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Martelli P, Krishnasamy K. The Role of Preventative Medicine Programs in Animal Welfare and Wellbeing in Zoological Institutions. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2299. [PMID: 37508076 PMCID: PMC10376426 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The overarching goal of a preventative medicine program is to minimize the chances of health problems developing and to maximize the chances of detecting health problems early, in a manner that best benefits the animals and the organization. The traditional paradigms of animal welfare, stemming from the five freedoms and being progressively fleshed out to five domains, the 24/7 approach and so forth do not apply perfectly to zoological collections and less so to animals undergoing veterinary treatments. The physiology and behaviour of animals undergoing veterinary treatments, including therapeutic, quarantine and preventative medicine, are derailed from their normal states and their choices and comfort are de facto limited. A paradigm separating animal wellbeing from animal welfare is necessary to instil clarity of thought and to guide actions in regard to the welfare of animals under human care. Using such a model, preventative medicine programs emerge as a cornerstone of zoo and aquarium animal welfare, all the more if it incorporates modern veterinary and husbandry techniques, including operant conditioning.
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Innis CJ, Conley K, Gibbons P, Stacy NI, Walden HD, Martelli P, Luz S, Krishnasamy K, Hagen C, Sykes J, Acosta D, Tabug K, O'Connor M, Wilson VV, Liu J, Géczy C, Thanh Nga NT, Sebro I, Koeth S, Lancaster SM, Grioni A, Schneider S, Vandersanden O, Owens T, Walde A, C. Estoya NR, Lee A, Schoppe S. Veterinary Observations and Biological Specimen Use after a Massive Confiscation of Palawan Forest Turtles (Siebenrockiella leytensis). Chelonian Conservation and Biology 2022. [DOI: 10.2744/ccb-1510.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles J. Innis
- New England Aquarium, Central Wharf, Boston, Massachusetts 02110 USA []
| | - Kenneth Conley
- Wildlife Conservation Society's Bronx Zoo, 2300 Southern Boulevard, The Bronx, New York 10460 USA [; ; (Sebro)]
| | - Paul Gibbons
- Turtle Conservancy, Turtle Conservancy, PO Box 1289, Ojai, California 93024 USA [; ]
| | - Nicole I. Stacy
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, Florida 32608 USA [; ]
| | - Heather D.S. Walden
- Department of Comparative, Diagnostic, and Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, 2015 SW 16th Avenue, Gainesville, Florida 32608 USA [; ]
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Ocean Park Conservation Foundation, Ocean Park, Aberdeen, Hong Kong [; ]
| | - Sonja Luz
- Wildlife Reserves Singapore, 80 Mandai Lake Road, 729826 Singapore []
| | | | - Cris Hagen
- Turtle Survival Alliance, 1030 Jenkins Road, Suite D, Charleston, South Carolina 29407 USA [; ; ]
| | - John Sykes
- Wildlife Conservation Society's Bronx Zoo, 2300 Southern Boulevard, The Bronx, New York 10460 USA [; ; (Sebro)]
| | | | - Kyle Tabug
- Katala Foundation Inc, Palawan, Philippines [; ; ]
| | - Matthew O'Connor
- Shedd Aquarium, 1200 S Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, Illinois 60605 USA []
| | | | - James Liu
- Turtle Conservancy, Turtle Conservancy, PO Box 1289, Ojai, California 93024 USA [; ]
| | - Czaba Géczy
- Private veterinary contractor, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates []
| | - Nguyen Thi Thanh Nga
- Wildlife Conservation Society Vietnam, 106, D Building, No. 3 Thanh Cong Street, Thanh Cong Ward, Ba Dinh District, Ha Noi, Vietnam []
| | - Ihsaan Sebro
- Wildlife Conservation Society's Bronx Zoo, 2300 Southern Boulevard, The Bronx, New York 10460 USA [; ; (Sebro)]
| | - Sheena Koeth
- Turtle Survival Alliance, 1030 Jenkins Road, Suite D, Charleston, South Carolina 29407 USA [; ; ]
| | - S. Mariah Lancaster
- Conservation, Wildlife, and Emergency Veterinarian, Cambridge, Massachusetts USA []
| | - Alessandro Grioni
- Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Lam Kam Road, Tai Po NT, Hong Kong []
| | - Sandra Schneider
- Eos.Earth Ltd, 2885 Sanford Avenue SW, #21645, Grandville, Michigan 49418 USA []
| | - Olivia Vandersanden
- Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road E, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada []
| | - Thomas Owens
- San Diego Zoo, 2920 Zoo Drive, San Diego, California 92101 USA []
| | - Andrew Walde
- Turtle Survival Alliance, 1030 Jenkins Road, Suite D, Charleston, South Carolina 29407 USA [; ; ]
| | - Niño Rey C. Estoya
- Palawan Council for Sustainable Development Staff, PCSD Building, Sports Complex Road, Santa Monica, Puerto Princesa City, 5300 Palawan, Philippines []
| | - Allyson Lee
- Southwest Virginia Wildlife Center, 5985 Coleman Road, Roanoke, Virginia 24018 USA []
