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Andrani M, Ferrari L, Borghetti P, Cavalli V, De Angelis E, Ravanetti F, Dall'Olio E, Martelli P, Saleri R. Short-chain fatty acids modulate the IPEC-J2 cell response to pathogenic E. coli LPS-activated PBMC. Res Vet Sci 2024; 171:105231. [PMID: 38513460 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Intestinal disorders can affect pigs of any age, especially when animals are young and more susceptible to infections and environmental stressors. For instance, pathogenic E. coli can alter intestinal functions, thus leading to altered nutrient adsorption by interacting with local cells through lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Among several compounds studied to counteract the negative effects on the intestine, short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were demonstrated to exert beneficial effects on gut epithelial cells and resident immune cells. In this study, acetate and propionate were tested for their beneficial effects in a co-culture model of IPEC-J2 and porcine PBMC pre-stimulated with LPS from E. coli 0111:B4 aimed at mimicking the interaction between intestinal cells and immune cells in an inflammatory/activated status. IPEC-J2 viability was partially reduced when co-cultured with activated PBMC and nitric oxide concentration increased. IPEC-J2 up-regulated innate and inflammatory markers, namely BD-1, TLR-4, IL-8, TNF-α, NF-κB, and TGF-β. Acetate and propionate positively modulated the inflammatory condition by sustaining cell viability, reducing the oxidative stress, and down-regulating the expression of inflammatory mediators. TNF-α expression and secretion showed an opposite effect in IPEC-J2 depending on the extent of LPS stimulation of PBMC and TGF-β modulation. Therefore, SCFA proved to mediate a differential effect depending on the degree and duration of inflammation. The expression of the tight junction proteins (TJp) claudin-4 and zonula occludens-1 was up-regulated by LPS while SCFA influenced TJp with a different kinetics depending on PBMC stimulation. The co-culture model of IPEC-J2 and LPS-activated PBMC proved to be feasible to address the modulation of markers related to anti-bacterial immunity and inflammation, and intestinal epithelial barrier integrity, which are involved in the in vivo responsiveness and plasticity to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Andrani
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Elena De Angelis
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Francesca Ravanetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Dall'Olio
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Roberta Saleri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
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Filippi C, Damioli S, Accorsi P, Crotti E, Fazzi EM, Galli J, Martelli P, Morandi A, Muda A, Pinghini S, Saottini S, Sforza SE, Milito G, Giordano L. Early onset absence epilepsy of childhood: Epidemiologic data, treatment and outcome in a sample of 56 patients born between 2000 and 2018. Seizure 2024; 118:47-52. [PMID: 38636356 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2024.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of our work is to describe the characteristics of Early Onset Absence Epilepsy (EOAE) and to observe whether specific anamnestic, clinical or electroencephalographic characteristics can influence the drug sensitivity of this pathology. METHODS We carried out a retrospective study of patients affected by absence epilepsy with onset under four years of age, born between January 1st 2000 and December 31st 2018, who were reffered to the Regional Epilepsy Center of Spedali Civili of Brescia. We then divided the sample into three groups based on the age of onset. RESULTS Our sample is composed of 56 patients. Among the children with epilepsy onset under two years of age (11), all were still on therapy after three and six years of follow-up, and 64 % of them required polytherapy. Among patients with epilepsy onset between two and three years of age (24), 87 % were still on therapy after three years of follow-up and 68 % after six years of follow-up; 46 % of these subjects required polytherapy. Among patients with epilepsy onset between three and four years of age (21), 89 % were still on therapy after three years of follow-up and 38 % after six years of follow-up; 38 % of them required polytherapy. CONCLUSIONS We observe that patients with an earlier epilepsy onset have a worse outcome and a lower drug sensitivity. This may allow to predict in which cases it would be appropriate to maintain antiseizure therapy for a prolonged period.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Filippi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia Italy.
| | - S Damioli
- NeMO - Brescia Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, Brescia Italy
| | - P Accorsi
- Epilepsy Regional Center, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry - ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia Italy
| | - E Crotti
- Epilepsy Regional Center, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry - ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia Italy
| | - E M Fazzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia Italy; Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia Italy
| | - J Galli
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia Italy
| | - P Martelli
- Epilepsy Regional Center, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry - ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia Italy
| | - A Morandi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia Italy
| | - A Muda
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia Italy
| | - S Pinghini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia Italy
| | - S Saottini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia Italy
| | - S E Sforza
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia Italy
| | - G Milito
- Epilepsy Regional Center, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry - ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia Italy
| | - L Giordano
- Epilepsy Regional Center, Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry - ASST Spedali Civili of Brescia, Brescia Italy
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De Angelis E, Barilli A, Saleri R, Rotoli BM, Ravanetti F, Ferrari F, Ferrari L, Martelli P, Dall'Asta V, Borghetti P. Osmolarity modulates the de-differentiation of horse articular chondrocytes during cell expansion in vitro: implications for tissue engineering in cartilage repair. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:2285-2292. [PMID: 37202645 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10140-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Due to the importance of joint disease and ostearthritis (OA) in equine athletes, new regenerative treatments to improve articular cartilage repair after damage are gaining relevance. Chondrocyte de-differentiation, an important pathogenetic mechanism in OA, is a limiting factor when differentiated articular chondrocytes are used for cell-based therapies. Current research focuses on the prevention of this de-differentiation and/or on the re-differentiation of chondrocytes by employing different strategies in vitro and in vivo. Articular chondrocytes normally live in a condition of higher osmolarity (350-450 mOsm/L) compared to normal physiological fluids (~ 300 mOsm/L) and some studies have demonstrated that osmolarity has a chondroprotective effect in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, the response of horse articular chondrocytes to osmolarity changes (280, 380, and 480 mOsm/L) was studied both in proliferating, de-differentiated chondrocytes grown in adhesion, and in differentiated chondrocytes grown in a 3D culture system. To this aim, cell proliferation (cell counting), morphology (optical microscopy), and differentiation (gene expression of specific markers) were monitored along with the expression of osmolyte transporters involved in volume regulation [betaine-GABA transporter (BGT-1), taurine transporter (SLC6A6), and neutral amino acid transporter (SNAT)] real-time qPCR. Proliferating chondrocytes cultured under hyperosmolar conditions showed low proliferation, spheroidal morphology, a significant reduction of de-differentiation markers [collagen type I (Col1) and RUNX2] and an increase of differentiation markers [collagen type II (Col2) and aggrecan]. Notably, a persistently high level of BGT-1 gene expression was maintained in chondrocyte cultures at 380 mOsm/L, and particularly at 480 mOsm/L both in proliferating and differentiated chondrocytes. These preliminary data encourage the study of osmolarity as a microenvironmental co-factor to promote/maintain chondrocyte differentiation in both 2D and 3D in vitro culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Angelis
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Amelia Barilli
- Laboratory of General Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, Parma, 43125, Italy
| | - Roberta Saleri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Bianca Maria Rotoli
- Laboratory of General Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, Parma, 43125, Italy
| | - Francesca Ravanetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, Parma, 43126, Italy.
| | - Francesca Ferrari
- Laboratory of General Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, Parma, 43125, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, Parma, 43126, Italy
| | - Valeria Dall'Asta
- Laboratory of General Pathology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Volturno 39, Parma, 43125, Italy
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, Parma, 43126, Italy
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Martelli P, Krishnasamy K. The Role of Preventative Medicine Programs in Animal Welfare and Wellbeing in Zoological Institutions. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2299. [PMID: 37508076 PMCID: PMC10376426 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The overarching goal of a preventative medicine program is to minimize the chances of health problems developing and to maximize the chances of detecting health problems early, in a manner that best benefits the animals and the organization. The traditional paradigms of animal welfare, stemming from the five freedoms and being progressively fleshed out to five domains, the 24/7 approach and so forth do not apply perfectly to zoological collections and less so to animals undergoing veterinary treatments. The physiology and behaviour of animals undergoing veterinary treatments, including therapeutic, quarantine and preventative medicine, are derailed from their normal states and their choices and comfort are de facto limited. A paradigm separating animal wellbeing from animal welfare is necessary to instil clarity of thought and to guide actions in regard to the welfare of animals under human care. Using such a model, preventative medicine programs emerge as a cornerstone of zoo and aquarium animal welfare, all the more if it incorporates modern veterinary and husbandry techniques, including operant conditioning.
