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Hinojosa Y, Liniger M, García-Nicolás O, Gerber M, Rajaratnam A, Muñoz-González S, Coronado L, Frías MT, Perera CL, Ganges L, Ruggli N. Evolutionary-Related High- and Low-Virulent Classical Swine Fever Virus Isolates Reveal Viral Determinants of Virulence. Viruses 2024; 16:147. [PMID: 38275957 PMCID: PMC10820463 DOI: 10.3390/v16010147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) has been eradicated from Western and Central Europe but remains endemic in parts of Central and South America, Asia, and the Caribbean. CSF virus (CSFV) has been endemic in Cuba since 1993, most likely following an escape of the highly virulent Margarita/1958 strain. In recent years, chronic and persistent infections with low-virulent CSFV have been observed. Amino acid substitutions located in immunodominant epitopes of the envelope glycoprotein E2 of the attenuated isolates were attributed to positive selection due to suboptimal vaccination and control. To obtain a complete picture of the mutations involved in attenuation, we applied forward and reverse genetics using the evolutionary-related low-virulent CSFV/Pinar del Rio (CSF1058)/2010 (PdR) and highly virulent Margarita/1958 isolates. Sequence comparison of the two viruses recovered from experimental infections in pigs revealed 40 amino acid differences. Interestingly, the amino acid substitutions clustered in E2 and the NS5A and NS5B proteins. A long poly-uridine sequence was identified previously in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of PdR. We constructed functional cDNA clones of the PdR and Margarita strains and generated eight recombinant viruses by introducing single or multiple gene fragments from Margarita into the PdR backbone. All chimeric viruses had comparable replication characteristics in porcine monocyte-derived macrophages. Recombinant PdR viruses carrying either E2 or NS5A/NS5B of Margarita, with 36 or 5 uridines in the 3'UTR, remained low virulent in 3-month-old pigs. The combination of these elements recovered the high-virulent Margarita phenotype. These results show that CSFV evolution towards attenuated variants in the field involved mutations in both structural and non-structural proteins and the UTRs, which act synergistically to determine virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoandry Hinojosa
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (Y.H.); (M.L.); (O.G.-N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (M.T.F.); (C.L.P.)
| | - Matthias Liniger
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (Y.H.); (M.L.); (O.G.-N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (Y.H.); (M.L.); (O.G.-N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Markus Gerber
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (Y.H.); (M.L.); (O.G.-N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anojen Rajaratnam
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (Y.H.); (M.L.); (O.G.-N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sara Muñoz-González
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.-G.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Liani Coronado
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.-G.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Teresa Frías
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (M.T.F.); (C.L.P.)
| | - Carmen Laura Perera
- Centro Nacional de Sanidad Agropecuaria (CENSA), San José de las Lajas 32700, Cuba; (M.T.F.); (C.L.P.)
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; (S.M.-G.); (L.C.); (L.G.)
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- Division of Virology, Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; (Y.H.); (M.L.); (O.G.-N.); (M.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology (DIP), University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
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2
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García-Nicolás O, Godel A, Zimmer G, Summerfield A. Macrophage phagocytosis of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells mediates potent plasmacytoid dendritic cell activation. Cell Mol Immunol 2023:10.1038/s41423-023-01039-4. [PMID: 37253946 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01039-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Early and strong interferon type I (IFN-I) responses are usually associated with mild COVID-19 disease, whereas persistent or unregulated proinflammatory cytokine responses are associated with severe disease outcomes. Previous work suggested that monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) are resistant and unresponsive to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Here, we demonstrate that upon phagocytosis of SARS-CoV-2-infected cells, MDMs are activated and secrete IL-6 and TNF. Importantly, activated MDMs in turn mediate strong activation of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), leading to the secretion of high levels of IFN-α and TNF. Furthermore, pDC activation promoted IL-6 production by MDMs. This kind of pDC activation was dependent on direct integrin-mediated cell‒cell contacts and involved stimulation of the TLR7 and STING signaling pathways. Overall, the present study describes a novel and potent pathway of pDC activation that is linked to the macrophage-mediated clearance of infected cells. These findings suggest that a high infection rate by SARS-CoV-2 may lead to exaggerated cytokine responses, which may contribute to tissue damage and severe disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- O García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - A Godel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - G Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Multidisciplinary Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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3
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Eloiflin RJ, Grau-Roma L, Python S, Mehinagic K, Godel A, Libeau G, Summerfield A, Bataille A, García-Nicolás O. Comparative pathogenesis of peste des petits ruminants virus strains of difference virulence. Vet Res 2022; 53:57. [PMID: 35804440 PMCID: PMC9270740 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-022-01073-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute disease of small ruminants caused by a morbillivirus. Clinical observation of the disease in the field revealed that several species of small ruminants are affected to varying degrees. This difference in disease-related effects could depend either on the host or on the virulence of the virus strain. A previous study highlighted the difference in virulence between two strains of PPRV used to infect Saanen goats. For this breed, PPRV Morocco 2008 strain (MA08) was highly virulent while PPRV Côte d’Ivoire 1989 (IC89) strain induced mild disease. Experimental studies generally based on healthy and young animals do not permit exploration of the natural variability of the host susceptibility to PPRV. Therefore, building on the previous study on Saanen goats, the current study focussed on this breed of goat and used commercially available animals with an unknown history of infection with other pathogens. Results confirmed the previous disease pattern for PPRV IC89 and MA08 strains. Viral RNA detection, macroscopic and histological lesions were stronger for the highly virulent MA08 strain. We show here for the first time that viral RNA can be detected in the tissues of vaccinated animals. Viral RNA was also detected for the first time in serum samples, which is in agreement with the role of circulating immune cells in transporting the virus into host target organs. Thus, this study provides insight into the pathogenesis of strains of different virulence of PPRV and will help to better understand the onset of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger-Junior Eloiflin
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 34398, Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Llorenç Grau-Roma
- Institute of Animal Pathology, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Python
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Kemal Mehinagic
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern 3001, Switzerland
| | - Aurélie Godel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Geneviève Libeau
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 34398, Montpellier, France.,ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Bataille
- CIRAD, UMR ASTRE, 34398, Montpellier, France. .,ASTRE, University of Montpellier, CIRAD, INRA, Montpellier, France.
| | - Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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4
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García-Nicolás O, V'kovski P, Zettl F, Zimmer G, Thiel V, Summerfield A. No Evidence for Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophage Infection and Antibody-Mediated Enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:644574. [PMID: 33912475 PMCID: PMC8072125 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.644574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are essential to control the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) and to protect the vulnerable population. However, one safety concern of vaccination is the possible development of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The potential infection of Fc receptor bearing cells such as macrophages, would support continued virus replication and inflammatory responses, and thereby potentially worsen the clinical outcome of COVID-19. Here we demonstrate that SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV neither infect human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDM) nor induce inflammatory cytokines in these cells, in sharp contrast to Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus and the common cold human coronavirus 229E. Furthermore, serum from convalescent COVID-19 patients neither induced enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 infection nor innate immune response in hMDM. Although, hMDM expressed angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, no or very low levels of transmembrane protease serine 2 were found. These results support the view that ADE may not be involved in the immunopathological processes associated with COVID-19, however, more studies are necessary to understand the potential contribution of antibodies-virus complexes with other cells expressing FcR receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philip V'kovski
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ferdinand Zettl
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gert Zimmer
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Volker Thiel
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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5
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Matthijs AMF, Auray G, Boyen F, Schoos A, Michiels A, García-Nicolás O, Barut GT, Barnier-Quer C, Jakob V, Collin N, Devriendt B, Summerfield A, Haesebrouck F, Maes D. Efficacy of three innovative bacterin vaccines against experimental infection with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Vet Res 2019; 50:91. [PMID: 31703726 PMCID: PMC6842239 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0709-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
New vaccine formulations that include novel strains of Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and innovative adjuvants designed to induce cellular immunity could improve vaccine efficacy against this pathogen. The aim of this experimental study was to assess the efficacy of three experimental bacterin formulations based on M. hyopneumoniae field strain F7.2C which were able to induce cellular immunity. The formulations included a cationic liposome formulation with the Mincle receptor ligand trehalose 6,6-dibehenate (Lipo_DDA:TDB), a squalene-in-water emulsion with Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands targeting TLR1/2, TLR7/8 and TLR9 (SWE_TLR), and a poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) micro-particle formulation with the same TLR ligands (PLGA_TLR). Four groups of 12 M. hyopneumoniae-free piglets were primo- (day (D) 0; 39 days of age) and booster vaccinated (D14) intramuscularly with either one of the three experimental bacterin formulations or PBS. The pigs were endotracheally inoculated with a highly and low virulent M. hyopneumoniae strain on D28 and D29, respectively, and euthanized on D56. The main efficacy parameters were: respiratory disease score (RDS; daily), macroscopic lung lesion score (D56) and log copies M. hyopneumoniae DNA determined with qPCR on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid (D42, D56). All formulations were able to reduce clinical symptoms, lung lesions and the M. hyopneumoniae DNA load in the lung, with formulation SWE_TLR being the most effective (RDSD28–D56 −61.90%, macroscopic lung lesions −88.38%, M. hyopneumoniae DNA load in BAL fluid (D42) −67.28%). Further experiments raised under field conditions are needed to confirm these results and to assess the effect of the vaccines on performance parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Marguerite Filip Matthijs
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Gaël Auray
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Alexandra Schoos
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Annelies Michiels
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Güliz Tuba Barut
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Barnier-Quer
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Jakob
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Collin
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 120, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
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6
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Matthijs AMF, Auray G, Jakob V, García-Nicolás O, Braun RO, Keller I, Bruggman R, Devriendt B, Boyen F, Guzman CA, Michiels A, Haesebrouck F, Collin N, Barnier-Quer C, Maes D, Summerfield A. Systems Immunology Characterization of Novel Vaccine Formulations for Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae Bacterins. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1087. [PMID: 31178860 PMCID: PMC6543460 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We characterized five different vaccine candidates and a commercial vaccine in terms of safety, immunogenicity and using a systems vaccinology approach, with the aim to select novel vaccine candidates against Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae. Seven groups of six M. hyopneumoniae-free piglets were primo- and booster vaccinated with the different experimental bacterin formulations, the commercial vaccine Hyogen® as a positive control or PBS as a negative control. The experimental bacterin was formulated with cationic liposomes + c-di-AMP (Lipo_AMP), cationic liposomes + Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2/1, TLR7, and TLR9 ligands (TLR ligands; Lipo_TLR), micro-particles + TLR ligands (PLGA_TLR), squalene-in-water emulsion + TLR ligands (SWE_TLR), or DDA:TDB liposomes (Lipo_DDA:TDB). Lipo_DDA:TDB and Lipo_AMP were the most potent in terms of serum antibody induction, and Lipo_DDA:TDB, Lipo_AMP, and SWE_TLR significantly induced Th1 cytokine-secreting T-cells. Only PLGA_TLR appeared to induce Th17 cells, but was unable to induce serum antibodies. The transcriptomic analyses demonstrated that the induction of inflammatory and myeloid cell blood transcriptional modules (BTM) in the first 24 h after vaccination correlated well with serum antibodies, while negative correlations with the same modules were found 7 days post-vaccination. Furthermore, many cell cycle and T-cell BTM upregulated at day seven correlated positively with adaptive immune responses. When comparing the delivery of the identical TLR ligands with the three formulations, we found SWE_TLR to be more potent in the induction of an early innate immune response, while the liposomal formulation more strongly promoted late cell cycle and T-cell BTM. For the PLGA formulation we found signs of a delayed and weak perturbation of these BTM. Lipo_AMP was found to be the most potent vaccine at inducing a BTM profile similar to that correlating with adaptive immune response in this and other studies. Taken together, we identified four promising vaccine candidates able to induce M. hyopneumoniae-specific antibody and T-cell responses. In addition, we have adapted a systems vaccinology approach developed for human to pigs and demonstrated its capacity in identifying early immune signatures in the blood relating to adaptive immune responses. This approach represents an important step in a more rational design of efficacious vaccines for pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen M F Matthijs