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Martelli P, St-Hilaire S, Hui WS, Krishnasamy K, Magouras I, Nekouei O. Evaluation of Vaccination Strategy Against Rabies in Hong Kong Macaques. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:859338. [PMID: 35372557 PMCID: PMC8971790 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.859338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to assess the serological response to rabies vaccination in Hong Kong macaques and provide evidence-based recommendations for the vaccination interval implemented by the Government of Hong Kong. An inactivated rabies vaccine was administered subcutaneously to captured macaques under a mass sterilization program in Hong Kong. Blood samples from the animals were collected in a 2015 field survey and stored in −80°C freezer. In 2021, the frozen sera from vaccinated animals were prepared and tested for antibodies against the rabies virus using a commercial blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. Sixty-five samples were available from the vaccinated macaques that had received at least one dose of the vaccine between 2008 and 2015. The interval between the first vaccination and blood sampling ranged from 21 to 2,779 days (median: 990). Only five macaques had a second vaccination record at the sampling time, all with high antibody levels. Among the remaining macaques, 77% (46/60) were positive for rabies antibodies. No specific association was observed between the post-vaccination period and the antibody titer of these macaques, and no adverse reactions were reported. Although the precise level of protection against a potential challenge with the rabies virus cannot be ascertained, the vaccination elicited rabies antibodies in 87% (21/24) of the macaques tested within 2.5 years of their first vaccination. Our findings indicate the potential benefits of the current vaccination strategy to protect the population from rabies and consequential mandatory culling of all macaques if a natural infection occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Martelli
- Ocean Park Corporation Hong Kong, Aberdeen, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sophie St-Hilaire
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wai-Suk Hui
- Ocean Park Corporation Hong Kong, Aberdeen, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | - Ioannis Magouras
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Omid Nekouei
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Omid Nekouei
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Vanitha U, Elancheran R, Manikandan V, Kabilan S, Krishnasamy K. Design, synthesis, characterization, molecular docking and computational studies of 3-phenyl-2-thioxoimidazolidin-4-one derivatives. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ezhilmathi P, Thirumalai K, Swaminathan M, Krishnasamy K. One-Pot Synthesis of Tetra Substituted Imidazoles Catalyzed by Fly Ash Supported Bi2O3-ZnO. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2019; 19:8163-8171. [PMID: 31196340 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2019.16863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A simple and efficient one pot synthesis of 1,2,4,5-tetra substituted imidazoles is achieved by condensation-cyclization reaction of benzil, aromatic aldehyde, 2-amino ethyl pyrrolidine, ammonium acetate using fly ash loaded Bi₂O₃-ZnO. Different substituted aldehydes have been used in this reaction. The process is operationally simple, environmentally safe and has magnificent yield. Furthermore this catalyst can be recycled at least four times without any loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Ezhilmathi
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamilnadu, India
| | - K Thirumalai
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamilnadu, India
| | - M Swaminathan
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamilnadu, India
| | - K Krishnasamy
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamilnadu, India
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Rajaraman D, Doss MA, Krishnasamy K. Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of 3'-Benzoyl-5'-(Furan-2-yl)-4'-Phenylspiro[Indoline-3,2'-Pyrrolidin]-2-One Derivatives and its Molecular Docking Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.79.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of new spirooxindole derivatives were synthesized via 1,3 –dipolar cycloaddition. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. In antibacterial studies compound 4d demonstrated the most potent inhibitory activity (MIC = 12.5 lg/mL for K.pneumonia, B.cereus and S.typhi), which was compared with the positive control streptomycin. In antifungal studies compound 4e demonstrated the most potent inhibitory activity (MIC = 3.125 lg/mL for C.albicans and A.niger), which was related with the standard drug ketaconazole. In addition, molecular modeling studies were also performed to disclose the binding modes of the most active inhibitors to the amino acid residues that compose the active site of the glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase and crystal structure of human lanosterol 14-alpha dimethylase in complex with ketaconazole enzyme.
