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Huang B, Deng L, Xu T, Jian Z, Lai S, Ai Y, Xu Z, Zhu L. Isolation and pathogenicity comparison of two novel natural recombinant porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses with different recombination patterns in Southwest China. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0407123. [PMID: 38511956 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04071-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes significant economic losses in the swine industry. Frequent mutations and recombinations account for PRRSV immune evasion and the emergence of novel strains. In this study, we isolated and characterized two novel PRRSV-2 strains from Southwest China exhibiting distinct recombination patterns. They were designated SCABTC-202305 and SCABTC-202309. Phylogenetic results indicated that SCABTC-202305 was classified as lineage 8, and SCABTC-202309 was classified as lineage 1.8. Amino acid mutation analysis identified unique amino acid substitutions and deletions in ORF5 and Nsp2 genes. The results of the recombination analysis revealed that SCABTC-202305 is a recombinant with JXA1 as the major parental strain and NADC30 as the minor parental strain. At the same time, SCABTC-202309 is identified as a recombinant with NADC30 as the major parental strain and JXA1 as the minor parental strain. In this study, we infected piglets with SCABTC-202305, SCABTC-202309, or mock inoculum (control) to study the pathogenicity of these isolates. Although both isolated strains were pathogenic, SCABTC-202305-infected piglets exhibited more severe clinical signs and higher mortality, viral load, and antibody response than SCABTC-202309-infected piglets. SCABTC-202305 also caused more extensive lung lesions based on histopathology. Our findings suggest that the divergent pathogenicity observed between the two novel PRRSV isolates may be attributed to variations in the genetic information encoded by specific genomic regions. Elucidating the genetic determinants governing PRRSV virulence and transmissibility will inform efforts to control this devastating swine pathogen.IMPORTANCEPorcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most critical pathogens impacting the global swine industry. Frequent mutations and recombinations have made the control of PRRSV increasingly difficult. Following the NADC30-like PRRSV pandemic, recombination events involving PRRSV strains have further increased. We isolated two novel field PRRSV recombinant strains, SCABTC-202305 and SCABTC-202309, exhibiting different recombination patterns and compared their pathogenicity in animal experiments. The isolates caused higher viral loads, persistent fever, marked weight loss, moderate respiratory clinical signs, and severe histopathologic lung lesions in piglets. Elucidating correlations between recombinant regions and pathogenicity in these isolates can inform epidemiologic tracking of emerging strains and investigations into viral adaptive mechanisms underlying PRRSV immunity evasion. Our findings underscore the importance of continued genomic surveillance to curb this economically damaging pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingzhou Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lishuang Deng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhijie Jian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyuan Lai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanru Ai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiwen Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Ling Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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Xiong J, Cui X, Zhao K, Wang Q, Huang X, Li D, Yu F, Yang Y, Liu D, Tian Z, Cai X, An T. A Novel Motif in the 3′-UTR of PRRSV-2 Is Critical for Viral Multiplication and Contributes to Enhanced Replication Ability of Highly Pathogenic or L1 PRRSV. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020166. [PMID: 35215760 PMCID: PMC8875199 DOI: 10.3390/v14020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) with enhanced replication capability emerged in China and has become dominant epidemic strain since 2006. Up to now, the replication-regulated genes of PRRSV have not been fully clarified. Here, by swapping the genes or elements between HP-PRRSV and classical PRRSV based on infectious clones, NSP1, NSP2, NSP7, NSP9 and 3′-UTR are found to contribute to the high replication efficiency of HP-PRRSV. Further study revealed that mutations at positions 117th or 119th in the 3′-UTR are significantly related to replication efficiency, and the nucleotide at position 120th is critical for viral rescue. The motif composed by 117–120th nucleotides was quite conservative within each lineage of PRRSV; mutations in the motif of HP-PRRSV and currently epidemic lineage 1 (L1) PRRSV showed higher synthesis ability of viral negative genomic RNA, suggesting that those mutations were beneficial for viral replication. RNA structure analysis revealed that this motif maybe involved into a pseudoknot in the 3′-UTR. The results discovered a novel motif, 117–120th nucleotide in the 3′-UTR, that is critical for replication of PRRSV-2, and mutations in the motif contribute to the enhanced replicative ability of HP-PRRSV or L1 PRRSV. Our findings will help to understand the molecular basis of PRRSV replication and find the potential factors resulting in an epidemic strain of PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (J.X.); (X.C.); (K.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (F.Y.); (Y.Y.); (Z.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Xingyang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (J.X.); (X.C.); (K.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (F.Y.); (Y.Y.); (Z.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Kuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (J.X.); (X.C.); (K.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (F.Y.); (Y.Y.); (Z.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (J.X.); (X.C.); (K.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (F.Y.); (Y.Y.); (Z.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Xinyi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (J.X.); (X.C.); (K.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (F.Y.); (Y.Y.); (Z.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Dongyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (J.X.); (X.C.); (K.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (F.Y.); (Y.Y.); (Z.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Fang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (J.X.); (X.C.); (K.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (F.Y.); (Y.Y.); (Z.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Yongbo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (J.X.); (X.C.); (K.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (F.Y.); (Y.Y.); (Z.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Di Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China;
| | - Zhijun Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (J.X.); (X.C.); (K.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (F.Y.); (Y.Y.); (Z.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (J.X.); (X.C.); (K.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (F.Y.); (Y.Y.); (Z.T.); (X.C.)
| | - Tongqing An
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China; (J.X.); (X.C.); (K.Z.); (Q.W.); (X.H.); (D.L.); (F.Y.); (Y.Y.); (Z.T.); (X.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-451-5105-1765; Fax: +86-451-5199-7166
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Kikuti M, Sanhueza J, Vilalta C, Paploski IAD, VanderWaal K, Corzo CA. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 2 (PRRSV-2) genetic diversity and occurrence of wild type and vaccine-like strains in the United States swine industry. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259531. [PMID: 34797830 PMCID: PMC8604284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus genotype 2 (PRRSV-2) genetic diversity in the U.S. was assessed using a database comprising 10 years’ worth of sequence data obtained from swine production systems routine monitoring and outbreak investigations. A total of 26,831 ORF5 PRRSV-2 sequences from 34 production systems were included in this analysis. Within group mean genetic distance (i.e. mean proportion of nucleotide differences within ORF5) per year according to herd type was calculated for all PRRSV-2 sequences. The percent nucleotide difference between each sequence and the ORF5 sequences from four commercially available PRRSV-2 vaccines (Ingelvac PRRS MLV, Ingelvac PRRS ATP, Fostera PRRS, and Prevacent PRRS) within the same lineage over time was used to classify sequences in wild-type or vaccine-like. The mean ORF5 genetic distance fluctuated from 0.09 to 0.13, being generally smaller in years in which there was a relative higher frequency of dominant lineage. Vaccine-like sequences comprised about one fourth of sequences obtained through routine monitoring of PRRS. We found that lineage 5 sequences were mostly Ingelvac PRRS MLV-like. Lineage 8 sequences up to 2011 were 62.9% Ingelvac PRRS ATP-like while the remaining were wild-type viruses. From 2012 onwards, 51.9% of lineage 8 sequences were Ingelvac PRRS ATP-like, 45.0% were Fostera PRRS-like, and only 3.2% were wild-type. For lineage 1 sequences, 0.1% and 1.7% of the sequences were Prevacent PRRS-like in 2009–2018 and 2019, respectively. These results suggest that repeated introductions of vaccine-like viruses through use of modified live vaccines might decrease within-lineage viral diversity as vaccine-like strains become more prevalent. Overall, this compilation of private data from routine monitoring provides valuable information on PRRSV viral diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Kikuti
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Juan Sanhueza
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States of America
- Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Departamento de Ciencias Veterinarias y Salud Pública, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Temuco, Araucanía, Chile
| | - Carles Vilalta
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States of America
- Upnorth Analytics, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Kimberly VanderWaal
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States of America
| | - Cesar A. Corzo
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Raev S, Yuzhakov A, Bulgakov A, Kostina L, Gerasianinov A, Verkhovsky O, Zaberezhny A, Aliper T. An Outbreak of a Respiratory Disorder at a Russian Swine Farm Associated with the Co-Circulation of PRRSV1 and PRRSV2. Viruses 2020; 12:v12101169. [PMID: 33076391 PMCID: PMC7602620 DOI: 10.3390/v12101169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
We conducted a cross-sectional study to identify the major respiratory pathogen responsible for an outbreak of respiratory disease at a swine farm in West Siberia in 2019. We discovered that the peak of morbidity and mortality coincided with a high level of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) 1 and 2-related viremia. Based on longer PRRSV2 viremia, the dominant role of PRRSV2 over PRRSV1 in the outbreak was assumed. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the PRRSV1 strain belonged to sub-genotype 2—one of the predominant groups of genotype 1 PRRSVs in Russia. A partial open reading frame 7 sequence of the PRRSV2 isolate demonstrated a high identity with modified live vaccine-related strains from Denmark (93%) and wild-type VR2332 (92%). We identified the first instance of PRRSV1/PRRSV2 mixed infection in Russia. This finding indicates that further field investigations are needed to access PRRSV2 epidemiology in eastern Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei Raev
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Center VIEV”, 109428 Moscow, Russia; (A.Y.); (A.B.); (L.K.); (A.Z.); (T.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-330-601-4796
| | - Anton Yuzhakov
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Center VIEV”, 109428 Moscow, Russia; (A.Y.); (A.B.); (L.K.); (A.Z.); (T.A.)
| | - Alexandr Bulgakov
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Center VIEV”, 109428 Moscow, Russia; (A.Y.); (A.B.); (L.K.); (A.Z.); (T.A.)
| | - Ludmila Kostina
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Center VIEV”, 109428 Moscow, Russia; (A.Y.); (A.B.); (L.K.); (A.Z.); (T.A.)
| | | | - Oleg Verkhovsky
- Laboratory of Virology, Diagnostics and Prevention Research Institute for Human and Animal Diseases, 123098 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Alexei Zaberezhny
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Center VIEV”, 109428 Moscow, Russia; (A.Y.); (A.B.); (L.K.); (A.Z.); (T.A.)
| | - Taras Aliper
- Federal State Budget Scientific Institution “Federal Scientific Center VIEV”, 109428 Moscow, Russia; (A.Y.); (A.B.); (L.K.); (A.Z.); (T.A.)
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Sánchez-Carvajal JM, Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Ruedas-Torres I, Larenas-Muñoz F, Díaz I, Revilla C, Mateu E, Domínguez J, Martín-Valls G, Barranco I, Pallarés FJ, Carrasco L, Gómez-Laguna J. Activation of pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in lung tissue injury during the acute phase of PRRSV-1 infection with the virulent strain Lena. Vet Microbiol 2020; 246:108744. [PMID: 32605751 PMCID: PMC7265841 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lena virulent strain caused an increase in sera levels of IFN-γ and IL-6. Lung viral load and PRRSV-N-protein+ cells were inversely correlated with CD163+ macrophages in the lung. CD14+ cells infiltrated interstitium to possibly replenish macrophages subsets. Lena-induced microscopic lung injury was linked to an increase of iNOS+ cells. The increase of CD200R1+ and FoxP3+ cells was associated with the course of lung injury.