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Gaël Auray
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Jakob
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roman O Braun
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Irene Keller
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Bruggman
- Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Laboratory of Veterinary Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Carlos A Guzman
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - Annelies Michiels
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Collin
- Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | | | - Dominiek Maes
- Department of Reproduction, Obstetrics and Herd Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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7
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García-Nicolás O, Lewandowska M, Ricklin ME, Summerfield A. Corrigendum: Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells as Model to Evaluate Species Tropism of Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:163. [PMID: 31157177 PMCID: PMC6529761 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marta Lewandowska
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Meret E Ricklin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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8
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Vielle NJ, García-Nicolás O, Oliveira Esteves BI, Brügger M, Summerfield A, Alves MP. The Human Upper Respiratory Tract Epithelium Is Susceptible to Flaviviruses. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:811. [PMID: 31057517 PMCID: PMC6477545 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses replicate in a wide variety of species and have a broad cellular tropism. They are isolated from various body fluids, and Zika virus (ZIKV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and West Nile virus (WNV) RNAs have been detected in nasopharyngeal swabs. Consequently, we evaluated the cellular tropism and host responses upon ZIKV, JEV, WNV, and Usutu virus (USUV) infection using a relevant model of the human upper respiratory tract epithelium based on primary human nasal epithelial cells (NECs) cultured at the air-liquid interface. NECs were susceptible to all the viruses tested, and confocal analysis showed evidence of infection of ciliated and non-ciliated cells. Each flavivirus productively infected NECs, leading to apical and basolateral live virus shedding with particularly high basal release for JEV and WNV. As demonstrated by a paracellular permeability assay, the integrity of the epithelium was not affected by flavivirus infection, suggesting an active release of live virus through the basolateral surface. Also, we detected a significant secretion of interferon type III and the pro-inflammatory cytokine IP-10/CXCL10 upon infection with JEV. Taken together, our data suggest that the human upper respiratory tract epithelium is a target for flaviviruses and could potentially play a role in the spread of infection to other body compartments through basolateral virus release. Undoubtedly, further work is required to evaluate the risks and define the adapted measures to protect individuals exposed to flavivirus-contaminated body fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie J Vielle
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Blandina I Oliveira Esteves
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Brügger
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School of Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marco P Alves
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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9
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Ogno G, Sautter CA, Canelli E, García-Nicolás O, Stadejek T, Martelli P, Borghetti P, Summerfield A. In vitro characterization of PRRSV isolates with different in vivo virulence using monocyte-derived macrophages. Vet Microbiol 2019; 231:139-146. [PMID: 30955801 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus 1 (PRRSV-1) strains has caused severe economic losses. The biological elements defining virulence and pathogenicity are still unclear. In vitro characteristics using natural target cells of PRRSV provide important information to understand the basis of virulence at the cellular level, and provide a mean to reduce animal experimentations to achieve this goal. Here, we compared PRRSV strains from two geographically different regions, with varying in vivo characteristics, in terms of their interactions with monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). The strains included Lena and BOR59 from Belarus, and ILI6 from Russia, as well as PR11 and PR40, both from Italy. As a reference, we used a cell culture-adapted version of Lelystad, LVP. MDMs were pre-treated with IFNγ, IL-4 or IFNβ, in order to understand responses in polarized and antiviral MDMs. In general, independent of the geographical origin, the strains with high virulence infected a higher percentage of MDMs and replicated to higher titers. These virulence-dependent differences were most pronounced when the MDMs had been treated with IFNβ. Differentiation between intermediate and low virulent PRRSV was difficult, due to variations between different experiments, but LVP differed clearly from all field strains. IFNα and IL-10 were not detected in any experiment, but PR40 induced TNF and IL-1β. Taken together, these results validate the MDM model to understand pathogenicity factors of PRRSV and confirm the importance of the escape from type I and II IFN-mediated effects for PRRSV virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ogno
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, Parma, 10 - 43126, Italy
| | - Carmen A Sautter
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elena Canelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, Parma, 10 - 43126, Italy
| | - Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Tomasz Stadejek
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Poland
| | - Paolo Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, Parma, 10 - 43126, Italy
| | - Paolo Borghetti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Strada del Taglio, Parma, 10 - 43126, Italy
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Bern, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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10
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Braun RO, Brunner L, Wyler K, Auray G, García-Nicolás O, Python S, Zumkehr B, Gaschen V, Stoffel MH, Collin N, Barnier-Quer C, Bruggmann R, Summerfield A. Erratum: Author Correction: System immunology-based identification of blood transcriptional modules correlating to antibody responses in sheep. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:10. [PMID: 30792904 PMCID: PMC6381089 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Othmar Braun
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,2Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,3Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Infectious Disease and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Livia Brunner
- 4Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kurt Wyler
- 5Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gaël Auray
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,3Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Infectious Disease and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,3Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Infectious Disease and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Python
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,3Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Infectious Disease and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Zumkehr
