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Bao H, Gong Z, Zhao J, Ren P, Yu Z, Su N, Gong L, Mao W, Liu B, Zhang S, Yang Y, Cao J. Prostaglandin D 2 is involved in the regulation of inflammatory response in Staphylococcus aureus-infected mice macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 129:111526. [PMID: 38295545 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is one of the most infamous and widespread bacterial pathogens, causing a hard-to-estimate number of uncomplicated skin infections and probably hundreds of thousands to millions of more severe, invasive infections globally per year. S. aureus may also be acquired from animals, especially in the livestock industry. The interaction mechanism of host and S. aureus has significance for finding ways to against S. aureus infection and control inflammatory response of host, while the molecular biological activities after S. aureus infection, particular in inflammatory and immune cells are not fully clear. The present study aimed to explore whether pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) mediate prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) synthesis and PGD2 participates in the regulation of inflammatory response in macrophages during S. aureus infection or synthetic bacterial lipopeptide (Pam2CSK4) stimulation. PGD2 secretion level was enhanced by mice peritoneal macrophages infected with the S. aureus. The results indicated that PGD2 secretion was impaired in S. aureus infected-macrophages from toll-like receptors 2 (TLR2)-deficient and NLR pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3)-deficient mice. PGD2 synthetase (hematopoietic PGD synthase, HPGDS) inhibitors could reduce the activation of macrophage mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/nuclear factor-κ-gene binding (NF-κB) signaling pathways. HPGDS inhibition impaired cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-10 and RANTES) secretion and macrophage phagocytosis during S. aureus infection. In addition, inhibition of endogenous PGD2 synthesis was unable to affect the TLR2 and NLRP3 expression in S. aureus-infected macrophages. Taken together, macrophage PGD2 secretion after S. aureus infection depended on receptors TLR2 and NLRP3, and the induced PGD2 participated in the regulation of inflammatory response in S. aureus-infected macrophages. Interestingly, it was found that exogenous PGD2 down-regulated the cytokines secretion and had no effect on phagocytosis in the S. aureus-infected macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Bao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot, China; Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot, China; Key Lab of Germplasm Innovation and Utilization of Triticeae Crop, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot, China
| | - Zhiguo Gong
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot, China; Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot, China
| | - Jiamin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot, China; Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot, China
| | - Peipei Ren
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot, China; Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot, China
| | - Zhuoya Yu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot, China; Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot, China
| | - Niri Su
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot, China; Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot, China
| | - Linlin Gong
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot, China; Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot, China
| | - Wei Mao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot, China; Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot, China; Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot, China
| | - Shuangyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot, China; Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot, China
| | - Yinfeng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot, China; Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot, China.
| | - Jinshan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Clinical Diagnosis and Treatment Techniques for Animal Disease, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot, China; Laboratory of Veterinary Clinical Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, No. 29, Erdosdong Road, Saihan District, 010011 Hohhot, China.
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Arifin J, Massi MN, Biakto KT, Bukhari A, Noor Z, Johan MP. Randomized controlled trial of vitamin d supplementation on toll-like receptor-2 ( tlr-2) and toll-like receptor-4 (tlr-4) in tuberculosis spondylitis patients. J Orthop Surg Res 2023; 18:983. [PMID: 38129893 PMCID: PMC10740285 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-023-04445-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tuberculosis spondylitis accounts for approximately 50% of all cases of skeletal tuberculosis. Vitamin D plays a role in the immune system. Vitamin D helps in the activation of TLR-2 and TLR-4, which play a role in the process of tuberculosis infection. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of oral supplementation with vitamin D on TLR-2 and TLR-4 levels in tuberculosis spondylitis patients. METHODS The true Experiment Design Pretest-Posttest with Control Group (Pretest-Posttest with Control Group) was used for this research. TLR-2 and TLR-4 were measured by ELISA. Repeated ANOVA, ANOVA tests, and Kolmogorov-Smirnov normality tests on the SPSS program were used to statistically analyze the results. RESULT In the dose groups of 10,000 IU and 5000 IU, significant increases in the levels of vitamin D, TLR-2, and TLR-4 were observed at weeks 4 and 8 (p < 0.05). In the control group, there was no significant increase. CONCLUSIONS Vitamin D supplements can significantly increase TLR-2 and TLR-4 levels. Supplementation with vitamin D 10,000 IU/day for 8 weeks can increase vitamin D levels > 50 ng/dl to optimally act as an immunomodulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jainal Arifin
- Orthopaedic and Traumatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Nasrum Massi
- Clinical Microbiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia.