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) plays a key role in porcine respiratory disease complex modulating the host immune response and favouring secondary bacterial infections. Pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs) are the main cells supporting PRRSV replication, with CD163 as the essential receptor for viral infection. Although interstitial pneumonia is by far the representative lung lesion, suppurative bronchopneumonia is described for PRRSV virulent strains. This research explores the role of several immune markers potentially involved in the regulation of the inflammatory response and sensitisation of lung to secondary bacterial infections by PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence. Conventional pigs were intranasally inoculated with the virulent subtype 3 Lena strain or the low virulent subtype 1 3249 strain and euthanised at 1, 3, 6 and 8 dpi. Lena-infected pigs exhibited more severe clinical signs, macroscopic lung score and viraemia associated with an increase of IL-6 and IFN-γ in sera compared to 3249-infected pigs. Extensive areas of lung consolidation corresponding with suppurative bronchopneumonia were observed in Lena-infected pigs. Lung viral load and PRRSV-N-protein+ cells were always higher in Lena-infected animals. PRRSV-N-protein+ cells were linked to a marked drop of CD163+ macrophages. The number of CD14+ and iNOS+ cells gradually increased along PRRSV-1 infection, being more evident in Lena-infected pigs. The frequency of CD200R1+ and FoxP3+ cells peaked late in both PRRSV-1 strains, with a strong correlation between CD200R1+ cells and lung injury in Lena-infected pigs. These results highlight the role of molecules involved in the earlier and higher extent of lung lesions in piglets infected with the virulent Lena strain, pointing out the activation of routes potentially involved in the restraint of the local inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Sánchez-Carvajal
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - I M Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - I Ruedas-Torres
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - F Larenas-Muñoz
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - I Díaz
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries - Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (IRTA-CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - C Revilla
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Mateu
- Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries - Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (IRTA-CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain; Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - J Domínguez
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - G Martín-Valls
- Department of Animal Health and Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - I Barranco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - F J Pallarés
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - L Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - J Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
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Liu Q, Yu YY, Wang HY, Wang JF, He XJ. The IFN-γ-induced immunoproteasome is suppressed in highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus-infected alveolar macrophages. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 226:110069. [PMID: 32535163 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) evades cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses through interactions between viral Nsp1α and Nsp4 and β2 M heavy and light chains, respectively, of swine leukocyte antigen class (SLA)-I. However, whether the immunoproteasome (i-proteasome) complex, which is an important component of the antigen delivery pathway that functions by mediating peptide production, is also affected by viral infection is unknown. In this study, we investigated the effects of HP-PRRSV (HuN4-F5) infection on IFN-γ-induced i-proteasome expression using a cell culture system (alveolar macrophages, AMs). We found that this virus inhibited the expression of IFN-γ-induced i-proteasome subunits LMP2, LMP7, and MECL-1 at the mRNA and protein level. In addition, expression levels of the i-proteasome regulatory subunits PSME1 and PSME2 in the HP-PRRSV HuN4-F5-infected group were also significantly decreased compared to those in the uninfected group. However, there was no significant difference in the expression of proteasome subunits PSMB5, PSMB6, and PSMB7 between HP-PRRSV HuN4-F5-infected and uninfected groups. This study provides insight into the mechanisms underlying immune regulation by HP-PRRSV; specifically, this virus affects the antigen-processing machinery by suppressing IFN-γ-induced i-proteasome expression in infected AMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Nanchong Key Laboratory of Disease Prevention, Control and Detection in Livestock and Poultry, Nanchong Vocational and Technical College, Nanchong 637131, China.
| | - Yue-Yang Yu
- Nanchong Key Laboratory of Disease Prevention, Control and Detection in Livestock and Poultry, Nanchong Vocational and Technical College, Nanchong 637131, China.
| | - Huai-Yu Wang
- Nanchong Key Laboratory of Disease Prevention, Control and Detection in Livestock and Poultry, Nanchong Vocational and Technical College, Nanchong 637131, China.
| | - Jing-Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
| | - Xi-Jun He
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150069, China.
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Eclercy J, Larcher T, Andraud M, Renson P, Bernard C, Bigault L, Ledevin M, Paboeuf F, Grasland B, Rose N, Bourry O. PCV2 co-infection does not impact PRRSV MLV1 safety but enhances virulence of a PRRSV MLV1-like strain in infected SPF pigs. Vet Microbiol 2020; 244:108656. [PMID: 32402344 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Co-infection by a type 1 modified live vaccine-like strain (MLV1-like) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and a type 2 porcine circovirus (PCV2) was identified on a French pig farm with post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). An in vivo experiment was set up to characterize the virulence level of the MLV1-like strain compared with the parental MLV1 strain, and to assess the impact of PCV2 co-infection on the pathogenicity of both PRRSV strains. Six groups of six pigs each were inoculated only with either one of the two PRRSV strains or with PCV2, or co-inoculated with PCV2 and MLV1 or PCV2 and MLV1-like strains. Six contact pigs were added to each inoculated group to assess viral transmission. The animals were monitored daily for 35 days post-inoculation for clinical symptoms. Blood and nasal swabs were sampled twice a week, and tissue samples were collected during necropsy for viral quantification. Compared to MLV1-infected pigs, animals infected with the MLV1-like strain had increased PRRSV viremia and nasal shedding, a higher viral load in the tonsils, and lymph node hypertrophy at microscopic level. PCV2 co-infection did not influence clinical, virologic or transmission parameters for MLV1, but co-infected MLV1-like/PCV2 pigs had the most severe lung lesions, the highest viremia in contact animals and the highest transmission rate. Our study demonstrated that the MLV1 strain tested was safe when co-inoculated with PCV2 in piglets. However, co-infection by the MLV1-like strain and PCV2 resulted in increased virulence compared with that due to a single infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Eclercy
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Thibaut Larcher
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), APEX, La Chantrerie, CS 40706, 44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation Nantes Atlantique (Oniris), CS 40706, 44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Mathieu Andraud
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Patricia Renson
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Cécilia Bernard
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Lionel Bigault
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Mireille Ledevin
- Institut National de Recherche Agronomique (INRA), APEX, La Chantrerie, CS 40706, 44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France; Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation Nantes Atlantique (Oniris), CS 40706, 44307 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Frédéric Paboeuf
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Béatrice Grasland
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Nicolas Rose
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France
| | - Olivier Bourry
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l'Alimentation, de l'Environnement et du Travail (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort, BP 53, 22440 Ploufragan, France.
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8
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Ruedas-Torres I, Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Sánchez-Carvajal JM, Pallares FJ, Barranco I, Carrasco L, Gómez-Laguna J. Activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway in the thymus of piglets infected with PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence. Vet Microbiol 2020; 243:108639. [PMID: 32273018 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade, the outbreaks caused by virulent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strains from both PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 have considerably increased. PRRSV is able to modulate the host's immune response through the induction of apoptosis of cells in lymphoid organs like thymus, increasing the susceptibility to secondary infectious agents. The present study aimed to compare the impact of two PRRSV-1 strains, a field low virulent strain (3249 strain) and a virulent strain (Lena strain), in the thymus of infected pigs, focusing on clinical signs, histological analysis, viraemia, thymus viral load and the study of the different routes of apoptosis phenomena by immunohistochemistry. Sera and thymus samples were collected from infected animals with 3249 strain, Lena strain and mock-infected animals at 1, 3, 6, 8 and 13 days post-infection (dpi). Lena-infected animals showed severe clinical disease, high sera and thymus viral loads with evident thymic atrophy since 6 dpi, matching with PRRSV-N protein, TUNEL and cCasp3 expression in the thymic cortex. In both infected groups, there was an increase in the number of cells expressing molecules related to the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis (cCasp8 and Fas) in cortex and medulla, showing an important role in the apoptosis induction produced in thymus of PRRSV-infected piglets. The extensive apoptosis in the thymus through this pathway would lead to a decrease in the number of mature T lymphocytes and the sustained release of viral particles, which may explain the greater severity of the clinical signs observed in Lena-infected pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Ruedas-Torres
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Irene Magdalena Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jose María Sánchez-Carvajal
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Francisco José Pallares
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Barranco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Librado Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jaime Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, 14014, Córdoba, Spain
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9
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Sun YF, Jiang X, Zhang A, Ma JF, Yu XX, Li LA, Yu H. Early infection of Streptococcus suis serotype 2 increases the virulence of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome MLV-like virus in pigs. Res Vet Sci 2020; 130:68-72. [PMID: 32146377 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Modified-live virus (MLV) vaccines derived from highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) were wildly used in China, which resulted in the emergence of MLV-like strains in pigs. Previous studies demonstrated that secondary bacterial infection could enhance HP-PRRSV infection-mediated inflammatory responses, but it is unknown whether early bacterial infection could enhance the HP-PRRSV MLV-like infection-mediated pathological reaction. In this paper, to gain the evidence for infection of pigs with MLV-like strains in China, we firstly analyzed the genetic characterization of the HP-PRRSV MLV-like isolate (TJxq1701) and further evaluated whether the early Streptococcus suis infection synergizes HP-PRRSV MLV-like infection-mediated pathological reaction. Our results showed that the whole genome of TJxq1701 shared the highest homology with JXA1-P80 and a total of 16 amino acids residues unique to JXA1-P80 in ORF1a, ORF1b, GP2, GP3, GP4, and GP5 were found in the corresponding locations. The results of infection experiments in pigs revealed that TJxq1701 caused transitional fever, moderate respiratory clinical sign and microscopic lung lesions in piglets, but early infection with low virulence Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) exhibited seriously clinical signs, including high fever, anorexia, and respiratory distress, leading to 60% mortality within four weeks in comparison with alone infected group. Taken together, our findings reveal that early bacterial infection could enhance the HP-PRRSV MLV-like infection-mediated pathological reaction, which provide an important clue for understanding that streptococcus infection increases the pathogenicity of MLV-like virus and a new thought for prevention and control of PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Feng Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Xuan Jiang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Ji-Fei Ma
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Xiao-Xue Yu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, PR China
| | - Liu-An Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin 300384, PR China.
| | - Hai Yu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
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10
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Tang C, Deng Z, Li X, Yang M, Tian Z, Chen Z, Wang G, Wu W, Feng WH, Zhang G, Chen Z. Helicase of Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Strain HV Reveals a Unique Structure. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020215. [PMID: 32075207 PMCID: PMC7077220 DOI: 10.3390/v12020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is prevalent throughout the world and has caused great economic losses to the swine industry. Nonstructural protein 10 (nsp10) is a superfamily 1 helicase participating in multiple processes of virus replication and one of the three most conserved proteins in nidoviruses. Here we report three high resolution crystal structures of highly pathogenic PRRSV nsp10. PRRSV nsp10 has multiple domains, including an N-terminal zinc-binding domain (ZBD), a β-barrel domain, a helicase core with two RecA-like domains, and a C-terminal domain (CTD). The CTD adopts a novel fold and is required for the overall structure and enzymatic activities. Although each domain except the CTD aligns well with its homologs, PRRSV nsp10 adopts an unexpected extended overall structure in crystals and solution. Moreover, structural and functional analyses of PRRSV nsp10 versus its closest homolog, equine arteritis virus nsp10, suggest that DNA binding might induce a profound conformational change of PRRSV nsp10 to exert functions, thus shedding light on the mechanisms of activity regulation of this helicase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (C.T.); (Z.D.); (X.L.); (M.Y.); (Z.T.); (Z.C.); (G.W.); (W.W.); (W.-h.F.)
| | - Zengqin Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (C.T.); (Z.D.); (X.L.); (M.Y.); (Z.T.); (Z.C.); (G.W.); (W.W.); (W.-h.F.)
| | - Xiaorong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (C.T.); (Z.D.); (X.L.); (M.Y.); (Z.T.); (Z.C.); (G.W.); (W.W.); (W.-h.F.)
| | - Meiting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (C.T.); (Z.D.); (X.L.); (M.Y.); (Z.T.); (Z.C.); (G.W.); (W.W.); (W.-h.F.)
| | - Zizi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (C.T.); (Z.D.); (X.L.); (M.Y.); (Z.T.); (Z.C.); (G.W.); (W.W.); (W.-h.F.)
| | - Zhenhang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (C.T.); (Z.D.); (X.L.); (M.Y.); (Z.T.); (Z.C.); (G.W.); (W.W.); (W.-h.F.)
| | - Guoguo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (C.T.); (Z.D.); (X.L.); (M.Y.); (Z.T.); (Z.C.); (G.W.); (W.W.); (W.-h.F.)