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Andrani M, Borghetti P, Ravanetti F, Cavalli V, Ferrari L, De Angelis E, Martelli P, Saleri R. Acetate and propionate effects in response to LPS in a porcine intestinal co-culture model. Porcine Health Manag 2023; 9:23. [PMID: 37221609 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-023-00316-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The interest in acetate and propionate as short chain fatty acids (SCFA) derives from research on alternative strategies to the utilization of antibiotics in pig farms. SCFA have a protective role on the intestinal epithelial barrier and improve intestinal immunity by regulating the inflammatory and immune response. This regulation is associated with an increase in intestinal barrier integrity, mediated by the enhancement of tight junction protein (TJp) functions, which prevent the passage of pathogens through the paracellular space. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of in vitro supplementation with SCFA (5 mM acetate and 1 mM propionate) on viability, nitric oxide (NO) release (oxidative stress), NF-κB gene expression, and gene and protein expression of major TJp (occludin [OCLN], zonula occludens-1 [ZO-1], and claudin-4 [CLDN4]) in a porcine intestinal epithelial cell (IPEC-J2) and peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) co-culture model upon LPS stimulation, through which an acute inflammatory state was simulated. RESULTS Firstly, the inflammatory stimulus induced by LPS evaluated in the IPEC-J2 monoculture was characterized by a reduction of viability, gene expression of TJp and OCLN protein synthesis, and an increase of NO release. The response evaluated in the co-culture showed that acetate positively stimulated the viability of both untreated and LPS-stimulated IPEC-J2 and reduced the release of NO in LPS-stimulated cells. Acetate also promoted an increase of gene expression of CLDN4, ZO-1, and OCLN, and protein synthesis of CLDN4, OCLN and ZO-1 in untreated and LPS-stimulated cells. Propionate induced a reduction of NO release in both untreated and LPS-stimulated IPEC-J2. In untreated cells, propionate induced an increase of TJp gene expression and of CLDN4 and OCLN protein synthesis. Contrarily, propionate in LPS-stimulated cells induced an increase of CLDN4 and OCLN gene expression and protein synthesis. PBMC were influenced by acetate and propionate supplementation, in that NF-κB expression was strongly downregulated in LPS-stimulated cells. CONCLUSIONS The present study demonstrates the protective effect of acetate and propionate upon acute inflammation by regulating epithelial tight junction expression and protein synthesis in a co-culture model, which simulates the in vivo interaction between epithelial intestinal cells and local immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Andrani
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Ravanetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Elena De Angelis
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Roberta Saleri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
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Matrai E, Chan HYA, Leung FM, Kwok ST, Lin X, Martelli P. Point for Enrichment, Point for Welfare-Testing Use of a Laser Pointer with Arapaima gigas. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081370. [PMID: 37106933 PMCID: PMC10135074 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The arapaima (Arapaima gigas) is one of the largest freshwater fish species, known to exceed 3 m in total length. It is listed as Data Deficient by the IUCN. A. gigas is native to the Amazon River basin where they are an important food source. Arapaimas are also farmed for meat and for live specimens in various South American and Asian countries. Despite decades of keeping the species in public aquariums, little is known of its behaviour and cognitive abilities. This pilot study provides baseline data on using a green laser pointer as environmental enrichment for this species under human care. The data collection included 18 observations before the use of the laser pointer (baseline) and 18 observations during the use of the laser pointer (test). Ten behaviours were monitored, investigating physical contact, activity pattern and habitat use by the fish. During the test, the fish significantly increased their presence in the tank, their level of activity and their use of the habitat. This pilot study provides valuable baseline data for further investigations demonstrating the value of a laser pointer as environmental enrichment for A. gigas under human care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Matrai
- Research Department, Ocean Park, Hong Kong 180 Wong Chuk Hang Road, Aberdeen, Hong Kong
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány Péter Sétány 1/c, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Hau Yin Alfred Chan
- Research Department, Ocean Park, Hong Kong 180 Wong Chuk Hang Road, Aberdeen, Hong Kong
| | - Fung Ming Leung
- Research Department, Ocean Park, Hong Kong 180 Wong Chuk Hang Road, Aberdeen, Hong Kong
| | - Shaw Ting Kwok
- Research Department, Ocean Park, Hong Kong 180 Wong Chuk Hang Road, Aberdeen, Hong Kong
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, USA
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Research Department, Ocean Park, Hong Kong 180 Wong Chuk Hang Road, Aberdeen, Hong Kong
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Canelli E, Ferrari L, Borghetti P, Candela F, Abiakam NS, Bianchera A, Buttini F, Magi GE, Sonvico F, Martelli P, Bettini R. Nano-adjuvanted dry powder vaccine for the mucosal immunization against airways pathogens. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1116722. [PMID: 36998637 PMCID: PMC10043307 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1116722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Nasal vaccination has been shown to provide optimal protection against respiratory pathogens. However, mucosal vaccination requires the implementation of specific immunization strategies to improve its effectiveness. Nanotechnology appears a key approach to improve the effectiveness of mucosal vaccines, since several nanomaterials provide mucoadhesion, enhance mucosal permeability, control antigen release and possess adjuvant properties. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is the main causative agent of enzootic pneumonia in pigs, a respiratory disease responsible for considerable economic losses in the pig farming worldwide. The present work developed, characterized, and tested in vivo an innovative dry powder nasal vaccine, obtained from the deposition on a solid carrier of an inactivated antigen and a chitosan-coated nanoemulsion, as an adjuvant. The nanoemulsion was obtained through a low-energy emulsification technique, a method that allowed to achieve nano droplets in the order of 200 nm. The oil phase selected was alpha-tocopherol, sunflower oil, and poly(ethylene glycol) hydroxystearate used as non-ionic tensioactive. The aqueous phase contained chitosan, which provides a positive charge to the emulsion, conferring mucoadhesive properties and favoring interactions with inactivated M. hyopneumoniae. Finally, the nanoemulsion was layered with a mild and scalable process onto a suitable solid carrier (i.e., lactose, mannitol, or calcium carbonate) to be transformed into a solid dosage form for administration as dry powder. In the experimental study, the nasal vaccine formulation with calcium carbonate was administered to piglets and compared to intramuscular administration of a commercial vaccine and of the dry powder without antigen, aimed at evaluating the ability of IN vaccination to elicit an in vivo local immune response and a systemic immune response. Intranasal vaccination was characterized by a significantly higher immune response in the nasal mucosa at 7 days post-vaccination, elicited comparable levels of Mycoplasma-specific IFN-γ secreting cells and comparable, if not higher, responsiveness of B cells expressing IgA and IgG in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, with those detected upon a conventional intramuscular immunization. In conclusion, this study illustrates a simple and effective strategy for the development of a dry powder vaccine formulation for nasal administration which could be used as alternative to current parenteral commercial vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Canelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesco Candela
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Nkemjika Sopuru Abiakam
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bianchera
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre Biopharmanet-Tec, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Buttini
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre Biopharmanet-Tec, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Gian Enrico Magi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Fabio Sonvico
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre Biopharmanet-Tec, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- *Correspondence: Fabio Sonvico
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Ruggero Bettini
- Advanced Drug Delivery Research Laboratory, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
- Interdepartmental Centre Biopharmanet-Tec, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Kot BCW, Ho HHN, Martelli P, Churgin SM, Fernando N, Lee FK, Tsui HCL, Chung TYT. An Indo-Pacific humpback dolphin (Sousa chinensis) severely injured by vessel collision: live rescue at sea, clinical care, and postmortem examination using a virtopsy-integrated approach. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:417. [DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03511-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Vessel collision induces blunt and sharp force traumas to aquatic animals and is a leading anthropogenic impact affecting cetaceans worldwide. Vessel collision is an important threat affecting vulnerable coastal cetaceans such as the Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) which reside in coastal waters of Hong Kong amongst heavy marine traffic.
Case presentation
A severely injured subadult S. chinensis was sighted in the waters off southwestern Hong Kong with four gaping incision wounds on its dorsum. It was in poor body condition and seemed unable to use the fluke effectively. The deepest wound located at the caudal peduncle near the base of the fluke and exposed the underlying fractured caudal vertebrae. The dolphin was monitored in the field over three weeks and eventually captured for medical intervention as veterinary assessment indicated progressive and life-threatening deterioration. During rehabilitation, the dolphin demonstrated initial signs of improvement over the first 36 hours as supported by diagnostic tests but then deteriorated rapidly. It was humanely euthanised after three days of rehabilitation. Postmortem investigation was carried out using virtopsy (postmortem computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) and conventional necropsy, with special attention to the traumatic musculoskeletal injuries caused by vessel collision and also revealed acute gastrointestinal compromise and respiratory disease that further hampered the rehabilitation.
Conclusion
In cetaceans, the prognosis for recovery from injuries caused by vessel collision depends on the extent, location, and gravity of the injuries (i.e., superficial, deep, penetrating, blunt vs. sharp, fresh vs. septic), as well as the health status of the individual and its ability to respond to the insult. Injuries extending deep into the vertebral column may lead to delayed death and associated welfare issues. The prognosis of this case was likely poor given the severity and location of the injuries, but the attempted rehabilitation and postmortem investigation provided valuable insights for clinical management if similar cases are encountered in the future. Being able to non-invasively assess and document traumatic injuries and other pathologies, diagnostic imaging is particularly useful in the clinical assessment and postmortem investigation (virtopsy) of cases with vessel-induced injuries.
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Ravanetti F, Saleri R, Martelli P, Andrani M, Ferrari L, Cavalli V, Conti V, Rossetti AP, De Angelis E, Borghetti P. Hypoxia and platelet lysate sustain differentiation of primary horse articular chondrocytes in xeno-free supplementation culture. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:687-697. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Innis CJ, Conley K, Gibbons P, Stacy NI, Walden HD, Martelli P, Luz S, Krishnasamy K, Hagen C, Sykes J, Acosta D, Tabug K, O'Connor M, Wilson VV, Liu J, Géczy C, Thanh Nga NT, Sebro I, Koeth S, Lancaster SM, Grioni A, Schneider S, Vandersanden O, Owens T, Walde A, C. Estoya NR, Lee A, Schoppe S. Veterinary Observations and Biological Specimen Use after a Massive Confiscation of Palawan Forest Turtles (Siebenrockiella leytensis). Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2022. [DOI: 10.2744/ccb-1510.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles J. Innis
- New England Aquarium, Central Wharf, Boston, Massachusetts 02110 USA []
| | - Kenneth Conley
- Wildlife Conservation Society's Bronx Zoo, 2300 Southern Boulevard, The Bronx, New York 10460 USA [; ; (Sebro)]
| | - Paul Gibbons
- Turtle Conservancy, Turtle Conservancy, PO Box 1289, Ojai, California 93024 USA [; ]
| | - Nicole I. Stacy
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, Florida 32608 USA [; ]
| | - Heather D.S. Walden
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, Florida 32608 USA [; ]
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Ocean Park Conservation Foundation, Ocean Park, Aberdeen, Hong Kong [; ]
| | - Sonja Luz
- Wildlife Reserves Singapore, 80 Mandai Lake Road, 729826 Singapore []
| | | | - Cris Hagen
- Turtle Survival Alliance, 1030 Jenkins Road, Suite D, Charleston, South Carolina 29407 USA [; ; ]
| | - John Sykes
- Wildlife Conservation Society's Bronx Zoo, 2300 Southern Boulevard, The Bronx, New York 10460 USA [; ; (Sebro)]
| | | | - Kyle Tabug
- Katala Foundation Inc, Palawan, Philippines [; ; ]
| | - Matthew O'Connor
- Shedd Aquarium, 1200 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605 USA []
| | | | - James Liu
- Turtle Conservancy, Turtle Conservancy, PO Box 1289, Ojai, California 93024 USA [; ]
| | - Czaba Géczy
- Private veterinary contractor, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates []
| | - Nguyen Thi Thanh Nga
- Wildlife Conservation Society Vietnam, 106, D Building, No. 3 Thanh Cong Street, Thanh Cong Ward, Ba Dinh District, Ha Noi, Vietnam []
| | - Ihsaan Sebro
- Wildlife Conservation Society's Bronx Zoo, 2300 Southern Boulevard, The Bronx, New York 10460 USA [; ; (Sebro)]
| | - Sheena Koeth
- Turtle Survival Alliance, 1030 Jenkins Road, Suite D, Charleston, South Carolina 29407 USA [; ; ]
| | - S. Mariah Lancaster
- Conservation, Wildlife, and Emergency Veterinarian, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA []
| | - Alessandro Grioni
- Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po NT, Hong Kong []
| | - Sandra Schneider
- Eos.Earth Ltd, 2885 Sanford Avenue SW, #21645, Grandville, Michigan 49418 USA []
| | - Olivia Vandersanden
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada []
| | - Thomas Owens
- San Diego Zoo, 2920 Zoo Drive, San Diego, California 92101 USA []
| | - Andrew Walde
- Turtle Survival Alliance, 1030 Jenkins Road, Suite D, Charleston, South Carolina 29407 USA [; ; ]
| | - Niño Rey C. Estoya
- Palawan Council for Sustainable Development Staff, PCSD Building, Sports Complex Road, Santa Monica, Puerto Princesa City, 5300 Palawan, Philippines []
| | - Allyson Lee
- Southwest Virginia Wildlife Center, 5985 Coleman Road, Roanoke, Virginia 24018 USA []