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Rajaraman D, Sundararajan G, Loganath N, Krishnasamy K. Synthesis, molecular structure, DFT studies and antimicrobial activities of some novel 3-(1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1H-indole derivatives and its molecular docking studies. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rajaraman D, Sundararajan G, Rajkumar R, Bharanidharan S, Krishnasamy K. Synthesis, crystal structure investigation, DFT studies and DPPH radical scavenging activity of 1-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-2,4,5-triphenyl- 1H -imidazole derivatives. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rajaraman D, Sundararajan G, Kamaraj A, Saleem H, Krishnasamy K. Synthesis, computational and spectroscopic analysis on (E)-(4-(2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)hydrazono)-3-methyl-2,6-diphenylpiperidine-1-yl)(phenyl)methanone using DFT approach. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 151:480-489. [PMID: 26151437 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
(E)-(4-(2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)hydrazono)-3-methyl-2,6-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)(phenyl)methanone [EPHDPM] and its derivatives were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and elemental analysis. The target compound [EPHDPM] was computed using density functional theory (DFT) method. The ground-state molecular geometry and vibrational frequencies were calculated by using B3LYP/6-31G (d,p) level of theory. The experimentally observed FT-IR and FT-Raman bands were assigned to different normal modes of the molecule. The stability and charge delocalization of the molecule were also studied by natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The HOMO-LUMO energies describe the charge transfer takes place within the molecule. Molecular electrostatic potential has been analyzed. The reported EPHDPM molecule used as a potential NLO material since it has high μβ0 value. Thermodynamic parameter like entropy and enthalpy are calculated and these values are increased with increasing the temperature due to the enhancement of vibrational intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rajaraman
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Sundararajan
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Kamaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - H Saleem
- Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Krishnasamy
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Sundararajan G, Rajaraman D, Srinivasan T, Velmurugan D, Krishnasamy K. Synthesis, characterization, computational calculation and biological studies of some 2,6-diaryl-1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)piperidin-4-one oxime derivatives. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 139:108-118. [PMID: 25554959 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new series of 2,6-diaryl-1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)piperidin-4-one oximes (17-24) were designed and synthesized from 2,6-diarylpiperidin-4-one oximes (9-16) with propargyl bromide. Unambiguous structural elucidation has been carried out by investigating IR, NMR ((1)H, (13)C, (1)H-(1)H COSY and HSQC), mass spectral techniques and theoretical (DFT) calculations. Further, crystal structure of compound 17 was evaluated by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Single crystal X-ray structural analysis of compound 17 evidenced that the configuration about CN double bond is syn to C-5 carbon (E-form). The existence of chair conformation was further confirmed by theoretical DFT calculation. All the synthesized compounds were screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity against a panel of selected bacterial and fungal strains using Ciprofloxacin and Ketoconazole as standards. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) results revealed that most of the 2,6-diaryl-1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)piperidin-4-one oximes (17, 19, 20 and 23) exhibited better activity against the selected bacterial and fungal strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sundararajan
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Rajaraman
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T Srinivasan
- CAS in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Velmurugan
- CAS in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Krishnasamy