| | - Wei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (C.T.); (Z.D.); (X.L.); (M.Y.); (Z.T.); (Z.C.); (G.W.); (W.W.); (W.-h.F.)
| | - Wen-hai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (C.T.); (Z.D.); (X.L.); (M.Y.); (Z.T.); (Z.C.); (G.W.); (W.W.); (W.-h.F.)
| | - Gongyi Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Research, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA;
| | - Zhongzhou Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (C.T.); (Z.D.); (X.L.); (M.Y.); (Z.T.); (Z.C.); (G.W.); (W.W.); (W.-h.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-6273-4078
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11
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Helm ET, Curry SM, De Mille CM, Schweer WP, Burrough ER, Gabler NK. Impact of viral disease hypophagia on pig jejunal function and integrity. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0227265. [PMID: 31910236 PMCID: PMC6946155 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogen challenges are often accompanied by reductions in feed intake, making it difficult to differentiate impacts of reduced feed intake from impacts of pathogen on various response parameters. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the impact of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV) and feed intake on parameters of jejunal function and integrity in growing pigs. Twenty-four pigs (11.34 ± 1.54 kg BW) were randomly selected and allotted to 1 of 3 treatments (n = 8 pigs/treatment): 1) PRRSV naïve, ad libitum fed (Ad), 2) PRRSV-inoculated, ad libitum fed (PRRS+), and 3) PRRSV naïve, pair-fed to the PRRS+ pigs' daily feed intake (PF). At 17 days post inoculation, all pigs were euthanized and the jejunum was collected for analysis. At days post inoculation 17, PRRS+ and PF pigs had decreased (P < 0.05) transepithelial resistance compared with Ad pigs; whereas fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran 4 kDa permeability was not different among treatments. Active glucose transport was increased (P < 0.05) in PRRS+ and PF pigs compared with Ad pigs. Brush border carbohydrase activity was reduced in PRRS+ pigs compared with PF pigs for lactase (55%; P = 0.015), sucrase (37%; P = 0.002), and maltase (30%; P = 0.015). For all three carbohydrases, Ad pigs had activities intermediate that of PRRS+ and PF pigs. The mRNA abundance of the tight junction proteins claudin 2, claudin 3, claudin 4, occludin, and zonula occludens-1 were reduced in PRRS+ pigs compared with Ad pigs; however, neither the total protein abundance nor the cellular compartmentalization of these tight junction proteins differed among treatments. Taken together, this study demonstrates that the changes that occur to intestinal epithelium structure, function, and integrity during a systemic PRRSV challenge can be partially explained by reductions in feed intake. Further, long term adaptation to PRRSV challenge and caloric restriction does reduce intestinal transepithelial resistance but does not appear to reduce the integrity of tight junction protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T. Helm
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Shelby M. Curry
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Carson M. De Mille
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Wesley P. Schweer
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Eric R. Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Nicholas K. Gabler
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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12
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Chen N, Ye M, Huang Y, Li S, Xiao Y, Li X, Li S, Li X, Yu X, Tian K, Zhu J. Identification of Two Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Variants Sharing High Genomic Homology but with Distinct Virulence. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090875. [PMID: 31540541 PMCID: PMC6783987 DOI: 10.3390/v11090875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes huge economic loss to the global swine industry. Even though several control strategies have been applied, PRRS is still not effectively controlled due to the continuous emergence of new variants and limited cross-protection by current vaccines. During the routine epidemiological investigation in 2017, two PRRSV variants were identified from a severe abortion farm and a clinically healthy farm, respectively. The viruses were isolated and denominated as XJ17-5 and JSTZ1712-12. Genomic sequencing indicated that their genomes are both 14,960 bp in length sharing 99.45% nucleotide identity. Sequence alignments identified a discontinuous 30-amino-acid deletion and a continuous 120-amino-acid deletion in nsp2 of both isolates. Genome-based phylogenetic analysis confirmed that XJ17-5 and JSTZ1712-12 belong to the HP-PRRSV subtype but form a new branch with other isolates containing the same 150-amino-acid deletion in nsp2. Pathogenic analysis showed that XJ17-5 is highly virulent causing 60% mortality, while JSTZ1712-12 is avirulent for piglets. Furthermore, fragment comparisons identified 34-amino-acid differences between XJ17-5 and JSTZ1712-12 that might be associated with the distinct virulence. The identification of highly homologous HP-PRRSV variants with new genetic feature and distinct virulence contributes to further analyze the pathogenesis and evolution of PRRSV in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhua Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Mengxue Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Yucheng Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Shuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Yanzhao Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xinshuai Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Shubin Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, High-Tech District, Luoyang, Henan 471003, China
| | - Xiuling Yu
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, High-Tech District, Luoyang, Henan 471003, China
| | - Kegong Tian
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, High-Tech District, Luoyang, Henan 471003, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
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13
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Sánchez-Carvajal JM, Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Carrasco L, Barranco I, Álvarez B, Domínguez J, Salguero FJ, Gómez-Laguna J. Kinetics of the expression of CD163 and CD107a in the lung and tonsil of pigs after infection with PRRSV-1 strains of different virulence. Vet Res Commun 2019; 43:187-195. [PMID: 31104196 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-019-09755-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of virulent strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), causing atypical and severe outbreaks, has been notified worldwide. This study assesses the expression, distribution and kinetics of PRRSV N-protein, CD163 and CD107a in the lung and tonsil from experimentally-infected piglets with three different PRRSV-1 strains: a virulent PRRSV-1 subtype 3 strain (SU1-bel) and two low-virulent subtype 1 strains, Lelystad virus (LV) and 215-06. SU1-bel replicated more efficiently in the lungs and tonsils. The number of CD163+ cells decreased in both tissues from all infected groups at 7 dpi, followed by an increase at the end of the study, highlighting a negative correlation with the number of N-protein+-infected cells. A significant increase in CD107a was observed in all infected groups at 35 dpi but no differences were observed among them. Whereas the initial decrease of CD163+ cells appears to be associated to virus replication and cell death, the later recovery of the CD163+ population may be due to either the induction of CD163 in immature cells, the recruitment of CD163+ cells in the area of infection, or both. These results highlight the ability of macrophage subpopulations in infected animals to recover and restore their potential biological functions at one-month post-infection, with the greatest improvement observed in SU1-bel-infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose M Sánchez-Carvajal
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Irene M Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Librado Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Barranco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Belén Álvarez
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Domínguez
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jaime Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Córdoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', 14071, Córdoba, Spain
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14
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Dong J, Rao D, Ding Y, Zhao Y, Zhang G, Deng K, Liu T, Jiao F, Hu J, Wang H, Zhang N, Zhao P, Leng C. Hypermutations in porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome virus. Can J Vet Res 2019; 83:104-109. [PMID: 31097872 PMCID: PMC6450159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), which is caused by the PRRS virus (PRRSV), has resulted in large economic losses for the swine industry. The virus has shown remarkable genetic diversity since its discovery. In our study, we investigated mutation types in the evolution of PRRSV for both in vivo and in vitro passaging of the virus. Sequence alignment analysis demonstrated that the most common hypermutations expressed were A→G/U→C and G→A/C→U. The data provide a new theoretical basis for PRRSV evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Dong
- School of Animal Husbandry and Medical Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, 1 North Road, Pingqiao District, Xinyang 464000, China (Rao, Yu Zhao, Guangqiang Zhang, Deng, Liu, Jiao, Hu, Dong); Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Wolong District, Nanyang 473061, China (Ding, Leng); Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China (Pandeng Zhao); Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Wang); Henan Fengyuan Hepu Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Zhumadian 463000, China (Ning Zhang)
| | - Dan Rao
- School of Animal Husbandry and Medical Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, 1 North Road, Pingqiao District, Xinyang 464000, China (Rao, Yu Zhao, Guangqiang Zhang, Deng, Liu, Jiao, Hu, Dong); Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Wolong District, Nanyang 473061, China (Ding, Leng); Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China (Pandeng Zhao); Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Wang); Henan Fengyuan Hepu Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Zhumadian 463000, China (Ning Zhang)
| | - Yushan Ding
- School of Animal Husbandry and Medical Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, 1 North Road, Pingqiao District, Xinyang 464000, China (Rao, Yu Zhao, Guangqiang Zhang, Deng, Liu, Jiao, Hu, Dong); Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Wolong District, Nanyang 473061, China (Ding, Leng); Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China (Pandeng Zhao); Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Wang); Henan Fengyuan Hepu Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Zhumadian 463000, China (Ning Zhang)
| | - Yu Zhao
- School of Animal Husbandry and Medical Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, 1 North Road, Pingqiao District, Xinyang 464000, China (Rao, Yu Zhao, Guangqiang Zhang, Deng, Liu, Jiao, Hu, Dong); Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Wolong District, Nanyang 473061, China (Ding, Leng); Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China (Pandeng Zhao); Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Wang); Henan Fengyuan Hepu Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Zhumadian 463000, China (Ning Zhang)
| | - Guangqiang Zhang
- School of Animal Husbandry and Medical Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, 1 North Road, Pingqiao District, Xinyang 464000, China (Rao, Yu Zhao, Guangqiang Zhang, Deng, Liu, Jiao, Hu, Dong); Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Wolong District, Nanyang 473061, China (Ding, Leng); Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China (Pandeng Zhao); Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Wang); Henan Fengyuan Hepu Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Zhumadian 463000, China (Ning Zhang)
| | - Kaiwei Deng
- School of Animal Husbandry and Medical Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, 1 North Road, Pingqiao District, Xinyang 464000, China (Rao, Yu Zhao, Guangqiang Zhang, Deng, Liu, Jiao, Hu, Dong); Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Wolong District, Nanyang 473061, China (Ding, Leng); Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China (Pandeng Zhao); Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Wang); Henan Fengyuan Hepu Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Zhumadian 463000, China (Ning Zhang)
| | - Tao Liu
- School of Animal Husbandry and Medical Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, 1 North Road, Pingqiao District, Xinyang 464000, China (Rao, Yu Zhao, Guangqiang Zhang, Deng, Liu, Jiao, Hu, Dong); Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Wolong District, Nanyang 473061, China (Ding, Leng); Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China (Pandeng Zhao); Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Wang); Henan Fengyuan Hepu Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Zhumadian 463000, China (Ning Zhang)
| | - Fengchao Jiao
- School of Animal Husbandry and Medical Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, 1 North Road, Pingqiao District, Xinyang 464000, China (Rao, Yu Zhao, Guangqiang Zhang, Deng, Liu, Jiao, Hu, Dong); Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Wolong District, Nanyang 473061, China (Ding, Leng); Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China (Pandeng Zhao); Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Wang); Henan Fengyuan Hepu Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Zhumadian 463000, China (Ning Zhang)
| | - Jing Hu
- School of Animal Husbandry and Medical Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, 1 North Road, Pingqiao District, Xinyang 464000, China (Rao, Yu Zhao, Guangqiang Zhang, Deng, Liu, Jiao, Hu, Dong); Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Wolong District, Nanyang 473061, China (Ding, Leng); Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China (Pandeng Zhao); Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Wang); Henan Fengyuan Hepu Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Zhumadian 463000, China (Ning Zhang)
| | - Huanan Wang
