration, both through increased expression of hepcidin, a key mammalian iron regulatory protein, and downregulation of the iron exporter protein, ferroportin. Heparin is a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan released by mast cells and basophils at sites of tissue injury. During Mtb infection, heparin alters intracellular trafficking in alveolar epithelial cells and decreases extrapulmonary dissemination but recently, heparin also has been reported to inhibit hepcidin expression in hepatocytes, decreasing intracellular iron availability. In this report, we demonstrate that heparin significantly reduces hepcidin expression in macrophages infected with Mtb bacilli. Heparin-treated macrophages have higher ferroportin expression compared to untreated macrophages, promoting iron export and decreasing iron availability to intracellular bacilli. Thus, here we describe a novel immunomodulatory effect and potential therapeutic role for heparin against mycobacterial infection in human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Abreu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Lauren Essler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Allyson Loy
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Frederick Quinn
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Pramod Giri
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA.
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Abstract
Recent excitement regarding immune clearance of intracellular microorganisms has focused on two systems that maintain cellular homeostasis. One system includes cellular autophagy components that mediate degradation of pathogens in membrane-bound compartments, in a process termed xenophagy. The second system is driven by interferon-regulated GTPases that promote rupture of pathogen-containing vacuoles and microbial degradation. In the case of xenophagy, pathogen sequestration and compartmentalization suppress inflammation. In contrast, interferon-driven events can lead to exposure of pathogen-associated molecular patterns to the host cytosol with consequent inflammasome activation. Paradoxically, signals and factors involved in xenophagy also mobilize interferon-regulated GTPases, which drive the inflammatory response, indicating considerable cross-talk between these pathways. How these responses are prioritized remains to be understood. In this review, we describe mechanisms of intracellular pathogen clearance that rely on the autophagy machinery and interferon-regulated GTPases, and speculate how these pathways engage each other to balance pathogen elimination with inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Mitchell
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ralph R Isberg
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, 150 Harrison Ave., Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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15
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Betekhtin A, Milewska-Hendel A, Lusinska J, Chajec L, Kurczynska E, Hasterok R. Organ and Tissue-Specific Localisation of Selected Cell Wall Epitopes in the Zygotic Embryo of Brachypodium distachyon. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19030725. [PMID: 29510511 PMCID: PMC5877586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant cell wall shows a great diversity regarding its chemical composition, which may vary significantly even during different developmental stages. In this study, we analysed the distribution of several cell wall epitopes in embryos of Brachypodium distachyon (Brachypodium). We also described the variations in the nucleus shape and the number of nucleoli that occurred in some embryo cells. The use of transmission electron microscopy, and histological and immunolocalisation techniques permitted the distribution of selected arabinogalactan proteins, extensins, pectins, and hemicelluloses on the embryo surface, internal cell compartments, and in the context of the cell wall ultrastructure to be demonstrated. We revealed that the majority of arabinogalactan proteins and extensins were distributed on the cell surface and that pectins were the main component of the seed coat and other parts, such as the mesocotyl cell walls and the radicula. Hemicelluloses were localised in the cell wall and outside of the radicula protodermis, respectively. The specific arrangement of those components may indicate their significance during embryo development and seed germination, thus suggesting the importance of their protective functions. Despite the differences in the cell wall composition, we found that some of the antibodies can be used as markers to identify specific cells and the parts of the developing Brachypodium embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Betekhtin
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Anna Milewska-Hendel
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Joanna Lusinska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Lukasz Chajec
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Ewa Kurczynska
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Robert Hasterok
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia in Katowice, 28 Jagiellonska Street, 40-032 Katowice, Poland.
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16
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Wu S, Chen X, Tang Y, Zhang Y, Li D, Chen J, Wang J, Tang Z, Zang G, Yu Y. Delivery of Tapasin-modified CTL epitope peptide via cytoplasmic transduction peptide induces CTLs by JAK/STAT signaling pathway in vivo. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:181-190. [PMID: 29340620 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmx133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) play a vital role in viral control and clearance. Recent studies have elucidated that Tapasin, an endoplasmic reticulum chaperone, is a well-known molecule that appears to be essential in peptide-loading process. The Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription (JAK/STAT) pathway plays an important role in immune response regulation and cytokines secretion. We have previously verified that fusion protein CTP-HBcAg18-27-Tapasin could facilitate the maturation of bone marrow derived dendritic cells and enhance specific CTLs responses in vitro, which might be associated with the activation of JAK/STAT signaling pathway. To further explore whether JAK/STAT signaling pathway participated in specific immune responses mediated by CTP-HBcAg18-27-Tapasin, we suppressed the JAK/STAT pathway with pharmacological inhibitor (AG490) in vivo. Our studies showed that the number of IFN-γ+-CD8+ T cells was decreased significantly compared with other groups after being blocked by AG490. The percentage of IFN-γ+-CD4+ T cells and IL-2-CD4+ T cells was also decreased. Moreover, lower expression levels of Jak2, Tyk2, STAT1, and STAT4 were detected in AG490 group. In addition, the secretion levels of Th1-like cytokines were decreased and a weaker specific T-cell response was observed in AG490 group. Furthermore, the levels of HBV DNA and HBsAg in serum and expression levels of HBsAg and HBcAg in liver tissues were elevated after this pathway was inhibited in HBV transgenic mice. These results demonstrate that the JAK/STAT signaling pathway participates in Th1-oriented immune response induced by CTP-HBcAg18-27-Tapasin and this might provide a theoretical basis for HBV immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Wu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiaohua Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yuyan Tang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Jieling Wang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zhenghao Tang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Guoqing Zang
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yongsheng Yu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai 200233, China
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17
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Abstract
BACKGROUND A 42-year old male patient with anamnesis of bronchial asthma presented himself with exertional dyspnea. High titer antibodies of cytoplasmic pattern in the indirect immunofluorescence test (IIFT) on HEp-2cells, not attributable to common specificities like anti-tRNA-synthetases, anti-signal recognition particle (SRP) or anti-ribosomal proteins (RPs) prompted the molecular biological approach for determination of antigen specificity. In-depth investigation of the patient's clinical settings revealed a lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's lymphoma, which could be brought to complete remission by chemotherapy. METHODS Immunoprecipitation of 35S-methionine labelled cell proteins, cDNA-library screening, sequencing of clones reactive with the patient serum, and expression of recombinant candidate proteins in E. coli, their purification, and western blotting were performed to verify and confirm the antibody specificities. RESULTS The patient's autoantibodies reacted with the three insulin-growth-factor-2-RNA binding proteins (IGF2BP1-3) and a rare centromere protein (CNP27). The antibody titer determined by IIFT declined from initially 1:3000 to 1:800 five years after successful therapy of the Hodgkin's lymphoma. CONCLUSIONS Anti-cytoplasmic antibodies, detectable by conventional IIFT, mainly belonging to the category of anti-tRNA-synthetases (e.g. anti-Jo1), SRP or RPs are in the first instance suspicious for systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (myopathies, interstitial lung disease). Their association with Hodgkin's lymphoma has been described only once in association with anti-Jo 1-syndrome [1]. The existence of anti-cytoplasmic antibodies of different specificities, demonstrated in this patient, may alert the laboratory's attention to provide the clinician with diagnostically relevant information beyond the perspective of systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases.