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Saleri R, Borghetti P, Ravanetti F, Cavalli V, Ferrari L, De Angelis E, Andrani M, Martelli P. Effects of different short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) on gene expression of proteins involved in barrier function in IPEC-J2. Porcine Health Manag 2022; 8:21. [PMID: 35590351 PMCID: PMC9118747 DOI: 10.1186/s40813-022-00264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gut microbial anaerobic fermentation produces short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), which are important substrates for energy metabolism and anabolic processes in mammals. SCFA can regulate the inflammatory response and increase the intestinal barrier integrity by enhancing the tight junction protein (TJp) functions, which prevent the passage of antigens through the paracellular space. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of in vitro supplementation with SCFA (acetate, propionate, butyrate, and lactate) at different concentrations on viability, nitric oxide (NO) release (oxidative stress parameter) in cell culture supernatants, and gene expression of TJp (occludin, zonula occludens-1, and claudin-4) and pro-inflammatory pathway-related mediators (β-defensin 1, TNF-α, and NF-κB) in intestinal porcine epithelial cell line J2 (IPEC-J2). Results The SCFA tested showed significant effects on IPEC-J2, which proved to be dependent on the type and specific concentration of the fatty acid. Acetate stimulated cell viability and NO production in a dose-dependent manner (P < 0.05), and specifically, 5 mM acetate activated the barrier response through claudin-4, and immunity through β-defensin 1 (P < 0.05). The same effect on these parameters was shown by propionate supplementation, especially at 1 mM (P < 0.05). Contrarily, lactate and butyrate showed different effects compared to acetate and propionate, as they did not stimulate an increase of cell viability and regulated barrier integrity through zonula occludens-1 and occludin, especially at 30 mM and 0.5 mM, respectively (P < 0.05). Upon supplementation with SCFA, the increase of NO release at low levels proved not to have detrimental effects on IPEC-J2 proliferation/survival, and in the case of acetate and propionate, such levels were associated with beneficial effects. Furthermore, the results showed that SCFA supplementation induced β-defensin 1 (P < 0.05) that, in turn, may have been involved in the inhibition of TNF-α and NF-κB gene expression (P < 0.05). Conclusions The present study demonstrates that the supplementation with specific SCFA in IPEC-J2 can significantly modulate the process of barrier protection, and that particularly acetate and propionate sustain cell viability, low oxidative stress activity and intestinal barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Saleri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Ravanetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Elena De Angelis
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Melania Andrani
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
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Martelli P, St-Hilaire S, Hui WS, Krishnasamy K, Magouras I, Nekouei O. Evaluation of Vaccination Strategy Against Rabies in Hong Kong Macaques. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:859338. [PMID: 35372557 PMCID: PMC8971790 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.859338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to assess the serological response to rabies vaccination in Hong Kong macaques and provide evidence-based recommendations for the vaccination interval implemented by the Government of Hong Kong. An inactivated rabies vaccine was administered subcutaneously to captured macaques under a mass sterilization program in Hong Kong. Blood samples from the animals were collected in a 2015 field survey and stored in −80°C freezer. In 2021, the frozen sera from vaccinated animals were prepared and tested for antibodies against the rabies virus using a commercial blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Sixty-five samples were available from the vaccinated macaques that had received at least one dose of the vaccine between 2008 and 2015. The interval between the first vaccination and blood sampling ranged from 21 to 2,779 days (median: 990). Only five macaques had a second vaccination record at the sampling time, all with high antibody levels. Among the remaining macaques, 77% (46/60) were positive for rabies antibodies. No specific association was observed between the post-vaccination period and the antibody titer of these macaques, and no adverse reactions were reported. Although the precise level of protection against a potential challenge with the rabies virus cannot be ascertained, the vaccination elicited rabies antibodies in 87% (21/24) of the macaques tested within 2.5 years of their first vaccination. Our findings indicate the potential benefits of the current vaccination strategy to protect the population from rabies and consequential mandatory culling of all macaques if a natural infection occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Martelli
- Ocean Park Corporation Hong Kong, Aberdeen, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sophie St-Hilaire
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai-Suk Hui
- Ocean Park Corporation Hong Kong, Aberdeen, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Ioannis Magouras
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Omid Nekouei
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Omid Nekouei
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13
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Martelli P, Saleri R, Andrani M, Cavalli V, De Angelis E, Ferrari L, Borghetti P. Immune B cell responsiveness to single-dose intradermal vaccination against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Res Vet Sci 2021; 141:66-75. [PMID: 34688042 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae is a major pathogen affecting pig herds and vaccination is the most utilized approach, despite providing partial protection. Age at vaccination, the delivery route, and vaccination protocol can influence vaccine efficacy. The influence of age and the presence of maternally-derived antibodies at vaccination on single-dose needle-less intradermal (ID) administration of an inactivated bacterin-based vaccine (Porcilis® M Hyo ID Once) were assessed in conventional pigs under field conditions. The induction of IgA+ and IgG+ B cell responses and the expression of the activation markers TLR2, TLR7, CCR9, and CCR10 were determined in PBMC. Vaccination at 4 weeks efficiently elicited an anamnestic antibody response associated with TLR2 and TLR7 upregulation. Although animals vaccinated at 1 week did not show seroconversion and a recall response upon infection, the responsiveness of Mycoplasma-recalled IgA+ B cells suggests the activation of mucosal immune cells after vaccination and infection. Vaccination at 1 week induced TLR2, TLR7, and CCR9 upregulation, suggesting the potential for systemic and local activation of immune cell trafficking between blood and target tissues. Vaccination at 4 weeks induced a CCR10 increase, suggesting that recalled IgA+ and IgG+ B cells can display an activated status upon infection. The antibody response after Mycoplasma infection in 4-week-old ID-vaccinated pigs was associated with TLR2 and CCR10 increases, confirming the potential use of this vaccination schedule for the safe and efficient delivery of single-dose M. hyopneumoniae vaccines. ID vaccination, especially at 4 weeks, was associated with a great degree of protection against enzootic pneumonia (EP)-like lung lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy.
| | - Roberta Saleri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy.
| | - Melania Andrani
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy.
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy.
| | - Elena De Angelis
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy.
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy.
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy.
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14
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Saleri R, Borghetti P, Ravanetti F, Andrani M, Cavalli V, De Angelis E, Ferrari L, Martelli P. A Co-Culture Model of IPEC-J2 and Swine PBMC to Study the Responsiveness of Intestinal Epithelial Cells: The Regulatory Effect of Arginine Deprivation. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092756. [PMID: 34573721 PMCID: PMC8465608 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The interest in amino acids comes from their involvement in research on alternative strategies for the utilization of antibiotics on farms. Among several substances used to replace antibiotics, there is arginine, an essential amino acid in newborns and piglets. This amino acid has a protective role in intestinal immune cells and improves intestinal immunity. The purpose of this research was to define a co-culture model, in which intestinal epithelial cells can communicate with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) to deepen the effects of arginine deprivation on intestinal epithelial cells over time. The main finding was that the lack of arginine highly impacts on intestinal and immune cells by way of immuno-regulation mediated by the expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The use of this experimental model could allow us to investigate the impact of and interactions between specific nutrients and the complex intestinal environment and, in addition, to assess feed additives to improve health and animal production. Abstract Arginine is a semi-essential amino acid, supplementation with which induces a reduction of intestinal damage and an improvement of intestinal immunity in weaned piglets, but the mechanism is not yet entirely clear. The aim of this study was to characterise a co-culture model by measuring changes in gene expression over time (24 and 48 h) in intestinal IPEC-J2 cells in the presence of immune cells activated with phytohemagglutinin and, consequently, to assess the effectiveness of arginine deprivation or supplementation in modulating the expression of certain cytokines related to the regulation of intestinal cells’ function. The main results show the crucial role of arginine in the viability/proliferation of intestinal cells evaluated by an MTT assay, and in the positive regulation of the expression of pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-6, IL-8) and anti-inflammatory (TGF-β) cytokines. This experimental model could be important for analysing and clarifying the role of nutritional conditions in intestinal immune cells’ functionality and reactivity in pigs as well as the mechanisms of the intestinal defence system. Among the potential applications of our in vitro model of interaction between IEC and the immune system there is the possibility of studying the effect of feed additives to improve animal health and production.
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15
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De Angelis E, Saleri R, Martelli P, Elviri L, Bianchera A, Bergonzi C, Pirola M, Romeo R, Andrani M, Cavalli V, Conti V, Bettini R, Passeri B, Ravanetti F, Borghetti P. Cultured Horse Articular Chondrocytes in 3D-Printed Chitosan Scaffold With Hyaluronic Acid and Platelet Lysate. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:671776. [PMID: 34322533 PMCID: PMC8311290 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.671776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing has gained popularity in tissue engineering and in the field of cartilage regeneration. This is due to its potential to generate scaffolds with spatial variation of cell distribution or mechanical properties, built with a variety of materials that can mimic complex tissue architecture. In the present study, horse articular chondrocytes were cultured for 2 and 4 weeks in 3D-printed chitosan (CH)-based scaffolds prepared with or without hyaluronic acid and in the presence of fetal bovine serum (FBS) or platelet lysate (PL). These 3D culture systems were analyzed in terms of their capability to maintain chondrocyte differentiation in vitro. This was achieved by evaluating cell morphology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), gene expression of relevant cartilage markers (collagen type II, aggrecan, and Sox9), and specific markers of dedifferentiated phenotype (collagen type I, Runx2). The morphological, histochemical, immunohistochemical, and molecular results demonstrated that the 3D CH scaffold is sufficiently porous to be colonized by primary chondrocytes. Thereby, it provides an optimal environment for the colonization and synthetic activity of chondrocytes during a long culture period where a higher rate of dedifferentiation can be generally observed. Enrichment with hyaluronic acid provides an optimal microenvironment for a more stable maintenance of the chondrocyte phenotype. The use of 3D CH scaffolds causes a further increase in the gene expression of most relevant ECM components when PL is added as a substitute for FBS in the medium. This indicates that the latter system enables a better maintenance of the chondrocyte phenotype, thereby highlighting a fair balance between proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Angelis
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Roberta Saleri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Lisa Elviri
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Bergonzi
- Food and Drug Department, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Marta Pirola
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Roberta Romeo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Melania Andrani
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Virna Conti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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16
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Lau SKP, He Z, Tsang CC, Chan TTY, Luk HKH, Chan E, Li KSM, Fung J, Chow FWN, Tam AR, Chung TWH, Wong SCY, Que TL, Fung KSC, Lung DC, Wu AKL, Hung IFN, Teng JLL, Wernery U, Hui SW, Martelli P, Woo PCY. A Sensitive and Specific Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Serodiagnosis of COVID-19 in Animals. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1019. [PMID: 34068581 PMCID: PMC8150753 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9051019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to human cases, cases of COVID-19 in captive animals and pets are increasingly reported. This raises the concern for two-way COVID-19 transmission between humans and animals. Here, we developed a SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein-based competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for serodiagnosis of COVID-19 which can theoretically be used in virtually all kinds of animals. We used 187 serum samples from patients with/without COVID-19, laboratory animals immunized with inactive SARS-CoV-2 virions, COVID-19-negative animals, and animals seropositive to other betacoronaviruses. A cut-off percent inhibition value of 22.345% was determined and the analytical sensitivity and specificity were found to be 1:64-1:256 and 93.9%, respectively. Evaluation on its diagnostic performance using 155 serum samples from COVID-19-negative animals and COVID-19 human patients showed a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 80.8% and 100%, respectively. The cELISA can be incorporated into routine blood testing of farmed/captive animals for COVID-19 surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna K. P. Lau
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; (Z.H.); (C.-C.T.); (T.T.Y.C.); (H.K.H.L.); (E.C.); (K.S.M.L.); (J.F.); (F.W.N.C.); (T.W.H.C.); (J.L.L.T.)
| | - Zirong He
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; (Z.H.); (C.-C.T.); (T.T.Y.C.); (H.K.H.L.); (E.C.); (K.S.M.L.); (J.F.); (F.W.N.C.); (T.W.H.C.); (J.L.L.T.)
| | - Chi-Ching Tsang
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; (Z.H.); (C.-C.T.); (T.T.Y.C.); (H.K.H.L.); (E.C.); (K.S.M.L.); (J.F.); (F.W.N.C.); (T.W.H.C.); (J.L.L.T.)
| | - Tony T. Y. Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; (Z.H.); (C.-C.T.); (T.T.Y.C.); (H.K.H.L.); (E.C.); (K.S.M.L.); (J.F.); (F.W.N.C.); (T.W.H.C.); (J.L.L.T.)
| | - Hayes K. H. Luk
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; (Z.H.); (C.-C.T.); (T.T.Y.C.); (H.K.H.L.); (E.C.); (K.S.M.L.); (J.F.); (F.W.N.C.); (T.W.H.C.); (J.L.L.T.)
| | - Elaine Chan
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; (Z.H.); (C.-C.T.); (T.T.Y.C.); (H.K.H.L.); (E.C.); (K.S.M.L.); (J.F.); (F.W.N.C.); (T.W.H.C.); (J.L.L.T.)