- School of Animal Husbandry and Medical Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, 1 North Road, Pingqiao District, Xinyang 464000, China (Rao, Yu Zhao, Guangqiang Zhang, Deng, Liu, Jiao, Hu, Dong); Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Wolong District, Nanyang 473061, China (Ding, Leng); Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China (Pandeng Zhao); Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Wang); Henan Fengyuan Hepu Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Zhumadian 463000, China (Ning Zhang)
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Animal Husbandry and Medical Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, 1 North Road, Pingqiao District, Xinyang 464000, China (Rao, Yu Zhao, Guangqiang Zhang, Deng, Liu, Jiao, Hu, Dong); Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Wolong District, Nanyang 473061, China (Ding, Leng); Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China (Pandeng Zhao); Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Wang); Henan Fengyuan Hepu Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Zhumadian 463000, China (Ning Zhang)
| | - Pandeng Zhao
- School of Animal Husbandry and Medical Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, 1 North Road, Pingqiao District, Xinyang 464000, China (Rao, Yu Zhao, Guangqiang Zhang, Deng, Liu, Jiao, Hu, Dong); Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Wolong District, Nanyang 473061, China (Ding, Leng); Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China (Pandeng Zhao); Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Wang); Henan Fengyuan Hepu Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Zhumadian 463000, China (Ning Zhang)
| | - Chaoliang Leng
- School of Animal Husbandry and Medical Engineering, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, 1 North Road, Pingqiao District, Xinyang 464000, China (Rao, Yu Zhao, Guangqiang Zhang, Deng, Liu, Jiao, Hu, Dong); Henan Key Laboratory of Insect Biology in Funiu Mountain, Henan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Insects Bio-reactor, China-UK-NYNU-RRes Joint Laboratory of Insect Biology, Nanyang Normal University, 1638 Wolong Road, Wolong District, Nanyang 473061, China (Ding, Leng); Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou 450046, China (Pandeng Zhao); Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China (Wang); Henan Fengyuan Hepu Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Co., Ltd, Zhumadian 463000, China (Ning Zhang)
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Cui J, O’Connell CM, Costa A, Pan Y, Smyth JA, Verardi PH, Burgess DJ, Van Kruiningen HJ, Garmendia AE. A PRRSV GP5-Mosaic vaccine: Protection of pigs from challenge and ex vivo detection of IFNγ responses against several genotype 2 strains. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0208801. [PMID: 30703122 PMCID: PMC6354972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), is a highly mutable RNA virus that affects swine worldwide and its control is very challenging due to its formidable heterogeneity in the field. In the present study, DNA vaccines constructed with PRRSV GP5-Mosaic sequences were complexed to cationic liposomes and administered to experimental pigs by intradermal and intramuscular injection, followed by three boosters 14, 28 and 42 days later. The GP5-Mosaic vaccine thus formulated was immunogenic and induced protection from challenge in vaccinated pigs comparable to that induced by a wild type (VR2332) GP5 DNA vaccine (GP5-WT). Periodic sampling of blood and testing of vaccine-induced responses followed. Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) mRNA expression by virus-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of GP5-Mosaic-vaccinated pigs was significantly higher compared to pigs vaccinated with either GP5-WT or empty vector at 21, 35 and 48 days after vaccination. Cross-reactive cellular responses were also demonstrated in GP5-Mosaic vaccinated pigs after stimulation of PBMCs with divergent strains of PRRSV. Thus, significantly higher levels of IFN-γ mRNA were detected when PBMCs from GP5-Mosaic-vaccinated pigs were stimulated by four Genotype 2 strains (VR2332, NADC9, NADC30 and SDSU73), which have at least 10% difference in GP5 amino acid sequences, while such responses were recorded only upon VR2332 stimulation in GP5-WT-vaccinated pigs. In addition, the levels of virus-specific neutralizing antibodies were higher in GP5-Mosaic or GP5-WT vaccinated pigs than those in vector-control pigs. The experimental pigs vaccinated with either the GP5-Mosaic vaccine or the GP5-WT vaccine were partially protected from challenge with VR2332, as measured by significantly lower viral loads in sera and tissues and lower lung lesion scores than the vector control group. These data demonstrate that the GP5-Mosaic vaccine can induce cross-reactive cellular responses to diverse strains, neutralizing antibodies, and protection in pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junru Cui
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Caitlin M. O’Connell
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Antonio Costa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Yan Pan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and New Technology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute, Nanning, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Joan A. Smyth
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Paulo H. Verardi
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Diane J. Burgess
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Herbert J. Van Kruiningen
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Antonio E. Garmendia
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, College of Agriculture, Health and Natural Resources, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Haiwick G, Hermann J, Roof M, Fergen B, Philips R, Patterson A. Examination of viraemia and clinical signs after challenge with a heterologous PRRSV strain in PRRS Type 2 MLV vaccinated pigs: A challenge-dose study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209784. [PMID: 30592764 PMCID: PMC6310246 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) Type 2 modified-live vaccines (MLVs) has been shown to improve clinical signs and survival rates in PRRS virus (PRRSV)-challenged pigs. This study evaluated the dose of PRRSV challenge needed to cause and maintain viraemia in PRRS Type 2 MLV-vaccinated pigs and assessed clinical responses to various doses of virulent challenge. This controlled, randomised, blinded vaccination-challenge study involved 95 pigs who were either vaccinated with 2 mL of a PRRS Type 2 MLV on Day 0 or left unvaccinated. On Day 28, pigs were challenged intranasally with virulent PRRSV isolate (dose range <1.5 to 4 log10 50% tissue culture infectious dose/mL). Five pigs were left unchallenged and served as environmental controls. Viraemia levels, pyrexia, average daily weight gain and clinical signs were assessed. At all challenge doses, vaccinated groups had reduced viraemia levels and clinical signs, and higher average daily weight gain compared with non-vaccinated groups. Vaccinated groups challenged with ≤2 log had similar viraemia levels and clinical performance (days pyrexic and average daily weight gain) as the non-challenged group. Vaccinated groups had significantly reduced pyrexic days compared with non-vaccinated groups across all challenge doses (P <.05). Vaccinated pigs challenged with <3 log had significantly improved average daily weight gain (P <.05). In vaccinated groups, challenge dose correlated positively with viraemia levels and number of days pyrexic, and negatively with average daily weight gain. This is the first study to use a challenge-dose model to evaluate the efficacy of vaccination against PRRSV. PRRS Type 2 MLV was shown to mitigate the consequences of PRRSV infection at all evaluated PRRSV challenge doses. Lower levels of challenge had minimal impact on health and performance of vaccinated pigs, supporting the benefit of vaccinating swine with PRRS Type 2 MLV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Haiwick
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Research and Development, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Joseph Hermann
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Research and Development, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Michael Roof
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Research and Development, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Brian Fergen
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Research and Development, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Reid Philips
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health, Duluth, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Abby Patterson
- Boehringer Ingelheim Animal Health Research and Development, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
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17
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Canelli E, Catella A, Borghetti P, Ferrari L, Ogno G, De Angelis E, Bonilauri P, Guazzetti S, Nardini R, Martelli P. Efficacy of a modified-live virus vaccine in pigs experimentally infected with a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type 1 (HP-PRRSV-1). Vet Microbiol 2018; 226:89-96. [PMID: 30389048 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PRRS is one of the main viral diseases in pig production, causing huge economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. The virus shows an intrinsic genomic instability and is able to change continuously, with the emergence of new strains, with different pathogenicity patterns. Commercially available vaccines only partially prevent or counteract the disease and the correlated losses. Moreover, the emergence of highly virulent and pathogenetic isolates represents a particular concern for PRRS control and diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a modified-live virus (MLV) PRRSV-1 commercial vaccine in reducing the severity of the disease and minimizing losses upon challenge with a highly pathogenic PRRSV-1.1 Italian isolate (PRRSV-1_PR40/2014). Four different groups were compared: C (unvaccinated-uninfected), VAC-C (vaccinated-uninfected), PR40 (unvaccinated-infected) and VAC-PR40 (vaccinated-infected). The tested vaccine provided partial, but statistically significant clinical, virological and pathological protection after challenge under experimental conditions. In particular, vaccinated animals showed reduced viremia in terms of duration and magnitude, reduced respiratory signs and pathological lesions. Vaccination was able to trigger adaptive immunity able to respond efficiently also against the HP PR40 isolate. Vaccinated animals showed higher average daily weight gain, even during the viremic period, compared to non-vaccinated challenged pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Canelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Alessia Catella
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Ogno
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Elena De Angelis
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- IZSLER, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "B. Ubertini", Unit of Reggio Emilia, Via Pitagora 2, 42100, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Stefano Guazzetti
- AUSL Reggio Emilia, Via Giovanni Amendola 2, 42122, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Roberto Nardini
- IZSLT, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
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Zhou L, Kang R, Yu J, Xie B, Chen C, Li X, Xie J, Ye Y, Xiao L, Zhang J, Yang X, Wang H. Genetic Characterization and Pathogenicity of a Novel Recombined Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus 2 among Nadc30-Like, Jxa1-Like, and Mlv-Like Strains. Viruses 2018; 10:v10100551. [PMID: 30304818 PMCID: PMC6213465 DOI: 10.3390/v10100551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Recombination among porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses (PRRSVs), coupled with point mutations, insertions, and deletions occurring in the genome, is considered to contribute to the emergence of new variants. Here, we report the complete genome sequences of a PRRSV field strain, designated SCN17, isolated from a RespPRRS MLV-vaccinated piglet in China in 2017. Sequence alignment revealed that SCN17 had discontinuous 131-amino acid (111 + 1 + 19-aa) deletion in the NSP2-coding region identical to that of NADC30 when compared to VR-2332. Notably, the strain, SCN17, contained an additional 1-aa deletion in NSP2, a 1-aa deletion in ORF5, and a unique 3-nt deletion in the 3′-UTR. Phylogenetic analysis showed that SCN17 clustered into NADC30-like lineage based on ORF5 genotyping, whereas it belonged to an inter-lineage between the NADC30-like and VR-2332-like lineages as established based on the full-length genome. Importantly, the SCN17 was identified as a novel virus recombined between a NADC30-like (moderately pathogenic), a JXA1-like (highly pathogenic), and an attenuated vaccine strain, RespPRRS MLV (parental strain VR-2332). Furthermore, we tested its pathogenicity in piglets. SCN17 infection caused a persistent fever, moderate interstitial pneumonia, and increased the viremia and antibody levels in the inoculated piglets. Of note, all SCN17-infected piglets survived throughout the study. The new virus was showed to be a moderately virulent isolate and have lower pathogenicity than HP-PRRSV strain, SCwhn09CD. Our results provide evidence for the continuing evolution of PRRSV field strain by genetic recombination and mutation leading to outbreaks in the vaccinated pig populations in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhou
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Runmin Kang
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Provincial Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jifeng Yu
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Provincial Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China.
| | - Bo Xie
- Chengdu Chia Tai Agro-industry & Food, Animal healthy disease service, Chengdu 610081, Sichuan, China.
| | - Changying Chen
- Chengdu Chia Tai Agro-industry & Food, Animal healthy disease service, Chengdu 610081, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xingyu Li
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Provincial Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jing Xie
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Provincial Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China.
| | - Yonggang Ye
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Provincial Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China.
| | - Lu Xiao
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Provincial Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jinling Zhang
- Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Sichuan Provincial Key laboratory of Animal Breeding and Genetics, Chengdu 610066, Sichuan, China.
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hongning Wang
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 610064, Sichuan, China.