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18
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Praefcke GJK. Regulation of innate immune functions by guanylate-binding proteins. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:237-245. [PMID: 29174633 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Guanylate-binding proteins (GBP) are a family of dynamin-related large GTPases which are expressed in response to interferons and other pro-inflammatory cytokines. GBPs mediate a broad spectrum of innate immune functions against intracellular pathogens ranging from viruses to bacteria and protozoa. Several binding partners for individual GBPs have been identified and several different mechanisms of action have been proposed depending on the organisms, the cell type and the pathogen used. Many of these anti-pathogenic functions of GBPs involve the recruitment to and the subsequent destruction of pathogen containing vacuolar compartments, the assembly of large oligomeric innate immune complexes such as the inflammasome, or the induction of autophagy. Furthermore, GBPs often cooperate with immunity-related GTPases (IRGs), another family of dynamin-related GTPases, to exert their anti-pathogenic function, but since most IRGs have been lost in the evolution of higher primates, the anti-pathogenic function of human GBPs seems to be IRG-independent. GBPs and IRGs share biochemical and structural properties with the other members of the dynamin superfamily such as low nucleotide affinity and a high intrinsic GTPase activity which can be further enhanced by oligomerisation. Furthermore, GBPs and IRGs can interact with lipid membranes. In the case of three human and murine GBP isoforms this interaction is mediated by C-terminal isoprenylation. Based on cell biological studies, and in analogy to the function of other dynamins in membrane scission events, it has been postulated that both GBPs and IRGs might actively disrupt the outer membrane of pathogen-containing vacuole leading to the detection and destruction of the pathogen by the cytosolic innate immune system of the host. Recent evidence, however, indicates that GBPs might rather function by mediating membrane tethering events similar to the dynamin-related atlastin and mitofusin proteins, which mediate fusion of the ER and mitochondria, respectively. The aim of this review is to highlight the current knowledge on the function of GBPs in innate immunity and to combine it with the recent progress in the biochemical characterisation of this protein family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit J K Praefcke
- Division of Haematology / Transfusion Medicine, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, Langen, Germany; Institute for Genetics, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
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19
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Kok TW, Costabile M, Tannock GA, Li P. Colocalization of intracellular specific IgA (icIgA) with influenza virus in patients' nasopharyngeal aspirate cells. J Virol Methods 2017; 252:8-14. [PMID: 29102516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of viral replication by icIgA antibodies has only been observed with in vitro studies using epithelial cell lines in transwell cultures. This effect appears to involve an interaction between polymeric immunoglobulin A (pIgA) and viral particles within an intracellular compartment, since IgA is transported across polarized cells. Polyclonal guinea pig antisera against purified influenza A virus and mouse antisera prepared against Influenza A/H3N2 hemagglutinin (HA0) cleavage loop peptides, were used in confocal fluorescence microscopy to show specific staining of wild-type influenza H1N1 and H3N2 viruses in clinical specimens. The HA0 cleavage loop peptides used for intranasal immunization of mice were designed and synthesized from specific conserved regions of influenza A/H1N1 & A/H3N2 viruses. Anti-human secretory IgA antibodies were used to show co-localisation of influenza A virus and icIgA. The results showed specific immunofluorescent staining of influenza A/H3N2 (X31) (HA0 uncleaved)-infected MDCK cells and the presence of icIgA in respiratory exudate cells of infected patients. Both results confirm specific co-localisation and suggest interaction between influenza A virus and icIgA in patients' respiratory exudate cells. Importantly, antisera to the mouse anti-HA0 cleavage site were specific for wild-type virus in clinical specimens, indicating that the conserved region of HA0 was present in the uncleaved form. Similar staining and colocalization patterns between icIgA and virus were observed with polyclonal guinea pig antisera against influenza A virus. These are the first observations of co-localization of influenza A virus and intracellular IgA in clinical specimens. Role of icIgA: This report shows the co-localization of influenza A virus HA0 and icIgA antibodies in respiratory exudate cells of patients who were culture and viral RNA positive, suggesting that icIgA directed against the conserved HA0 site may have a privileged and unique opportunity to act on immature virus and thus prevent HA0 cleavage, maturation and subsequent cycles of viral replication. The precise mechanism by which icIgA mediates intracellular viral neutralization remains to be fully elucidated. SIGNIFICANCE The above findings in clinical specimens would contribute strongly to our understanding of the mechanisms and kinetics of icIgA neutralization in relation to viral entry and early replication steps of mucosal viral infections. A rapid, objective and sensitive assay - by ex vivo enumeration of respiratory epithelial cells that have co-localized influenza virus and icIgA - would contribute to further mucosal immunity studies and inform the design of more effective vaccines against influenza and other viral infections transmitted via the mucosal route e.g. respiratory syncytial virus, rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuck-Weng Kok
- School of Medicine & School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Maurizio Costabile
- School of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | | | - Peng Li
- School of Medicine & School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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20
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Erdal E, Haider S, Rehwinkel J, Harris AL, McHugh PJ. A prosurvival DNA damage-induced cytoplasmic interferon response is mediated by end resection factors and is limited by Trex1. Genes Dev 2017; 31:353-369. [PMID: 28279982 PMCID: PMC5358756 DOI: 10.1101/gad.289769.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Radiotherapy and chemotherapy are effective treatment methods for many types of cancer, but resistance is common. Recent findings indicate that antiviral type I interferon (IFN) signaling is induced by these treatments. However, the underlying mechanisms still need to be elucidated. Expression of a set of IFN-stimulated genes comprises an IFN-related DNA damage resistance signature (IRDS), which correlates strongly with resistance to radiotherapy and chemotherapy across different tumors. Classically, during viral infection, the presence of foreign DNA in the cytoplasm of host cells can initiate type I IFN signaling. Here, we demonstrate that DNA-damaging modalities used during cancer therapy lead to the release of ssDNA fragments from the cell nucleus into the cytosol, engaging this innate immune response. We found that the factors that control DNA end resection during double-strand break repair, including the Bloom syndrome (BLM) helicase and exonuclease 1 (EXO1), play a major role in generating these DNA fragments and that the cytoplasmic 3'-5' exonuclease Trex1 is required for their degradation. Analysis of mRNA expression profiles in breast tumors demonstrates that those with lower Trex1 and higher BLM and EXO1 expression levels are associated with poor prognosis. Targeting BLM and EXO1 could therefore represent a novel approach for circumventing the IRDS produced in response to cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkin Erdal
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Syed Haider
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Rehwinkel
- Medical Research Council Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian L Harris
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J McHugh
- Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
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Minderman H, Maguire O, O'Loughlin KL, Muhitch J, Wallace PK, Abrams SI. Total cellular protein presence of the transcription factor IRF8 does not necessarily correlate with its nuclear presence. Methods 2016; 112:84-90. [PMID: 27582125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor-8 (IRF8) plays an essential role in myeloid differentiation and lineage commitment, based largely on molecular and genetic studies. The detection of IRF8 in specific cell populations by flow cytometry (FCM) has the potential to provide new insights into normal and pathologic myelopoiesis, but critical validation of this protein-based approach, particularly in human samples, is lacking. In this study, the assessment of total cellular IRF8 presence was compared to its specific nuclear presence as assessed by imaging flow cytometry (IFC) analysis. Peptide neutralization of the IRF8-specific antibody that has been predominantly used to date in the literature served as a negative control for the immunofluorescent labeling. Expression of total IRF8 was analyzed by total cellular fluorescence analogous to the mean fluorescence intensity readout of conventional FCM. Additionally, specific nuclear fluorescence and the similarity score between the nuclear image (DAPI) and the corresponding IRF8 image for each cell were analyzed as parameters for nuclear localization of IRF8. IFC showed that peptide blocking eliminated binding of the IRF8 antibody in the nucleus. It also reduced cytoplasmic binding of the antibody but not to the extent observed in the nucleus. In agreement with the similarity score data, the total cellular IRF8 as well as nuclear IRF8 intensities decreased with peptide blocking. In healthy donor peripheral blood subpopulations and a positive control cell line (THP-1), the assessment of IRF8 by total cellular presence correlated well with its specific nuclear presence and correlated with the known distribution of IRF8 in these cells. In clinical samples of myeloid-derived suppressors cells derived from patients with renal carcinoma, however, total cellular IRF8 did not necessarily correlate with its nuclear presence. Discordance was primarily associated with peptide blocking having a proportionally greater effect on the IRF8 nuclear localization versus total fluorescence assessment. The data thus indicate that IRF8 can have cytoplasmic presence and that during disease its nuclear-cytoplasmic distribution may be altered, which may provide a basis for potential myeloid defects during certain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Minderman
- Flow and Image Cytometry Shared Resource, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, United States.