| | - Kenneth S. M. Li
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; (Z.H.); (C.-C.T.); (T.T.Y.C.); (H.K.H.L.); (E.C.); (K.S.M.L.); (J.F.); (F.W.N.C.); (T.W.H.C.); (J.L.L.T.)
| | - Joshua Fung
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; (Z.H.); (C.-C.T.); (T.T.Y.C.); (H.K.H.L.); (E.C.); (K.S.M.L.); (J.F.); (F.W.N.C.); (T.W.H.C.); (J.L.L.T.)
| | - Franklin W. N. Chow
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; (Z.H.); (C.-C.T.); (T.T.Y.C.); (H.K.H.L.); (E.C.); (K.S.M.L.); (J.F.); (F.W.N.C.); (T.W.H.C.); (J.L.L.T.)
| | - Anthony R. Tam
- Department of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong;
| | - Tom W. H. Chung
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; (Z.H.); (C.-C.T.); (T.T.Y.C.); (H.K.H.L.); (E.C.); (K.S.M.L.); (J.F.); (F.W.N.C.); (T.W.H.C.); (J.L.L.T.)
| | - Sally C. Y. Wong
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, King’s Park, Hong Kong; (S.C.Y.W.); (D.C.L.)
| | - Tak-Lun Que
- Department of Pathology, Tuen Mun Hospital, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong;
| | - Kitty S. C. Fung
- Department of Pathology, United Christian Hospital, Kwun Tong, Hong Kong;
| | - David C. Lung
- Department of Pathology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, King’s Park, Hong Kong; (S.C.Y.W.); (D.C.L.)
| | - Alan K. L. Wu
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital, Chai Wan, Hong Kong;
| | - Ivan F. N. Hung
- Department of Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong;
| | - Jade L. L. Teng
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; (Z.H.); (C.-C.T.); (T.T.Y.C.); (H.K.H.L.); (E.C.); (K.S.M.L.); (J.F.); (F.W.N.C.); (T.W.H.C.); (J.L.L.T.)
| | - Ulrich Wernery
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, P.O. Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Suk-Wai Hui
- Ocean Park Corporation, Aberdeen, Hong Kong; (S.-W.H.); (P.M.)
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Ocean Park Corporation, Aberdeen, Hong Kong; (S.-W.H.); (P.M.)
| | - Patrick C. Y. Woo
- Department of Microbiology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong; (Z.H.); (C.-C.T.); (T.T.Y.C.); (H.K.H.L.); (E.C.); (K.S.M.L.); (J.F.); (F.W.N.C.); (T.W.H.C.); (J.L.L.T.)
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17
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Martelli P, Oh S. Long-term deep sedation using Zoletil and haloperidol for the treatment of streptococcal pneumonia in an orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus). J Vet Med Sci 2021; 83:809-813. [PMID: 33762510 PMCID: PMC8182313 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.20-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A 13-year-old Bornean orangutan diagnosed with life threatening Streptococcus pyogenes broncho-pneumonia was kept in a state of deep sedation
for 20 days via continuous intra-venous (IV) infusion of zolazepam -tiletamine and IV haloperidol to allow consistent IV administration of ceftazidime and
gatifloxacine. The use of long-term deep sedation allowed carrying out a particularly demanding treatment not generally associated with zoological patients. The
treatment was ultimately successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Martelli
- Ocean Park Corporation Hong Kong, Wong Chuk Hang Road, Aberdeen, Hong Kong
| | - Serena Oh
- Wildlife Asia Veterinary Services, 10 Anson Road, #27-15 International Plaza, 079903 Singapore
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18
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Zhang P, Wei Z, Hui SW, Abel G, Martelli P, Hao Y, Li S. Sexual maturity, seasonal estrus, and gestation in female Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins Tursiops aduncus inferred from serum reproductive hormones. Integr Zool 2020; 16:575-585. [PMID: 32961018 DOI: 10.1111/1749-4877.12491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive hormones in serum concentrations of progesterone, estradiol, and testosterone in female Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus, n = 12) housed in Ocean Park Hong Kong were investigated in the present study. Results showed that, onset of puberty of captive Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins was at 5 years while sexual maturity was at 6. Average serum progesterone concentrations in non-pregnant sexually mature individuals was 0.33 (0.25-0.97) ng/mL (interquartile), significantly higher than in immature ones 0.26 (0.25-0.38) ng/mL. This study found significant difference in serum estradiol concentrations between individuals at the onset of puberty (9.5 ± 1.7 pg/mL, ±SD) and not (below detection limit 9 pg/mL). A slightly seasonal breeding pattern, with progesterone values tend to be higher from February to October (0.38 [0.25-1.07] ng/mL) was inferred. During pregnancy, serum progesterone concentrations range from 10.54 ± 8.74 ng/mL (indexed month post-conception [IMPC] 0) to 25.49 ± 12.06 ng/mL (IMPC 2), and display a bimodal pattern with 2 peaks in early- (25.49 ± 12.06 ng/mL, IMPC 2) and late-pregnancy (21.71 ± 10.25 ng/mL, IMPC 12), respectively. Serum estradiol concentrations can seldom be detected in early-pregnancy and increase constantly in mid- (9.45 ± 1.83 pg/mL) and late-pregnancy (11.88 ± 3.81 pg/mL), with a spike (15.45 ± 6.78 pg/mL) 1 month prior to delivery. Serum testosterone concentrations elevate significantly in IMPC 7 (0.36 ± 0.10 ng/mL) compared to other months (0.16 ± 0.10 ng/mL) of the year. The present study provides normal concentration profiles for some reproductive hormones in female Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphins and can contribute to the breeding monitoring of this species. Also, our study would shed further light on the reproductive physiology of small cetaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijun Zhang
- Marine Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics Laboratory, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
| | - Zhengzhi Wei
- Marine Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics Laboratory, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Grant Abel
- Ocean Park Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Seattle Aquarium, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Yujiang Hao
- Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Songhai Li
- Marine Mammal and Marine Bioacoustics Laboratory, Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya, China
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Ferrari L, Martelli P, Saleri R, De Angelis E, Ferrarini G, Cavalli V, Passeri B, Bazzoli G, Ogno G, Magliani W, Borghetti P. An engineered anti-idiotypic antibody-derived killer peptide (KP) early activates swine inflammatory monocytes, CD3 +CD16 + natural killer T cells and CD4 +CD8α + double positive CD8β + cytotoxic T lymphocytes associated with TNF-α and IFN-γ secretion. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 72:101523. [PMID: 32758800 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the early modulation of the phenotype and cytokine secretion in swine immune cells treated with an engineered killer peptide (KP) based on an anti-idiotypic antibody functionally mimicking a yeast killer toxin. The influence of KP on specific immunity was investigated using porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) as ex vivo antigens. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy pigs were stimulated with KP and with a scramble peptide for 20 min, 1, 4 and 20 h or kept unstimulated. The cells were analyzed using flow cytometry and ELISA. The same time-periods were used for KP pre-incubation/co-incubation to determine the effect on virus-recalled interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) secreting cell (SC) frequencies and single cell IFN-γ productivity using ELISPOT. KP induced an early dose-dependent shift to pro-inflammatory CD172α+CD14+high monocytes and an increase of CD3+CD16+ natural killer (NK) T cells. KP triggered CD8α and CD8β expression on classical CD4-CD8αβ+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and double positive (DP) CD4+CD8α+ Th memory cells (CD4+CD8α+low CD8β+low). A fraction of DP cells also expressed high levels of CD8α. The two identified DP CD4+CD8α+high CD8β+low/+high CTL subsets were associated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and IFN-γ secretion. KP markedly boosted the reactivity and cross-reactivity of PRRSV type-1- and PCV2b-specific IFN-γ SC. The results indicate the efficacy of KP in stimulating Th1-biased immunomodulation and support studies of KP as an immunomodulator or vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Roberta Saleri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Elena De Angelis
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Giulia Ferrarini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Benedetta Passeri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Bazzoli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Giulia Ogno
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Walter Magliani
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Via Gramsci, 14 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
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Martelli P, Teng JLL, Lee FK, Yeong KY, Fong JYH, Hui SW, Chan KH, Lau SKP, Woo PCY. Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus Infection in a Captive Giant Panda, Hong Kong. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 25:2303-2306. [PMID: 31742520 PMCID: PMC6874238 DOI: 10.3201/eid2512.191143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We report influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection in a captive giant panda in Hong Kong. The viral load peaked on day 1 and became undetectable on day 5, and an antibody response developed. Genome analysis showed 99.3%-99.9% nucleotide identity between the virus and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus circulating in Hong Kong.
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21
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Chan WH, Lau A, Martelli P, Tsang D, Lee WH, Sung YH. Spatial Ecology of the Introduced Chinese Water Dragon Physignathus cocincinus in Hong Kong. Current Herpetology 2020. [DOI: 10.5358/hsj.39.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wai-Ho Chan
- 1Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Anthony Lau
- 1Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Paolo Martelli
- 2Ocean Park Corporation, Veterinary Department, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Danielle Tsang
- 1Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wing-Ho Lee
- 1Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yik-Hei Sung
- 4Science Unit, Lingnan University, Tuen Mun, Hong Kong SAR, China
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22
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Scheib H, Nekaris KAI, Rode-Margono J, Ragnarsson L, Baumann K, Dobson JS, Wirdateti W, Nouwens A, Nijman V, Martelli P, Ma R, Lewis RJ, Kwok HF, Fry BG. The Toxicological Intersection between Allergen and Toxin: A Structural Comparison of the Cat Dander Allergenic Protein Fel d1 and the Slow Loris Brachial Gland Secretion Protein. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020086. [PMID: 32012831 PMCID: PMC7076782 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Slow lorises are enigmatic animal that represent the only venomous primate lineage. Their defensive secretions have received little attention. In this study we determined the full length sequence of the protein secreted by their unique brachial glands. The full length sequences displayed homology to the main allergenic protein present in cat dander. We thus compared the molecular features of the slow loris brachial gland protein and the cat dander allergen protein, showing remarkable similarities between them. Thus we postulate that allergenic proteins play a role in the slow loris defensive arsenal. These results shed light on these neglected, novel animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Scheib
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia; (H.S.); (K.B.); (J.S.D.)
| | - K. Anne-Isola Nekaris
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (K.A.-I.N.); (J.R.-M.); (V.N.)
- Centre for Functional Genomics, Department of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - Johanna Rode-Margono
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (K.A.-I.N.); (J.R.-M.); (V.N.)
- The North of England Zoological Society / Chester Zoo, Chester CH2 1LH, UK
| | - Lotten Ragnarsson
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia; (L.R.)
| | - Kate Baumann
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia; (H.S.); (K.B.); (J.S.D.)
| | - James S. Dobson
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia; (H.S.); (K.B.); (J.S.D.)
| | | | - Amanda Nouwens
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia;
| | - Vincent Nijman
- Nocturnal Primate Research Group, Department of Social Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK; (K.A.-I.N.); (J.R.-M.); (V.N.)
- Centre for Functional Genomics, Department of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | | | - Rui Ma
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR;
| | - Richard J. Lewis
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia QLD 4072, Australia; (L.R.)
| | - Hang Fai Kwok
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida de Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR;
- Correspondence: (H.F.K.); (B.G.F.)
| | - Bryan Grieg Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia; (H.S.); (K.B.); (J.S.D.)
- Correspondence: (H.F.K.); (B.G.F.)
