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Nagaraj K, Karuppiah C, Wadaan MA, Maity P, Kaliyaperumal R, Vaishnavi E, Rajaraman D, Abhijith SM, Ramaraj SK, Mathivanan I. Synthesis, characterization, molecular modeling, binding energies of β-cyclodextrin-inclusion complexes of quercetin: Modification of photo physical behavior upon β-CD complexation. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2024; 313:124091. [PMID: 38447439 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
We prepared a naturally occurring flavanoid namely quercetin from tea leaves and analyzed by Absorption, Emission, FT-IR, 1H, 13C nmr spectra and ESI-MS analysis. The inclusion behavior of quercetin in cyclodextrins like α-, β-, γ-, per-6-ABCD and mono-6-ABCD cavities were supported such as UV-vis., Emission, FT-IR and ICD spectra and energy minimization studies. From the absorption and emission results, the type of complexes formed were found to depend on stoichiometry of Host:Guest. FT-IR data of CD complexes of quercetin supported inclusion complex formation of the substrate with α-, β- and γ-CDs. The inclusion of host-guest complexation of quercetin with α-, β-, γ-CDs, per-6-ABCD and mono-6-ABCDs provides very valuable information about the CD:quercetin complexes, the study also shows that β-CD complexation improves water solubility, chemical stability and bioavailability of quercetin. Besides, phase solubility studies also supported the formation of 1:1 drug-CD soluble complexes. All these spectral results provide insight into the binding behavior of substrate into CD cavity in the order per-6-ABCD > Mono-6-ABCD > γ-CD > β-CD > α-CD. The proposed model also finds strong support from the fact with excess CD this exciton coupling disappears indicates the formation of only 1:1 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuppiah Nagaraj
- School of Pharmacy, National Forensic Sciences University, 6M56+XP8, Police Bhavan Rd, Sector 9, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382007, India.
| | - Chelladurai Karuppiah
- Battery Research Center for Green Energy, Ming Chi University of Technology, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan; PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Thiagarajar College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohammad Ahmad Wadaan
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prasenjit Maity
- School of Engineering and Technology, National Forensic Sciences University, 6M56+XP8, Police Bhavan Rd, Sector 9, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382007, India
| | - Raja Kaliyaperumal
- Department of Chemistry, St. Joseph University, Chumoukedima, Nagaland 797115, India
| | - Ellappan Vaishnavi
- Department of Chemistry, Sri GVG Visalakshi College for Women, Udumalpet 642128, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Rajaraman
- Humanities and Sciences, St. Peters Engineering College, St Peters College Rd, Opposite TS Forest Academy Dullapally, Maisammaguda, Medchal, Hyderabad, Telangana 500043, India
| | - S M Abhijith
- School of Pharmacy, National Forensic Sciences University, 6M56+XP8, Police Bhavan Rd, Sector 9, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382007, India
| | - Sayee Kannan Ramaraj
- PG & Research Department of Chemistry, Thiagarajar College, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Isai Mathivanan
- Research Department of Zoology, Seethalakshmi Ramaswami College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India
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Rajaraman D, Anthony LA, Nethaji P, Vallangi R. One-pot synthesis, NMR, quantum chemical approach, molecular docking studies, drug-likeness and in-silico ADMET prediction of novel 1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-(furan-2-yl)-4,5-diphenyl-1 H-imidazole derivatives. J Mol Struct 2023; 1273:134314. [PMID: 36277302 PMCID: PMC9576197 DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.134314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A novel drug to treat SARS-CoV-2 infections and hydroxyl chloroquine analogue, 1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-6-yl)-2-(furan-2-yl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole (DDFDI) compound has been synthesized in one pot reaction. The novel compound DDFDI had been characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectral techniques. The geometrical structure was optimized by density functional theory (DFT) method at B3LYP/6-31G (d, p) as the basis set. The smaller energy value provides the higher reactivity of DDFDI compound than hydroxyl chloroquine and was corrected by high electrophilic and low nucleophilic reactions. The stability and charge delocalization of the molecule were also considered by natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The HOMO-LUMO energies describe the charge transfer which takes place within the molecule. Molecular electrostatic potential has also been analysed. Drug likeness and oral activity have been carried out based on Lipinski's rule of five. Molecular docking studies are implemented to analyse the binding energy of the DDFDI compound against Covid-19/6W41, COVID-19/6WCF, COVID-19/6Y84 and COVID-19/6W4B receptors and found to be considered as a better antiviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Rajaraman
- Department of Chemistry, St Joseph University, Virgin Town, Dimapur, Nagaland 797 115, India,Corresponding author
| | - L. Athishu Anthony
- Department of Chemistry, St Joseph University, Virgin Town, Dimapur, Nagaland 797 115, India
