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Malarz J, Michalska K, Stojakowska A. Polyphenols of the Inuleae-Inulinae and Their Biological Activities: A Review. Molecules 2024; 29:2014. [PMID: 38731504 PMCID: PMC11085778 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29092014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are ubiquitous plant metabolites that demonstrate biological activities essential to plant-environment interactions. They are of interest to plant food consumers, as well as to the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry. The class of the plant metabolites comprises both widespread (chlorogenic acids, luteolin, quercetin) and unique compounds of diverse chemical structures but of the common biosynthetic origin. Polyphenols next to sesquiterpenoids are regarded as the major class of the Inuleae-Inulinae metabolites responsible for the pharmacological activity of medicinal plants from the subtribe (Blumea spp., Dittrichia spp., Inula spp., Pulicaria spp. and others). Recent decades have brought a rapid development of molecular and analytical techniques which resulted in better understanding of the taxonomic relationships within the Inuleae tribe and in a plethora of data concerning the chemical constituents of the Inuleae-Inulinae. The current taxonomical classification has introduced changes in the well-established botanical names and rearranged the genera based on molecular plant genetic studies. The newly created chemical data together with the earlier phytochemical studies may provide some complementary information on biochemical relationships within the subtribe. Moreover, they may at least partly explain pharmacological activities of the plant preparations traditionally used in therapy. The current review aimed to systematize the knowledge on the polyphenols of the Inulae-Inulinae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Stojakowska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (J.M.); (K.M.)
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Malarz J, Yudina YV, Stojakowska A. Hairy Root Cultures as a Source of Phenolic Antioxidants: Simple Phenolics, Phenolic Acids, Phenylethanoids, and Hydroxycinnamates. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086920. [PMID: 37108084 PMCID: PMC10138958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant-derived antioxidants are intrinsic components of human diet and factors implicated in tolerance mechanisms against environmental stresses in both plants and humans. They are being used as food preservatives and additives or ingredients of cosmetics. For nearly forty years, Rhizobium rhizogenes-transformed roots (hairy roots) have been studied in respect to their usability as producers of plant specialized metabolites of different, primarily medical applications. Moreover, the hairy root cultures have proven their value as a tool in crop plant improvement and in plant secondary metabolism investigations. Though cultivated plants remain a major source of plant polyphenolics of economic importance, the decline in biodiversity caused by climate changes and overexploitation of natural resources may increase the interest in hairy roots as a productive and renewable source of biologically active compounds. The present review examines hairy roots as efficient producers of simple phenolics, phenylethanoids, and hydroxycinnamates of plant origin and summarizes efforts to maximize the product yield. Attempts to use Rhizobium rhizogenes-mediated genetic transformation for inducing enhanced production of the plant phenolics/polyphenolics in crop plants are also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Malarz
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Yulia V Yudina
- Educational and Scientific Medical Institute, National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute", Kyrpychova Street 2, 61002 Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Anna Stojakowska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
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Malarz J, Michalska K, Galanty A, Kiss AK, Stojakowska A. Constituents of Pulicaria inuloides and Cytotoxic Activities of Two Methoxylated Flavonols. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020480. [PMID: 36677535 PMCID: PMC9866601 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants of the genus Pulicaria are known for providing traditional medicines, spices, herbal teas, and insect deterrents. Pulicaria inuloides (Poir.). DC. is one of the less chemically studied species within the genus. Hydroalcoholic extracts from roots and aerial parts of P. inuloides were analyzed using the UHPLC-PAD-MSn technique and revealed the presence of six caffeoylquinic and eleven caffeoylhexaric conjugates together with hydroxykaempferol dimethyl ether and quercetagetin trimethyl ether. Moreover, constituents of chloroform extract from the whole P. inuloides plants were isolated and identified by spectroscopic methods. One new and four known caryophyllene derivatives, three thymol derivatives, and four polymethoxylated flavonols were found in the analyzed extract. The structure of the new compound was established by spectroscopic methods (HRESIMS, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, NOESY). The cytotoxicity of 6-Hydroxykaempferol 3,7-dimethyl ether and quercetagetin 3,7,3’-trimethyl ether (chrysosplenol C), which are major flavonols isolated from the plant, were tested on prostate epithelial cells (PNT2), prostate cancer cells (DU145 and PC3), human keratinocytes (HaCaT), and melanoma cells (HTB140 and A375). Both flavonols demonstrated moderate cytotoxic activity against PC3 cells (IC50 = 59.5 µM and 46.6 µM, respectively). The remaining cell lines were less affected (IC50 > 150 µM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Malarz