| | - Orla Maguire
- Flow and Image Cytometry Shared Resource, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Kieran L O'Loughlin
- Flow and Image Cytometry Shared Resource, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jason Muhitch
- Dept of Urology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Paul K Wallace
- Flow and Image Cytometry Shared Resource, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Scott I Abrams
- Dept of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Koeppen AH, Ramirez RL, Becker AB, Mazurkiewicz JE. Dorsal root ganglia in Friedreich ataxia: satellite cell proliferation and inflammation. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2016; 4:46. [PMID: 27142428 PMCID: PMC4855486 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-016-0288-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dorsal root ganglia (DRG) are highly vulnerable to frataxin deficiency in Friedreich ataxia (FA), an autosomal recessive disease due to pathogenic homozygous guanine-adenine-adenine trinucleotide repeat expansions in intron 1 of the FXN gene (chromosome 9q21.11). An immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence study of DRG in 15 FA cases and 12 controls revealed that FA causes major primary changes in satellite cells and inflammatory destruction of neurons. A panel of antibodies was used to reveal the cytoplasm of satellite cells (glutamine synthetase, S100, metabotropic glutamate receptors 2/3, excitatory amino acid transporter 1, ATP-sensitive inward rectifier potassium channel 10, and cytosolic ferritin), gap junctions (connexin 43), basement membranes (laminin), mitochondria (ATP synthase subunit beta and frataxin), and monocytes (CD68 and IBA1). RESULTS Reaction product of the cytoplasmic markers and laminin confirmed proliferation of satellite cells and processes into multiple perineuronal layers and residual nodules. The formation of connexin 43-reactive gap junctions between satellite cells was strongly upregulated. Proliferating satellite cells in FA displayed many more frataxin- and ATP5B-reactive mitochondria than normal. Monocytes entered into the satellite cell layer, appeared to penetrate neuronal plasma membranes, and infiltrated residual nodules. Satellite cells and IBA1-reactive monocytes displayed upregulated ferritin biosynthesis, which was most likely due to leakage of iron from dying neurons. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that FA differentially affects the key cellular elements of DRG, and postulate that the disease causes loss of bidirectional trophic support between satellite cells and neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnulf H Koeppen
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA.
- Departments of Neurology and Pathology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA.
| | - R Liane Ramirez
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Alyssa B Becker
- Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Joseph E Mazurkiewicz
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
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Mullins CS, Hühns M, Krohn M, Peters S, Cheynet V, Oriol G, Guillotte M, Ducrot S, Mallet F, Linnebacher M. Generation, Characterization and Application of Antibodies Directed against HERV-H Gag Protein in Colorectal Samples. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153349. [PMID: 27119520 PMCID: PMC4847760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction A substantial part of the human genome originates from transposable elements, remnants of ancient retroviral infections. Roughly 8% of the human genome consists of about 400,000 LTR elements including human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) sequences. Mainly, the interplay between epigenetic and post-transcriptional mechanisms is thought to silence HERV expression in most physiological contexts. Interestingly, aberrant reactivation of several HERV-H loci appears specific to colorectal carcinoma (CRC). Results The expression of HERV-H Gag proteins (Gag-H) was assessed using novel monoclonal mouse anti Gag-H antibodies. In a flow cytometry screen four antibody clones were tested on a panel of primary CRC cell lines and the most well performing ones were subsequently validated in western blot analysis. Finally, Gag-H protein expression was analyzed by immune histology on cell line cytospins and on clinical samples. There, we found a heterogeneous staining pattern with no background staining of endothelial, stromal and infiltrating immune cells but diffuse staining of the cytoplasm for positive tumor and normal crypt cells of the colonic epithelium. Conclusion Taken together, the Gag-H antibody clone(s) present a valuable tool for staining of cells with colonic origin and thus form the basis for future more detailed investigations. The observed Gag-H protein staining in colonic epithelium crypt cells demands profound analyses of a potential role for Gag-H in the normal physiology of the human gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S. Mullins
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Maja Hühns
- University Medicine Rostock, Institute of Pathology, Strempelstraße 14, 18055 Rostock, Germany
| | - Mathias Krohn
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Sven Peters
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Valérie Cheynet
- Joint Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon, bioMérieux, Cancer Biomarkers Research Group, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Bâtiment 3F, 69495, Pierre Bénite cedex, Lyon, France
| | - Guy Oriol
- Joint Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon, bioMérieux, Cancer Biomarkers Research Group, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Bâtiment 3F, 69495, Pierre Bénite cedex, Lyon, France
| | | | - Sandrine Ducrot
- R&D Immunoassay, bioMérieux, Raw Material Department, Marcy l’Etoile, France
| | - François Mallet
- Joint Unit Hospices Civils de Lyon, bioMérieux, Cancer Biomarkers Research Group, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Bâtiment 3F, 69495, Pierre Bénite cedex, Lyon, France
- EA Pathophysiology of injury-induced immunosuppression, University of Lyon1–Hospices Civils de Lyon–bioMérieux,Hôpital Edouard Herriot, 5, Place d’Arsonval, 69437 LYON Cedex 3, Lyon, France
| | - Michael Linnebacher
- University Medicine Rostock, Department of General Surgery, Molecular Oncology and Immunotherapy, Schillingallee 69, 18057 Rostock, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Cenens W, Makumi A, Govers SK, Lavigne R, Aertsen A. Viral Transmission Dynamics at Single-Cell Resolution Reveal Transiently Immune Subpopulations Caused by a Carrier State Association. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005770. [PMID: 26720743 PMCID: PMC4697819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring the complex transmission dynamics of a bacterial virus (temperate phage P22) throughout a population of its host (Salmonella Typhimurium) at single cell resolution revealed the unexpected existence of a transiently immune subpopulation of host cells that emerged from peculiarities preceding the process of lysogenization. More specifically, an infection event ultimately leading to a lysogen first yielded a phage carrier cell harboring a polarly tethered P22 episome. Upon subsequent division, the daughter cell inheriting this episome became lysogenized by an integration event yielding a prophage, while the other daughter cell became P22-free. However, since the phage carrier cell was shown to overproduce immunity factors that are cytoplasmically inherited by the P22-free daughter cell and further passed down to its siblings, a transiently resistant subpopulation was generated that upon dilution of these immunity factors again became susceptible to P22 infection. The iterative emergence and infection of transiently resistant subpopulations suggests a new bet-hedging strategy by which viruses could manage to sustain both vertical and horizontal transmission routes throughout an infected population without compromising a stable co-existence with their host. Extensive co-evolution with their host has shaped bacterial viruses into the most abundant and sophisticated pathogens known to date. However, how these important viral pathogens manage to safely exploit their host without jeopardizing stable co-existence remains a central question, since horizontal (lytic) transmission can reduce the number of susceptible host cells and cause pathogen extinction, while vertical (lysogenic) transmission impairs pathogen abundance. Scrutinizing transmission of temperate phage P22 throughout a bacterial population at single cell resolution now revealed that this phage is able to disseminate immunity factors that allow the emergence of transiently resistant subpopulations of host cells. The continued fostering and consumption of such subpopulations points to an entirely new strategy by which viruses could manage to sustain an active infection with their host.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Cenens
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M²S), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Angela Makumi
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M²S), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sander K. Govers
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M²S), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Laboratory of Gene Technology, Department of Biosystems, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Abram Aertsen
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M²S), Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Intracellular antibodies (intrabodies) are recombinant antibody fragments that bind to target proteins expressed inside of the same living cell producing the antibodies. The molecules are commonly used to study the function of the target proteins (i.e., their antigens). The intrabody technology is an attractive alternative to the generation of gene-targeted knockout animals, and complements knockdown techniques such as RNAi, miRNA and small molecule inhibitors, by-passing various limitations and disadvantages of these methods. The advantages of intrabodies include very high specificity for the target, the possibility to knock down several protein isoforms by one intrabody and targeting of specific splice variants or even post-translational modifications. Different types of intrabodies must be designed to target proteins at different locations, typically either in the cytoplasm, in the nucleus or in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Most straightforward is the use of intrabodies retained in the ER (ER intrabodies) to knock down the function of proteins passing the ER, which disturbs the function of members of the membrane or plasma proteomes. More effort is needed to functionally knock down cytoplasmic or nuclear proteins because in this case antibodies need to provide an inhibitory effect and must be able to fold in the reducing milieu of the cytoplasm. In this review, we present a broad overview of intrabody technology, as well as applications both of ER and cytoplasmic intrabodies, which have yielded valuable insights in the biology of many targets relevant for drug development, including α-synuclein, TAU, BCR-ABL, ErbB-2, EGFR, HIV gp120, CCR5, IL-2, IL-6, β-amyloid protein and p75NTR. Strategies for the generation of intrabodies and various designs of their applications are also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea LJ Marschall