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19
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Chen XW, Li L, Yin M, Wang Q, Luo WT, Ma Y, Pu ZH, Zhou JL. Cloning and molecular characterization of the ORF5 gene from a PRRSV-SN strain from Southwest China. Microb Pathog 2017; 112:295-302. [PMID: 28970171 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To monitor the genetic variation of PRRSV, the ORF5 gene of the PRRSV-SN strain found in Suining City, Sichuan Province, was cloned and sequenced. The results showed that the PRRSV-SN strain was a highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) variant strain with the North American (NA) genotype. Homology analysis showed that the ORF5 gene of the PRRSV-SN isolate shared 89.4% (86.5%) nucleotide (amino acid) sequence similarity with the North American strain VR-2332, 98.8% (96%) similarity with JXA1, and 63.8% (57.7%) similarity with the European type representative strain Lelystad virus. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PRRSV-SN belongs to the NA genotype and has the same subtype as other highly pathogenic PRRSV strains. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that compared with the VR2332 strain, PRRSV-SN has different degrees of variation in the signal peptide, transmembrane region (TM), primary neutralizing epitope (PNE), non-neutral epitopes and N-glycosylation sites. Antigenicity analysis showed that the PRRSV-SN ORF5 gene products and JXA1 have similar antigenic characteristics, and the antigenic epitopes are mainly located in aa30-39, aa50-60, aa128-141, aa146-155 and aa161-183 regions. In contrast, the antigenic characteristics of PRRSV-SN are quite different from those of the VR2332 strain. The main differences were that the PRRSV-SN strain was significantly narrower than the VR2332 strain in the aa30-39 and the aa50-60 regions but was significantly wider in the aa136-141 region. The results of this study showed that the epidemic strains that cause PRRSV outbreaks in the farm are still mainly JXA1 variants, but due to the more frequent use of live vaccine immunizations, the genes of the PRRSV epidemic strain still show constant variation. Vaccination with live PRRSV should be reduced, and surveillance of PRRSV strains should be enhanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Wen Chen
- Institute of Applied Animal Technology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621000, China; Research Center of Ecological Agriculture and Animal Husbandry in Northwest Sichuan, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621000, China.
| | - Lian Li
- Institute of Applied Animal Technology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621000, China; College of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, China
| | - Miao Yin
- Institute of Applied Animal Technology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621000, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Institute of Applied Animal Technology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621000, China; College of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, China
| | - Wen-Tao Luo
- Institute of Applied Animal Technology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621000, China; College of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, China
| | - Ying Ma
- Institute of Applied Animal Technology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621000, China; Research Center of Ecological Agriculture and Animal Husbandry in Northwest Sichuan, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621000, China
| | - Zhong-Hui Pu
- Institute of Applied Animal Technology, Mianyang Normal University, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621000, China; Research Center of Ecological Agriculture and Animal Husbandry in Northwest Sichuan, Mianyang, Sichuan, 621000, China
| | - Jie-Long Zhou
- College of Life Science, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, Yunnan, 650224, China
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20
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Bian T, Sun Y, Hao M, Zhou L, Ge X, Guo X, Han J, Yang H. A recombinant type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus between NADC30-like and a MLV-like: Genetic characterization and pathogenicity for piglets. Infect Genet Evol 2017; 54:279-286. [PMID: 28713014 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economically important pathogen for swine industry worldwide. The recombination occurring among PRRSV strains has been recognized as one of important molecular mechanisms for the evolution of PRRSV. Current prevalence of PRRSV NADC30-like causing clinical disease outbreaks is highly concerned in China. In the present study, the genetic characterization of a recombinant type 2 PRRSV (designated TJnh1501) was analyzed and its pathogenicity for piglets was examined. Our study showed that each region of TJnh1501 genome had 96.67-100% nucleotide and 96.5-100% amino acid identities with a Chinese highly pathogenic PRRSV-derived modified-live virus (MLV)-like except for its nonstructural protein 2 (nsp2)-coding region; while its nsp2-coding region shared higher nucleotide (84.44-85.85%) and amino acid (82.44-84.79%) identities with NADC30 and NADC30-like CHsx1401, and in particular, the highly variable region of nsp2 exhibited characteristic 131-aa deletion identical to NADC30 and NADC30-like CHsx1401. Meanwhile, we identified two recombination breakpoints located in the nt1737 and nt3506 of nsp2-coding region, which had higher nucleotide homology with NADC30 and NADC30-like CHsx1401. Moreover, TJnh1501 infection could cause persistent fever, moderate respiratory clinical signs, higher viremia, and obvious gross and microscopic lung lesions in piglets. The virus was shown to have lower pathogenicity than HP-PRRSV JXwn06, but higher than NADC30-like CHsx1401 for piglets. Our findings reveal that TJnh1501 is a recombinant type 2 PRRSV from the recombinant event between NADC30-like and MLV-like derived from the Chinese highly pathogenic PRRSV, and it exhibits intermediate virulence for pigs. This study adds valuable evidence for understanding the role of genomic recombination in the evolution of PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Bian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingfeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China; Tianjin Animal Husbandry, Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Hao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Liang W, Ji L, Zhang Y, Zhen Y, Zhang Q, Xu X, Liu B. Transcriptome Differences in Porcine Alveolar Macrophages from Tongcheng and Large White Pigs in Response to Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18071475. [PMID: 28704922 PMCID: PMC5535966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18071475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is a single-stranded positive-sense RNA virus that can cause devastating reproductive failure and respiratory tract lesions, which has led to serious damage to the swine industry worldwide. Our previous studies have indicated that Tongcheng (TC) pigs, a Chinese local breed, have stronger resistance or tolerance to PRRSV infection than Large White (LW) pigs. This study aims to investigate their host transcriptome differences in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) at 7 days post challenge. Transcriptome profiling of PAMs from PRRSV infected and control pigs of these two breeds were performed using RNA-sequencing. For both breeds, there were 1257 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to PRRSV infection, involving hepatic fibrosis/hepatic stellate cell activation, phospholipase C, and granulocyte adhesion and diapedesis pathways. For TC pig, 549 specific DEGs were identified, including VAV2, BCL2 and BAX, which were enriched in activation of leukocyte extravasation and suppression of apoptosis. While, 898 specific DEGs were identified in LW pigs, including GNAQ, GNB5, GNG2, CALM4 and RHOQ, which were involved in suppression of Gαq and PI3K-AKT signaling. This study provides an insight into the transcriptomic comparison of resistant and susceptible pigs to PRRSV infection. TC pigs may promote the extravasation and migration of leukocytes to defend against PRRSV infections and suppress apoptosis of the infected macrophages to increase antigen presentation, thereby reducing the lung lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pig Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture & College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Likai Ji
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pig Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture & College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pig Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture & College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Yueran Zhen
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pig Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture & College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Qingde Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, College of Animal Science and Technology & Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Xuewen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pig Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture & College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Bang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pig Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Agriculture & College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Wang LJ, Xie W, Chen XX, Qiao S, Zhao M, Gu Y, Zhao BL, Zhang G. Molecular epidemiology of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus in Central China since 2014: The prevalence of NADC30-like PRRSVs. Microb Pathog 2017; 109:20-28. [PMID: 28512020 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), characterized by respiratory disorders in piglets and reproductive failure in sows, is still the great threat of swine industry. Recently, Emergence of the novel NADC30-like PRRS viruses (PRRSVs) has caused widespread outbreaks of PRRS. To investigate the epidemic characteristics of PRRSVs in Central China since 2014, 6372 clinical serum samples were tested by ELISA, 250 tissue samples were tested by RT-PCR, and among these, 30 ORF5 and 17 Nsp2 genes sequences were analyzed. Phylogenetic tree based on ORF5 revealed that, 17 isolates were clustered into subgroup 1, represented by the NADC30. And for the Nsp2, The strains which had a discontinuous 131-amino-acid deletion in Nsp2, called NADC30-like strains, were clustered into subgroup 2. Our data suggested that the NADC30-like PRRSV strains spread quickly and are now circulating and prevalent in Central China as well as the classical HP-PRRSV strains. In addition, amino acid variation analysis of GP5 revealed that the amino acid sequences of NADC30-like PRRSV strains underwent rapid evolution and contained extensive amino acid substitutions in important motifs, such as potential neutralization epitope and the N-glycosylation sites. In summary, our data would provide a large amount of detailed information on molecular variation and genetic diversity of PRRSV in central China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Jian Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Weitao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Xin-Xin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China.
| | - Songlin Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Yu Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Bao-Lei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Immunology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, PR China.
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Han J, Zhou L, Ge X, Guo X, Yang H. Pathogenesis and control of the Chinese highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet Microbiol 2017; 209:30-47. [PMID: 28292547 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has remained a major threat to the worldwide swine industry ever since its first discovery in the early 1990s. Under the selective pressures in the field, this positive-stranded RNA virus undergoes rapid genetic evolution that eventually leads to emergence in 2006 of the devastating Chinese highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV). The atypical nature of HP-PRRSV has caused colossal economic losses to the swine producers in China and the surrounding countries. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in our understanding of the pathogenesis, evolution and ongoing field practices on the control of this troubling virus in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China.
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Novakovic P, Harding JCS, Al-Dissi AN, Detmer SE. Type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection increases apoptosis at the maternal-fetal interface in late gestation pregnant gilts. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173360. [PMID: 28253336 PMCID: PMC5333878 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of fetal death associated with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is hypothesized to be a consequence of PRRS virus-induced apoptosis at the maternal-fetal interface (MFI). The objectives of this study were to evaluate distribution and degree of apoptosis in the uterine and fetal placental tissues during the experimental type 2 PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection and determine associations between apoptosis at the MFI, PRRSV RNA concentration and antigen staining intensity, PRRSV-induced microscopic lesions, and fetal preservation status. A total of 114 naïve, high-health pregnant gilts were inoculated with type 2 PRRSV on gestation day 85±1 with euthanasia 21 days later; 19 sham-inoculated gilts served as controls. Two hundred and fifty samples of uterine tissue with fetal placenta were selected based on negative, low PRRSV RNA, and high PRRSV RNA concentration (0, < or > 2.7 log10 copies/mg, respectively). TUNEL assay was used to detect apoptosis in the endometrium and at the MFI. PRRSV RNA concentration and numbers of PRRSV immunopositive cells in uterine and placental tissue were positively associated with the severity of apoptosis in the endometrium and the MFI (P<0.001, P<0.05 and P<0.001, respectively). The number of TUNEL positive cells at the MFI was also positively associated with the severity (P<0.001) of vasculitis, but not total numbers of inflammatory cells in the endometrium. Increased numbers of TUNEL positive cells at the MFI were associated with PRRSV load in the fetal thymus, and greater odds of meconium staining of the fetus at 21 days post infection (P<0.001 for both). These findings suggest an important role of apoptosis in the pathogenesis of uterine epithelial and trophoblastic cell death at the MFI. Moreover, apoptosis at the MFI is significantly associated with fetal demise during in utero type 2 PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Predrag Novakovic
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - John C. S. Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ahmad N Al-Dissi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Susan E. Detmer
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Zhang A, Duan H, Li N, Zhao L, Pu F, Huang B, Wu C, Nan Y, Du T, Mu Y, Zhao Q, Sun Y, Zhang G, Hiscox JA, Zhou EM, Xiao S. Heme oxygenase-1 metabolite biliverdin, not iron, inhibits porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus replication. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 102:149-161. [PMID: 27908781 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Porcinereproductiveandrespiratorysyndromevirus (PRRSV) causes significant economic losses to the pork industry worldwide. Previously, we demonstrated that heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) interferes with PRRSV replication. To elucidate the mechanisms involved, here we assess whether the HO-1 downstream metabolites biliverdin (BV) and/or iron mediate the HO-1 antiviral effect. We demonstrate a BV concentration-dependent suppression of PRRSV replication and show that virions are not directly inactivated by BV. Additionally, BV or N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) significantly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) in PRRSV-infected MARC-145 cells; however, because NAC did not reduce viral load, the BV antiviral effect is independent of decreased ROS levels. Moreover, a secondary metabolite of BV, bilirubin (BR), specifically mediates this anti-PRRSV activity via a nitric oxide (NO)-dependent cGMP/PKG signaling pathway. While increased iron via addition of FeCl3 did not interfere with PRRSV replication, iron depletion by deferoxamine (DFO) after cobalt-protoporphyrin IX induction of HO-1 did not restore PRRSV replication. Collectively, our findings identify a HO-1-BV/BR-NO-cGMP/PKG cascade as a novel pathway underlying the host cell antiviral effect. These results provide a unique insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the antiviral effects of the stress-responsive protein HO-1 during PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angke Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hong Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fengxing Pu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Baicheng Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chunyan Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuchen Nan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Taofeng Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yang Mu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yani Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, China
| | - Julian A Hiscox
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L3 5RF, UK
| | - En-Min Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Shuqi Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Experimental Station of Veterinary Pharmacology and Veterinary Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, China, 22 Xinong Road, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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Zhang M, Li X, Cai X, Qu Y, Hu D, Lv L, Liu S, Zhao X, Wang L, Xiao Y. Evaluation of infection status in Chinese swine with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by nested RT-PCR targeting nsp2 gene. Infect Genet Evol 2016; 44:55-60. [PMID: 27288556 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the biggest obstacles in containing porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) results from its genetic diversity due to the high mutation rate. The nsp2 gene of PRRSV is the most hypervariable region of the genome. Since the emergence of highly pathogenic (HP)-PRRSV, many of PRRSV strains with a mutated nsp2 gene have been reported. To decipher the epidemiology of the PRRSV and identify the epidemic strains, a nested RT-PCR able to differentiate the nsp2 gene from different PRRSV strains was developed and used to test 550 clinical samples. The amplified products of 301-bp, 211-bp and 154-bp were corresponding to low pathogenic PRRSV (LP-PRRSV) infection without deletion in nsp2 gene, HP-PRRSV infection with 90-bp deletion in nsp2 gene and a variant PRRSV strain with 147-bp deletion in nsp2 gene, respectively. Of the 550 clinical samples, 192 including 108 serum samples and 84 tissue samples were tested PRRSV RNA positive. Of the 192 positive samples, 107 were infected with a single strain and 85 were infected with two strains. 84 out of 85 samples harboring two PRRSV strains of HP-PRRSV and PRRSV variant strain were detected. 97 out of 107 samples with single strain were detected with HP-PRRSV infection. The data indicated that HP-PRRSV containing a 90-bp deletion in the nsp2 gene remained the predominant strain in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxia Zhang
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.