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23
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De Angelis E, Cacchioli A, Ravanetti F, Bileti R, Cavalli V, Martelli P, Borghetti P. Gene expression markers in horse articular chondrocytes: Chondrogenic differentiaton IN VITRO depends on the proliferative potential and ageing. Implication for tissue engineering of cartilage. Res Vet Sci 2019; 128:107-117. [PMID: 31778851 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chondrocyte dedifferentiation is a key limitation in therapies based on autologous chondrocyte implantation for cartilage repair. Articular chondrocytes, obtained from (metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal) joints of different aged horses, were cultured in monolayer for several passages (P0 to P8). Cumulative Populations Doublings Levels (PDL) and gene expression of relevant chondrocyte phenotypic markers were analysed during culturing. Overall data confirmed that, during proliferation in vitro, horse chondrocytes undergo marked morphological and phenotypic alterations of their differentiation status. Particularly, the dedifferentiation started early in culture (P0-P1) and was very marked at P3 subculture (PDL 4-6): proliferative phase after P3 could be critical for maintenance/loss of differentiation potential. In elderly animals, chondrocytes showed aspects of dedifferentiation shortly after their isolation, associated with reduced proliferative capacity. Regarding the gene expression of major cartilage markers (Col2, Aggrecan, SOX9) there was a very early reduction (P1) in proliferating chondrocytes independent of age. The chondrocytes from adult donors showed a more stable expression (up to P3) of some (Col6, Fibromodulin, SOX6, TGβ1) markers of mature cartilage; these markers could be tested as parameter to determine the dedifferentiation level. This study can provide parameters to identify up to which "culture step" chondrocytes for implantation with a conserved phenotypic potential can be obtained, and to test the efficiency of biomaterial scaffold or chondroinductive media/signals to maintain/recover the chondrocyte phenotype. Moreover, the determination of levels and time related expression of these markers can be useful during the chondroinduction of mesenchymal stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rossana Bileti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Italy
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24
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Di Cola E, Cantu' L, Brocca P, Rondelli V, Fadda GC, Canelli E, Martelli P, Clementino A, Sonvico F, Bettini R, Del Favero E. Novel O/W nanoemulsions for nasal administration: Structural hints in the selection of performing vehicles with enhanced mucopenetration. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 183:110439. [PMID: 31473410 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We propose novel oil-in-water nanoemulsions (O/W NEs) including PEGylated surfactants and chitosan, showing good biocompatibility and optimization for nasal administration of drugs or vaccines. The transmucosal route has been shown to be ideal for a fast and efficient absorption and represents a viable alternative when the oral administration is problematic. The critical structural features in view of optimal encapsulation and transmucosal delivery were assessed by characterizing the NEs with complementary scattering techniques, i.e. dynamic light scattering (DLS), small angle X-ray (SAXS) and neutron scattering (SANS). Combined results allowed for selecting the formulations with the best suited structural properties and in addition establishing their propensity to enter the mucus barrier. To this scope, mucin was used as a model system and the effect of adding chitosan to the NEs, as adjuvant, was investigated. Remarkably, the presence of chitosan had a positive impact on the diffusion of the NE particles through the mucin matrix. We can infer that chitosan-mucin interaction induces density inhomogeneity and an increase in the pore size within the gel matrix that enhances the PEGylated NEs mobility. The coupling of mucoadhesive and mucopenetrating agents is shown to be a promising strategy for innovative transmucosal delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Di Cola
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, via fratelli Cervi 93, 20900 Segrate (Mi), Italy; Institute Laue-Langevin (ILL), 71 avenue des Martyrs, CS 20156, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France.
| | - Laura Cantu'
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, via fratelli Cervi 93, 20900 Segrate (Mi), Italy
| | - Paola Brocca
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, via fratelli Cervi 93, 20900 Segrate (Mi), Italy
| | - Valeria Rondelli
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, via fratelli Cervi 93, 20900 Segrate (Mi), Italy
| | - Giulia C Fadda
- Université Paris 13, UFR SMBH, 74 rue Marcel Cauchin, 93017 Bobigny, France; Laboratoire Leon Brillouin, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif sur Yvette Cedex, France
| | - Elena Canelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università di Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico-Veterinarie, Università di Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Adryana Clementino
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; Biopharmanet TEC - Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per l'Innovazione dei Prodotti per la Salute, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Fabio Sonvico
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; Biopharmanet TEC - Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per l'Innovazione dei Prodotti per la Salute, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Ruggero Bettini
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy; Biopharmanet TEC - Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca per l'Innovazione dei Prodotti per la Salute, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Del Favero
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Mediche e Medicina Traslazionale, Università degli Studi di Milano, via fratelli Cervi 93, 20900 Segrate (Mi), Italy.
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25
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Vitale G, Pichiecchio A, Ormitti F, Tonduti D, Asaro A, Farina L, Piccolo B, Percesepe A, Bastianello S, Orcesi S, Battaglia D, Cereda C, Martelli P, Mine M, Pinelli L, Tartaglione T, Ghi T, Parrini E, Zuffardi O. Cortical malformations and COL4A1 mutation: Three new cases. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2019; 23:410-417. [PMID: 30837194 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
AIM The COL4A1 gene (13q34) encodes the α1 chain of type IV collagen, a crucial component of the basal membrane. COL4A1 mutations have been identified as a cause of a multisystem disease. Brain MRI in COL4A1-mutated patients typically shows vascular abnormalities and white matter lesions. Cortical malformations (specifically schizencephaly) have also recently been described in these patients, suggesting that these, too, could be part of the phenotypic spectrum of COL4A1 mutations. The aim of our work was to retrospectively evaluate COL4A1-mutated subjects diagnosed at our centers in order to assess the frequency and define the type of cortical malformations encountered in these individuals. METHOD We retrospectively reviewed MRI data of 18 carriers of COL4A1 mutations diagnosed in our centers between 2010 and 2016. RESULTS We identified polymicrogyria in two patients, and schizencephaly in the mother of a further patient. INTERPRETATION Our findings confirm that cortical malformations should be considered to fall within the phenotypic spectrum of COL4A1 mutations and show that not only schizencephaly but also polymicrogyria can also be found in mutated individuals. Although further studies are needed to clarify the underlying pathogenetic mechanism, independently of this, the timing of the brain damage could be the crucial factor determining the type of lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Vitale
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - A Pichiecchio
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroradiology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy.
| | - F Ormitti
- Neuroradiology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - D Tonduti
- Child Neurology Unit, V. Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - A Asaro
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - L Farina
- Department of Neuroradiology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - B Piccolo
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - A Percesepe
- Medical Genetics, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - S Bastianello
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Department of Neuroradiology, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - S Orcesi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Child and Adolescence Neurology Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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26
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Ogno G, Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Canelli E, Ruedas-Torres I, Álvarez B, Domínguez J, Borghetti P, Martelli P, Gómez-Laguna J. Impact of PRRSV strains of different in vivo virulence on the macrophage population of the thymus. Vet Microbiol 2019; 232:137-145. [PMID: 31030838 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of "highly pathogenic" isolates of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) has raised new concerns about PRRS control. Cells from the porcine monocyte-macrophage lineage represent the target for this virus, which replicates mainly in the lung, and especially in HP-PRRSV strains, also in lymphoid organs, such as the thymus. This study aimed at evaluating the impact of two PRRSV strains of different virulence on thymic macrophages as well as after heterologous vaccination. After experimental infection with PR11 and PR40 PRRSV1 subtype 1 strains (low and high virulent, respectively) samples from thymus were analysed by histopathology and immunohistochemistry for PRRSV N protein, TUNEL, CD172a, CD163, CD107a and BA4D5 expression. Mortality was similar in both infected groups, but lung lesions and thymus atrophy were more intense in PR40 group. Animals died at 10-14 dpi after PR11 or PR40 infection showed the most severe histopathological lesions, with a strong inflammatory response of the stroma and extensive cell death phenomena in the cortex. These animals presented an increase in the number of N protein, CD172a, CD163 and BA4D5 positive cells in the stroma and the cortex together with a decrease in the number of CD107a positive cells. Our results highlight the recruitment of macrophages in the thymus, the increase in the expression of CD163 and the regulation of the host cytotoxic activity by macrophages. However, no marked differences were observed between PR11- and PR40-infected animals. Heterologous vaccination restrained virus spread and lesions extent in the thymus of PR40-infected animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ogno
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Irene M Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', Córdoba, Spain
| | - Elena Canelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Inés Ruedas-Torres
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', Córdoba, Spain
| | - Belén Álvarez
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Domínguez
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute for Agricultural and Food Research and Technology (INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Jaime Gómez-Laguna
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cordoba, International Excellence Agrifood Campus 'ceiA3', Córdoba, Spain.