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Gaschen
- 6Division of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicolas Collin
- 4Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Barnier-Quer
- 4Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Bruggmann
- 5Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,3Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Infectious Disease and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
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11
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García-Nicolás O, Lewandowska M, Ricklin ME, Summerfield A. Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells as Model to Evaluate Species Tropism of Mosquito-Borne Flaviviruses. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:5. [PMID: 30746342 PMCID: PMC6360178 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Several mosquito-borne Flaviviruses such as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), West Nile virus (WNV), Dengue Virus (DENV), and Zika virus (ZIKV) can cause severe clinical disease. Being zoonotic, Flaviviruses infect a wide variety of terrestrial vertebrates, which dependent of the virus-host interactions, can enhance ongoing epidemics and maintain the virus in the environment for prolonged periods. Targeted species can vary from amphibians, birds to various mammals, dependent on the virus. For many mosquito-borne flaviviruses the spectrum of targeted species is incompletely understood, in particular with respect to their contribution to the maintenance of virus in certain geographical regions. Furthermore, little is known about virus and host factors contributing to species tropism. The present study utilized human and porcine monocyte-derived dendritic cells (MoDC) as a cell culture model to better understand Flavivirus species tropism and innate immune responses. MoDC were selected based on their presence in the skin and their role as an early target cell for several Flaviviruses and their role as immune sentinels. While differences in viral infectivity and replication were minor when comparing porcine with human MoDC for some of the tested Flaviviruses, a particularly strong replication in human MoDC was found with USUV, while JEV appeared to have a stronger tropism for porcine MoDC. With respect to innate immune responses we found high induction of TNF and IFN-β in both human and porcine MoDC after infection with JEV, WNV, and USUV, but not with DENV, ZIKV, and Wesselsbron virus. Spondweni virus induced these cytokine responses only in porcine MoDC. Overall, innate immune responses correlated with early infectivity and cytokine production. In conclusion, we demonstrate Flavivirus-dependent differences in the interaction with MoDC. These may play a role in pathogenesis but appear to only partially reflect the expected species tropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marta Lewandowska
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Meret E Ricklin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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12
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Braun RO, Brunner L, Wyler K, Auray G, García-Nicolás O, Python S, Zumkehr B, Gaschen V, Stoffel MH, Collin N, Barnier-Quer C, Bruggmann R, Summerfield A. System immunology-based identification of blood transcriptional modules correlating to antibody responses in sheep. NPJ Vaccines 2018; 3:41. [PMID: 30302283 PMCID: PMC6170373 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-018-0078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Lacking immunogenicity, inactivated vaccines require potent adjuvants. To understand their effects, we used a system immunology-based analysis of ovine blood transcriptional modules (BTMs) to dissect innate immune responses relating to either antibody or haptoglobin levels. Using inactivated foot-and-mouth disease virus as an antigen, we compared non-adjuvanted to liposomal-formulated vaccines complemented or not with TLR4 and TLR7 ligands. Early after vaccination, BTM relating to myeloid cells, innate immune responses, dendritic cells, and antigen presentation correlated positively, whereas BTM relating to T and natural killer cells, as well as cell cycle correlated negatively with antibody responses. Interestingly, BTM relating to myeloid cells, inflammation and antigen presentation also correlated with haptoglobin, but in a reversed manner, indicating that acute systemic inflammation is not beneficial for early antibody responses. Analysis of vaccine-dependent BTM modulation showed that liposomal formulations induced similar responses to those correlating to antibody levels, while addition of TLR ligands reduced myeloid cells, inflammation and antigen presentation BTM expression despite promoting antibody responses. Furthermore, this vaccine was more potent at downregulating T and natural killer cell BTM. When pre-vaccination BTM were analyzed, we found that high vaccine responders expressed higher levels of cell cycle and myeloid cell BTMs as compared with low responders. In conclusion, we have transferred human BTM to sheep and identified early vaccine-induced responses associated with antibody levels or unwanted inflammation. Such readouts are applicable to other veterinary species and very useful to identify efficient vaccine adjuvants, their mechanism of action, and factors related to low responders. A next-generation method to identify genetic changes in response to vaccination opens up the detailed study of vaccine and adjuvant effects. Researchers led by the Swiss University of Bern’s Artur Summerfield inoculated sheep with foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus antigens, either alone, adjuvanted (in an immunity-boosting formulation), or adjuvanted with molecules speculated to help generate long-term immunity against FMD. The team found only the latter group stimulated host immunity to a level considered protective, albeit with high variability. Differences in gene expression were identified that correlated to virus-neutralizing responses. The team used a powerful bioinformatics tool, measuring ‘blood transcriptional modules (BTM),’ to identify ovine specific immune processes. The BTM approach offers an advantageous way to identify vaccine and adjuvant effects down to the genetic level. This study also offers data to inform future FMD vaccine development efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Othmar Braun
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,2Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,3Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Infectious Disease and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Livia Brunner
- 4Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kurt Wyler
- 5Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Gaël Auray
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,3Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Infectious Disease and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,3Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Infectious Disease and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sylvie Python
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,3Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Infectious Disease and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Zumkehr
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Véronique Gaschen
- 6Division of Veterinary Anatomy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicolas Collin
- 4Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Barnier-Quer
- 4Vaccine Formulation Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Bruggmann
- 5Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,3Vetsuisse Faculty, Department of Infectious Disease and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland
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13