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics; Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Dübel
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics; Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Thomas Böldicke
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Recombinant Protein Expression/Intrabody Unit, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research; Braunschweig, Germany
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Ansari MA, Dutta S, Veettil MV, Dutta D, Iqbal J, Kumar B, Roy A, Chikoti L, Singh VV, Chandran B. Herpesvirus Genome Recognition Induced Acetylation of Nuclear IFI16 Is Essential for Its Cytoplasmic Translocation, Inflammasome and IFN-β Responses. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005019. [PMID: 26134128 PMCID: PMC4489722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The IL-1β and type I interferon-β (IFN-β) molecules are important inflammatory cytokines elicited by the eukaryotic host as innate immune responses against invading pathogens and danger signals. Recently, a predominantly nuclear gamma-interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) involved in transcriptional regulation has emerged as an innate DNA sensor which induced IL-1β and IFN-β production through inflammasome and STING activation, respectively. Herpesvirus (KSHV, EBV, and HSV-1) episomal dsDNA genome recognition by IFI16 leads to IFI16-ASC-procaspase-1 inflammasome association, cytoplasmic translocation and IL-1β production. Independent of ASC, HSV-1 genome recognition results in IFI16 interaction with STING in the cytoplasm to induce interferon-β production. However, the mechanisms of IFI16-inflammasome formation, cytoplasmic redistribution and STING activation are not known. Our studies here demonstrate that recognition of herpesvirus genomes in the nucleus by IFI16 leads into its interaction with histone acetyltransferase p300 and IFI16 acetylation resulting in IFI16-ASC interaction, inflammasome assembly, increased interaction with Ran-GTPase, cytoplasmic redistribution, caspase-1 activation, IL-1β production, and interaction with STING which results in IRF-3 phosphorylation, nuclear pIRF-3 localization and interferon-β production. ASC and STING knockdowns did not affect IFI16 acetylation indicating that this modification is upstream of inflammasome-assembly and STING-activation. Vaccinia virus replicating in the cytoplasm did not induce nuclear IFI16 acetylation and cytoplasmic translocation. IFI16 physically associates with KSHV and HSV-1 genomes as revealed by proximity ligation microscopy and chromatin-immunoprecipitation studies which is not hampered by the inhibition of acetylation, thus suggesting that acetylation of IFI16 is not required for its innate sensing of nuclear viral genomes. Collectively, these studies identify the increased nuclear acetylation of IFI16 as a dynamic essential post-genome recognition event in the nucleus that is common to the IFI16-mediated innate responses of inflammasome induction and IFN-β production during herpesvirus (KSHV, EBV, HSV-1) infections. Herpesviruses establish a latent infection in the nucleus of specific cells and reactivation results in the nuclear viral dsDNA replication and infectious virus production. Host innate responses are initiated by the presence of viral genomes and their products, and nucleus associated IFI16 protein has recently emerged as an innate DNA sensor regulating inflammatory cytokines and type I interferon (IFN) production. IFI16 recognizes the herpesvirus genomes (KSHV, EBV, and HSV-1) in the nucleus resulting in the formation of the IFI16-ASC-Caspase-1 inflammasome complex and IL-1β production. HSV-1 genome recognition by IFI16 in the nucleus also leads to STING activation in the cytoplasm and IFN-β production. However, how IFI16 initiates inflammasome assembly and activates STING in the cytoplasm after nuclear recognition of viral genome are not known. We show that herpesvirus genome recognition in the nucleus by IFI16 leads to interaction with histone acetyltransferase-p300 and IFI16 acetylation which is essential for inflammasome assembly in the nucleus and cytoplasmic translocation, activation of STING in the cytoplasm and IFN-β production. These studies provide insight into a common molecular mechanism for the innate inflammasome assembly and STING activation response pathways that result in IL-1β and IFN-β production, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mairaj Ahmed Ansari
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Sujoy Dutta
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Mohanan Valiya Veettil
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Dipanjan Dutta
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jawed Iqbal
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Binod Kumar
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Arunava Roy
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Leela Chikoti
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Vivek Vikram Singh
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Bala Chandran
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Bergesio F, Bertoni E, Bandini S, Rosati A, Salvadori M. Changing pattern of glomerulonephritis in the elderly: a change of prevalence or a different approach? Contrib Nephrol 2015; 105:75-80. [PMID: 8252875 DOI: 10.1159/000422473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F Bergesio
- Department of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy
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28
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Abstract
Macromolecules can be introduced into cultured mammalian cells by fusing recipients with red cells, loaded by hypotonic hemolysis with the macromolecule of interest. This technique is called red cell-mediated microinjection. If recipient cells are in mitosis at the time of fusion, introduced macromolecules have access to nuclear components. When antibodies are introduced by this technique, they retain their specificity and are able to neutralize both cytoplasmic and nuclear molecules, thus providing a useful system for studying cellular functions within living cells.
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Dmochowski L, Georgiades J, East JL, Allen PT, Bowen JM. Virus retrieval studies in human neoplasia. Bibl Haematol 2015:431-49. [PMID: 51629 DOI: 10.1159/000397561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Short- and long-term co-cultures of 49 cases of human osteosarcoma cells with bone marrow or peripheral blood cells of patients with different types of leukemia were studied. Morphological changes were observed in 7 of 13 long-term co-cultures resembling those induced by RNA tumor viruses. The changes were accompanied by appearance of cytoplasmic antigen as shown by fixed immunofluorescence test with sera from patients with osteosarcoma, leukemia, and of some apparently normal blood donors. Absorption with Forssman-like substances, whole human embryo cells or osteosarcoma cells demonstrated the reaction to be due to tumor antigen(s) in co-culture cells showing morphological changes. Electron microscopy showed a few type C virus particles in one co-culture. Cell-free filtrates of fluid from the transformed co-cultures induced morphological changes in 1 of 4 human embryo cultures. Uninoculated embryo cultures or those inoculated with filtrates from parental sarcoma or leukemia cultures showed no morphological changes. Human embryo cell cultures treated with fluid from parental leukemic bone marrow but not from parental sarcoma cultures showed appearance of cytoplasmic antigen by immunofluorescence test with sera of osteosarcoma and leukemia patients and of some apparently normal blood donors. Transformed human co-cultures showed the cytoplasmic antigen with 28 of 48 sera of osteosarcoma and leukemia patients tested, after absorption with Forssman-like material, human embryo, and mycoplasma suspensions. Fourteen of 49 sera of normal donors were also positive with the transformed co-cultures. Similar results were obtained in an earlier series of experiments with human embryonic cultures transformed by fluid from different osteosarcoma-leukemia co-cultures when examined by fixed immunofluorescence tests with sera of patients with osteosarcoma and leukemia. In 2 whole human embryo cell cultures showing morphological changes high molecular weight RNA was found, similar to that of RNA animal tumor viruses and in one of the cultures transient reverse transcriptase was detected.
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Ioachim HL, Keller SE, Dorsett BH. Transplantability, immunological unresponsiveness, and loss of cellular antigenicity in gross virus lymphoma. Bibl Haematol 2015:301-10. [PMID: 51627 DOI: 10.1159/000397547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The capacity for syngeneic transplantation of rat lymphoma cells, originally induced by Gross lymphoma virus (GLV), was correlated with the expression of GLV-associated antigens by these cells. It was found that lymphoma cells that replicate GLV and display membrane and cytoplasmic GLV-associated antigens are consistently rejected when transplanted into syngeneic recipients. By contrast, lymphoma cells derived from the same parental cell line and morphologically indistinguishable, that have lost both surface and cytoplasmic antigenic expression were accepted and grew progressively at primary and metastatic sites. In further experiments, a long-lasting state of specific immunologic unresponsiveness was induced by administration of soluble GLV-associated antigens to newborn rats. These rats were later grafted with GLV-induced lymphoma cells that were positive for both membrane and cytoplasmic antigens. The rats conditioned at birth accepted the grafts which grew progressively, in contrast to normal controls which rejected them consistently. However, the grafted lymphoma cells showed progressive loss of antigenic determinants, and became serially transplantable in normal adult non conditioned rats. The membrane antigens were first to disappear from the grafted lymphoma cells, followed by the internal cytoplasmic antigens in further transplant generations. The transplantability of these cells increased accordingly. Titers of anti-GLV sera in tumor-bearing rats remained high even after surface antigens of lymphoma cells were no longer detected, but decreased to baseline levels after the internal antigens had been similarly lost.