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27
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Saleri R, Cavalli V, Ferrari L, Ogno G, Canelli E, Martelli P, Borghetti P. Modulation of the somatotropic axis, adiponectin and cytokine secretion during highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type 1 (HP-PRRSV-1) infection. Res Vet Sci 2019; 124:263-269. [PMID: 31003008 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is known to be clinically responsible for reproductive failure in sows and post-weaning respiratory disease in growing piglets. During the last years, highly pathogenic PRRSV isolates have been discovered. In Italy, a PRRSV-1 subtype 1 strain (namely PR40/2014) characterized by high pathogenicity was isolated and experimental infection was characterized in terms of virological/clinical features and immune modulation (Canelli et al., 2017; Ferrari et al., 2018). The present study was performed in 4-week-old pigs experimentally infected with the highly pathogenic PRRSV1_PR40/2014 (HP-PR40) or with the conventional PRRSV1_PR11/2014 (PR11). The aim was to evaluate the interrelation between plasmatic hormones and cytokines in infected pigs compared to uninfected controls in order to address potential effects on the course of an experimental infection. The time-related changes of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), adiponectin, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels appear to be modulated by the infection depending on the PRRSV isolate (HP-PR40 vs. PR11). In particular, in HP-PR40 infected animals, the association between high GH levels and viremia may testify the need to block the anabolic action of GH in order to shift available energy towards the immune response. This need appeared to be delayed in PR11 animals, given the lower pathogenicity of the isolate. Adiponectin, IL-6 and TNF-α course supports the hypothesis of GH resistance mechanisms to guarantee homeostasis in HP-PR40 animals and underlines the key role of energy availability in events leading to an effective response to the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Saleri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - V Cavalli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - L Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - G Ogno
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - E Canelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - P Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - P Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
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28
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Ogno G, Sautter CA, Canelli E, García-Nicolás O, Stadejek T, Martelli P, Borghetti P, Summerfield A. In vitro characterization of PRRSV isolates with different in vivo virulence using monocyte-derived macrophages. Vet Microbiol 2019; 231:139-146. [PMID: 30955801 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 (PRRSV-1) strains has caused severe economic losses. The biological elements defining virulence and pathogenicity are still unclear. In vitro characteristics using natural target cells of PRRSV provide important information to understand the basis of virulence at the cellular level, and provide a mean to reduce animal experimentations to achieve this goal. Here, we compared PRRSV strains from two geographically different regions, with varying in vivo characteristics, in terms of their interactions with monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). The strains included Lena and BOR59 from Belarus, and ILI6 from Russia, as well as PR11 and PR40, both from Italy. As a reference, we used a cell culture-adapted version of Lelystad, LVP. MDMs were pre-treated with IFNγ, IL-4 or IFNβ, in order to understand responses in polarized and antiviral MDMs. In general, independent of the geographical origin, the strains with high virulence infected a higher percentage of MDMs and replicated to higher titers. These virulence-dependent differences were most pronounced when the MDMs had been treated with IFNβ. Differentiation between intermediate and low virulent PRRSV was difficult, due to variations between different experiments, but LVP differed clearly from all field strains. IFNα and IL-10 were not detected in any experiment, but PR40 induced TNF and IL-1β. Taken together, these results validate the MDM model to understand pathogenicity factors of PRRSV and confirm the importance of the escape from type I and II IFN-mediated effects for PRRSV virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ogno
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, Parma, 10 - 43126, Italy
| | - Carmen A Sautter
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elena Canelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, Parma, 10 - 43126, Italy
| | - Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, Parma, 10 - 43126, Italy
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, Parma, 10 - 43126, Italy
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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Churgin SM, Teng JLL, Ho JHP, Graydon R, Martelli P, Lee FK, Hui SW, Fong JYH, Lau SKP, Woo PCY. First case report of fatal Nocardia nova infection in yellow-bibbed lory (Lorius chlorocercus) identified by multilocus sequencing. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:4. [PMID: 30606196 PMCID: PMC6318869 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1764-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nocardiosis is often a multi-systemic disease in humans and other mammals. Nocardiosis in birds is uncommon. Laboratory identification of Nocardia to the species level is difficult by traditional phenotypic methods based on biochemical reactions and hydrolysis tests, and is most accurately performed by sequencing multiple gene targets. Case presentation We report the first case of fatal Nocardia nova infection in a yellow-bibbed lory nestling in an oceanarium diagnosed by multilocus sequencing. Necropsy examination showed effacement of normal sternal musculature with yellowish, firm aberrant material, and diffuse infiltration of the lungs with nodular, tan to yellow foci. Histologically, severe granulomatous inflammation with marked necrosis was observed in the lung, spleen and sternal musculature. Fine, sometimes Gram-positive, 0.5–1 μm wide, branching and beaded filamentous organisms were visible within the lesions. They were acid-fast on Fite-Faraco stain. Tissue samples obtained from the sternum, liver, right lung and right kidney recovered Nocardia species. Sequencing of four gene loci and phylogenetic analysis of concatenated (gyrB-16S-secA1-hsp65) sequences revealed that the isolate was N. nova. Conclusions We report the first case of N. nova infection in yellow-bibbed lorry (Lorius chlorocercus). The present case is the first one of which the species identity of the isolate was determined by multilocus sequencing. Molecular diagnosis is important for identifying the Nocardia to species level and understanding the epidemiology of nocardiosis in birds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jade L L Teng
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong, China.,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jeremy H P Ho
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | - Russell Graydon
- Agriculture, Fisheries and Conservation Department, Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | | | - Jordan Y H Fong
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong, China. .,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong, China. .,Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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30
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Canelli E, Catella A, Borghetti P, Ferrari L, Ogno G, De Angelis E, Bonilauri P, Guazzetti S, Nardini R, Martelli P. Efficacy of a modified-live virus vaccine in pigs experimentally infected with a highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type 1 (HP-PRRSV-1). Vet Microbiol 2018; 226:89-96. [PMID: 30389048 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PRRS is one of the main viral diseases in pig production, causing huge economic losses to the swine industry worldwide. The virus shows an intrinsic genomic instability and is able to change continuously, with the emergence of new strains, with different pathogenicity patterns. Commercially available vaccines only partially prevent or counteract the disease and the correlated losses. Moreover, the emergence of highly virulent and pathogenetic isolates represents a particular concern for PRRS control and diagnosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a modified-live virus (MLV) PRRSV-1 commercial vaccine in reducing the severity of the disease and minimizing losses upon challenge with a highly pathogenic PRRSV-1.1 Italian isolate (PRRSV-1_PR40/2014). Four different groups were compared: C (unvaccinated-uninfected), VAC-C (vaccinated-uninfected), PR40 (unvaccinated-infected) and VAC-PR40 (vaccinated-infected). The tested vaccine provided partial, but statistically significant clinical, virological and pathological protection after challenge under experimental conditions. In particular, vaccinated animals showed reduced viremia in terms of duration and magnitude, reduced respiratory signs and pathological lesions. Vaccination was able to trigger adaptive immunity able to respond efficiently also against the HP PR40 isolate. Vaccinated animals showed higher average daily weight gain, even during the viremic period, compared to non-vaccinated challenged pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Canelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Alessia Catella
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Ogno
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Elena De Angelis
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- IZSLER, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna "B. Ubertini", Unit of Reggio Emilia, Via Pitagora 2, 42100, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Stefano Guazzetti
- AUSL Reggio Emilia, Via Giovanni Amendola 2, 42122, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Roberto Nardini
- IZSLT, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana "M. Aleandri", Via Appia Nuova, 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio 10, 43126, Parma, Italy
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Teng JLL, Martelli P, Chan WM, Lee HH, Hui SW, Lau CCY, Tse H, Yuen KY, Lau SKP, Woo PCY. Two novel noroviruses and a novel norovirus genogroup in California sea lions. J Gen Virol 2018; 99:777-782. [PMID: 29722646 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, two novel noroviruses (NoVs) were discovered from faecal samples from California sea lions from an oceanarium in Hong Kong, and named California sea lion NoV 1 (Csl/NoV1) and California sea lion NoV 2 (Csl/NoV2). Whole-genome sequencing showed that the genome organization and amino acid motifs of both Csl/NoV1 and Csl/NoV2 were typical of those of other NoVs in their open reading frames (ORFs). Csl/NoV1 possessed only 52.6-52.8 % amino acid identity in VP1 to the closest matches in genogroup GII. Therefore, Csl/NoV1 should constitute a novel genogroup of NoV. Shifting of the phylogenetic position of Csl/NoV1 in the RdRp, VP1 and VP2 trees was observed, which may have been due to recombination events and/or biased mutations. Csl/NoV2 possessed 55.4-56.2 % amino acid identity in VP1 to its closest relatives in genogroup GVI, which means that it represents a new genotype in genogroup GVI. Further studies will reveal what diseases these NoVs can cause in marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jade L L Teng
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong SAR
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | - Wan-Mui Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Hwei Huih Lee
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | | | - Candy C Y Lau
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Herman Tse
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong SAR
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong SAR
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong SAR
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Patrick C Y Woo
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Hong Kong SAR
- Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
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32
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Ferrari L, Canelli E, De Angelis E, Catella A, Ferrarini G, Ogno G, Bonati L, Nardini R, Borghetti P, Martelli P. A highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus type 1 (PRRSV-1) strongly modulates cellular innate and adaptive immune subsets upon experimental infection. Vet Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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33
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Canelli E, Catella A, Borghetti P, Ferrari L, Ogno G, De Angelis E, Corradi A, Passeri B, Bertani V, Sandri G, Bonilauri P, Leung FC, Guazzetti S, Martelli P. Phenotypic characterization of a highly pathogenic Italian porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) type 1 subtype 1 isolate in experimentally infected pigs. Vet Microbiol 2017; 210:124-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Koludarov I, Jackson TN, Brouw BOD, Dobson J, Dashevsky D, Arbuckle K, Clemente CJ, Stockdale EJ, Cochran C, Debono J, Stephens C, Panagides N, Li B, Manchadi MLR, Violette A, Fourmy R, Hendrikx I, Nouwens A, Clements J, Martelli P, Kwok HF, Fry BG. Enter the Dragon: The Dynamic and Multifunctional Evolution of Anguimorpha Lizard Venoms. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E242. [PMID: 28783084 PMCID: PMC5577576 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9080242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While snake venoms have been the subject of intense study, comparatively little work has been done on lizard venoms. In this study, we have examined the structural and functional diversification of anguimorph lizard venoms and associated toxins, and related these results to dentition and predatory ecology. Venom composition was shown to be highly variable across the 20 species of Heloderma, Lanthanotus, and Varanus included in our study. While kallikrein enzymes were ubiquitous, they were also a particularly multifunctional toxin type, with differential activities on enzyme substrates and also ability to degrade alpha or beta chains of fibrinogen that reflects structural variability. Examination of other toxin types also revealed similar variability in their presence and activity levels. The high level of venom chemistry variation in varanid lizards compared to that of helodermatid lizards suggests that venom may be subject to different selection pressures in these two families. These results not only contribute to our understanding of venom evolution but also reveal anguimorph lizard venoms to be rich sources of novel bioactive molecules with potential as drug design and development lead compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Koludarov
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Timothy Nw Jackson
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
- Australian Venom Research Unit, School of Biomedical Sciences, Level 2 Medical Building, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Bianca Op den Brouw
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - James Dobson
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Daniel Dashevsky
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Kevin Arbuckle
- Department of Biosciences, College of Science, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK.
| | - Christofer J Clemente
- University of the Sunshine Coast, School of Science and Engineering, Sippy Downs, Queensland 4558, Australia.
| | | | - Chip Cochran
- Department of Earth and Biological Sciences, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Jordan Debono
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Carson Stephens
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane QLD 4001, Australia.
| | - Nadya Panagides
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Bin Li
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau.
| | | | - Aude Violette
- Alphabiotoxine Laboratory sprl, Barberie 15, 7911 Montroeul-au-bois, Belgium.
| | - Rudy Fourmy
- Alphabiotoxine Laboratory sprl, Barberie 15, 7911 Montroeul-au-bois, Belgium.
| | - Iwan Hendrikx
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Amanda Nouwens
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Queenslnd, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Judith Clements
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane QLD 4001, Australia.
| | | | - Hang Fai Kwok
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau.
| | - Bryan G Fry
- Venom Evolution Lab, School of Biological Sciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia QLD 4072, Australia.