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Giraldo A, Talavera López J, Fernandez-Del-Palacio MJ, García-Nicolás O, Seva J, Brooks G, Moraleda JM. Percutaneous Contrast Echocardiography-guided Intramyocardial Injection and Cell Delivery in a Large Preclinical Model. J Vis Exp 2018:56699. [PMID: 29443073 PMCID: PMC5908667 DOI: 10.3791/56699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell and gene therapy are exciting and promising strategies for the purpose of cardiac regeneration in the setting of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Before they can be considered for use, and implemented in humans, extensive preclinical studies are required in large animal models to evaluate the safety, efficacy, and fate of the injectate (e.g., stem cells) once delivered into the myocardium. Small rodent models offer advantages (e.g., cost effectiveness, amenability for genetic manipulation); however, given inherent limitations of these models, the findings in these rarely translate into the clinic. Conversely, large animal models such as rabbits, have advantages (e.g., similar cardiac electrophysiology compared to humans and other large animals), whilst retaining a good cost-effective balance. Here, we demonstrate how to perform a percutaneous contrast echocardiography-guided intramyocardial injection (IMI) technique, which is minimally invasive, safe, well tolerated, and very effective in the targeted delivery of injectates, including cells, into several locations within the myocardium of a rabbit model. For the implementation of this technique, we also have taken advantage of a widely available clinical echocardiography system. After putting in practice the protocol described here, a researcher with basic ultrasound knowledge will become competent in the performance of this versatile and minimally invasive technique for routine use in experiments, aimed at hypothesis testing of the capabilities of cardiac regenerative therapeutics in the rabbit model. Once competency is achieved, the whole procedure can be performed within 25 min after anaesthetizing the rabbit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Giraldo
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading;
| | - Jesús Talavera López
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia;
| | | | - Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI); Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Comparada, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia
| | - Juan Seva
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Comparada, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia
| | - Gavin Brooks
- Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading
| | - José María Moraleda
- Unidad de Trasplante Hematopoyético y Terapia Celular, Departamento de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB, Universidad de Murcia
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14
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García-Nicolás O, Ricklin ME, Liniger M, Vielle NJ, Python S, Souque P, Charneau P, Summerfield A. A Japanese Encephalitis Virus Vaccine Inducing Antibodies Strongly Enhancing In Vitro Infection Is Protective in Pigs. Viruses 2017; 9:v9050124. [PMID: 28531165 PMCID: PMC5454436 DOI: 10.3390/v9050124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is responsible for zoonotic severe viral encephalitis transmitted by Culex mosquitoes. Although birds are reservoirs, pigs play a role as amplifying hosts, and are affected in particular through reproductive failure. Here, we show that a lentiviral JEV vector, expressing JEV prM and E proteins (TRIP/JEV.prME), but not JEV infection induces strong antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) activities for infection of macrophages. Such antibodies strongly promoted infection via Fc receptors. ADE was found at both neutralizing and non-neutralizing serum dilutions. Nevertheless, in vivo JEV challenge of pigs demonstrated comparable protection induced by the TRIP/JEV.prME vaccine or heterologous JEV infection. Thus, either ADE antibodies cause no harm in the presence of neutralizing antibodies or may even have protective effects in vivo in pigs. Additionally, we found that both pre-infected and vaccinated pigs were not fully protected as low levels of viral RNA were found in lymphoid and nervous system tissue in some animals. Strikingly, the virus from the pre-infection persisted in the tonsils throughout the experiment. Finally, despite the vaccination challenge, viral RNA was detected in the oronasal swabs in all vaccinated pigs. These latter data are relevant when JEV vaccination is employed in pigs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Cell Line
- Culex/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/genetics
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis Virus, Japanese/pathogenicity
- Encephalitis, Japanese/immunology
- Encephalitis, Japanese/prevention & control
- Encephalitis, Japanese/virology
- Lentivirus/immunology
- Lymphocytes/virology
- Macrophages/virology
- Nervous System/virology
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Receptors, IgG
- Sus scrofa
- Swine
- Vaccination
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Meret E Ricklin
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias Liniger
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Nathalie J Vielle
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Sylvie Python
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Philippe Souque
- Virologie Moléculaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Pierre Charneau
- Virologie Moléculaire et Vaccinologie, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France.
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunology, Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunopathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Länggassstrasse 122, 3001 Bern, Switzerland.
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15
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Rappe JCF, García-Nicolás O, Flückiger F, Thür B, Hofmann MA, Summerfield A, Ruggli N. Heterogeneous antigenic properties of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus nucleocapsid. Vet Res 2016; 47:117. [PMID: 27871316 PMCID: PMC5118883 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0399-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an arterivirus responsible for a widespread contagious disease of domestic pigs with high economic impact. Switzerland is one of the rare PRRSV-free countries in Europe, although sporadic outbreaks have occurred in the past. The PRRSV isolate IVI-1173 from the short outbreak in Switzerland in 2012 was entirely sequenced, and a functional full-length cDNA clone was constructed. Genetic and antigenic characterization of IVI-1173 revealed the importance of amino acid 90 of the nucleocapsid protein N as part of a conformational epitope. IVI-1173 was not detected by SDOW17, a monoclonal antibody against N widely used to detect PRRSV-infected cells. Substitution of alanine at position 90 of N [N(A90)] with a threonine [N(T90)] restored reactivity of vIVI1173-N(T90) to SDOW17 completely. The relevance of this amino acid for the conformational SDOW17 epitope of PRRSV N was further confirmed by the opposite substitution in a functional cDNA clone of the genotype 2 isolate RVB-581. Finally, N proteins from ten genotype 1 strains differing from threonine at position 90 were analysed for reactivity with SDOW17. N(A90) totally disrupted or severely affected the epitope in 7 out of 8 strains tested. Based on these findings, 225 genotype 1 strains were screened for the prevalence of N(A90). N(A90) is rare in classical subtype 1 and in subtype 3 strains, but is frequent in Russian subtype 1 (70%) and in subtype 2 (45%) isolates. In conclusion, this study highlights the variable antigenic properties of N among genotype 1 PRRSV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C F Rappe
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Barbara Thür
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Office for Consumer Protection, Canton Aargau, Obere Vorstadt 14, 5000, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Martin A Hofmann
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology IVI, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland.