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Klaudia Michalska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Galanty
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna Street 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Karolina Kiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Stojakowska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-662-32-54
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Malarz J, Galanty A, Stojakowska A. Chemical Composition and Cytotoxic Activity of Extracts from Carpesium divaricatum: In Vitro- versus Field-Grown Plants. Plants (Basel) 2022; 11:2815. [PMID: 36365268 PMCID: PMC9659292 DOI: 10.3390/plants11212815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Carpesium divaricatum Sieb. & Zucc. is a plant species rich in terpenoids of anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity, especially germacranolides of potential medicinal value. The present study describes in vitro multiplication of C. divaricatum, analysis of active constituents in the multiple shoots, and assessment of cytotoxic activities of extracts prepared from in vitro- and field-grown plants. The plant extracts were evaluated for cytotoxicity using two melanoma cell lines (HTB140 and A375); human keratinocytes (HaCaT); two colon cancer cell lines (Caco2 and HT29); human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2); two lines of prostate cancer cells (DU145 and PC3) and prostate epithelial cells (PNT2). Chemical compositions of the assayed extracts were analyzed by HPLC/DAD, in reference to isolated compounds. Maximum of 4.07 ± 1.61 shoots regenerated from a nodal explant of C. divaricatum, cultivated in a liquid MS medium supplemented with thidiazuron (1 μM). In vitro grown shoots and plantlets of C. divaricatum accumulated terpenoids that are known as active constituents of the intact plant. Cytotoxic activity of the extracts prepared from the in vitro cultured plants was like that demonstrated by the extracts prepared from field-grown plants and seemed to be more selective than cytotoxicities of the individual germacranolides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Malarz
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Galanty
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna Street 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Stojakowska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
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Sołtys A, Galanty A, Zagrodzki P, Grabowska K, Malarz J, Podolak I. Sorbus intermedia (EHRH.) PERS. fruits as a novel source of biologically active triterpenoids - Comparative studies of ursolic acid derivatives with cytotoxic potential. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113592. [PMID: 36027609 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, the fruits of a popular ornamental tree, Sorbus intermedia, were investigated phytochemically and biologically as potential source of bioactive triterpenes. Six terpenoids were isolated and examined with respect to their cytotoxic activity using a broad screening in vitro model and multivariate analysis for better demonstration of the effects on cancer cells. This chemometric approach allowed us to confirm that the structural characteristics of the compounds significantly affected their impact on cell lines. Ursolic acid was found to be the most potent cytotoxic agent with IC50 predominantly < 10 μg/mL after 24 h of incubation. Its 3-acetoxy derivative was less active, however, an improvement in selectivity with regard to prostate panel was observed. Reduction of the carboxylic moiety at C28, as well as introduction of the hydroxyl group at 19α position led to complete loss of cytotoxic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Sołtys
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Galanty
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Paweł Zagrodzki
- Department of Food Chemistry and Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmacy Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Karolina Grabowska
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Janusz Malarz
- Department of Phytochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Irma Podolak
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy Medical College, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland.