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Gao J, Li Q, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Martelli P, Li F, Xiong Z, Wang J, Yang H, Zhang G. Sequencing, de novo assembling, and annotating the genome of the endangered Chinese crocodile lizard Shinisaurus crocodilurus. Gigascience 2017; 6:1-6. [PMID: 28595343 PMCID: PMC5569961 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/gix041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Chinese crocodile lizard, Shinisaurus crocodilurus, is the only living representative of the monotypic family Shinisauridae under the order Squamata. It is an obligate semi-aquatic, viviparous, diurnal species restricted to specific portions of mountainous locations in southwestern China and northeastern Vietnam. However, in the past several decades, this species has undergone a rapid decrease in population size due to illegal poaching and habitat disruption, making this unique reptile species endangered and listed in the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Appendix II since 1990. A proposal to uplist it to Appendix I was passed at the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora Seventeenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties in 2016. To promote the conservation of this species, we sequenced the genome of a male Chinese crocodile lizard using a whole-genome shotgun strategy on the Illumina HiSeq 2000 platform. In total, we generated ∼291 Gb of raw sequencing data (×149 depth) from 13 libraries with insert sizes ranging from 250 bp to 40 kb. After filtering for polymerase chain reaction-duplicated and low-quality reads, ∼137 Gb of clean data (×70 depth) were obtained for genome assembly. We yielded a draft genome assembly with a total length of 2.24 Gb and an N50 scaffold size of 1.47 Mb. The assembled genome was predicted to contain 20 150 protein-coding genes and up to 1114 Mb (49.6%) of repetitive elements. The genomic resource of the Chinese crocodile lizard will contribute to deciphering the biology of this organism and provides an essential tool for conservation efforts. It also provides a valuable resource for future study of squamate evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Gao
- BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518083, China
- China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Qiye Li
- China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Zongji Wang
- China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- Department of Molecular Evolution and Development, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Yang Zhou
- China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Veterinary Department, Ocean Park Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Fang Li
- China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
| | - Zijun Xiong
- China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Jian Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guojie Zhang
- China National Genebank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
- Centre for Social Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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De Angelis E, Ravanetti F, Martelli P, Cacchioli A, Ivanovska A, Corradi A, Nasi S, Bianchera A, Passeri B, Canelli E, Bettini R, Borghetti P. The in vitro biocompatibility of d-(+) raffinose modified chitosan: Two-dimensional and three-dimensional systems for culturing of horse articular chondrocytes. Res Vet Sci 2017. [PMID: 28647600 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the biocompatibility of chitosan films and scaffolds modified with d-(+)raffinose and their capability to support the growth and maintenance of the differentiation of articular chondrocytes in vitro. Primary equine articular chondrocytes were cultured on films and scaffolds of modified d-(+) raffinose chitosan. Their behavior was compared to that of chondrocytes grown in conventional bi- and three-dimensional culture systems, such as micromasses and alginate beads. Chitosan films maintained the phenotype of differentiated chondrocytes (typical round morphology) and sustained the synthesis of cartilaginous extracellular matrix (ECM), even at 4weeks of culture. Indeed, starting from 2weeks of culture, chondrocytes seeded on chitosan scaffolds were able to penetrate the surface pores and to colonize the internal matrix. Moreover they produced ECM expressing the genes of typical chondrocytes differentiation markers such as collagen II and aggrecan. In conclusion, chitosan modified with d-raffinose represents an ideal support for chondrocyte adhesion, proliferation and for the maintenance of cellular phenotypic and genotypic differentiation. This novel biomaterial could potentially be a reliable support for the re-differentiation of dedifferentiated chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Italy
| | | | - Ana Ivanovska
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Attilio Corradi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Sonia Nasi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bianchera
- Department of Pharmacy, Interdepartmental Centre Biopharmanet-Tec, University of Parma, Italy
| | | | - Elena Canelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Ruggero Bettini
- Department of Pharmacy, Interdepartmental Centre Biopharmanet-Tec, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Italy
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Stampalija T, Arabin B, Wolf H, Bilardo CM, Lees C, Brezinka C, Derks J, Diemert A, Duvekot J, Ferrazzi E, Frusca T, Ganzevoort W, Hecher K, Kingdom J, Marlow N, Marsal K, Martinelli P, Ostermayer E, Papageorghiou A, Schlembach D, Schneider K, Thilaganathan B, Thornton J, Todros T, Valcamonico A, Valensise H, van Wassenaer-Leemhuis A, Visser G, Aktas A, Borgione S, Chaoui R, Cornette J, Diehl T, van Eyck J, Fratelli N, van Haastert I, Lobmaier S, Lopriore E, Missfelder-Lobos H, Mansi G, Martelli P, Maso G, Maurer-Fellbaum U, Mensing van Charante N, Mulder-de Tollenaer S, Napolitano R, Oberto M, Oepkes D, Ogge G, van der Post J, Prefumo F, Preston L, Raimondi F, Reiss I, Scheepers L, Skabar A, Spaanderman M, Weisglas-Kuperus N, Zimmermann A. Is middle cerebral artery Doppler related to neonatal and 2-year infant outcome in early fetal growth restriction? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017; 216:521.e1-521.e13. [PMID: 28087423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced fetal middle cerebral artery Doppler impedance is associated with hypoxemia in fetal growth restriction. It remains unclear as to whether this finding could be useful in timing delivery, especially in the third trimester. In this regard there is a paucity of evidence from prospective studies. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine whether there is an association between middle cerebral artery Doppler impedance and its ratio with the umbilical artery in relation to neonatal and 2 year infant outcome in early fetal growth restriction (26+0-31+6 weeks of gestation). Additionally we sought to explore which ratio is more informative for clinical use. STUDY DESIGN This is a secondary analysis from the Trial of Randomized Umbilical and Fetal Flow in Europe, a prospective, multicenter, randomized management study on different antenatal monitoring strategies (ductus venosus Doppler changes and computerized cardiotocography short-term variation) in fetal growth restriction diagnosed between 26+0 and 31+6 weeks. We analyzed women with middle cerebral artery Doppler measurement at study entry and within 1 week before delivery and with complete postnatal follow-up (374 of 503). The primary outcome was survival without neurodevelopmental impairment at 2 years corrected for prematurity. Neonatal outcome was defined as survival until first discharge home without severe neonatal morbidity. Z-scores were calculated for middle cerebral artery pulsatility index and both umbilicocerebral and cerebroplacental ratios. Odds ratios of Doppler parameter Z-scores for neonatal and 2 year infant outcome were calculated by multivariable logistic regression analysis adjusted for gestational age and birthweight p50 ratio. RESULTS Higher middle cerebral artery pulsatility index at inclusion but not within 1 week before delivery was associated with neonatal survival without severe morbidity (odds ratio, 1.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.02-1.52). Middle cerebral artery pulsatility index Z-score and umbilicocerebral ratio Z-score at inclusion were associated with 2 year survival with normal neurodevelopmental outcome (odds ratio, 1.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.72, and odds ratio, 0.88; 95% confidence interval, 0.78-0.99, respectively) as were gestation at delivery and birthweight p50 ratio (odds ratio, 1.41; 95% confidence interval, 1.20-1.66, and odds ratio, 1.86; 95% confidence interval, 1.33-2.60, respectively). When comparing cerebroplacental ratio against umbilicocerebral ratio, the incremental range of the cerebroplacental ratio tended toward zero, whereas the umbilicocerebral ratio tended toward infinity as the values became more abnormal. CONCLUSION In a monitoring protocol based on ductus venosus and cardiotocography in early fetal growth restriction (26+0-31+6 weeks of gestation), the impact of middle cerebral artery Doppler and its ratios on outcome is modest and less marked than birthweight and delivery gestation. It is unlikely that middle cerebral artery Doppler and its ratios are informative in optimizing the timing of delivery in fetal growth restriction before 32 weeks of gestation. The umbilicocerebral ratio allows for a better differentiation in the abnormal range than the cerebroplacental ratio.
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Ivanovska A, Grolli S, Borghetti P, Ravanetti F, Conti V, De Angelis E, Macchi F, Ramoni R, Martelli P, Gazza F, Cacchioli A. Immunophenotypical characterization of canine mesenchymal stem cells from perivisceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue by a species-specific panel of antibodies. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:51-58. [PMID: 28319827 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Immunophenotypical characterization of mesenchymal stem cells is fundamental for the design and execution of sound experimental and clinical studies. The scarce availability of species-specific antibodies for canine antigens has hampered the immunophenotypical characterization of canine mesenchymal stem cells (MSC). The aim of this study was to select a panel of species-specific direct antibodies readily useful for canine mesenchymal stem cells characterization. They were isolated from perivisceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue samples collected during regular surgeries from 8 dogs. Single color flow cytometric analysis of mesenchymal stem cells (P3) deriving from subcutaneous and perivisceral adipose tissue with a panel of 7 direct anti-canine antibodies revealed two largely homogenous cell populations with a similar pattern: CD29+, CD44+, CD73+, CD90+, CD34-, CD45- and MHC-II- with no statistically significant differences among them. Antibody reactivity was demonstrated on canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The similarities are reinforced by their in vitro cell morphology, trilineage differentiation ability and RT-PCR analysis (CD90+, CD73+, CD105+, CD44+, CD13+, CD29+, Oct-4+ gene and CD31- and CD45- expression). Our results report for the first time a comparison between the immunophenotypic profile of canine MSC deriving from perivisceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue. The substantial equivalence between the two populations has practical implication on clinical applications, giving the opportunity to choose the source depending on the patient needs. The results contribute to routine characterization of MSC populations grown in vitro, a mandatory process for the definition of solid and reproducible laboratory and therapeutic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Ivanovska
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Stefano Grolli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Ravanetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Virna Conti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Elena De Angelis
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Francesca Macchi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Roberto Ramoni
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Gazza
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - Antonio Cacchioli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
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Canelli E, Cantoni A, Martelli P, Corradi A, Bertani V, Borghetti P, Bonilauri P, Dottori M, Luppi A. An Uncommon Case of ERYSIPELAS in Suckling Pigs: Clinical and Pathological Findings. J Comp Pathol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.11.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ferrari L, Borghetti P, Ferrarini G, De Angelis E, Canelli E, Ogno G, Catella A, Ciociola T, Magliani W, Martelli P. Phenotypic modulation of porcine CD14+ monocytes, natural killer/natural killer T cells and CD8αβ+ T cell subsets by an antibody-derived killer peptide (KP). Res Vet Sci 2016; 109:29-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Woo PCY, Teng JLL, Bai R, Wong AYP, Martelli P, Hui SW, Tsang AKL, Lau CCY, Ahmed SS, Yip CCY, Choi GKY, Li KSM, Lam CSF, Lau SKP, Yuen KY. High Diversity of Genogroup I Picobirnaviruses in Mammals. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1886. [PMID: 27933049 PMCID: PMC5120130 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a molecular epidemiology study using 791 fecal samples collected from different terrestrial and marine mammals in Hong Kong, genogroup I picobirnaviruses (PBVs) were positive by RT-PCR targeting the partial RdRp gene in specimens from five cattle, six monkeys, 17 horses, nine pigs, one rabbit, one dog, and 12 California sea lions, with 11, 9, 23, 17, 1, 1, and 15 sequence types in the positive specimens from the corresponding animals, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the PBV sequences from each kind of animal were widely distributed in the whole tree with high diversity, sharing 47.4–89.0% nucleotide identities with other genogroup I PBV strains based on the partial RdRp gene. Nine complete segment 1 (viral loads 1.7 × 104 to 5.9 × 106/ml) and 15 segment 2 (viral loads 4.1 × 103 to 1.3 × 106/ml) of otarine PBVs from fecal samples serially collected from California sea lions were sequenced. In the two phylogenetic trees constructed using ORF2 and ORF3 of segment 1, the nine segment 1 sequences were clustered into four distinct clades (C1–C4). In the tree constructed using RdRp gene of segment 2, the 15 segment 2 sequences were clustered into nine distinct clades (R1–R9). In four sea lions, PBVs were detected in two different years, with the same segment 1 clade (C3) present in two consecutive years from one sea lion and different clades present in different years from three sea lions. A high diversity of PBVs was observed in a variety of terrestrial and marine mammals. Multiple sequence types with significant differences, representing multiple strains of PBV, were present in the majority of PBV-positive samples from different kinds of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C Y Woo
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
| | - Jade L L Teng
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
| | - Ru Bai
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China
| | - Annette Y P Wong
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China
| | | | | | - Alan K L Tsang
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China
| | - Candy C Y Lau
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China
| | - Syed S Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China
| | - Cyril C Y Yip
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China
| | - Garnet K Y Choi
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth S M Li
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China
| | - Carol S F Lam
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong Kong Hong Kong, China
| | - Susanna K P Lau
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
| | - Kwok-Yung Yuen
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China; Research Centre of Infection and Immunology, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China; Carol Yu Centre for Infection, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The University of Hong KongHong Kong, China
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Micheletti S, Palestra F, Martelli P, Accorsi P, Galli J, Giordano L, Trebeschi V, Fazzi E. Neurodevelopmental profile in Angelman syndrome: more than low intelligence quotient. Ital J Pediatr 2016; 42:91. [PMID: 27769316 PMCID: PMC5073425 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-016-0301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Angelman Syndrome (AS) is a rare neurodevelopment disorder resulting from deficient expression or function of the maternally inherited allele of UBE3A gene. The aim of the study is to attempt at providing a detailed definition of neurodevelopmental profile in AS, with particular regard to motor, cognitive, communicative, behavioural and neurovisual, features by using standardized instruments. METHOD A total of ten subjects aged from 5 to 11 years (4 males and 6 females) with molecular confirmed diagnosis of AS (7 15q11.2-q13 deletion and 3 UBE3A mutation) were enrolled in our study. All of them underwent an assessment protocol including neurological and neurovisual examination and the evaluation of motor (Gross Motor Function Measure Scale), cognitive (Griffiths Mental Development Scale and Uzgiris-Hunt Scale); adaptive (Vineland Adaptive Behavioural Scale); communication (MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory and video-recordings children's verbal expression), behavioural aspects (IPDDAG Scale) and neurovisual aspects. RESULTS All children presented motor function involvement. A severe cognitive impairment was detected with different profiles according to the test applied. In all cases, communicative disability (phonemic inventory, word/gesture comprehension and production) and symptoms of inattention disorder were revealed. Neurovisual impairment was characterized by refractive errors, fundus oculi anomalies, strabismus and/or oculomotor dysfunction. CONCLUSION AS presents a complex neurodevelopmental profile in which several aspects play a negative role in global development leading to a severe functional impairment. Intellectual disability is not the only component because neurovisual functions and behavioural disorders may worsen the global function and are needed of specific rehabilitation programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Micheletti
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry and Early Neurorehabilitation, ASST Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali, Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy. .,Cognition Psychology Neuroscience Lab, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. .,Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy.