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16
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García-Nicolás O, Auray G, Sautter CA, Rappe JCF, McCullough KC, Ruggli N, Summerfield A. Sensing of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus-Infected Macrophages by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:771. [PMID: 27458429 PMCID: PMC4937788 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) represents a macrophage (MØ)-tropic virus which is unable to induce interferon (IFN) type I in its target cells. Nevertheless, infected pigs show a short but prominent systemic IFN alpha (IFN-α) response. A possible explanation for this discrepancy is the ability of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) to produce IFN-α in response to free PRRSV virions, independent of infection. Here, we show that the highly pathogenic PRRSV genotype 1 strain Lena is unique in not inducing IFN-α production in pDC, contrasting with systemic IFN-α responses found in infected pigs. We also demonstrate efficient pDC stimulation by PRRSV Lena-infected MØ, resulting in a higher IFN-α production than direct stimulation of pDC by PRRSV virions. This response was strain-independent, required integrin-mediated intercellular contact, intact actin filaments in the MØ and was partially inhibited by an inhibitor of neutral sphingomyelinase. Although infected MØ-derived exosomes stimulated pDC, an efficient delivery of the stimulatory component was dependent on a tight contact between pDC and the infected cells. In conclusion, with this mechanism the immune system can efficiently sense PRRSV, resulting in production of considerable quantities of IFN-α. This is adding complexity to the immunopathogenesis of PRRSV infections, as IFN-α should alert the immune system and initiate the induction of adaptive immune responses, a process known to be inefficient during infection of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaël Auray
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI) Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Carmen A Sautter
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI) Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Julie C F Rappe
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI) Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicolas Ruggli
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI) Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- The Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI)Mittelhäusern, Switzerland; Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of BernBern, Switzerland
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Talavera J, Giraldo A, Fernández-Del-Palacio MJ, García-Nicolás O, Seva J, Brooks G, Moraleda JM. An Upgrade on the Rabbit Model of Anthracycline-Induced Cardiomyopathy: Shorter Protocol, Reduced Mortality, and Higher Incidence of Overt Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Biomed Res Int 2015; 2015:465342. [PMID: 26788502 PMCID: PMC4695679 DOI: 10.1155/2015/465342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Current protocols of anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy in rabbits present with high premature mortality and nephrotoxicity, thus rendering them unsuitable for studies requiring long-term functional evaluation of myocardial function (e.g., stem cell therapy). We compared two previously described protocols to an in-house developed protocol in three groups: Group DOX2 received doxorubicin 2 mg/kg/week (8 weeks); Group DAU3 received daunorubicin 3 mg/kg/week (10 weeks); and Group DAU4 received daunorubicin 4 mg/kg/week (6 weeks). A cohort of rabbits received saline (control). Results of blood tests, cardiac troponin I, echocardiography, and histopathology were analysed. Whilst DOX2 and DAU3 rabbits showed high premature mortality (50% and 33%, resp.), DAU4 rabbits showed 7.6% premature mortality. None of DOX2 rabbits developed overt dilated cardiomyopathy; 66% of DAU3 rabbits developed overt dilated cardiomyopathy and quickly progressed to severe congestive heart failure. Interestingly, 92% of DAU4 rabbits showed overt dilated cardiomyopathy and 67% developed congestive heart failure exhibiting stable disease. DOX2 and DAU3 rabbits showed alterations of renal function, with DAU3 also exhibiting hepatic function compromise. Thus, a shortened protocol of anthracycline-induced cardiomyopathy as in DAU4 group results in high incidence of overt dilated cardiomyopathy, which insidiously progressed to congestive heart failure, associated to reduced systemic compromise and very low premature mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Talavera
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional “Campus Mare Nostrum”, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alejandro Giraldo
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AS, UK
| | - María Josefa Fernández-Del-Palacio
- Departamento de Medicina y Cirugía Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional “Campus Mare Nostrum”, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Comparada, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional “Campus Mare Nostrum”, 30100 Murcia, Spain
- Institute of Virology and Immunology (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Juan Seva
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Comparada, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Regional “Campus Mare Nostrum”, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Gavin Brooks
- School of Biological Sciences, Institute for Cardiovascular and Metabolic Research, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AS, UK
| | - Jose M. Moraleda
- Unidad de Trasplante Hematopoyético y Terapia Celular, Departamento de Hematología, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, IMIB, Universidad de Murcia, 30120 Murcia, Spain