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31
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Maruyama K, Dmochowski L. Antigenic analysis of transformed and nontransformed cells from human neoplasms. Prog Exp Tumor Res 2015; 19:253-69. [PMID: 4373782 DOI: 10.1159/000395860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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32
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Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from gram-negative bacteria is a classical pathogen-associated molecular pattern and a strong inducer of immune responses. While the detection of LPS on the cell surface and in the endosome by Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been studied for some time, it has only recently been discovered that LPS can also be sensed in the cytosol of cells by a noncanonical inflammasome pathway, resulting in the activation of the cysteine protease caspase-11. Intriguingly, activation of this pathway requires the production of interferons (IFNs) and the induction of a class of IFN-induced GTPases called guanylate-binding proteins (GBPs), which have previously been linked to cell-autonomous killing of intracellular microbes. In this study, we review the recent advances in our understanding of cytosolic LPS sensing and the function of mammalian GBPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Meunier
- Focal Area Infection Biology, Biozentrum, University of Basel , Basel, Switzerland
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Sandiford SL, Dong Y, Pike A, Blumberg BJ, Bahia AC, Dimopoulos G. Cytoplasmic actin is an extracellular insect immune factor which is secreted upon immune challenge and mediates phagocytosis and direct killing of bacteria, and is a Plasmodium Antagonist. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004631. [PMID: 25658622 PMCID: PMC4450071 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin is a highly versatile, abundant, and conserved protein, with functions in a variety of intracellular processes. Here, we describe a novel role for insect cytoplasmic actin as an extracellular pathogen recognition factor that mediates antibacterial defense. Insect actins are secreted from cells upon immune challenge through an exosome-independent pathway. Anopheles gambiae actin interacts with the extracellular MD2-like immune factor AgMDL1, and binds to the surfaces of bacteria, mediating their phagocytosis and direct killing. Globular and filamentous actins display distinct functions as extracellular immune factors, and mosquito actin is a Plasmodium infection antagonist. Actin is one of the best studied, evolutionary conserved and most abundant intracellular proteins. Actin can exists in globular and filamentous functionally distinct forms, and is involved in a variety of biological processes, such as muscle contraction, cell motility, cell division, vesicle and organelle movement, endocytosis, and cell signaling. Here we show a novel function of insect cytoplasmic actin, as an extracellular immune factor. Actin is externalized by insect immune competent cells upon immune challenge with bacteria or bacterial surface components, and once externalized, actin binds with high affinity to the surface of bacteria. A functional role of actin’s interaction with bacteria is to mediate their killing through either phagocytosis or direct antibacterial action. The globular and filamentous forms of actins appear to play distinct functions as extracellular immune factors. Actin also plays a role as a Plasmodium antagonist as it limits parasite infection of the mosquito gut tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone L. Sandiford
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yuemei Dong
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Andrew Pike
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Benjamin J. Blumberg
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ana C. Bahia
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - George Dimopoulos
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Smith J, Wen F, Cao J, Xu X. Parotid gland follicular lymphoma lacking both cytoplasmic and surface light chains: a rare case. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2014; 7:7100-7104. [PMID: 25400804 PMCID: PMC4230076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin light chain (LC) restriction is detected in the majority of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (B-NHL) by flow cytometric immunophenotyping (FCI) and serves as a surrogate marker of monoclonality. Even though it is known a small percentage of mature B-NHLs lacking surface LC, deficiency of both cytoplasmic and surface LCs has been reported in only three B-NHL cases. We report a primary parotid gland follicular lymphoma in a 63-year-old man and the lymphoma cells were deficient of cytoplasmic/surface LCs. Compared to previous reports, we used a more sensitive FCI method by combining both monoclonal and polyclonal anti-LC antibodies. Lacking LCs poses as a pitfall for the initial diagnosis of B-NHL, as well as for detecting minimal residual disease. It is important to be aware of this rare immunophenotypic aberrancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Smith
- Department of Pathology, Loma Linda UniversityLoma Linda, CA
| | - Fang Wen
- Department of Pathology, University of CaliforniaSan Diego
| | - Jeffrey Cao
- VA Loma Linda Healthcare SystemLoma Linda, CA
| | - Xiangdong Xu
- Department of Pathology, University of CaliforniaSan Diego
- VA San Diego Healthcare SystemSan Diego, CA, USA
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Xin G, Chen M, Su Y, Xu LX, Zhao MH, Li KS. Serum B-cell activating factor in myeloperoxiase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies-associated vasculitis. Am J Med Sci 2014; 348:25-9. [PMID: 24534784 DOI: 10.1097/maj.0b013e3182a55ab6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, the serum B-cell activating factor belonging to tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) levels in patients with myeloperoxidase (MPO)-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitis (AAV) were measured, and their clinical significance was further analyzed. METHODS One hundred twenty-one patients with MPO-AAV were enrolled in this study. Eighty-three patients had active vasculitis and 38 were in remission. Fifty-five healthy individuals were used as healthy controls. The levels of serum BAFF were assessed using commercial available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. The correlations between serum BAFF and Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and MPO-ANCA were further evaluated. RESULTS The levels of serum BAFF of patients with MPO-AAV in both active (6.06±5.02 ng/mL) and remission phases (3.60±3.83 ng/mL) were significantly higher than those in healthy controls (0.87±0.31 ng/mL) (P<0.001, respectively). The serum BAFF levels in patients with active vasculitis were significantly higher than those in remission (P<0.001). Serum BAFF levels were significantly correlated with Birmingham Vasculitis Activity Score (r=0.320, P<0.001) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate value (r=0.311, P<0.01) in all patients, but no correlation was found between the levels of serum BAFF and MPO-ANCA. Using receiver-operating characteristics statistics, the cutoff values of serum BAFF level for indicating the presence of MPO-AAV and active vasculitis were 1.58 and 4.20 ng/mL, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The levels of serum BAFF were elevated in patients with MPO-AAV and associated with disease activity, but they were not related with the levels of MPO-ANCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Xin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology (GX, YS, K-SL), Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China; Renal Division (MC, M-HZ), Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, People's Republic of China; and Department of Nephrology (L-XX), Guangdong General Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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Rollins J, Miskolci V. Immunofluorescence and subsequent confocal microscopy of intracellular TNF in human neutrophils. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1172:263-70. [PMID: 24908313 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0928-5_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2023]
Abstract
Immunofluorescence is an important technique required to observe expression, localization and colocalization of proteins within the cell. Here we describe the immunofluorescence and subsequent confocal microscopy technique of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF) in human neutrophils (polymorphonuclear leukocytes; PMN). The qualitative technique can be used to observe the expression pattern changes from resting to stimulated leukocytes. Colocalization with other cytokines, proteins, or organelles can be observed. This immunofluorescence technique can be done in 1-2 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Rollins
- Division of Natural Sciences, College of Mount Saint Vincent, 6301 Riverdale Avenue, Riverdale, NY, 10471, USA,
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Abstract
Diverse functional RNAs participate in a wide range of cellular processes. The RNA structure is critical for function, either on its own or as a complex form with proteins and other ligands. Therefore, analysis of the RNA conformation in cells is essential for understanding their functional mechanisms. However, no appropriate methods have been established as yet. Here, we developed an efficient strategy for panning and affinity maturation of anti-RNA human monoclonal antibodies from a naïve antigen binding fragment (Fab) combinatorial phage library. Brain cytoplasmic 200 (BC200) RNA, which is also highly expressed in some tumors, was used as an RNA antigen. We identified MabBC200-A3 as the optimal binding antibody. Mutagenesis and SELEX experiments showed that the antibody recognized a domain of BC200 in a structure- and sequence-dependent manner. Various breast cancer cell lines were further examined for BC200 RNA expression using conventional hybridization and immunoanalysis with MabBC200-A3 to see whether the antibody specifically recognizes BC200 RNA among the total purified RNAs. The amounts of antibody-recognizable BC200 RNA were consistent with hybridization signals among the cell lines. Furthermore, the antibody was able to discriminate BC200 RNA from other RNAs, supporting the utility of this antibody as a specific RNA structure-recognizing probe. Intriguingly, however, when permeabilized cells were subjected to immunoanalysis instead of purified total RNA, the amount of antibody-recognizable RNA was not correlated with the cellular level of BC200 RNA, indicating that BC200 RNA exists as two distinct forms (antibody-recognizable and nonrecognizable) in breast cancer cells and that their distribution depends on the cell type. Our results clearly demonstrate that anti-RNA antibodies provide an effective novel tool for detecting and analyzing RNA conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euihan Jung