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Rajkumar R, Kamaraj A, Bharanidharan S, Saleem H, Krishnasamy K. Synthesis, spectral characterization, single crystal X-ray diffraction and DFT studies of 4-((2,4,5-triphenyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)pyridine derivatives. J Mol Struct 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2014.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Kamaraj A, Ranjith S, Rajkumar R, Mohanraj G, Krishnasamy K. Crystal structure of 1-cyclo-propane-carbon-yl-3-methyl-2,6-di-p-tolyl-piperidin-4-one. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2014; 70:o1056-7. [PMID: 25309223 PMCID: PMC4186191 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536814018546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The title compound, C24H27NO2, crystallizes with two independent mol-ecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit. The two mol-ecules have very similar conformations and each exhibits an intra-molecular C-H⋯π inter-action. The central piperidine rings adopt boat conformations and the p-tolyl rings are inclined to the mean plane of the piperidine ring by 71.21 (11) and 89.86 (12)° in mol-ecule A and by 68.01 (12) and 89.33 (12)° in mol-ecule B. The cyclopropanecarbonyl group is oriented at an angle of 68.5 (2)° with respect to the mean plane of the piperidine ring in mol-ecule A and 66.2 (2)° in mol-ecule B. In the crystal, the A and B mol-ecules are linked by C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, enclosing R 2 (1)(6) ring motifs, forming ribbons running along the a-axis direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Kamaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu, India
| | - S. Ranjith
- Department of Physics, SRM University, Ramapuram Campus, Chennai 600 089, India
| | - R. Rajkumar
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu, India
| | - G. Mohanraj
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Botany, Pachaiyappa’s College, Chennai 600 030, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K. Krishnasamy
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu, India
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Kamaraj A, Rajkumar R, Krishnasamy K, Murugavel S. Crystal structure of methyl 2-[2,4-bis-(4-fluoro-phen-yl)-3-aza-bicyclo-[3.3.1]nonan-9-yl-idene]hydrazine-carboxyl-ate. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2014; 70:145-7. [PMID: 25309164 PMCID: PMC4186194 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536814018935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C22H23F2N3O2, the bicyclic ring system exists in a twin-chair conformation with an equatorial disposition of the 4-fluoro-phenyl groups on the heterocycle. These aromatic rings are inclined to one another by 19.4 (1)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by pairs of N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds into inversion dimers, incorporating R 1 (2)(7) and R 2 (2)(8) ring motifs; the same O atom accepts both hydrogen bonds. These dimers are further linked by a pair of C-H⋯F hydrogen bonds, enclosing R 2 (2)(28) ring motifs, forming supra-molecular chains along [010]. The NH group of the pyridine ring is not involved in hydrogen bonding, probably due to the steric hindrance of the fluoro-phenyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kamaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu, India
| | - R Rajkumar
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu, India
| | - K Krishnasamy
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Chidambaram, Tamilnadu, India
| | - S Murugavel
- Department of Physics, Thanthai Periyar Government Institute of Technology, Vellore 632 002, India
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Xavier JJF, Venkateswaramoorthi R, Kamaraj A, Krishnasamy K. Synthesis, NMR spectral studies and antimicrobial evaluation of some 2-(benzothiazol-2-yl)-1-(alkyl-2r,6c-diarylpiperidin-4-ylidine)hydrazine derivatives. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0533-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Rizwana Begum S, Hema R, Venkateswaramoorthi R, Krishnasamy K, Anitha AG. 2,4-Bis(4-fluoro-phen-yl)-1,5-dimethyl-3-aza-bicyclo-[3.3.1]nonan-9-one. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2013; 69:o1525. [PMID: 24098214 PMCID: PMC3790395 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536813024689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C22H23F2NO, contains two independent molecules, A and B. The bicyclic system adopts a twin-chair conformation in both molecules. The dihedral angles between the fluorophenyl rings are 55.27 (8) and 56.37 (7)° in molecules A and B, respectively. The NH groups are not involved in hydrogen bonding due to the steric hindrance of fluorophenyl groups. The crystal structure features weak C—H⋯O interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rizwana Begum
- Department of Physics, Seethalakshmi Ramaswami College (Autonomous), Tiruchirappalli 620 002, India
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Venkateswaramoorthi R, Rizwana Begum S, Hema R, Krishnasamy K, Anitha AG. 2,4-Bis(furan-2-yl)-1,5-dimethyl-3-aza-bicyclo-[3.3.1]nonan-9-one. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2013; 69:o768. [PMID: 23723913 PMCID: PMC3648293 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536813010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the title compound, C18H21NO3, the bicyclic ring system adopts a twin-chair conformation. The two methyl groups attached to the bicycle are in an equatorial orientation for both rings. One of the furan rings is disordered over two orientations with an occupancy ratio of 0.686 (6):0.314 (6). In the crystal, very long N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds connect the mol-ecules into a chain perpendicular to the ac plane.