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Kłeczek N, Malarz J, Gierlikowska B, Skalniak Ł, Galanty A, Kiss AK, Stojakowska A. Germacranolides from Carpesium divaricatum: Some New Data on Cytotoxic and Anti-Inflammatory Activity. Molecules 2021; 26:4644. [PMID: 34361797 PMCID: PMC8347481 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Carpesium divaricatum Sieb. & Zucc., a traditional medicinal plant used as an inflammation-relieving remedy, is a rich source of terpenoids. At least 40 germacrane-type sesquiterpene lactones, representatives of four different structural groups, were isolated from the plant. Cytotoxicity against cancer cells in vitro is the most frequently described biological activity of the compounds. However, little is known about the selectivity of the cytotoxic effect. The anti-inflammatory activity of the germacranolides is also poorly documented. The objective of the present study was to assess the cytotoxic activity of selected C. divaricatum germacranolides-derivatives of 4,5,8,9-tetrahydroxy-3-oxo-germacran-6,12-olide towards cancer and normal cell lines (including cells of different p53 status). Moreover, to assess the anti-inflammatory effect of the compounds, the release of four proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines (IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α and CCL2) by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human neutrophils was measured by ELISA. The investigated sesquiterpene lactones demonstrated nonselective activity towards prostate cancer (Du145 and PC3) and normal prostate epithelial cells (PNT2) as well as against melanoma cells (A375 and HTB140) and keratinocytes (HaCaT). Cytotoxic activity against osteosarcoma cells was independent of their p53 status. In sub-cytotoxic concentrations (0.5-2.5 µM) the studied compounds significantly decreased cytokine/chemokine release by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human leukocytes.
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MESH Headings
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/chemistry
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/classification
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/isolation & purification
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/classification
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Asteraceae/chemistry
- Asteraceae/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Chemokine CCL2/immunology
- Cytotoxins/chemistry
- Cytotoxins/classification
- Cytotoxins/isolation & purification
- Cytotoxins/pharmacology
- Doxorubicin/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Interleukin-1beta/genetics
- Interleukin-1beta/immunology
- Interleukin-8/genetics
- Interleukin-8/immunology
- Lipopolysaccharides/antagonists & inhibitors
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Neutrophils/cytology
- Neutrophils/drug effects
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Plant Components, Aerial/chemistry
- Plant Components, Aerial/metabolism
- Plant Extracts/chemistry
- Plants, Medicinal
- Poland
- Primary Cell Culture
- Sesquiterpenes, Germacrane/chemistry
- Sesquiterpenes, Germacrane/classification
- Sesquiterpenes, Germacrane/isolation & purification
- Sesquiterpenes, Germacrane/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kłeczek
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (N.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Janusz Malarz
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (N.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Barbara Gierlikowska
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, Żwirki i Wigury 63a, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Skalniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Galanty
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Anna K. Kiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Stojakowska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (N.K.); (J.M.)
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Abstract
This is the first report concerning the natural products of the hitherto unstudied Lactuca plumieri (L.) Gren. & Godr., a member of the tribe Cichorieae (Asteraceae). From aerial parts and roots of this plant, five sesquiterpene lactones and one coumarin were isolated. The compounds were identified as sonchuside A, 11β,13-dihydrolactucin-8-O-acetate, 11β,13-dihydrolactucin, cichorioside B, 11β,13-dihydrolactucin-8-O-acetate-15-O-β-glucopyranoside and coumarin - cichoriin. Their structures were established by 1H NMR. Moreover, HPLC/PAD analysis of a hydroalcoholic extract from the aerial parts of the plant revealed the presence of caffeic acid derivatives, coumarins and flavonoids commonly found in lettuces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaudia Michalska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Janusz Malarz
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Stojakowska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
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Wajs-Bonikowska A, Malarz J, Szoka Ł, Kwiatkowski P, Stojakowska A. Composition of Essential Oils from Roots and Aerial Parts of Carpesium cernuum and Their Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Activities. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071883. [PMID: 33810440 PMCID: PMC8038092 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carpesium cernuum L., one of the two Carpesium species occurring in Europe, in the Far East and India, found use as a vegetable and a traditional medicinal remedy for several ailments. In the present study, compositions of essential oils distilled from roots and shoots of C. cernuum plants, cultivated in the open field, have been studied by GC-MS-FID supported by NMR spectroscopy. The analyses led to the identification of 120 compounds in total, of which 115 were found in aerial parts and 37 in roots of the plants. The major constituents found in the oil from shoots were: α-pinene (35%) and 2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene (thymohydroquinone dimethyl ether, 12%), whereas 2,5-dimethoxy-p-cymene (55%), thymyl isobutyrate (9%) and thymol methyl ether (8%) predominated in the essential oil obtained from the roots. Antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of the essential oils distilled from C. cernuum were also tested. The essential oil from aerial parts of the plant demonstrated good inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 (MIC: 15.6 μL/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wajs-Bonikowska