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Jungmin Lee
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
| | - Hyo Jeong Hong
- Department of Systems Immunology, College of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea
| | - Insoo Park
- Molecular Imaging and Therapy Branch, National Cancer Center, Goyang-si 410-769, Korea
| | - Younghoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, Korea
- Corresponding authorE-mail
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38
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Akamatsu A, Wong HL, Fujiwara M, Okuda J, Nishide K, Uno K, Imai K, Umemura K, Kawasaki T, Kawano Y, Shimamoto K. An OsCEBiP/OsCERK1-OsRacGEF1-OsRac1 module is an essential early component of chitin-induced rice immunity. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 13:465-76. [PMID: 23601108 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OsCEBiP, a chitin-binding protein, and OsCERK1, a receptor-like kinase, are plasma membrane (PM) proteins that form a receptor complex essential for fungal chitin-driven immune responses in rice. The signaling events immediately following chitin perception are unclear. Investigating the spatiotemporal regulation of the rice small GTPase OsRac1, we find that chitin induces rapid activation of OsRac1 at the PM. Searching for OsRac1 interactors, we identified OsRacGEF1 as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for OsRac1. OsRacGEF1 interacts with OsCERK1 and is activated when its C-terminal S549 is phosphorylated by the cytoplasmic domain of OsCERK1 in response to chitin. Activated OsRacGEF1 is required for chitin-driven immune responses and resistance to rice blast fungus infection. Further, a protein complex including OsCERK1 and OsRacGEF1 is transported from the endoplasmic reticulum to the PM. Collectively, our results suggest that OsCEBiP, OsCERK1, OsRacGEF1, and OsRac1 function as key components of a "defensome" critically engaged early during chitin-induced immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Akamatsu
- Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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39
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Abstract
The intracellular cytokine method allows for a multiparametric readout by flow cytometry with precise phenotyping of the responding T cells. The intracellular cytokine staining of cells that have been fixed and permeabilized following a short-term activation and staining with antibodies to cell surface markers allows for identification of the cellular origin of the cytokine accumulated product.
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Hommel B, Charuel JL, Jaureguiberry S, Arnaud L, Courtin R, Kassab P, Prendki V, Paris L, Ghillani-Dalbin P, Thellier M, Caumes E, Amoura Z, Mazier D, Musset L, Buffet P, Miyara M. Chronic malaria revealed by a new fluorescence pattern on the antinuclear autoantibodies test. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88548. [PMID: 24551116 PMCID: PMC3923801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several clinical forms of malaria such as chronic carriage, gestational malaria or hyper-reactive malarial splenomegaly may follow a cryptic evolution with afebrile chronic fatigue sometimes accompanied by anemia and/or splenomegaly. Conventional parasitological tests are often negative or not performed, and severe complications may occur. Extensive explorations of these conditions often include the search for antinuclear autoantibodies (ANA). METHODS We analysed fluorescence patterns in the ANA test in patients with either chronic cryptic or acute symptomatic malaria, then conducted a one-year prospective study at a single hospital on all available sera drawn for ANA detections. We then identified autoantibodies differentially expressed in malaria patients and in controls using human protein microarray. RESULTS We uncovered and defined a new, malaria-related, nucleo-cytoplasmic ANA pattern displaying the specific association of a nuclear speckled pattern with diffuse cytoplasmic perinuclearly-enhanced fluorescence. In the one-year prospective analysis, 79% of sera displaying this new nucleo-cytoplasmic fluorescence were from patients with malaria. This specific pattern, not seen in other parasitic diseases, allowed a timely reorientation of the diagnosis toward malaria. To assess if the autoantibody immune response was due to autoreactivity or molecular mimicry we isolated 42 autoantigens, targets of malarial autoantibodies. BLAST analysis indicated that 23 of recognized autoantigens were homologous to plasmodial proteins suggesting autoimmune responses directly driven by the plasmodial infection. CONCLUSION In patients with malaria in whom parasitological tests have not been performed recognition of this new, malaria-related fluorescence pattern on the ANA test is highly suggestive of the diagnosis and triggers immediate, easy confirmation and adapted therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/blood
- Antibodies, Antinuclear/immunology
- Antigens, Protozoan/blood
- Antigens, Protozoan/immunology
- Cell Nucleus/immunology
- Cell Nucleus/parasitology
- Chronic Disease
- Cytoplasm/immunology
- Cytoplasm/parasitology
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Humans
- Malaria, Falciparum/blood
- Malaria, Falciparum/diagnosis
- Malaria, Falciparum/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/parasitology
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Neutrophils/cytology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/parasitology
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Plasmodium falciparum/isolation & purification
- Protein Array Analysis
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Hommel
- Immunology Department – Immune Chemistry and Autoimmunity Laboratory, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Luc Charuel
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Jaureguiberry
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Department, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
- INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research) UMR-S 945, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Arnaud
- INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research) UMR-S 945, Paris, France
- Internal Medicine Department, French National Reference Center for SLE and Antiphospholipid Syndrome AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Regis Courtin
- Immunology Department – Immune Chemistry and Autoimmunity Laboratory, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Petra Kassab
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Prendki
- Department of Internal Medicine and Septic Orthopaedics, Hôpital Croix Saint-Simon, Paris, France
| | - Luc Paris
- Immunology Department – Immune Chemistry and Autoimmunity Laboratory, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Pascale Ghillani-Dalbin
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Marc Thellier
- Immunology Department – Immune Chemistry and Autoimmunity Laboratory, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
- INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research) UMR-S 945, Paris, France
| | - Eric Caumes
- Tropical Infectious Diseases Department, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Zahir Amoura
- Internal Medicine Department, French National Reference Center for SLE and Antiphospholipid Syndrome AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Mazier
- Immunology Department – Immune Chemistry and Autoimmunity Laboratory, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
- INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research) UMR-S 945, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Musset
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Buffet
- Immunology Department – Immune Chemistry and Autoimmunity Laboratory, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
- INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research) UMR-S 945, Paris, France
| | - Makoto Miyara
- Parasitology-Mycology Laboratory, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
- INSERM (National Institute of Health and Medical Research) UMR-S 945, Paris, France
- Internal Medicine Department, French National Reference Center for SLE and Antiphospholipid Syndrome AP-HP Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
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Abstract
Recombinant antibodies in single-domain format (VHHs) have been recently used for stabilizing antigens during their purification and crystallization. VHHs are also known for their structural stability, and a significant part of them share the characteristic of remaining functionally folded also in the absence of the internal disulfide bond. Therefore, they can be expressed as intrabodies in cell cytoplasm as well as in the bacterial periplasm. This evidence means that, in theory, VHHs can be co-expressed with their antigens independently on the redox constrains. It has also suggested the idea of using co-expression and co-purification of antigen-antibody complexes for maximizing the stabilizing effect of the antibody on its antigen during all the production steps for both cytoplasmic and periplasmic expression strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ario de Marco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, University of Nova Gorica (UNG), Glavni Trg 9 - SI-5261, Vipava, Slovenia,
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42