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Abellaneda JM, Martínez-Alarcón L, Quereda JJ, Herrero-Medrano JM, Mendonça L, Mrowiec A, García-Nicolás O, Pallarés FJ, Ríos A, Muñoz A, Ramírez P, Ramis G. Validation of a quantitative polymerase chain reaction method for human Alu gene detection in microchimeric pigs used as donors for xenotransplantation. Transplant Proc 2015; 47:132-5. [PMID: 25645791 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This work was undertaken to evaluate whether a real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) is as an adequate method for detection and quantification of human-specific DNA elements (Alu gene) in tissues and blood samples of pigs in which human stem cells were engrafted. Real-time qPCR quantification was performed with the use of previously described primers. The human DNA was mixed with different quantities of porcine DNA. The primer concentration and specificity, the qPCR efficiency, the quantification variations due to different porcine DNA concentrations, and the dissociation curve produced by the assay were evaluated. The qPCR proved to be specific, robust, with a reproducible and specific bimodal melting curve. High porcine DNA concentration produced subquantification, especially with low human DNA quantity. However, the assay proved to be useful for the detection of chimeric piglets produced by human cells injected in utero, because the effect caused by the porcine DNA interference was corrected in quantification of human DNA from piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Abellaneda
- Grupo de Investigación Cría y Salud Animal, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - L Martínez-Alarcón
- Grupo de Investigación Cría y Salud Animal, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Cirugía, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - J J Quereda
- Grupo de Investigación Cría y Salud Animal, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - J M Herrero-Medrano
- Grupo de Investigación Cría y Salud Animal, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - L Mendonça
- Grupo de Investigación Cría y Salud Animal, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Escola de Veterinaria, Universidad de Federal de Goiás, Goiás, Brazil
| | - A Mrowiec
- Departamento de Inmunología. Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - O García-Nicolás
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - F J Pallarés
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - A Ríos
- Departamento de Cirugía, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - A Muñoz
- Grupo de Investigación Cría y Salud Animal, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - P Ramírez
- Departamento de Cirugía, Hospital Clínico Universitario Virgen de la Arrixaca, Murcia, Spain
| | - G Ramis
- Grupo de Investigación Cría y Salud Animal, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Departamento de Producción Animal, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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García-Nicolás O, Rosales RS, Pallarés FJ, Risco D, Quereda JJ, Graham SP, Frossard JP, Morgan SB, Steinbach F, Drew TW, Strickland TS, Salguero FJ. Comparative analysis of cytokine transcript profiles within mediastinal lymph node compartments of pigs after infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome genotype 1 strains differing in pathogenicity. Vet Res 2015; 46:34. [PMID: 25889072 PMCID: PMC4364558 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-015-0161-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) induces a weak immune response enabling it to persist in different organs of infected pigs. This has been attributed to the ability of PRRSV to influence the induction of cytokine responses. In this study, we investigated the cytokine transcriptional profiles in different compartments of the mediastinal lymph node of pigs infected with three genotype 1 PRRSV strains of differing pathogenicity: the low virulence prototype Lelystad virus (LV), and UK field strain 215–06 and the highly virulent subtype 3 SU1-Bel isolate from Belarus. We have used a combination of laser capture micro-dissection (LCM) followed by real time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and immunohistochemical (IHC) detection of immune cell markers (CD3, CD79a and MAC387) and RT-qPCR quantification of PRRSV and cytokine transcripts. Compared to mock infected pigs, we found a significant downregulation of TNF-α and IFN-α in follicular and interfollicular areas of the mediastinal lymph node from 3 days post-infection (dpi) in animals infected with all three strains. This was accompanied by a transient B cell depletion and T cell and macrophage infiltration in the follicles together with T cell depletion in the interfollicular areas. A delayed upregulation of IFN-γ and IL-23p19 was observed mainly in the follicles. The PRRSV load was higher in all areas and time-points studied in the animals infected with the SU1-Bel strain. This paper describes the first application of LCM to study the cytokine transcript profiles and virus distribution in different compartments of the lymph node of pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Murcia University, "Mare Nostrum Excellence Campus - 3738", 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Rubén S Rosales
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Francisco J Pallarés
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Murcia University, "Mare Nostrum Excellence Campus - 3738", 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - David Risco
- Red de Grupos de Investigación Recursos Faunísticos, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003, Cáceres, Spain.
| | - Juan J Quereda
- Spanish National Center of Biotechnology (CSIC), C/Darwin 3, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Simon P Graham
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Jean-Pierre Frossard
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Sophie B Morgan
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Falko Steinbach
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK. .,Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7TE, UK.
| | - Trevor W Drew
- Department of Virology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Tony S Strickland
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK. .,Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7TE, UK.