- Institute of General Food Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Łódź University of Technology, Stefanowskiego Street 4/10, 90-924 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Janusz Malarz
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Szoka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, Mickiewicza Street 2D, 15-222 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Paweł Kwiatkowski
- Department of Diagnostic Immunology, Chair of Microbiology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich Street 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Anna Stojakowska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +481-26-623-254
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Malarz J, Michalska K, Stojakowska A. Stem Lettuce and Its Metabolites: Does the Variety Make Any Difference? Foods 2020; 10:E59. [PMID: 33383824 PMCID: PMC7824169 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to characterize chemical composition of hitherto unexamined aerial parts of Lactuca sativa var. angustana cv. Grüner Stern. In contrast to leafy and head varieties of the lettuces, asparagus lettuce grown in Europe is much less studied. Fractionation of a methanolic extract from leaves of L. sativa cv. Grüner Stern, supported with HPLC/DAD and 1H NMR analysis, led to the isolation and/or identification of numerous terpenoid and phenolic compounds, including five apocarotenoids-(-)-loliolide, (+)-dehydrovomifoliol, blumenol A, (6S,9S)-vomifoliol, and corchoionoside C; three sesquiterpene lactones; two lignans-((+)-syringaresinol and its 4-O-β-glucoside); five caffeic acid derivatives; and three flavonoids. Some of the compounds, to the best of our knowledge, have never been isolated from L. sativa before. Moreover, monolignols, phenolic acids and a tryptophan-derived alkaloid were found in the analyzed plant material. Stems, leaves and shoot tips of the asparagus lettuce were examined to assess their phenolics and sesquiterpene lactone content as well as DPPH scavenging activity. Another stem lettuce-L. sativa var. angustana cv. Karola, two cultivars of leafy lettuces and one species of wild lettuce-L. serriola, were also examined as a reference material using HPLC/DAD. The results have been discussed regarding our previous studies and the literature data available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Stojakowska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Phytochemistry, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (J.M.); (K.M.)
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Jantas D, Chwastek J, Malarz J, Stojakowska A, Lasoń W. Neuroprotective Effects of Methyl Caffeate against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Cell Damage: Involvement of Caspase 3 and Cathepsin D Inhibition. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111530. [PMID: 33182454 PMCID: PMC7696984 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding effective neuroprotective strategies to combat various neurodegenerative disorders still remain a clinically unmet need. Methyl caffeate (MC), a naturally occurring ester of caffeic acid, possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities; however, its role in neuroprotection is less investigated. In order to better characterize neuroprotective properties of MC, we tested its effectiveness in various models of neuronal cell injury in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells and in mouse primary neuronal cell cultures. MC at micromolar concentrations attenuated neuronal cell damage induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in undifferentiated and neuronal differentiated SH-SY5Y cells as well as in primary cortical neurons. This effect was associated with inhibition of both caspase-3 and cathepsin D but without involvement of the PI3-K/Akt pathway. MC was neuroprotective when given before and during but not after the induction of cell damage by H2O2. Moreover, MC was protective against 6-OHDA-evoked neurotoxicity in neuronal differentiated SH-SY5Y cells via inhibition of necrotic and apoptotic processes. On the other hand, MC was ineffective in models of excitotoxicity (induced by glutamate or oxygen–glucose deprivation) and even moderately augmented cytotoxic effects of the classical apoptotic inducer, staurosporine. Finally, in undifferentiated neuroblastoma cells MC at higher concentrations (above 50 microM) induced cell death and when combined with the chemotherapeutic agent, doxorubicin, it increased the cell damaging effects of the latter compound. Thus, neuroprotective properties of MC appear to be limited to certain models of neurotoxicity and depend on its concentrations and time of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Jantas
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (J.C.); (W.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-12-662-3393
| | - Jakub Chwastek
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (J.C.); (W.L.)
| | - Janusz Malarz
- Department of Phytochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (J.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Stojakowska
- Department of Phytochemistry, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (J.M.); (A.S.)
| | - Władysław Lasoń
- Department of Experimental Neuroendocrinology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (J.C.); (W.L.)
