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Neil JA, Matsuzawa-Ishimoto Y, Kernbauer-Hölzl E, Schuster SL, Sota S, Venzon M, Dallari S, Galvao Neto A, Hine A, Hudesman D, Loke P, Nice TJ, Cadwell K. IFN-I and IL-22 mediate protective effects of intestinal viral infection. Nat Microbiol 2019; 4:1737-1749. [PMID: 31182797 PMCID: PMC6871771 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-019-0470-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Products derived from bacterial members of the gut microbiota evoke immune signalling pathways of the host that promote immunity and barrier function in the intestine. How immune reactions to enteric viruses support intestinal homeostasis is unknown. We recently demonstrated that infection by murine norovirus (MNV) reverses intestinal abnormalities following depletion of bacteria, indicating that an intestinal animal virus can provide cues to the host that are typically attributed to the microbiota. Here, we elucidate mechanisms by which MNV evokes protective responses from the host. We identify an important role for the viral protein NS1/2 in establishing local replication and a type I interferon (IFN-I) response in the colon. We further show that IFN-I acts on intestinal epithelial cells to increase the proportion of CCR2-dependent macrophages and interleukin (IL)-22-producing innate lymphoid cells, which in turn promote pSTAT3 signalling in intestinal epithelial cells and protection from intestinal injury. In addition, we demonstrate that MNV provides a striking IL-22-dependent protection against early-life lethal infection by Citrobacter rodentium. These findings demonstrate novel ways in which a viral member of the microbiota fortifies the intestinal barrier during chemical injury and infectious challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Neil
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomedical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yu Matsuzawa-Ishimoto
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomedical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elisabeth Kernbauer-Hölzl
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomedical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samantha L Schuster
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomedical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stela Sota
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomedical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mericien Venzon
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomedical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Sackler Institute of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Simone Dallari
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomedical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Antonio Galvao Neto
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashley Hine
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Hudesman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - P'ng Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy J Nice
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine, Skirball Institute of Biomedical Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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Majoros A, Platanitis E, Kernbauer-Hölzl E, Rosebrock F, Müller M, Decker T. Canonical and Non-Canonical Aspects of JAK-STAT Signaling: Lessons from Interferons for Cytokine Responses. Front Immunol 2017; 8:29. [PMID: 28184222 PMCID: PMC5266721 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) signal transduction mediates cytokine responses. Canonical signaling is based on STAT tyrosine phosphorylation by activated JAKs. Downstream of interferon (IFN) receptors, activated JAKs cause the formation of the transcription factors IFN-stimulated gene factor 3 (ISGF3), a heterotrimer of STAT1, STAT2 and interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9) subunits, and gamma interferon-activated factor (GAF), a STAT1 homodimer. In recent years, several deviations from this paradigm were reported. These include kinase-independent JAK functions as well as extra- and intranuclear activities of U-STATs without phosphotyrosines. Additionally, transcriptional control by STAT complexes resembling neither GAF nor ISGF3 contributes to transcriptome changes in IFN-treated cells. Our review summarizes the contribution of non-canonical JAK-STAT signaling to the innate antimicrobial immunity imparted by IFN. Moreover, we touch upon functions of IFN pathway proteins beyond the IFN response. These include metabolic functions of IRF9 as well as the regulation of natural killer cell activity by kinase-dead TYK2 and different phosphorylation isoforms of STAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Majoros
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ekaterini Platanitis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Kernbauer-Hölzl
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Felix Rosebrock
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mathias Müller
- Institute of Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Decker
- Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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