| | - P. Nethaji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Tamil Nadu 603 110, India
| | - Ravali Vallangi
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore, Monirampore, Kolkata, West Bengal 700120, India
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Anthony LA, Rajaraman D, Sundararajan G, Suresh M, Nethaji P, Jaganathan R, Poomani K. Synthesis, crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface analysis, DFT, molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation studies of (E)-2,6-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-4-(2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)hydrazono)piperidine derivatives. J Mol Struct 2022; 1266:133483. [PMID: 35692554 PMCID: PMC9175251 DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A novel drug to treat SARS-CoV-2 infections and hydroxyl chloroquine analogue, (E)-2,6-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-4-(2-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)hydrazono)piperidine (BCMTP) compound has been synthesized in one pot reaction. The novel compound BCMTP has been characterized by FT-IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction patterns. Crystal packing is stabilized by C8-H8A•••Cl10i, C41-H41•••Cl1ii and N1-H1A•••Cl6iii intermolecular hydrogen bonds. From the geometrical parameters, it is observed that the piperidine ring adopts chair conformation. Hirshfeld surface analysis was carried out to quantify the interactions and an interaction energy analysis was done to study the interactions between pairs of molecules. The geometrical structure was optimized by density functional theory (DFT) method at B3LYP/6-31G (d, p) as the basic set. The smaller binding energy value provides the higher reactivity of BCMTP compound than hydroxyl chloroquine and was corrected by high electrophilic and low nucleophilic reactions. The stability and charge delocalization of the molecule were also considered by natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The HOMO-LUMO energies describe the charge transfer which takes place within the molecule. Molecular electrostatic potential has also been analysed. Molecular docking studies are implemented to analyse the binding energy of the BCMTP compound against standard drugs such as the crystal structure of ADP ribose phosphatase of NSP3 from SARS-CoV-2 in complex with MES and SARS-CoV-2 main protease with an unliganded active site (2019-nCoV, corona virus disease 2019, COVID-19) and found to be considered having better antiviral agents. Molecular dynamics simulation was performed for COVID-19 main protease (Mpro: 6WCF/6Y84) to understand the elements governing the inhibitory effect and the stability of interaction under dynamic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Athishu Anthony
- Department of Chemistry, St Joseph University, Dimapur, Nagaland 797 115, India
| | - D Rajaraman
- Department of Chemistry, St Joseph University, Dimapur, Nagaland 797 115, India
| | - G Sundararajan
- Department of Chemistry, Thanthai Hans Roever College (Autonomous), Perambalur 621220, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - M Suresh
- Department of Chemistry, AVS Arts and Science College, Salem, Tamil Nadu 603 110, India
| | - P Nethaji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Tamil Nadu 603 110, India
| | - R Jaganathan
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, India
| | - Kumaradhas Poomani
- Laboratory of Biocrystallography and Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Physics, Periyar University, Salem, India
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Rajaraman D, Anthony LA, Sundararajan G, Shanmugam M, Arunkumar A. Synthesis, NMR, anti-oxidant, anti-cancer activity, Molecular docking, DFT Calculations and in silico ADME analysis of 3′-benzoyl-4′-phenyl-5′-(piperazin-1-ylmethyl)spiro[indoline-3,2′-pyrrolidin]-2-one derivatives. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Anthony LA, Nethaji P, Sundararajan G, Rajaraman D. One-pot synthesis, Spectral, X-ray crystal structure, Hirshfeld surface and computational study on potential inhibitory action of novel 1-benzyl-2-(4-methoxynaphthalen-1-yl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazole derivatives against COVID-19 main protease (Mpro: 6WCF/6Y84). J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Rajaraman D, Doss MA, Krishnasamy K. Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Evaluation of 3'-Benzoyl-5'-(Furan-2-yl)-4'-Phenylspiro[Indoline-3,2'-Pyrrolidin]-2-One Derivatives and its Molecular Docking Studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.79.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A series of new spirooxindole derivatives were synthesized via 1,3 –dipolar cycloaddition. All the synthesized compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial activity. In antibacterial studies compound 4d demonstrated the most potent inhibitory activity (MIC = 12.5 lg/mL for K.pneumonia, B.cereus and S.typhi), which was compared with the positive control streptomycin. In antifungal studies compound 4e demonstrated the most potent inhibitory activity (MIC = 3.125 lg/mL for C.albicans and A.niger), which was related with the standard drug ketaconazole. In addition, molecular modeling studies were also performed to disclose the binding modes of the most active inhibitors to the amino acid residues that compose the active site of the glucosamine-6-phosphate synthase and crystal structure of human lanosterol 14-alpha dimethylase in complex with ketaconazole enzyme.