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Somasundaram M, Rajendiran A, Balasubramanian KK, Krishnasamy K, Kabilan S. rac-7-Methyl-3-[(7-methyl-4-oxo-chro-man-3-yl)meth-yl]-4H-chromen-4-one. Acta Crystallogr Sect E Struct Rep Online 2013; 69:o763. [PMID: 23723909 PMCID: PMC3648289 DOI: 10.1107/s1600536813009422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
In the racemic title compound, C21H18O4, the chromone ring is essentially planar [maximum deviation from the least-squares plane = 0.026 (3) Å], with a dihedral angle of 78.18 (12)° between the benzene rings of the chromanone and chromenone moieties. In the crystal, there are weak π–π stacking interactions [minimum ring centroid separation = 3.9286 (17) Å].
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Affiliation(s)
- M Somasundaram
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram, India
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Gunasekaran P, Krishnasamy K, Arunagiri K, Sambasivam M, Lakshmipathy M, Arunpon, Fathima SG. Genetic analysis of HA gene of pandemic H1N1 2009 influenza viruses circulating in India. Indian J Med Microbiol 2012; 30:346-9. [DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.99500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Venkateswaramoorthi R, John Francis Xavier J, Krishnasamy K, Saleem H. Synthesis, spectral characterization, single crystal and conformational study of 1,5-dimethyl-2,4-diphenyl-3-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-9-one derivatives. J Mol Struct 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2011.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Napp LC, Augustynik M, Paesler F, Krishnasamy K, Woiterski J, Limbourg A, Bauersachs J, Drexler H, Le Noble F, Limbourg FP. Extrinsic Notch ligand Delta-like 1 regulates tip cell selection and vascular branching morphogenesis. Circ Res 2012; 110:530-5. [PMID: 22282195 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.111.263319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE In developing blood vessels, single endothelial cells (ECs) specialize into tip cells that sense vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and contribute to vessel sprouting and branch formation. Tip cell differentiation is inhibited through lateral Notch signaling between ECs, which is controlled by Notch ligands expressed in vessel sprouts. The contribution of the Notch ligand Delta-like (Dll) 1 herein is unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of Dll1 in vascular morphogenesis and tip cell formation in the mouse retina. METHODS AND RESULTS Mice with heterozygous deletion of Dll1 had fewer tip cells during angiogenic sprouting of the superficial vascular plexus but also showed impaired vessel branching into deeper retinal layers and impaired deep plexus angiogenesis. Interestingly, the formation of vertical branches was also guided by filopodia-extending ECs located at the tip of branches, consistent with tip cells, which emerged from established vessels to form a secondary plexus within the deeper neuronal cell layers. During both phases of vascular patterning, Dll1 was not expressed in ECs but in the superficial neuronal layer in close contact with expanding vessels, where Dll1 expression coincided with tip cell formation in a spatiotemporal manner. In vitro, culture of ECs on DLL1 induced essential tip cell genes, including Dll4, VEGF receptor 3, and ephrin-B2, and stimulated VEGF responsiveness and vascular network formation. CONCLUSIONS Dll1 acts as an extrinsic cue involved in tip cell selection, which directs vessel sprouting and branch formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Napp
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Carl Neuberg Strasse 1, Hannover, Germany
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Abstract
The effluent from anaerobic digestion process has high concentrations of nutrients, particularly nitrogen, essential for plant growth but is not suitable for direct disposal or application due to high chemical oxygen demand (COD), low dissolved oxygen (DO), odour issues and is potentially phytotoxic. This research explored the optimum conditions of anaerobic effluent for application and dilutions of the effluent required to obtain better plant growth. A small-scale hydroponic system was constructed in a glasshouse to test different concentrations of anaerobic effluent against a commercial hydroponic medium as the control for the growth of silverbeet. It was found that the survival of silverbeet was negatively affected at 50% concentration due to low DO and NH(4) toxicity. The concentration of 20% anaerobic liquid was found to be the most efficient with highest foliage yield and plant growth. The hydroponic system with 20% concentrated effluent had better utilisation of nutrients for plant growth and a COD reduction of 95% was achieved during the 50-day growth period. This preliminary evaluation revealed that the growth and development of silverbeet was significantly lower in anaerobic effluent compared with a commercial hydroponic plant growth solution. The nutrient quality of anaerobic effluent could be highly variable with the process and the waste material used and dilution may depend on the nutrient content of the effluent. It is recommended that, a pre-treatment of the effluent to increase DO and reduce ammonium content is required before plant application, and simple dilution by itself is not suitable for optimum plant growth in a hydroponic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Krishnasamy
- Environmental Science, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia.