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11
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Kłeczek N, Malarz J, Gierlikowska B, Kiss AK, Stojakowska A. Constituents of Xerolekia speciosissima (L.) Anderb. (Inuleae), and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of 7,10-Diisobutyryloxy-8,9-epoxythymyl Isobutyrate. Molecules 2020; 25:E4913. [PMID: 33114240 PMCID: PMC7660698 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25214913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Xerolekia speciosissima (L.) Anderb., a rare plant from the north of Italy, is a member of the Inuleae-Inulinae subtribe of the Asteraceae. Despite its close taxonomic relationship with many species possessing medicinal properties, the chemical composition of the plant has remained unknown until now. A hydroalcoholic extract from the aerial parts of X. speciosissima was analyzed by HPLC-DAD-MSn, revealing the presence of caffeic acid derivatives and flavonoids. In all, 19 compounds, including commonly found chlorogenic acids and less frequently occurring butyryl and methylbutyryl conjugates of dicaffeoylquinic and tricaffeoylhexaric acids, plus two flavonoids, were tentatively identified. Chromatographic separation of a hydroalcoholic extract from the capitula of the plant led to the isolation of (+)-dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 4-O-β-glucopyranoside, quercimeritrin, astragalin, isoquercitrin, 6-hydroxykaempferol-7-O-β-glucoside, quercetagitrin, methyl caffeate, caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid, chlorogenic acid and 1,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid. Composition of a nonpolar extract from the aerial parts of the plant was analyzed by chromatographic methods supported with 1H-NMR spectroscopy. The analysis revealed the presence of loliolide, reynosin, samtamarine, 2,3-dihydroaromaticin, 2-deoxy-4-epi-pulchellin and thymol derivatives as terpenoid constituents of the plant. One of the latter compounds-7,10-diisobutyryloxy-8,9-epoxythymyl isobutyrate-at concentrations 0.5, 1.0 and 2.5 μM, significantly reduced IL-8, IL-1β and CCL2 excretion by LPS-stimulated human neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kłeczek
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (N.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Janusz Malarz
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (N.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Barbara Gierlikowska
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (B.G.); (A.K.K.)
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Medical University of Warsaw, 63a Żwirki i Wigury Street, 02-091 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna K. Kiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (B.G.); (A.K.K.)
| | - Anna Stojakowska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland; (N.K.); (J.M.)
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Beharav A, Malarz J, Michalska K, Ben-David R, Stojakowska A. Variation of sesquiterpene lactone contents in Lactuca altaica natural populations from Armenia. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2020.104030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Wajs-Bonikowska A, Malarz J, Stojakowska A. Composition of Essential Oils from Roots and Aerial Parts of Carpesium divaricatum, a Traditional Herbal Medicine and Wild Edible Plant from South-East Asia, Grown in Poland. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24234418. [PMID: 31816933 PMCID: PMC6930655 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24234418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Carpesium divaricatum Sieb. and Zucc. has long been used both as traditional medicine and seasonal food. The most extensively studied specialized metabolites synthesized by the plant are sesquiterpene lactones of germacrane-type. Low-molecular and volatile terpenoids produced by C. divaricatum, however, have never been explored. In this work, compositions of essential oils distilled from roots and shoots of C. divaricatum plants, cultivated either in the open field or in the glasshouse have been studied by GC-MS-FID supported by NMR spectroscopy. The analyses led to the identification of 145 compounds in all, 112 of which were localized in aerial parts and 80 in roots of the plants grown in the open field. Moreover, remarkable differences in composition of oils produced by aerial and underground parts of C. divaricatum have been observed. The major volatiles found in the shoots were: α-pinene (40%), nerol (4%) and neryl-isobutyrate (3%), whereas predominant components of the root oil were 10-isobutyryloxy-8,9-epoxythymyl-isobutyrate (29%), thymyl-isobutyrate (6%) and 9-isobutyryloxythymyl-isobutyrate (6%). In the analyzed oils, seventeen thymol derivatives were identified. Among them eight compounds were specific for roots. Roots of the plants cultivated in the glasshouse were, in general, a poor source of essential oil in comparison with those of the plants grown in the open field. Chemophenetic relationships with other taxa of the Inuleae-Inulineae were also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Wajs-Bonikowska
- Institute of General Food Chemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences, Łódź University of Technology, Stefanowskiego street 4/10, 90-924 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Janusz Malarz
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Phytochemistry, Smętna street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Anna Stojakowska
- Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Phytochemistry, Smętna street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +481-26-623-254