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Rajaraman D, Sundararajan G, Loganath N, Krishnasamy K. Synthesis, molecular structure, DFT studies and antimicrobial activities of some novel 3-(1-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-2-yl)-1H-indole derivatives and its molecular docking studies. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2016.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Rajaraman D, Sundararajan G, Rajkumar R, Bharanidharan S, Krishnasamy K. Synthesis, crystal structure investigation, DFT studies and DPPH radical scavenging activity of 1-(furan-2-ylmethyl)-2,4,5-triphenyl- 1H -imidazole derivatives. J Mol Struct 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2015.11.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Rajaraman D, Sundararajan G, Kamaraj A, Saleem H, Krishnasamy K. Synthesis, computational and spectroscopic analysis on (E)-(4-(2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)hydrazono)-3-methyl-2,6-diphenylpiperidine-1-yl)(phenyl)methanone using DFT approach. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 151:480-489. [PMID: 26151437 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
(E)-(4-(2-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)hydrazono)-3-methyl-2,6-diphenylpiperidin-1-yl)(phenyl)methanone [EPHDPM] and its derivatives were synthesized and characterized by FT-IR, (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR and elemental analysis. The target compound [EPHDPM] was computed using density functional theory (DFT) method. The ground-state molecular geometry and vibrational frequencies were calculated by using B3LYP/6-31G (d,p) level of theory. The experimentally observed FT-IR and FT-Raman bands were assigned to different normal modes of the molecule. The stability and charge delocalization of the molecule were also studied by natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis. The HOMO-LUMO energies describe the charge transfer takes place within the molecule. Molecular electrostatic potential has been analyzed. The reported EPHDPM molecule used as a potential NLO material since it has high μβ0 value. Thermodynamic parameter like entropy and enthalpy are calculated and these values are increased with increasing the temperature due to the enhancement of vibrational intensities.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rajaraman
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - G Sundararajan
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - A Kamaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - H Saleem
- Department of Physics, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Krishnasamy
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Sundararajan G, Rajaraman D, Srinivasan T, Velmurugan D, Krishnasamy K. Synthesis, characterization, computational calculation and biological studies of some 2,6-diaryl-1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)piperidin-4-one oxime derivatives. Spectrochim Acta A Mol Biomol Spectrosc 2015; 139:108-118. [PMID: 25554959 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A new series of 2,6-diaryl-1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)piperidin-4-one oximes (17-24) were designed and synthesized from 2,6-diarylpiperidin-4-one oximes (9-16) with propargyl bromide. Unambiguous structural elucidation has been carried out by investigating IR, NMR ((1)H, (13)C, (1)H-(1)H COSY and HSQC), mass spectral techniques and theoretical (DFT) calculations. Further, crystal structure of compound 17 was evaluated by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Single crystal X-ray structural analysis of compound 17 evidenced that the configuration about CN double bond is syn to C-5 carbon (E-form). The existence of chair conformation was further confirmed by theoretical DFT calculation. All the synthesized compounds were screened for in vitro antimicrobial activity against a panel of selected bacterial and fungal strains using Ciprofloxacin and Ketoconazole as standards. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) results revealed that most of the 2,6-diaryl-1-(prop-2-yn-1-yl)piperidin-4-one oximes (17, 19, 20 and 23) exhibited better activity against the selected bacterial and fungal strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sundararajan
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Rajaraman
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - T Srinivasan
- CAS in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - D Velmurugan
- CAS in Crystallography and Biophysics, University of Madras, Chennai 600025, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - K Krishnasamy
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Rand TG, Robbins C, Rajaraman D, Sun M, Miller JD. Induction of Dectin-1 and asthma-associated signal transduction pathways in RAW 264.7 cells by a triple-helical (1, 3)-β-D glucan, curdlan. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1841-50. [PMID: 23543010 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