| | - Xinan Li
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.
| | - Xinna Cai
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.
| | - Yajin Qu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.
| | - Dongfang Hu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.
| | - Lin Lv
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.
| | - Sidang Liu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.
| | - Xiaomin Zhao
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.
| | - Leyi Wang
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, OH, USA.
| | - Yihong Xiao
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Shandong, China.
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Wang G, Yu Y, Zhang C, Tu Y, Tong J, Liu Y, Chang Y, Jiang C, Wang S, Zhou EM, Cai X. Immune responses to modified live virus vaccines developed from classical or highly pathogenic PRRSV following challenge with a highly pathogenic PRRSV strain. Dev Comp Immunol 2016; 62:1-7. [PMID: 27119981 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Modified live virus vaccines (MLVs) are used on swine farms to control porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV). MLVs from classical PRRSV (C-PRRSV) provide some protection against emergent highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV). This study characterized the protective efficacy and immune response to MLVs from C-PRRSV (CH-1R) or HP-PRRSV (HuN4-F112) in a challenge using HP-PRRSV (HuN4). The outcomes were clinical signs of disease, pathological changes in the thymus and lungs, viremia, and humoral and cellular immune responses. CH-1R provided some protection against challenge with HuN4, while HuN4-F112 was protective in the HuN4 challenge. Compared to unvaccinated piglets, the vaccinated piglets had milder symptoms and fewer pathological changes in the lung and thymus. Piglets vaccinated with HuN4-F112 had higher antibody titers and lower viral loads than piglets vaccinated with CH-1R post challenge. The differences in outcome between the MLVs suggested that underlying differences in the immune responses might warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, PR China; Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Chong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, PR China; Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, 130118, PR China
| | - Yabin Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Jie Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Yonggang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Yafei Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Chenggang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - Shujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, PR China
| | - En-Min Zhou
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150001, PR China.
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Auray G, Lachance C, Wang Y, Gagnon CA, Segura M, Gottschalk M. Transcriptional Analysis of PRRSV-Infected Porcine Dendritic Cell Response to Streptococcus suis Infection Reveals Up-Regulation of Inflammatory-Related Genes Expression. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156019. [PMID: 27213692 PMCID: PMC4877111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important swine pathogens and often serves as an entry door for other viral or bacterial pathogens, of which Streptococcus suis is one of the most common. Pre-infection with PRRSV leads to exacerbated disease caused by S. suis infection. Very few studies have assessed the immunological mechanisms underlying this higher susceptibility. Since antigen presenting cells play a major role in the initiation of the immune response, the in vitro transcriptional response of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) and monocytes in the context of PRRSV and S. suis co-infection was investigated. BMDCs were found to be more permissive than monocytes to PRRSV infection; S. suis phagocytosis by PRRSV-infected BMDCs was found to be impaired, whereas no effect was found on bacterial intracellular survival. Transcription profile analysis, with a major focus on inflammatory genes, following S. suis infection, with and without pre-infection with PRRSV, was then performed. While PRRSV pre-infection had little effect on monocytes response to S. suis infection, a significant expression of several pro-inflammatory molecules was observed in BMDCs pre-infected with PRRSV after a subsequent infection with S. suis. While an additive effect could be observed for CCL4, CCL14, CCL20, and IL-15, a distinct synergistic up-regulatory effect was observed for IL-6, CCL5 and TNF-α after co-infection. This increased pro-inflammatory response by DCs could participate in the exacerbation of the disease observed during PRRSV and S. suis co-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaël Auray
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - Claude Lachance
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - Yingchao Wang
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - Carl A. Gagnon
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - Mariela Segura
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada, J2S 2M2
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de recherche sur les maladies infectieuses en production animale (GREMIP), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, 3200 Sicotte, St-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada, J2S 2M2
- * E-mail:
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Sun Z, Wang J, Bai X, Ji G, Yan H, Li Y, Wang Y, Tan F, Xiao Y, Li X, Tian K. Pathogenicity comparison between highly pathogenic and NADC30-like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Arch Virol 2016; 161:2257-61. [PMID: 27151278 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2883-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenicity of HNjz15, an NADC30-like strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), was investigated and compared to that of a highly pathogenic PRRSV JAX1 strain. Six-week-old pigs infected with each virus showed typical clinical symptoms, including high fever and respiratory disorders. Pigs infected with JXA1 had more-severe clinical manifestations than pigs infected with HNjz15. HNjz15 replicated in vivo with kinetics similar to those of JXA1 but induced a lower level of PRRSV-specific antibody at the beginning of virus infection. Histopathologically, JXA1 infection led to more-severe lung lesions and broader organ tropism than HNjz15 did. Different from what was observed with the previously reported NADC30-like PRRSV JL580 strain, all HNjz15-infected pigs survived until the end of the study. All of these results indicated that NADC30-like PRRSV HNjz15 is virulent to pigs but is less pathogenic than the JXA1 and JL580 PRRSV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, 471003, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, 471003, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofei Bai
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, 471003, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guobiao Ji
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, 471003, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - He Yan
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, 471003, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Li
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, 471003, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhou Wang
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, 471003, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifei Tan
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, 471003, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Xiao
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, 471003, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, 471003, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kegong Tian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China.
- National Research Center for Veterinary Medicine, Cuiwei Road, High-Tech District, 471003, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
- OIE Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Reference Laboratory, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Guo T, Chang H, Cui D, Wang X, Zhou F, Zhao J, Yang X, Li Y, Chen L, Wang C. [Molecular Identification and Variation Analysis of the NSP2 and ORF5 Genes of PRRSV in Henan Province from 2014 to 2015]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2016; 32:298-307. [PMID: 29963793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at investigating the molecular epidemiology and genetic variation of PRRSV based on the detection of 250 clinical samples collected from 118 farms from 2014 to 2015in different regions of Henan Province by RT-PCR. The NSP2 and ORF5genes of the PRRSV-positive samples were sequenced and analyzed. The results showed that 58 samples were positive for PRRSV, with a positive rate of 23.2%.A total of 29NSP2 and 31ORF5genes were obtained. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that most of the prevalent strains belonged to the North American genotype. Among the 58 positive samples,14 strains were highly homologous with HP-PRRSV, another 15 samples were highly homologous with the North American prevalent strain, and NADC30 contained a discontinuous deletion of 131 amino acids in Nsp2,which had been recently reported in China and Korea. This study showed that the HP-PRRSV and NADC30-Like strains are presently the dominant strains in Henan,particularly in comparison with the results from 2012 to 2013.Moreover,the NADC30-Like strains accounted for a higher percentage. In addition, both the NSP2 and ORF5genes had significant variations, suggesting that more attention should be continuously paid to monitor the pathogenic epidemiology and genetic variation of PRRSV. Furthermore, additional research should be conducted regarding the mechanism of pathogenicity and immunological suppression of PRRSV to provide a reference for the research and development of vaccines and antiviral drugs.
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Peng J, Yuan Y, Du Y, Wu J, Li B, Li J, Yu J, Hu L, Shen S, Wang J, Zhu R. Potentiation of Taishan Pinus massoniana pollen polysaccharide on the immune response and protection elicited by a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus glycoprotein 5 subunit in pigs. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 30:83-92. [PMID: 26828953 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Peng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, China
| | - Yanmei Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, China
| | - Yijun Du
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, China; Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jiaqiang Wu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, China; Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Baoquan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, China
| | - Jun Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, China; Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jiang Yu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, China; Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Liping Hu
- Shandong Center for Animal Disease Prevention and Control, Jinan, China
| | - Si Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, China
| | - Jinbao Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Control and Breeding, Jinan, China.
| | - Ruiliang Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Taian, China.
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Yang T, Wilkinson J, Wang Z, Ladinig A, Harding J, Plastow G. A genome-wide association study of fetal response to type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus challenge. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20305. [PMID: 26846722 PMCID: PMC4742883 DOI: 10.1038/srep20305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is economically important for the swine industry worldwide. As current PRRS vaccines do not completely protect against heterologous challenge, alternative means of control, including enhanced genetic resilience, are needed. For reproductive PRRS, the genetic basis of fetal response to PRRS virus (PRRSV) infection is poorly understood. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were done here using data from 928 fetuses from pregnant gilts experimentally challenged with type 2 PRRSV. Fetuses were assessed for viral load in thymus (VLT), viral load in endometrium (VLE), fetal death (FD) and fetal viability (FV), and genotyped at a medium density. Collectively, 21 candidate genomic regions were found associated with these traits, seven of which overlap with previously reported QTLs for pig health and reproduction. A comparison with ongoing and related transcriptomic analyses of fetal response to PRRSV infection found differentially expressed genes within 18 candidate regions. Some of these genes have immune system functions, and have been reported to contribute to host response to PRRSV infection. The results provide new evidence about the genetic basis of fetal response to PRRSV challenge, and may ultimately lead to alternative control strategies to reduce the impact of reproductive PRRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianfu Yang
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - James Wilkinson
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Zhiquan Wang
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Andrea Ladinig
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - John Harding
- University Clinic for Swine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna 1210, Austria
| | - Graham Plastow
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
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Pils MC, Dreckmann K, Jansson K, Glage S, Held N, Sommer W, Länger F, Avsar M, Warnecke G, Bleich A. Mortality Due to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus in Immunocompromised Göttingen Minipigs (Sus scrofa domestica). Comp Med 2016; 66:392-398. [PMID: 27780006 PMCID: PMC5073064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection was diagnosed in 6 Göttingen minipigs (Sus scrofa domestica) with severe interstitial pneumonia. The virus was defined as a North American (NA) subtype virus, which is common in the commercial pig population and might be derived from a widely used attenuated live-virus vaccine in Europe. The ORF5 sequence of the isolated PRRSV was 98% identical to the vaccine virus. The affected pigs were part of a lung transplantation model and received tacrolimus and steroids as well as irradiation or CD8 antibody for immunosuppression. The likely source of the infection was pigs that were shedding the identified PRRSV, which were housed in a separate room of the same building. This case report provides evidence that a virus closely related to an attenuated live vaccine might cause severe pneumonia and death in PRRSVseronegative pigs receiving immunosuppressive treatment. We recommend strict barrier housing for immunocompromised pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina C Pils
- Division of Heart, Thoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Mouse-Pathology, Animal Experimental Unit, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Karla Dreckmann
- Division of Heart, Thoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Boehringer Ingelheim Veterinary Research Centre, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katharina Jansson
- Division of Heart, Thoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, German Center of Lung Research, BREATH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Silke Glage
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nadine Held
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wiebke Sommer
- Division of Heart, Thoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, German Center of Lung Research, BREATH, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Länger
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School,Hannover, Germany
| | - Murat Avsar
- Division of Heart, Thoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover, Germany
| | - Gregor Warnecke
- Division of Heart, Thoracic, Transplantation, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover, Germany
| | - André Bleich
- Institute for Laboratory Animal Science, Hannover, Germany
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Savard C, Alvarez F, Provost C, Chorfi Y, D’Allaire S, Benoit-Biancamano MO, Gagnon CA. Efficacy of Fostera PRRS modified live virus vaccine against a Canadian heterologous virulent field strain of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Can J Vet Res 2016; 80:1-11. [PMID: 26732457 PMCID: PMC4686029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is a useful option to control infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), and several modified live-PRRSV vaccines have been developed. These vaccines have shown some efficacy in reducing the incidence and severity of clinical disease as well as the duration of viremia and virus shedding but have failed to provide sterilizing immunity. The efficacy of modified live-virus (MLV) vaccines is greater against a homologous strain compared with heterologous PRRSV strains. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Fostera PRRS MLV vaccine in protecting against challenge with a heterologous field strain widely circulating in the swine herds of eastern Canada. Forty-six piglets were divided into 4 groups: nonvaccinated-nonchallenged; nonvaccinated-challenged; vaccinated-challenged; and vaccinated-nonchallenged. The animals were vaccinated at 23 d of age with Fostera PRRS and challenged 23 d later with a heterologous field strain of PRRSV (FMV12-1425619). Overall, the vaccine showed some beneficial effects in the challenged animals by reducing the severity of clinical signs and the viral load. A significant difference between nonvaccinated and vaccinated animals was detected for some parameters starting 11 to 13 d after challenge, which suggested that the cell-mediated immune response or other delayed responses could be more important than pre-existing PRRSV antibodies in vaccinated animals within the context of protection against heterologous strains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Carl A. Gagnon
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Carl A. Gagnon; e-mail:
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36
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Corradi A, Ferrari M, Cantoni AM, Robotti C, Alborali L, Lecce RD, Candotti P, Sandri GP, Borghetti P. Study on the Virulence, Cell-mediated Immune Response and Histolesivity of Three Field PRRSV Strains with an ORF 5 Genetic Variation. Vet Res Commun 2015; 29 Suppl 2:241-3. [PMID: 16244965 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-005-0052-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Corradi
- Department of Animal Health, Pathology Unit, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Parma, 43100, Parma, Italy.