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Kłeczek N, Michalak B, Malarz J, Kiss AK, Stojakowska A. Carpesium divaricatum Sieb. & Zucc. Revisited: Newly Identified Constituents from Aerial Parts of the Plant and Their Possible Contribution to the Biological Activity of the Plant. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24081614. [PMID: 31022860 PMCID: PMC6514683 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Carpesium divaricatum Sieb. & Zucc. has a long history of use as both a medicinal and a food plant. However, except for terpenoids, its chemical constituents have remained poorly investigated. The composition of hydroalcoholic extract from aerial parts of C. divaricatum was analyzed by HPLC-DAD-MSn, revealing the presence of numerous caffeic acid derivatives that were formerly unknown constituents of the plant. In all, 17 compounds, including commonly found chlorogenic acids and rarely occurring butyryl and methylbutyryl tricaffeoylhexaric acids, were tentatively identified. Fractionation of lipophilic extract from cultivated shoots led to the isolation of 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (12-OPDA), which is a newly identified constituent of the plant. The compound, at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.5 μM, significantly reduced IL-8, IL-1β, TNFα, and CCL2 excretion by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated human neutrophils. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production induced by f-MLP was also significantly diminished in the neutrophils pretreated by 12-OPDA. The newly identified constituents of the plant seem to be partly responsible for its pharmacological activity and elevate the value of C. divaricatum as a potential functional food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kłeczek
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Phytochemistry, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna Street 12, Poland.
| | - Barbara Michalak
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Janusz Malarz
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Phytochemistry, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna Street 12, Poland.
| | - Anna Karolina Kiss
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Medical University of Warsaw, 1 Banacha Street, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Anna Stojakowska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Phytochemistry, 31-343 Kraków, Smętna Street 12, Poland.
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16
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Abstract
In addition to known constituents of Telekia speciosa, an acetone extract from ray florets of the plant yielded: 5,5'-dibutoxy-2,2'-bifuran (1), 5,5'-diisobutoxy-2,2'-bifuran (2), α-tocopherol (3), β-tocopherol (4), loliolide palmitate (5), a mixture of calenduladiol esters - 16β-hydroxylupeol-3-O-palmitate (7) and 16β-hydroxylupeol-3-O-myristate (8), 1-epiinuviscolide (12), inuviscolide (13), 3-epiisotelekin (16), 4α-hydroxy-9β,10β-epoxy-1β(H)-11(13)-guaien-8α,12-olide (17), 4α-hydroxy-1β(H)-9(10),11(13)-guaiadien-8α,12-olide (18), loliolide (19) and 4β,10β-dihydroxy-1α(H),5α(H)-11(13)-guaien-8α,12-olide (20). Calenduladiol esters and asperilin (14) were the major constituents of the extract. Their cytotoxic effect on human normal prostate epithelial cells (PNT-2), human prostate carcinoma cell lines, human skin fibroblasts (HSF) and human melanoma cell lines was examined in vitro. Triterpene esters showed no cytotoxicity against nearly all cell lines tested, except for Du145 prostate carcinoma cells (IC50 - 62.0 μΜ). Asperilin displayed activity against the cell lines under study, especially against three tested lines of melanomas (A375, IC50 - 17.6 μΜ, WM793, IC50 - 28.2 μΜ and Hs 294T, IC50 - 29.5 μΜ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stojakowska
- a Department of Phytochemistry , Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kraków , Poland
| | - Agnieszka Galanty
- b Department of Pharmacognosy , Collegium Medicum, Jagiellonian University , Kraków , Poland
| | - Janusz Malarz
- a Department of Phytochemistry , Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences , Kraków , Poland
| | - Marta Michalik
- c Faculty of Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology , Jagiellonian University , Kraków , Poland
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Rozpądek P, Wężowicz K, Stojakowska A, Malarz J, Surówka E, Sobczyk Ł, Anielska T, Ważny R, Miszalski Z, Turnau K. Mycorrhizal fungi modulate phytochemical production and antioxidant activity of Cichorium intybus L. (Asteraceae) under metal toxicity. Chemosphere 2014; 112:217-24. [PMID: 25048909 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Cichorium intybus (common chicory), a perennial plant, common in anthropogenic sites, has been the object of a multitude of studies in recent years due to its high content of antioxidants utilized in pharmacy and food industry. Here, the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in the biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites and the activity of enzymatic antioxidants under toxic metal stress was studied. Plants inoculated with Rhizophagus irregularis and non-inoculated were grown on non-polluted and toxic metal enriched substrata. The results presented here indicate that AMF improves chicory fitness. Fresh and dry weight was found to be severely affected by the fungi and heavy metals. The concentration of hydroxycinnamates was increased in the shoots of mycorrhizal plants cultivated on non-polluted substrata, but no differences were found in plants cultivated on metal enriched substrata. The activity of SOD and H2O2 removing enzymes CAT and POX was elevated in the shoots of mycorrhizal plants regardless of the cultivation environment. Photochemical efficiency of inoculated chicory was significantly improved. Our results indicate that R. irregularis inoculation had a beneficial role in sustaining the plants ability to cope with the deleterious effects of metal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rozpądek