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Fry BG, Wroe S, Teeuwisse W, van Osch MJP, Moreno K, Ingle J, McHenry C, Ferrara T, Clausen P, Scheib H, Winter KL, Greisman L, Roelants K, van der Weerd L, Clemente CJ, Giannakis E, Hodgson WC, Luz S, Martelli P, Krishnasamy K, Kochva E, Kwok HF, Scanlon D, Karas J, Citron DM, Goldstein EJC, McNaughtan JE, Norman JA. A central role for venom in predation by Varanus komodoensis (Komodo Dragon) and the extinct giant Varanus (Megalania) priscus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009; 106:8969-74. [PMID: 19451641 PMCID: PMC2690028 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0810883106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The predatory ecology of Varanus komodoensis (Komodo Dragon) has been a subject of long-standing interest and considerable conjecture. Here, we investigate the roles and potential interplay between cranial mechanics, toxic bacteria, and venom. Our analyses point to the presence of a sophisticated combined-arsenal killing apparatus. We find that the lightweight skull is relatively poorly adapted to generate high bite forces but better adapted to resist high pulling loads. We reject the popular notion regarding toxic bacteria utilization. Instead, we demonstrate that the effects of deep wounds inflicted are potentiated through venom with toxic activities including anticoagulation and shock induction. Anatomical comparisons of V. komodoensis with V. (Megalania) priscus fossils suggest that the closely related extinct giant was the largest venomous animal to have ever lived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan G Fry
- Venomics Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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Roelke ME, Brown MA, Troyer JL, Winterbach H, Winterbach C, Hemson G, Smith D, Johnson RC, Pecon-Slattery J, Roca AL, Alexander KA, Klein L, Martelli P, Krishnasamy K, O'Brien SJ. Pathological manifestations of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in wild African lions. Virology 2009; 390:1-12. [PMID: 19464039 PMCID: PMC2771374 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Revised: 02/17/2009] [Accepted: 04/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) causes AIDS in the domestic cat (Felis catus) but has not been explicitly associated with AIDS pathology in any of the eight free-ranging species of Felidae that are endemic with circulating FIV strains. African lion (Panthera leo) populations are infected with lion-specific FIV strains (FIVple), yet there remains uncertainty about the degree to which FIV infection impacts their health. Reported CD4+ T-lymphocyte depletion in FIVple-infected lions and anecdotal reports of lion morbidity associated with FIV seroprevalence emphasize the concern as to whether FIVple is innocuous or pathogenic. Here we monitored clinical, biochemical, histological and serological parameters among FIVple-positive (N=47) as compared to FIVple-negative (N=17) lions anesthetized and sampled on multiple occasions between 1999 and 2006 in Botswana. Relative to uninfected lions, FIVple-infected lions displayed a significant elevation in the prevalence of AIDS-defining conditions: lymphadenopathy, gingivitis, tongue papillomas, dehydration, and poor coat condition, as well as displaying abnormal red blood cell parameters, depressed serum albumin, and elevated liver enzymes and gamma globulin. Spleen and lymph node biopsies from free-ranging FIVple-infected lions (N=9) revealed evidence of lymphoid depletion, the hallmark pathology documented in immunodeficiency virus infections of humans (HIV-1), macaques, and domestic cats. We conclude that over time FIVple infections in free-ranging lions can lead to adverse clinical, immunological, and pathological outcomes in some individuals that parallel sequelae caused by lentivirus infection in humans (HIV), Asian macaques (SIV) and domestic cats (FIVfca).
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody E Roelke
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
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Krishnasamy K, Venkateswaran V, Shanmugam M, Dharmaraja J. Chromium(VI) oxidation of methyl phenyl sulfide–kinetic and mechanistic approach. J Sulphur Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/17415990701420270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Krishnasamy K, Devanathan D, Dharmaraja J. Kinetics and mechanism of oxidation of substituted benzaldehydes by 4-(dimethylamino)pyridinium chlorochromate. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-007-0250-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Kabilan S, Pandiarajan K, Krishnasamy K, Sankar P. Oxidative cleavage of S-arylmercaptoacetic acids by sodium perborate: Kinetic and correlation study. INT J CHEM KINET 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.550270504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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