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Lan JF, Zhou J, Zhang XW, Wang ZH, Zhao XF, Ren Q, Wang JX. Characterization of an immune deficiency homolog (IMD) in shrimp (Fenneropenaeus chinensis) and crayfish (Procambarus clarkii). Dev Comp Immunol 2013; 41:608-617. [PMID: 23850721 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The immune deficiency (IMD) signal pathway mediates immunity against Gram-negative bacteria in Drosophila. Recent studies show that the IMD pathway also involves in antiviral innate immune responses. The functions of the pathway in crustacean immunity are largely unknown. In this paper, two IMDs (FcIMD and PcIMD), one of the key elements of the IMD pathway, were identified from Chinese white shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis and red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Both proteins have a death domain located at the C-terminal. FcIMD was mainly expressed in the gills and stomach and PcIMD was mainly detected in the heart, hepatopancreas, and stomach. FcIMD peaked in hemocytes at 12 h after white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) challenge and it peaked in the gills at 6 h after WSSV challenge, but it was decreased at 2 h and kept the low level to 24 h in hemocytes and no obviously change in gill after Vibrio anguillarum challenge. PcIMD first decreased in hemocytes at 2 h and peaked at 12 h in hemocytes after V. anguillarum challenge. It was also upregulated in gill after bacterial challenge, peaked at 2 h, and decreased at 6 h, and then gradually increased at 12-24 h. PcIMD has no significant change in hemocytes and gill after WSSV challenge. Western blot analysis detected FcIMD protein in all tissues, and immunocytochemical analysis localized FcIMD in the cytoplasm of hemocytes. RNA interference analysis showed that the IMD pathway was involved in regulating the expression of three kinds AMP genes, including crustins, anti-lipopolysaccharide factors and lysozymes, in shrimp and crayfish. They are Cru 1, Cru 2, ALF 1, ALF 2 and Lys 1 in crayfish, and Cru1, Cru 3, ALF 6, ALF 8, and Lys2 in shrimp. These results suggest that although IMD distribution and expression patterns have some differences, the IMD pathway may have conserved function for AMP regulation in shrimp and crayfish immunity against Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Feng Lan
- The Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation of Ministry of Education/Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cells and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
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Qian Z, Travanty EA, Oko L, Edeen K, Berglund A, Wang J, Ito Y, Holmes KV, Mason RJ. Innate immune response of human alveolar type II cells infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2013; 48:742-8. [PMID: 23418343 PMCID: PMC3727876 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0339oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronavirus (CoV) produces a devastating primary viral pneumonia with diffuse alveolar damage and a marked increase in circulating cytokines. One of the major cell types to be infected is the alveolar type II cell. However, the innate immune response of primary human alveolar epithelial cells infected with SARS-CoV has not been defined. Our objectives included developing a culture system permissive for SARS-CoV infection in primary human type II cells and defining their innate immune response. Culturing primary human alveolar type II cells at an air-liquid interface (A/L) improved their differentiation and greatly increased their susceptibility to infection, allowing us to define their primary interferon and chemokine responses. Viral antigens were detected in the cytoplasm of infected type II cells, electron micrographs demonstrated secretory vesicles filled with virions, virus RNA concentrations increased with time, and infectious virions were released by exocytosis from the apical surface of polarized type II cells. A marked increase was evident in the mRNA concentrations of interferon-β and interferon-λ (IL-29) and in a large number of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. A surprising finding involved the variability of expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2, the SARS-CoV receptor, in type II cells from different donors. In conclusion, the cultivation of alveolar type II cells at an air-liquid interface provides primary cultures in which to study the pulmonary innate immune responses to infection with SARS-CoV, and to explore possible therapeutic approaches to modulating these innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Qian
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | | | - Lauren Oko
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Karen Edeen
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Andrew Berglund
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Jieru Wang
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Yoko Ito
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
| | - Kathryn V. Holmes
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado; and
| | - Robert J. Mason
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado
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Zekeridou A, Rossetti AO, Hottinger AF, Du Pasquier RA. [Anti-neuronal antibodies: a rapidly developing field]. Rev Med Suisse 2013; 9:909-914. [PMID: 23717899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Anti-neuronal antibodies are implicated in various neurological syndromes that are sometimes associated with tumors. Depending on the antigenic target (nuclear, cytoplasmic or extracellular cell-surface or synaptic) the clinical presentation is different. In neurological syndromes associated with antibodies specific for intracellular antigens, the T-cell mediated immunological response predominates as pathogenic effector and the response to treatment is typically poor. In contrast, in syndromes related to antibodies against extracellular targets, the role of the antibodies is pathogenic and the neurological syndrome often responds better to immunomodulatory treatment, associated or not with an anti-tumoral treatment. We review the spectrum of anti-neuronal antibodies and their corresponding clinical and therapeutic characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zekeridou
- Unité de neuro-immunologie et sclérose en Plaques, Service de neurosciences cliniques, CHUV, Lassanne.
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45
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Zhu Y, Fan Q, Mao H, Liu Y, Hu C. GRP78 from grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) provides cytoplasm protection against thermal and Pb2+ stress. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2013; 34:617-622. [PMID: 23274159 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Glucose regulated protein (GRP) located in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) was a member of heat shock protein (Hsp) family. The protective mechanism adapted to ER stimuli was closely related to GRP. GRP78, known as BiP, was one of central regulator responded to stress in ER. Grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) GRP78 (CiGRP78) was up-regulated in almost tissues, especially in liver, under heat shock (34 °C), cold stress (4 °C) or lead nitrate (0.25 mmol/L) stress. In order to understand the function of CiGRP78 in cellular protection, CiGRP78 ORF cDNA was inserted into the plasmid of pET-32a(+) or pEGFP-C1 respectively, then the recombinant plasmids were transformed or transfected into Escherichia coli cells, mouse myeloma cells (SP2/0) or grass carp kidney cells (CIK). In the cells, CiGRP78 was over-expressed following thermal, cold or Pb(2+) stress. Results showed that CiGRP78 not only contributed to protecting prokaryotic cells against thermal or cold extremes, but also played the same role in SP2/0 and CIK cells. After treatment with heat stress at 42 °C for 1 h, although the viability of the cells declined a lot, CIK cells with pEGFP-C1/CiGRP78 exhibited a higher survival rate (28%) than wild-type cells (7%) or cells with only pEGFP-C1 (5.1%). When the time lag extended to 2.5 h, the survival rates were 19%, 5.7%, 4.8% respectively. In addition, CiGRP78 would also provide a transient cytoplasm protection against Pb(2+) stress in a dose- and time-dependent manner. After treatment with lead nitrate at concentration of 10 μmol/L for 12 h, 24 h or 36 h, the survival rates of cells with pEGFP-C1 or wild-type cells were 46.7% or 46.7% (12 h), 25% or 22% (24 h), 10% or 11% (36 h) respectively. When the cells were treated with lead nitrate at the concentration of 25 μmol/L, the survival rates of cells with pEGFP-C1 or wild-type cells were 45.5% or 30% (12 h), 16.7% or 25% (24 h), 6.5% or 8% (36 h), respectively. CiGRP78 provided a distinct protection in CIK cells at the low concentration for 24 h. The survival rates of CIK cells with pEGFP-C1/CiGRP78 treated with lead nitrate at concentration of 10 μmol/L or 25 μmol/L were 65.9% or 58.8% respectively. When the cells were treated with lead nitrate at concentration of 50 μmol/L for 24 h, the survival rate of the CIK cells was only about 30%. If the process-time was extended to 36 h, CiGRP78 could not provide any cytoplasm protection for CIK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujiao Zhu
- Department of Bioscience, College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
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46
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Abstract
MHC class I molecules present peptides that are derived from intracellular proteins degraded by proteasomes. These peptides often require additional trimming by peptidases to fit into the peptide-binding grove of MHC class I. However, most peptides are rapidly recycled by the large heterogeneous pool of peptidases. Here, we describe a technique to quantify peptide degradation both in living cells and in cell lysates, using quenched peptides that contain a quencher and fluorophore. As degradation results in separation of the quencher and fluorophore, fluorescence will increase. This technique enables the examination of changes in peptide length and amino acid sequence on its half-life, and hence its chances to become presented by MHC class I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Stargardt
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, AMC/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Reits
- Department of Cell Biology & Histology, AMC/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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47