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
| | - K Wężowicz
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - A Stojakowska
- Department of Phytochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - J Malarz
- Department of Phytochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - E Surówka
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Ł Sobczyk
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - T Anielska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - R Ważny
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Z Miszalski
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - K Turnau
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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18
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Abstract
Abstract
A root culture of Inula helenium L. was established from leaf explants of aseptic seedlings. An ethanol extract from the lyophilised roots was fractionated using different chromatographic techniques (CC, TLC). The main secondary metabolites found in the root culture were two thymol derivatives: 10-isobutyryloxy-8,9- epoxy-thymol isobutyrate (1) and 10-isobutyryloxy-6- methoxy-8,9-epoxy-thymol isobutyrate (2). The compounds were identified by spectral methods. Quantification of compound 1 in plant material was done by analytical RP-HPLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stojakowska
- Department of Phytochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, PL 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
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Malarz J, Stojakowska A, Kisiel W. Long-term cultured hairy roots of chicory-a rich source of hydroxycinnamates and 8-deoxylactucin glucoside. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2013; 171:1589-601. [PMID: 23975347 PMCID: PMC3838580 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-013-0446-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A 12-year-old hairy root culture of Cichorium intybus L., a callus culture of the plant as well as roots and leaves of a wild plant of chicory, and roots of two C. intybus L. var. sativum cultivars were examined in respect of their hydroxycinnamate and sesquiterpene lactone compositions and contents. Total phenolics and diphenylpicrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity of the examined plant tissues were also analyzed. The most active in radical scavenging were extracts from the hairy roots and leaves of chicory. 3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid was the major antioxidant present in the hairy roots. Its content in the root biomass reached 5.5 %, calculated on a dry weight basis. 8-Deoxylactucin glucoside (crepidiaside A) was the major sesquiterpene lactone in the hairy roots. Its content reached 1.4 %, calculated on a dry weight basis, and was nearly two orders of magnitude higher than that in the roots of wild chicory plant. The glucosidic derivative of 8-deoxylactucin constituted over 85 % of the total sesquiterpene lactone content in the long-term cultured hairy roots of chicory. Aglycone of this compound was reported to possess anti-inflammatory activity. The qualitative and quantitative analyses of hydroxycinnamates in callus and hairy root cultures of C. intybus were undertaken for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Malarz
- Department of Phytochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Stojakowska
- Department of Phytochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
| | - Wanda Kisiel
- Department of Phytochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smętna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
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Stojakowska A, Michalska K, Malarz J, Beharav A, Kisiel W. Root tubers of Lactuca tuberosa as a source of antioxidant phenolic compounds and new furofuran lignans. Food Chem 2013; 138:1250-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Beharav A, Ben-David R, Malarz J, Stojakowska A, Michalska K, Doležalová I, Lebeda A, Kisiel W. Variation of sesquiterpene lactones in Lactuca aculeata natural populations from Israel, Jordan and Turkey. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2010.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Stojakowska A, Michalska K, Malarz J. Simultaneous quantification of eudesmanolides and thymol derivatives from tissues of Inula helenium and I. royleana by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Phytochem Anal 2006; 17:157-61. [PMID: 16749422 DOI: 10.1002/pca.900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A simple and rapid isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantification of alantolactone/isoalantolactone and three thymol derivatives in roots and root cultures of Inula helenium and I. royleana has been developed. The method could be applied to screen raw materials in search for highly productive plants and in vitro cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stojakowska
- Department of Phytochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland.