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García-Nicolás O, Quereda JJ, Gómez-Laguna J, Salguero FJ, Carrasco L, Ramis G, Pallarés FJ. Cytokines transcript levels in lung and lymphoid organs during genotype 1 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) infection. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2014; 160:26-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Rodríguez-Gómez IM, Barranco I, Amarilla SP, García-Nicolás O, Salguero FJ, Carrasco L, Gómez-Laguna J. Activation of extrinsic- and Daxx-mediated pathways in lymphoid tissue of PRRSV-infected pigs. Vet Microbiol 2014; 172:186-94. [PMID: 24939593 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) is a major infectious pathogen in pigs leading to huge economical losses worldwide. PRRSV is able to escape from host immunity and causes transient infections. In the present study, expression of different apoptotic markers and its connection with PRRSV were assessed in tonsil and mediastinal lymph node from PRRSV-infected pigs. Cleaved caspase (CCasp)8, CCasp9, Fas, Daxx, CCasp3 and PRRSV expression were analyzed by immunohistochemistry. An up-regulation of CCasp8, Fas and CCasp3 expression in lymphocytes and macrophages from both organs was found during PRRSV infection, indicating the activation of the extrinsic-mediated pathway of apoptosis. Moreover, Daxx expression was also enhanced in macrophages of both organs, suggesting a simultaneous caspase-independent pathway of apoptosis. A correlation between the expression of the different apoptotic markers and IL-10, IL-6 and TGF-β but not with PRRSV antigen was found in our study, which supports the hypothesis of an indirect mechanism in PRRSV-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene M Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Córdoba University, "International Excellence Agrifood Campus - CeiA3", 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Inmaculada Barranco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Córdoba University, "International Excellence Agrifood Campus - CeiA3", 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Shyrley P Amarilla
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Córdoba University, "International Excellence Agrifood Campus - CeiA3", 14014 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Obdulio García-Nicolás
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Murcia University, "Mare Nostrum Campus of Excellence - 37 38", 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco J Salguero
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Surrey University, Guildford, Surrey, GU2 7TE, United Kingdom
| | - Librado Carrasco
- Department of Anatomy and Comparative Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Córdoba University, "International Excellence Agrifood Campus - CeiA3", 14014 Córdoba, Spain
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Rodríguez-Gómez I, Barranco I, Amarilla S, Gómez-Laguna J, García-Nicolás O, Ramis G, Pallarés F, Carrasco L. Activation of the Extrinsic Pathway of Apoptosis During PRRS. J Comp Pathol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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García-Nicolás O, Baumann A, Vielle NJ, Gómez-Laguna J, Quereda JJ, Pallarés FJ, Ramis G, Carrasco L, Summerfield A. Virulence and genotype-associated infectivity of interferon-treated macrophages by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome viruses. Virus Res 2014; 179:204-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abellaneda JM, Ramis G, Martínez-Alarcón L, Majado MJ, Quereda JJ, Herrero-Medrano JM, Mendonça L, García-Nicolás O, Reus M, Insausti C, Ríos A, López-Navas A, González MR, Pallarés FJ, Munoz A, Ramírez P, Parrilla P. Generation of human-to-pig chimerism to induce tolerance through transcutaneous in utero injection of cord blood-derived mononuclear cells or human bone marrow mesenchymals cells in a preclinical program of liver xenotransplantation: preliminary results. Transplant Proc 2013; 44:1574-8. [PMID: 22841218 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2012.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Using a percutaneous ecoguided injection system to obtain chimeric piglets through a less invasive and traumatic technique than previously reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS The two types of human cells included umbilical cord blood mononuclear elements and mesenchymal stem cells cultured from bone marrow. Four sows at gestational day 50 were anesthetized. A needle was inserted through the skin and uterine wall to reach the peritoneal cavity of the fetuses under continuous ultrasound guidance. Fourteen piglets were injected with various cell concentrations. RESULTS All sows carried pregnancies to term yielding 69 piglets, among which 67 were alive and two mummified. Two piglets died during the first 48 hours of life. Chimerism was detected using flow cytometry and by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (q-PCR) to detect Alu gene in blood or tissues samples. The analysis detected blood chimerism in 13 piglets (21%) by flow cytometry and the presence of the human Alu gene in 33 (51%) by q-PCR. The results suggest cell trafficking between littermates after in utero injection. CONCLUSIONS Transcutaneous echo-guided injection succeeded to produce chimeric piglets without disadvantages to the sow or the fetuses and avoiding abortions or fetal death.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Abellaneda
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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García-Nicolás O, Quereda J, Gómez-Laguna J, Barranco I, Ramis G, Pallarés F, Carrasco L. IL-10 Transcriptional and Protein Expression in Lungs of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV)-infected Pigs. J Comp Pathol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.11.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Barranco I, Gómez-Laguna J, Rodríguez-Gómez I, Pallarés F, Ramis G, García-Nicolás O, Salguero F, Carrasco L. Differential Expression of Cleaved Caspase-3 and Tunel in the Lung and Lymphoid Organs of PRRSV-infected Pigs. J Comp Pathol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.11.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Quereda JJ, Herrero-Medrano JM, Abellaneda JM, García-Nicolás O, Martínez-Alarcón L, Pallarés FJ, Ramírez P, Muñoz A, Ramis G. Porcine endogenous retrovirus copy number in different pig breeds is not related to genetic diversity. Zoonoses Public Health 2012; 59:401-7. [PMID: 22348392 DOI: 10.1111/j.1863-2378.2012.01467.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The risk of zoonoses is a major obstacle to xenotransplantation. Porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) poses a potential risk of zoonotic infection, and its control is a prerequisite for the development of clinical xenotransplantation. The copy number of PERV varies among different breeds, and it has been suggested that the PERV integrations number is increased by inbreeding. The purpose of this study was (i) to examine the copy number of PERV in different Spanish pig breeds, Spanish wild boar and commercial cross-bred pigs from five different farms and genetic background (CCP1-CCP5) and (ii) to investigate the correlation between PERV copy number and the genetic background of the pigs in order to improve the selection of pigs for xenotransplantation. PERV copy number was determined by quantitative, real-time polymerase chain reactions. Thirty-four microsatellite markers were genotyped to describe the genetic diversity within populations (observed and expected heterozygosities, Ho and He, respectively) and the inbreeding coefficient (F). Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between PERV copy number and Ho, He and F. The copy number of PERV among different pig breeds was estimated to range between three (CCP1) and 43 copies (Iberian Pig). Statistical differences were found among the studied populations concerning PERV copy number. No correlation was found between the PERV copy number and the heterozygosity (calculated at an individual level or at a population level) or the inbreeding coefficient of each population. Our data suggest that pigs inbreeding does not increase PERV copy number and support the idea that careful selection of pigs for organ donation with reduced PERV copy number will minimize the risk of retrovirus transmission to the human receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Quereda
- Departamento de Producción Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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