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37
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Wang G, Yu Y, Tu Y, Li Y, Tong J, Zhang C, Liu Y, Li A, Jiang C, Wang S, Tao Y, Cai X. Characterizing the thymic lesions in piglets infected with attenuated strains of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2015; 168:258-61. [PMID: 26564577 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Piglets infected with the highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) HuN4 strain develop severe thymus atrophy. However, the attenuated strain HuN4-F112 does not lead to lesions in organs. Here, we have characterized the thymic lesions in piglets infected with attenuated strains of HP-PRRSV HuN4 isolated at different passages in the attenuation process to produce HuN4-F112 from the parent HuN4 strain (HuN4-F5, HuN4-F15, HuN4-F23, HuN4-F30, and HuN4-F112). The thymic effects of infection were evaluated in terms of the thymus/body weight ratio, pathological changes, and thymocytes apoptosis. The ability of HP-PRRSV to induce thymus atrophy was reduced following attenuation after 23 passages; the HuN4-F23, but not HuN4-F30, caused thymus atrophy. The ability of the virus to induce thymocyte apoptosis decreased as it became attenuated. In addition, the viral load in the thymus was reduced as the virus was attenuated. The HuN4-F23 and HuN4-F30 strains might provide insight into the molecular mechanisms of HP-PRRSV pathogenesis. Taken together, our results indicate that the ability of HP-PRRSV to induce thymic atrophy is related to its pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Yabin Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Yuming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Jie Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Chong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China; Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Yonggang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Aidong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Chenggang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Shujie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Ye Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150001, PR China.
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38
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Liu X, Wang F, Wen Y. [Advances in Understanding of the Infection/Replication Mechanisms and Virulence Determinants of the Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2015; 31:585-592. [PMID: 26738300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) can cause reproductive barriers in breeding pigs and respiratory symptoms in piglets. In this review, we summarize research progress of the infection and replication mechanisms of the PRRSV. We also review the virulence determinants of the PRRSV. All these fundamental studies are important for the control and elimination of the PRRSV.
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He Q, Li Y, Zhou L, Ge X, Guo X, Yang H. Both Nsp1β and Nsp11 are responsible for differential TNF-α production induced by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strains with different pathogenicity in vitro. Virus Res 2015; 201:32-40. [PMID: 25708177 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) has been recognized to be one of the most important pathogens severely affecting global swine industry. An increasingly number of studies have paid much attention to the diverse roles of its nonstructural proteins (Nsps) in regulating the innate immune response of host upon PRRSV infection. In the present study, we first discovered that highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) and low pathogenic PRRSV (LP-PRRSV) infection exhibited a differential TNF-α expression in pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAMs), showing that HP-PRRSV infection induces lower TNF-α production at protein level in PAMs, compared with LP-PRRSV. Next, HP-PRRSV was confirmed to strongly suppress TNF-α production by inhibiting ERK signaling pathway. Finally, both Nsp1β and Nsp11 were demonstrated to be responsible for the inhibitory effect on TNF-α production induced by HP-PRRSV and the differential TNF-α production in PAMs. These findings contribute to the understanding of the pathogenesis of the Chinese HP-PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China.
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40
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Do TD, Park C, Choi K, Jeong J, Nguyen TT, Nguyen DQ, Le TH, Chae C. Comparison of experimental infection with northern and southern Vietnamese strains of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. J Comp Pathol 2015; 152:227-37. [PMID: 25678425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the virulence of northern and southern Vietnamese strains of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) as assessed by the level of viral replication, gross and microscopical lung lesions and virus distribution in experimentally infected pigs. The northern and southern Vietnamese HP-PRRSV strains share 96.7% (non-structural protein 2) and 99.3% (open reading frame 5) nucleotide identity. On experimental challenge, approximately 50% of pigs infected with northern Vietnamese HP-PRRSV died, while death was not observed in any pigs infected with southern Vietnamese HP-PRRSV. Mean viral titres (expressed as log(10)TCID(50)/ml) were significantly (P <0.05) higher in sera and lungs from pigs infected with the northern Vietnamese HP-PRRSV than from those infected with the southern Vietnamese strain at multiple time points. Lung lesion scores and PRRSV antigen within pulmonary and lymphoid lesions were significantly (P <0.05) higher in pigs infected with northern Vietnamese HP-PRRSV than in those receiving southern Vietnamese HP-PRRSV at multiple time points. PRRSV antigens were observed in cardiac myocytes, gastric and renal tubular epithelial cells and astrocytes and microglia of white matter in the brain from pigs infected with the northern Vietnamese HP-PRRSV strain only. Thus, genetic similarity did not predict the degree of virulence of these strains. Northern Vietnamese HP-PRRSV was more virulent and had extended tissue tropism when compared with southern Vietnamese HP-PRRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Do
- Seoul National University, Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Nonglam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - C Park
- Seoul National University, Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - K Choi
- Seoul National University, Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - J Jeong
- Seoul National University, Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - T T Nguyen
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Nonglam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - D Q Nguyen
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Nonglam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - T H Le
- Faculty of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Nonglam University, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - C Chae
- Seoul National University, Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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41
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Do TD, Park C, Choi K, Jeong J, Vo MK, Nguyen TT, Chae C. Comparison of pathogenicity of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus between wild and domestic pigs. Vet Res Commun 2015; 39:79-85. [PMID: 25634036 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-015-9628-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the pathogenicity of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) infection between wild and domestic pigs based on clinical, immunological, and pathological evaluation. Upon challenge with HP-PRRSV, five wild pigs died compared to none of the domestic. Anti-PRRSV antibody titers were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in wild HP-PRRSV-infected pigs versus the domestic HP-PRRSV-infected pigs at 21 days post inoculation (dpi). Lung lesion scores at 7 dpi were also significantly (P < 0.01) higher in domestic infected pigs than wild infected pigs. The most striking difference was the viral tissue distribution between the wild and domestic HP-PRRSV-infected pigs. HP-PRRSV-positive cells were observed in bronchiolar, gastric, and renal tubular epithelial cells from wild HP-PRRSV-infected pigs only. The results in this study demonstrated a genetic difference exists between wild and domestic pigs, which could results in different clinical signs, immunological responses, and pathological outcomes to HP-PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T D Do
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, 599 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
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Li L, Wei Z, Zhou Y, Gao F, Jiang Y, Yu L, Zheng H, Tong W, Yang S, Zheng H, Shan T, Liu F, Xia T, Tong G. Host miR-26a suppresses replication of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by upregulating type I interferons. Virus Res 2015; 195:86-94. [PMID: 25218480 PMCID: PMC7114497 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in viral infections, especially by modulating the expression of cellular factors essential to viral replication or the host innate immune response to infection. To identify host miRNAs important to controlling porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection, we screened 15 miRNAs that were previously implicated in innate immunity or antiviral functions. Over-expression of the miR-26 family strongly inhibited PRRSV replication in vitro, as shown by virus titer assays, Western blotting, and qRT-PCR assays. MiR-26a inhibited the replication of both type 1 and type 2 PRRSV strains. Mutating the seed region of miR-26 restored viral titers. Luciferase reporters showed that miR-26a does not target the PRRSV genome directly but instead affects the expression of type I interferon and the IFN-stimulated genes MX1 and ISG15 during PRRSV infection. These results demonstrate the important role of miR-26a in modulating PRRSV infection and also support the possibility of using host miR-26a to achieve RNAi-mediated antiviral therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Li
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530005, PR China
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Fei Gao
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China
| | - Yifeng Jiang
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Lingxue Yu
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Hao Zheng
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Wu Tong
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Shen Yang
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Haihong Zheng
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Tongling Shan
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Fei Liu
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Tianqi Xia
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Guangzhi Tong
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, PR China.