| | - F Palestra
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry and Early Neurorehabilitation, ASST Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali, Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - P Martelli
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - P Accorsi
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - J Galli
- Unit of Child Neuropsychiatry and Early Neurorehabilitation, ASST Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali, Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - L Giordano
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - V Trebeschi
- Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
| | - E Fazzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.,Unit of Child Neurology and Psychiatry, ASST Spedali Civili, Piazzale Spedali Civili 1, 25123, Brescia, Italy
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Villalta D, Pantarotto L, Da Re M, Conte M, Sjolander S, Borres MP, Martelli P. High prevalence of sIgE to Galactose-α-1,3-galactose in rural pre-Alps area: a cross-sectional study. Clin Exp Allergy 2016; 46:377-80. [PMID: 26450130 DOI: 10.1111/cea.12655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Villalta
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, "S. Maria degli Angeli" Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
| | - L Pantarotto
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, "S. Maria degli Angeli" Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
| | - M Da Re
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, "S. Maria degli Angeli" Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
| | - M Conte
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, "S. Maria degli Angeli" Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
| | | | - M P Borres
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - P Martelli
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, "S. Maria degli Angeli" Hospital, Pordenone, Italy
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De Liso P, Vigevano F, Specchio N, De Palma L, Bonanni P, Osanni E, Coppola G, Parisi P, Grosso S, Verrotti A, Spalice A, Nicita F, Zamponi N, Siliquini S, Giordano L, Martelli P, Guerrini R, Rosati A, Ilvento L, Belcastro V, Striano P, Vari M, Capovilla G, Beccaria F, Bruni O, Luchetti A, Gobbi G, Russo A, Pruna D, Tozzi A, Cusmai R. Effectiveness and tolerability of perampanel in children and adolescents with refractory epilepsies-An Italian observational multicenter study. Epilepsy Res 2016; 127:93-100. [PMID: 27568598 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of Perampanel (PER) in children and adolescents with refractory epilepsies in daily clinical practice conditions. PATIENTS AND METHODS This Italian multicenter retrospective observational study was performed in 16 paediatric epilepsy centres. Inclusion criteria were: (i) ≤18 years of age, (ii) history of refractory epilepsy, (iii) a follow-up ≥5 months of PER add-on therapy. Exclusion criteria were: (i) a diagnosis of primary idiopathic generalized epilepsy, (ii) variation of concomitant AEDs during the previous 4 weeks. Response was defined as a ≥50% reduction in monthly seizure frequency compared with the baseline. RESULTS 62 patients suffering from various refractory epilepsies were included in this study: 53% were males, the mean age was 14.2 years (range 6-18 years), 8 patients aged <12 years. Mean age at epilepsy onset was 3.4 years and the mean duration of epilepsy was 10.8 years (range 1-16), which ranged from 2 seizures per-month up to several seizures per-day (mean number=96.5). Symptomatic focal epilepsy was reported in 62.9% of cases. Mean number of AEDs used in the past was 7.1; mean number of concomitant AEDs was 2.48, with carbamazepine used in 43.5% of patients. Mean PER daily dose was 7.1mg (2-12mg). After an average of 6.6 months of follow-up (5-13 months), the retention rate was 77.4% (48/62). The response rate was 50%; 16% of patients achieved ≥75% seizure frequency reduction and 5% became completely seizure free. Seizure aggravation was observed in 9.7% of patients. Adverse events were reported in 19 patients (30.6%) and led to PER discontinuation in 4 patients (6.5%). The most common adverse events were behaviour disturbance (irritability and aggressiveness), dizziness, sedation and fatigue. CONCLUSION PER was found to be a safe and effective treatment when used as adjunctive therapy in paediatric patients with uncontrolled epilepsy.
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Pensaert MB, Martelli P. Porcine epidemic diarrhea: A retrospect from Europe and matters of debate. Virus Res 2016; 226:1-6. [PMID: 27317168 PMCID: PMC7132433 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A retrospect is given on the emergence of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) during the early seventies in Europe. While, at first, it appeared as a disease affecting feeder pigs, fattening- and adult swine, it later also became pathogenic for neonatal and suckling pigs hereby drastically increasing its economic impact. Isolation of the causative virus revealed a new porcine coronavirus, the origin of which has never been clarified. Pathogenesis studies with the prototype strain CV777 showed severe villous atrophy in neonatal pigs and the virus-animal interactions showed many similarities with transmissible gastro-enteritis virus (TGEV), another porcine coronavirus. Disease patterns in field outbreaks showed muchvariation but, while farm related factors played a role, possible genetic variations of virus strains in Europe have not been examined and are thus unknown. CV777 in experimental pigs caused diarrheal disease and mortality rates similar to those later encountered in Asia and more recently with the "original" US strains even though genomic typing of the prototype European strain have shown that it belongs to the S-INDEL strains. In Europe, PED has become endemic during the eighties and nineties and subsequently regressed so that, after 2000, swine populations in many countries have largely become seronegative. Sporadic outbreaks have recently reappeared showing a large variety of clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice B Pensaert
- Laboratory of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Scollo
- Department of Animal Medicine; Production and Health; University of Padova; viale dell'Università, 16, Legnaro 35020 Padova Italy
| | - P. Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science; University of Parma; via del Taglio, 10 Parma 43126 Italy
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Martelli P, Saleri R, Ferrarini G, De Angelis E, Cavalli V, Benetti M, Ferrari L, Canelli E, Bonilauri P, Arioli E, Caleffi A, Nathues H, Borghetti P. Impact of maternally derived immunity on piglets' immune response and protection against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) after vaccination against PCV2 at different age. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:77. [PMID: 27170186 PMCID: PMC4864921 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0700-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study was aimed at evaluating the clinical protection, the level of Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) viremia and the immune response (antibodies and IFN-γ secreting cells (SC)) in piglets derived from PCV2 vaccinated sows and themselves vaccinated against PCV2 at different age, namely at 4, 6 and 8 weeks. The cohort study has been carried out over three subsequent production cycles (replicates). At the start/enrolment, 46 gilts were considered at first mating, bled and vaccinated. At the first, second and third farrowing, dams were bled and re-vaccinated at the subsequent mating after weaning piglets. Overall 400 piglets at each farrowing (first, second and third) were randomly allocated in three different groups (100 piglets/group) based on the timing of vaccination (4, 6 or 8 weeks of age). A fourth group was kept non-vaccinated (controls). Piglets were vaccinated intramuscularly with one dose (2 mL) of a commercial PCV2a-based subunit vaccine (Porcilis® PCV). Twenty animals per group were bled at weaning and from vaccination to slaughter every 4 weeks for the detection of PCV2 viremia, humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. Clinical signs and individual treatments (morbidity), mortality, and body weight of all piglets were recorded. Results All vaccination schemes (4, 6 and 8 weeks of age) were able to induce an antibody response and IFN-γ SC. The highest clinical and virological protection sustained by immune reactivity was observed in pigs vaccinated at 6 weeks of age. Overall, repeated PCV2 vaccination in sows at mating and the subsequent higher levels of maternally derived antibodies did not significantly interfere with the induction of both humoral and cell-mediated immunity in their piglets after vaccination. Conclusions The combination of vaccination in sows at mating and in piglets at 6 weeks of age was more effective for controlling PCV2 natural infection, than other vaccination schemas, thus sustaining that some interference of MDA with the induction of an efficient immune response could be considered. In conclusion, optimal vaccination strategy needs to balance the levels of passive immunity, the management practices and timing of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy.
| | - Roberta Saleri
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Giulia Ferrarini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Elena De Angelis
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Valeria Cavalli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Michele Benetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Elena Canelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), Via Pitagora, 2-42100, Reggio, Emilia, Italy
| | | | | | - Heiko Nathues
- Swine Clinic, Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10 - 43126, Parma, Italy
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Canelli E, Borghetti P, Ferrari L, De Angelis E, Ferrarini G, Catella A, Ogno G, Martelli P. Immune response to PCV2 vaccination in PRRSV viraemic piglets. Vet Rec 2016; 178:193. [PMID: 26829964 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Canelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy
| | - P Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy
| | - L Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy
| | - E De Angelis
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy
| | - G Ferrarini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy
| | - A Catella
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy
| | - G Ogno
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy
| | - P Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, via del Taglio, 10, Parma 43126, Italy
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Ferrarini G, Borghetti P, De Angelis E, Ferrari L, Canelli E, Catella A, Di Lecce R, Martelli P. Immunoregulatory signal FoxP3, cytokine gene expression and IFN-γ cell responsiveness upon porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) natural infection. Res Vet Sci 2015; 103:96-102. [PMID: 26679802 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The study aims at evaluating gene expression of pro-inflammatory (IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α), pro-immune (IFN-γ), anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines and of the immunoregulatory signal FoxP3 in association with PRRSV-specific IFN-γ secreting cell (SC) responsiveness upon PRRSV natural infection. Forty PRRSV-negative pigs were assigned to two groups: 20 pigs were vaccinated at 3 weeks of age (weaning) against PRRSV (V-PRRSV) with a modified live virus vaccine (MLV) and 20 pigs were kept non-vaccinated (NV) as controls. Blood samples were collected at 3 (vaccination), 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 weeks of age. Natural infection occurred from 8 weeks of age onward in both groups and viremia lasted 8 weeks. In the early phase of infection, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-8, TNF-α) showed a delayed increase concomitant with the peak of viremia in both groups. In both groups, IL-10 peaked at 12 weeks in association with the increase of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Conversely, in vaccinated pigs (V-PRRSV), IFN-γ showed higher gene expression during the early phase of infection and a more intense secreting cell (SC) response in the late phase. Differently, gene expression of the transcription factor FoxP3, expressed by T regulatory lymphocytes (Tregs), increased significantly in controls only and was associated with the rise of the viral load. Moreover, FoxP3 levels remained significantly higher during the late phase of infection and paralleled with lower levels of IFN-γ SC detected by ELISPOT. The expression/production of immunoregulatory signals involved in Treg activation could be a promising marker to study the immunobiology of PRRSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ferrarini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Elena De Angelis
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Luca Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Elena Canelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Alessia Catella
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Rosanna Di Lecce
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy.
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Martelli P, Ferrari L, Ferrarini G, De Angelis E, Catella A, Benetti M, Nathues H, Canelli E, Borghetti P. Influence of repeated porcine circovirus type 2 vaccination on sows' immune response. Vet Rec 2015; 177:305. [PMID: 26374783 DOI: 10.1136/vr.103322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - L Ferrari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - G Ferrarini
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - E De Angelis
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - A Catella
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - M Benetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - H Nathues
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, Swine Clinic, University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109a, Bern CH-3012, Switzerland
| | - E Canelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - P Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio, 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
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