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Malarz J, Stojakowska A, Szneler E, Kisiel W. Furofuran lignans from a callus culture of Cichorium intybus. Plant Cell Rep 2005; 24:246-9. [PMID: 15809887 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-005-0953-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2005] [Revised: 02/28/2005] [Accepted: 03/02/2005] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Three new and one known furofuran lignans--syringaresinol derivatives--along with the known phenylpropanoids cichoriin and syringin were isolated from a callus tissue of Cichorium intybus. The compounds were characterised by spectral methods. This is the first report on the presence of furofuran lignans in Cichorium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Malarz
- Department of Phytochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
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Mosiołek M, Pasierbek P, Malarz J, Moś M, Joachimiak AJ. Rumex acetosa Y chromosomes: constitutive or facultative heterochromatin? Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2005; 43:161-7. [PMID: 16201317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Condensed Y chromosomes in Rumex acetosa L. root-tip nuclei were studied using 5-azaC treatment and immunohistochemical detection of methylated histones. Although Y chromosomes were decondensed within root meristem in vivo, they became condensed and heteropycnotic in roots cultured in vitro. 5-azacytidine (5-azaC) treatment of cultured roots caused transitional dispersion of their Y chromosome bodies, but 7 days after removal of the drug from the culture medium, Y heterochromatin recondensed and again became visible. The response of Rumex sex chromatin to 5-azaC was compared with that of condensed segments of pericentromeric heterochromatin in Rhoeo spathacea (Sw.) Steam roots. It was shown that Rhoeo chromocentres, composed of AT-rich constitutive heterochromatin, did not undergo decondensation after 5-azaC treatment. The Y-bodies observed within male nuclei of R. acetosa were globally enriched with H3 histone, demethylated at lysine 4 and methylated at lysine 9. This is the first report of histone tail-modification in condensed sex chromatin in plants. Our results suggest that the interphase condensation of Y chromosomes in Rumex is facultative rather than constitutive. Furthermore, the observed response of Y-bodies to 5-azaC may result indirectly from demethylation and the subsequent altered expression of unknown genes controlling tissue-specific Y-inactivation as opposed to the global demethylation of Y-chromosome DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Mosiołek
- Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Abstract
A transformed root culture of Cichorium intybus L. (Asteraceae) was found to produce sesquiterpene lactones of guaiane and germacrane type. Lactucopicrin, 8-desoxylactucin and three sesquiterpene lactone glycosides: crepidiaside B, sonchuside A and ixerisoside D were isolated from the roots. The yield of 8-desoxylactucin reached 0.03 g l(-1) at the early stationary phase of the culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Malarz
- Department of Phytochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Kraków, Poland.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stojakowska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Phytochemistry, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Kraków, Poland
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28
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Abstract
Propagated "IN VITRO" shoots and plantlets of ARNICA MONTANA L. (Asteraceae) have been shown to produce sesquiterpene lactones, i.e. helenalin and 11,13-dihydrohelenalin esters. The compounds were detected in green organs only; roots of the plantlets contained no sesquiterpene lactones. The helenalin acetate content in leaves of the plantlets (0.073% dry wt) was 4-times higher than in proliferated shoots (0.016% dry wt). The best rate of shoot multiplication was achieved on MS medium, supplemented with NAA 0.5mg/l and Kn 2.5 mg/l (formation of 22 shoots within 8 weeks).
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Affiliation(s)
- J Malarz
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Phytochemistry, 12 Smetna str., 31-343 Kraków, Poland
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