People living in damp buildings are typically exposed to spore and mycelial fragments of the fungi that grow on damp building materials. There is experimental evidence that this exposure to triple-helical (1, 3)-β-D glucan and low molecular weight toxins may be associated with non-atopic asthma observed in damp and moldy buildings. However, the mechanisms underlying this response are only partially resolved. Using the pure (1, 3)-β-D glucan, curdlan, and the murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7, there were two objectives of this study. The first was to determine whether signal transduction pathways activating asthma-associated cell signaling pathways were stimulated using mouse transduction Pathway Finder(®) arrays and quantitative real-time (QRT) PCR. The second objective was to evaluate the dose and temporal responses associated with transcriptional changes in asthma-associated cytokines, the signal transduction receptor gene Dectin-1, and various transcription factor genes related to the induction of asthma using customized RT-PCR-based arrays. Compared to controls, the 10(-7) M curdlan treatment induced significant changes in gene transcription predominately in the NFkB, TGF-β, p53, JAK/STAT, P13/AKT, phospholipase C, and stress signaling pathways. The 10(-8) M curdlan treatment mainly induced NFkB and TGF-β pathways. Compared to controls, curdlan exposures also induced significant dose- and time-dependent changes in the gene translations. We found that that curdlan as a non-allergenic potentiator modulates a network of transduction signaling pathways not only associated with TH-1, TH-2, and TH-3 cell responses including asthma potentiation, but a variety of other cell responses in RAW 264.7 cells. These results help provide mechanistic basis for some of the phenotypic changes associated with asthma that have been observed in in vitro, in vivo, and human studies and open up a hypothesis-building process that could explain the rise of non-atopic asthma associated with fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Rand
- Department of Biology, Saint Mary's University, 923 Robie St, Halifax, NS, B3H 3C3, Canada,
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Bhan A, Bhide AV, Isaac P, Thomas G, Murthy P, Pulimood AB, Rao S, Daniel S, Galgali RB, Lewin S, Rajaraman D, Machado T, Ravindran GD, Kurpad SS. Boundary violations: our response to the commentaries on the Bangalore Declaration. Natl Med J India 2012; 25:311-312. [PMID: 23448640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
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Heymann J, Earle A, Rajaraman D, Miller C, Bogen K. Extended family caring for children orphaned by AIDS: balancing essential work and caregiving in a high HIV prevalence nations. AIDS Care 2007; 19:337-45. [PMID: 17453567 DOI: 10.1080/09540120600763225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
While over 90 per cent of the 15 million children who have been orphaned by HIV/AIDS are cared for by family members, there is little information about whether adults can meet orphans' essential caregiving needs while working to economically survive. Using a survey we conducted in Botswana of 1033 working adults, we analyse the experience of adults who are caring for orphans. Over one-third of working adults were caring for orphans and many with few financial resources: 82% were living on household incomes below US$10 purchasing power parity adjusted per person per day. Because of their caregiving responsibilities, they were less able to supplement income with overtime, weekend, evening, or night work. At the same time caregiving responsibilities meant orphan caregivers spent fewer hours caring for their own children and other family members. Nearly half of orphan caregivers had difficulties meeting their children's needs, and nearly 75% weren't able to meet with children's teachers. Pay loss at work compounded the problems: One-quarter of orphan caregivers reported having to take unpaid leave to meet sick childcare needs and nearly half reported being absent from work for children's routine health care. This paper makes clear that if families are to provide adequate care for orphans while economically surviving there needs to be increases in social supports and improvements in working conditions.
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Abstract
In countries facing severe HIV/AIDS epidemics, the overwhelming majority of those who are infected and affected by HIV are already living in poverty. Further income loss can threaten the ability to meet basic needs such as food, education and access to healthcare. Due to this, understanding the impact of HIV infection and caregiving on household income is essential to improving the health and welfare of HIV-affected individuals and families. This qualitative study examines how HIV infection and HIV caregiving affect household income in a population located within Botswana, a country with high HIV prevalence. We find that extended unpaid leave from work or job loss are common consequences and are associated with failure to meet basic needs in the short and long-term. We make recommendations for policy and programme support, including workplace adaptations and public sector support for meeting health and basic needs of HIV-affected families.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rajaraman
- Programme Manager, Social and Behavioural Research, Botswana-Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative Partnership, Gaborone, Botswana
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