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Li X, Baskin JG, Mangan EK, Su K, Gibson AW, Ji C, Edberg JC, Kimberly RP. The unique cytoplasmic domain of human FcγRIIIA regulates receptor-mediated function. J Immunol 2012; 189:4284-94. [PMID: 23024279 PMCID: PMC3478424 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Ligand specificity characterizes receptors for Abs and many other immune receptors, but the common use of the FcR γ-chain as their signaling subunit challenges the concept that these receptors are functionally distinct. We hypothesized that elements for specificity might be determined by the unique cytoplasmic domain (CY) sequences of the ligand-binding α-chains of γ-chain-associated receptors. Among Fcγ receptors, a protein kinase C (PKC) phosphorylation consensus motif [RSSTR], identified within the FcγRIIIa (CD16A) CY by in silico analysis, is specifically phosphorylated by PKCs, unlike other FcRs. Phosphorylated CD16A mediates a more robust calcium flux, tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk, and proinflammatory cytokine production, whereas nonphosphorylatable CD16A is more effective at activation of the Gab2/PI3K pathway, leading to enhanced degranulation. S100A4, a specific protein-binding partner for CD16A-CY newly identified by yeast two-hybrid analysis, inhibits phosphorylation of CD16A-CY by PKC in vitro, and reduction of S100A4 levels in vivo enhances receptor phosphorylation upon cross-linking. Taken together, PKC-mediated phosphorylation of CD16A modulates distinct signaling pathways engaged by the receptor. Calcium-activated binding of S100A4 to CD16A, promoted by the initial calcium flux, attenuates the phosphorylation of CY, and, acting as a molecular switch, may both serve as a negative feedback on cytokine production pathways during sustained receptor engagement and favor a shift to degranulation, consistent with the importance of granule release following conjugate formation between CD16A(+) effector cells and target cells. This switch mechanism points to new therapeutic targets and provides a framework for understanding novel receptor polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Li
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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Potocka I, Baldwin TC, Kurczynska EU. Distribution of lipid transfer protein 1 (LTP1) epitopes associated with morphogenic events during somatic embryogenesis of Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Cell Rep 2012; 31:2031-45. [PMID: 22821363 PMCID: PMC3472069 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-012-1314-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Using immunocytochemical methods, at both the light and electron microscopic level, we have investigated the spatial and temporal distribution of lipid transfer protein 1 (LTP1) epitopes during the induction of somatic embryogenesis in explants of Arabidopsis thaliana. Immunofluorescence labelling demonstrated the presence of high levels of LTP1 epitopes within the proximal regions of the cotyledons (embryogenic regions) associated with particular morphogenetic events, including intense cell division activity, cotyledon swelling, cell loosening and callus formation. Precise analysis of the signal localization in protodermal and subprotodermal cells indicated that cells exhibiting features typical of embryogenic cells were strongly labelled, both in walls and the cytoplasm, while in the majority of meristematic-like cells no signal was observed. Staining with lipophilic dyes revealed a correlation between the distribution of LTP1 epitopes and lipid substances within the cell wall. Differences in label abundance and distribution between embryogenic and non-embryogenic regions of explants were studied in detail with the use of immunogold electron microscopy. The labelling was strongest in both the outer periclinal and anticlinal walls of the adaxial, protodermal cells of the proximal region of the cotyledon. The putative role(s) of lipid transfer proteins in the formation of lipid lamellae and in cell differentiation are discussed. Key message Occurrence of lipid transfer protein 1 epitopes in Arabidopsis explant cells accompanies changes in cell fate and may be correlated with the deposition of lipid substances in the cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Potocka
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032, Katowice, Poland.
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Mizutani Y, Matsuoka K, Takeda H, Shiogama K, Inada KI, Hayakawa K, Yamada H, Miyazaki T, Sawasaki T, Endo Y, Tsutsumi Y. Novel approach to identifying autoantibodies in rheumatoid synovitis with a biotinylated human autoantigen library and the enzyme-labeled antigen method. J Immunol Methods 2012; 387:57-70. [PMID: 23044167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Synovial tissue in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) shows dense infiltration of plasmacytes. The purpose of the present study is to identify and localize autoantibodies produced in these immunocytes in RA synovitis. We developed a novel screening system for detecting specific autoantigens. Protein antigens recognized by antibodies in the serum and synovial tissue extract from five RA patients were screened with the AlphaScreen method. For screening, a biotinylated human autoantigen library was constructed by the wheat germ cell-free protein synthesis system. The AlphaScreen analysis of 2183 proteins detected a limited number of antigens reactive with the serum and synovial tissue extract. Eighteen biotinylated proteins, containing top five showing high signals in each synovitis tissue extract, were utilized as probes for the enzyme-labeled antigen method, in order to visualize the site of specific antibody production in synovial lesions. Specific antibodies against two proteins, tripartite motif-containing 21 (TRIM21, also known as SSA/Ro52) and F-box only protein 2 (FBXO2), were visualized in the cytoplasm of plasmacytes in two RA synovitis lesions, respectively. Absorption experiments using unlabeled proteins confirmed the specificity of staining. No positive signals against these two proteins were identified in the additionally evaluated RA and osteoarthritis synovial lesions. The present study indicated 1) the usefulness of screening the human autoantigen library with the AlphaScreen assay for detecting autoantibodies in RA synovitis, and 2) the applicability of biotinylated proteins to the enzyme-labeled antigen method for visualizing the site of autoantibody production within the lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyoshi Mizutani
- Department of Pathology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Aichi, Japan
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Jehl SP, Nogueira CV, Zhang X, Starnbach MN. IFNγ inhibits the cytosolic replication of Shigella flexneri via the cytoplasmic RNA sensor RIG-I. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002809. [PMID: 22912573 PMCID: PMC3415441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of host cells by interferon gamma (IFNγ) is essential for inhibiting the intracellular replication of most microbial pathogens. Although significant advances have been made in identifying IFNγ-dependent host factors that suppress intracellular bacteria, little is known about how IFNγ enables cells to recognize, or restrict, the growth of pathogens that replicate in the host cytoplasm. The replication of the cytosolic bacterial pathogen Shigella flexneri is significantly inhibited in IFNγ-stimulated cells, however the specific mechanisms that mediate this inhibition have remained elusive. We found that S. flexneri efficiently invades IFNγ-activated mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and escapes from the vacuole, suggesting that IFNγ acts by blocking S. flexneri replication in the cytosol. This restriction on cytosolic growth was dependent on interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF1), an IFNγ-inducible transcription factor capable of inducing IFNγ-mediated cell-autonomous immunity. To identify host factors that restrict S. flexneri growth, we used whole genome microarrays to identify mammalian genes whose expression in S. flexneri-infected cells is controlled by IFNγ and IRF1. Among the genes we identified was the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) retanoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I), a cytoplasmic sensor of foreign RNA that had not been previously known to play a role in S. flexneri infection. We found that RIG-I and its downstream signaling adaptor mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS)—but not cytosolic Nod-like receptors (NLRs)—are critically important for IFNγ-mediated S. flexneri growth restriction. The recently described RNA polymerase III pathway, which transcribes foreign cytosolic DNA into the RIG-I ligand 5′-triphosphate RNA, appeared to be involved in this restriction. The finding that RIG-I responds to S. flexneri infection during the IFNγ response extends the range of PRRs that are capable of recognizing this bacterium. Additionally, these findings expand our understanding of how IFNγ recognizes, and ultimately restricts, bacterial pathogens within host cells. Shigella flexneri, the major cause of bacillary dysentery worldwide, invades and replicates within the cytoplasm of intestinal epithelial cells, where it disseminates to neighboring cells and ultimately increases the likelihood of transmission to uninfected hosts. A hallmark of the mammalian immune system is its ability to inhibit the growth of such intracellular pathogens by upregulating intracellular resistance mechanisms in response to the cytokine IFNγ. We found that in non-myeloid host cells stimulated with IFNγ S. flexneri remains able to invade the cells efficiently and gain access to the host cytoplasm. Once in the cytoplasm of IFγ-activated cells, the RIG-I/ MAVS immunosurveillance pathway is activated, enabling the stimulated host cells to inhibit S. flexneri replication. Interestingly, RIG-I only played a minor role in the cellular response to this pathogen in the absence of IFNγ, suggesting that the IFNγ response ensures the recognition of the infection through an immunosurveillance pathway that is otherwise dispensable for controlling S. flexneri growth. Together, these findings implicate the RIG-I pathway as a crucial component in the cellular response to this devastating bacterial pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie P. Jehl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Catarina V. Nogueira
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xuqing Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Michael N. Starnbach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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