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Li Y, Zhou L, Zhang J, Ge X, Zhou R, Zheng H, Geng G, Guo X, Yang H. Nsp9 and Nsp10 contribute to the fatal virulence of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus emerging in China. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004216. [PMID: 24992286 PMCID: PMC4081738 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS), which is caused by the Chinese highly pathogenic PRRS virus (HP-PRRSV), has resulted in large economic loss to the swine industry since its outbreak in 2006. However, to date, the region(s) within the viral genome that are related to the fatal virulence of HP-PRRSV remain unknown. In the present study, we generated a series of full-length infectious cDNA clones with swapped coding regions between the highly pathogenic RvJXwn and low pathogenic RvHB-1/3.9. Next, the in vitro and in vivo replication and pathogenicity for piglets of the rescued chimeric viruses were systematically analyzed and compared with their backbone viruses. First, we swapped the regions including the 5′UTR+ORF1a, ORF1b, and structural proteins (SPs)-coding region between the two viruses and demonstrated that the nonstructural protein-coding region, ORF1b, is directly related to the fatal virulence and increased replication efficiency of HP-PRRSV both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we substituted the nonstructural protein (Nsp) 9-, Nsp10-, Nsp11- and Nsp12-coding regions separately; or Nsp9- and Nsp10-coding regions together; or Nsp9-, Nsp10- and Nsp11-coding regions simultaneously between the two viruses. Our results indicated that the HP-PRRSV Nsp9- and Nsp10-coding regions together are closely related to the replication efficiency in vitro and in vivo and are related to the increased pathogenicity and fatal virulence for piglets. Our findings suggest that Nsp9 and Nsp10 together contribute to the fatal virulence of HP-PRRSV emerging in China, helping to elucidate the pathogenesis of this virus. PRRS is a considerable threat to the pig industry worldwide. A large-scale atypical PRRS caused by highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) that emerged in 2006 has resulted in considerable economic loss to Chinese pig production. The disease is characterized by a high body temperature (41°C–42°C), morbidity and by mortality of the affected pigs. Although the genomic marker, the 30-amino-acid deletion in its Nsp2-coding region has been previously verified to have no relation to its increased pathogenicity, the genomic region(s) associated with the fatal virulence of HP-PRRSV remain unclear. A series of chimeric viruses with swapped coding regions between HP- and LP-PRRSV were constructed, and their growth abilities and pathogenicities in piglets were analyzed. Our results demonstrated that Nsp9 and Nsp10 together contribute to the replication efficiency and the fatal virulence of HP-PRRSV for piglets. Our finding is not only the first unambiguous illumination concerning the key virulence determinant of Chinese HP-PRRSV but it also provides a novel insight for understanding the molecular pathogenesis of this virus and for designing new drugs and vaccines against PRRSV infection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jialong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaguo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Geng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Badaoui B, Rutigliano T, Anselmo A, Vanhee M, Nauwynck H, Giuffra E, Botti S. RNA-sequence analysis of primary alveolar macrophages after in vitro infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strains of differing virulence. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91918. [PMID: 24643046 PMCID: PMC3958415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) mainly infects porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), resulting in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) in pigs. Most of the transcriptomic studies on PAMs infected with PRRSV conducted thus far have made use of microarray technology. Here, we investigated the transcriptome of PAMs in vitro at 12 h post-infection with two European PRRSV strains characterized by low (Lelystad, LV) and high (Lena) virulence through RNA-Seq. The expression levels of genes, isoforms, alternative transcription start sites (TSS) and differential promoter usage revealed a complex pattern of transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulation upon infection with the two strains. Gene ontology analysis confirmed that infection of PAMs with both the Lena and LV strains affected signaling pathways directly linked to the innate immune response, including interferon regulatory factors (IRF), RIG1-like receptors, TLRs and PKR pathways. The results confirmed that interferon signaling is crucial for transcriptional regulation during PAM infection. IFN-β1 and IFN-αω, but not IFN-α, were up-regulated following infection with either the LV or Lena strain. The down-regulation of canonical pathways, such as the interplay between the innate and adaptive immune responses, cell death and TLR3/TLR7 signaling, was observed for both strains, but Lena triggered a stronger down-regulation than LV. This analysis contributes to a better understanding of the interactions between PRRSV and PAMs and outlines the differences in the responses of PAMs to strains with different levels of virulence, which may lead to the development of new PRRSV control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bouabid Badaoui
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Via Einstein, Lodi, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Anna Anselmo
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Via Einstein, Lodi, Italy
| | - Merijn Vanhee
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Hans Nauwynck
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Sara Botti
- Parco Tecnologico Padano, Via Einstein, Lodi, Italy
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Zhou YJ, Zhu JP, Zhou T, Cheng Q, Yu LX, Wang YX, Yang S, Jiang YF, Tong W, Gao F, Yu H, Li GX, Tong GZ. Identification of differentially expressed proteins in porcine alveolar macrophages infected with virulent/attenuated strains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85767. [PMID: 24465692 PMCID: PMC3897507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) is still a serious threat to the swine industry. However, the pathogenic mechanism of HP-PRRSV remains unclear. We infected host porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) with the virulent HuN4 strain and the attenuated HuN4-F112 strain and then utilized fluorescent two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) to screen for intracellular proteins that were differentially expressed in host cells infected with the two strains. There were 153 proteins with significant different expression (P<0.01) observed, 42 of which were subjected to mass spectrometry, and 24 proteins were identified. PAM cells infected with the virulent strain showed upregulated expression of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), heat shock protein beta-1 (HSPB1), and proteasome subunit alpha type 6 (PSMA6), which were downregulated in cells infected with the attenuated strain. The upregulation of PKM2 provides sufficient energy for viral replication, and the upregulation of HSPB1 inhibits host cell apoptosis and therefore facilitates mass replication of the virulent strain, while the upregulation of PSMA6 facilitates the evasion of immune surveillance by the virus. Studying on those molecules mentioned above may be able to help us to understand some unrevealed details of HP-PRRSV infection, and then help us to decrease its threat to the swine industry in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jun Zhou
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Ping Zhu
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Qun Cheng
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Ling-Xue Yu
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Xin Wang
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen Yang
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Feng Jiang
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Wu Tong
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Yu
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Xin Li
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Guang-Zhi Tong
- Division of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Han D, Hu Y, Li L, Tian H, Chen Z, Wang L, Ma H, Yang H, Teng K. Highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection results in acute lung injury of the infected pigs. Vet Microbiol 2014; 169:135-46. [PMID: 24472226 PMCID: PMC7127595 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) was firstly characterized in 2006 in China. The virus has caused great economic loss to the Chinese swine production during the past years. Herein, we experimentally infected SPF pigs using two strains of PRRSV with different pathogenicity and observed the lung pathological changes looking for new sights on the possible pathogenesis associated with the virulence of HP-PRRSV. The results indicated that the HP-PRRSV-infected pigs died and exhibited severe pathological changes of lungs featuring increased neutrophils, mast cells and mononuclear macrophages, compared with the pigs inoculated with low pathogenic (LP-) PRRSV. Furthermore, the pigs infected with HP-PRRSV showed the higher levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, interleukin (IL)-8 and histamine, leukotriene B4 (LTB4), platelet activation factor (PAF) in sera than those inoculated with LP-PRRSV. Additionally, the fibrosis of lung was observed in the HP-PRRSV-infected pigs. At present, our findings suggest that the aberrant immune responses triggered by HP-PRRSV infection are closely related to acute lung injury (ALI), and especially the pathological changes in lung vascular system are of particular significance. These associated pathological changes of lung are in part responsible for the additional morbidity and mortality observed in HP-PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deping Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and Key state Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and Key state Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and Key state Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and Key state Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and Key state Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and Key state Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and Key state Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and Key state Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kedao Teng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and Key state Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Bulgakov AD, Grebennikova TV, Iuzhakov AG, Aliper TI, Nepoklonov EA. [Molecular-genetic analysis of the genomes of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus and porcine circovirus type 2 circulating in the area of Russian Federation]. Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol 2014:29-33. [PMID: 25845139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The molecular genetic analysis of the genomes of the virus of porcine reproductive respiratory syndrome (VPRRS) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) circulating in the area of the Russian Federation was discussed. The results of this work showed the circulation of the strains of the European genotype VPRRS similar to those found in France and Denmark from 1998 to 2001. The homology of the fragment of one of the genes between the Russian isolates and the vaccine strain Porcilis PRRS (Intervet) was found. It requires further study. The strains representing the North American genotype VPRRS were not found. The PCV-2 genomes fall into three separate goups. One (genotype 2b) is formed by isolates in Malaysia, Brazil, Switzerland, China, Slovakia, UK, USA, isolated during the period from 2004 to the present time. The second group consists of sequences of the viruses isolated in 2000-2012 in Canada, the U.S., China, and South Korea (genotype 2a). The third group is formed by highly pathogenic isolates in 2013 from China (highly pathogenic genotype 2c). The circulation of all three known genotypes of PCV-2: 2a, 2b, and 2c in Russian Federation was demonstrated.
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Yin Y, Liu C, Liu P, Yao H, Wei Z, Lu J, Tong G, Gao F, Yuan S. Conserved nucleotides in the terminus of the 3' UTR region are important for the replication and infectivity of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Arch Virol 2013; 158:1719-32. [PMID: 23512575 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1661-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The 3' untranslated region (3' UTR), including the poly (A) tail, reportedly plays an important role in arterivirus replication, but the roles of the cis-acting elements present in the 3' UTR of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) remain largely unknown. In the present study, PCR-based mutagenic analysis was conducted on the 3' UTR of PRRSV infectious full-length cDNA clone pAPRRS to investigate the structure and function of the conserved terminal nucleotides between the poly (A) tail and the 3' UTR region. Our findings indicated that the conservation of the primary sequence of the 3' terminal nucleotides, rather than the surrounding secondary structure, was vital for viral replication and infectivity. Four nucleotides (nt) (5'-(15517)AAUU(15520)-3') at the 3' proximal end of the 3' UTR and the dinucleotide 5'-AU-3' exerted an important regulatory effect on viral viability. Of the five 3'-terminal nucleotides of the 3' UTR (5'-(15503)AACCA(15507)-3'), at least three, including the last dinucleotide (5'-CA-3'), were essential for maintaining viral infectivity. Taken together, the 3'-terminal conserved sequence plays a critical role in PRRSV replication and may function as a contact site for specific assembly of the replication complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yin
- Department of Swine Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
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Chen N, Yu X, Wang L, Wu J, Zhou Z, Ni J, Li X, Zhai X, Tian K. Two natural recombinant highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses with different pathogenicities. Virus Genes 2013; 46:473-8. [PMID: 23430712 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-013-0892-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) is a variant of type 2 PRRSV with high virulence. Genetic and pathogenic characteristics of HP-PRRSV vary rapidly during the evolution. In this study, we determined the complete genome of a HP-PRRSV isolate designated 10FUJ-2, which shared 98.34 % nucleotide identity with HP-PRRSV reference strain JXA1. Genomic analyses by phylogenetic tree and recombination detection program confirmed 10FUJ-2 to be a recombinant with 09JS and JXA1 as potential parental viruses. Furthermore, we identified that 10FUJ-2 has high virulence as similar as the parental viruses by animal challenge study. In addition, we found that SY0909 was also a recombination virus probably from JXA1 and NT0801, which has been reported to be low pathogenic. Recombination analysis also revealed that Glycoproteins GP2 to GP5 of HP-PRRSV might contain major virulence determinants. Identification of two natural recombinants with different virulence supports the notion that recombination is a driving force affecting HP-PRRSV pathogenicity and a common mechanism contributing to HP-PRRSV evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanhua Chen
- Veterinary Diagnostic Lab, China Animal Disease Control Center, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
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Ni YY, Opriessnig T, Zhou L, Cao D, Huang YW, Halbur PG, Meng XJ. Attenuation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus by molecular breeding of virus envelope genes from genetically divergent strains. J Virol 2013; 87:304-13. [PMID: 23077307 PMCID: PMC3536372 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01789-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular breeding via DNA shuffling can direct the evolution of viruses with desired traits. By using a positive-strand RNA virus, porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), as a model, rapid attenuation of the virus was achieved in this study by DNA shuffling of the viral envelope genes from multiple strains. The GP5 envelope genes of 7 genetically divergent PRRSV strains and the GP5-M genes of 6 different PRRSV strains were molecularly bred by DNA shuffling and iteration of the process, and the shuffled genes were cloned into the backbone of a DNA-launched PRRSV infectious clone. Two representative chimeric viruses, DS722 with shuffled GP5 genes and DS5M3 with shuffled GP5-M genes, were rescued and shown to replicate at a lower level and to form smaller plaques in vitro than their parental virus. An in vivo pathogenicity study revealed that pigs infected with the two chimeric viruses had significant reductions in viral-RNA loads in sera and lungs and in gross and microscopic lung lesions, indicating attenuation of the chimeric viruses. Furthermore, pigs vaccinated with the chimeric virus DS722, but not pigs vaccinated with DS5M3, still acquired protection against PRRSV challenge at a level similar to that of the parental virus. Therefore, this study reveals a unique approach through DNA shuffling of viral envelope genes to attenuate a positive-strand RNA virus. The results have important implications for future vaccine development and will generate broad general interest in the scientific community in rapidly attenuating other important human and veterinary viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Ni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Lei Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Dianjun Cao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
| | - Patrick G. Halbur
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Xiang-Jin Meng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA
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