| | - Karya Triko Biakto
- Orthopaedic and Traumatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Agussalim Bukhari
- Clinical Nutrition Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
| | - Zairin Noor
- Orthopaedic and Traumatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarmasin, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Phetrus Johan
- Orthopaedic and Traumatology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
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Shunthwal J, Sihag ZS, Magotra A, Meetu, Sihag S. Investigating the impact of linseed supplementation, rich in omega-3 fatty acids, on the expression of immune genes in Beetal Goats. Anim Biotechnol 2023:1-6. [PMID: 37905718 DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2023.2263049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of linseed supplementation on serum profiling and differential expression levels of IL-2 and TLR 2 genes involved in the immune system of lactating goats. The study was conducted on 15 lactating Beetal goats for 3 months, which were divided into three groups. Treatment group T1 was kept as a control group with no linseed supplementation, whereas treatment group T2 received ground linseed at the rate 10% of concentrate per day per animal, and treatment group T3 received 20% ground linseed. The concentration of triglycerides, cholesterol and LDL concentration were found to be significantly lower (P < 0.05) in both 10% and 20% linseed supplemented group than the control group. Whereas, HDL concentration in T2 and T3 group were found to be significantly higher than the control group. The differential expression of targeted genes comparatively revealed highest relative expression in the group that received 20% linseed supplementation. Although the study did not show a significant effect of linseed supplementation on the expression of TLR-2 and IL-2 genes in goats, it highlights the potential benefits of omega-3 PUFA supplementation on immune system modulation in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Shunthwal
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science (LUVAS), Hisar, India
| | - Zile Singh Sihag
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science (LUVAS), Hisar, India
| | - Ankit Magotra
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, LUVAS, Hisar, India
| | - Meetu
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science (LUVAS), Hisar, India
| | - Sajjan Sihag
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Science (LUVAS), Hisar, India
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Nakagawa M, Izawa T, Kuwamura M, Yamate J. Analyses of damage-associated molecular patterns, particularly biglycan, in cisplatin-induced rat progressive renal fibrosis. J Toxicol Pathol 2023; 36:181-185. [PMID: 37577365 PMCID: PMC10412960 DOI: 10.1293/tox.2022-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and their receptors (TLR-2 and -4) may play important roles in renal fibrosis, of which the pathogenesis is complicated. We used rat renal lesions induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin at 6 mg/kg body weight; consisting of tissue damage of renal tubules on days 1 and 3, further damage and regeneration with inflammation mainly on days 5 and 7, and interstitial fibrosis on days 9, 12, 15, and 20. Microarray analyses on days 5 (the commencement of inflammation) and 9 (the commencement of interstitial fibrosis) showed that DAMPs increased by more than two-fold relative to control included common extra-cellular matrix (ECM) components such as laminin (Lamc2) and fibronectin, and heat shock protein family, as well as fibrinogen, although it was limited analysis; Lamc2, an element of basement membrane, may be regarded as an indicator for damaged renal tubules. In the real-time RT-PCR analyses, TLR-2 significantly increased transiently on day 1, whereas TLR-4 significantly increased on days 9 and 15, almost in agreement with the increased biglycan (a small leucine-rich proteoglycan as ubiquitous ECM component). As M1/M2 macrophages participated in renal lesions, such as inflammation and fibrosis, presumably, TLR-4, which may be expressed in immune cells, could play crucial roles in the formation of renal lesions in association with biglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minto Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan
University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano City, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Takeshi Izawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan
University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano City, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kuwamura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan
University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano City, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
| | - Jyoji Yamate
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Osaka Metropolitan
University, 1-58 Rinku-Ourai-Kita, Izumisano City, Osaka 598-8531, Japan
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Elbrolosy AM, Elabd NS, ElGedawy GA, Abozeid M, Abdelkreem M, Montaser B, Eed EM, Elhamouly MS. Toll- like receptor 2 polymorphism and IL-6 profile in relation to disease progression in chronic HBV infection: a case control study in Egyptian patients. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:117-29. [PMID: 35119591 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00792-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) has a wide range of outcomes depending on host immune responses mainly Toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling and released cytokines. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) may influence the course of CHB. We aimed to elucidate the relation between TLR-2 polymorphism, IL-6 profile, and CHB progression. We analyzed TLR-2 polymorphism (SNP; rs3804099) in 185 CHB patients and 60 controls using TaqMan allelic discrimination assay. Serum IL-6 levels were assessed by ELISA. IL-6 levels were considerably higher in active CHB and cirrhotic patients compared with inactive carriers and controls (P < 0.001). IL-6 showed positive correlation with ALT and advanced fibrosis in active CHB patients (r = 0.31, P = 0.02). A significant positive correlation was noticed between IL-6 and HBV DNA PCR in all CHB groups. TT genotype of rs3804099/TLR-2 was significantly more prevalent in inactive carriers compared to active hepatitis patients (P = 0.04, OR = 0.39 and 95% CI: 0.16-0.95). Both heterozygous CT and mutant TT genotypes were significantly more frequent among inactive carriers compared to cirrhotic patients (P = 0.01, OR = 0.33, 95% CI: 0.13-0.81 and P = 0.009, OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.13-0.77). TT genotype was significantly related to lower IL-6 levels in active hepatitis and cirrhotic groups (P = 0.005 and P = 0.001, respectively) showing that TLR mutations would be associated with milder hepatitis activity and lower possibility for disease progression. There may be a positive association between TLR2 rs3804099 polymorphism and hepatitis B activity. IL-6 is a good indicator of CHB disease progression.
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Hasan A, Roome T, Wahid M, Ansari SA, Akhtar H, Jilani SNA, Kiyani A. Gene expression analysis of toll like receptor 2 and 4, Dectin-1, Osteopontin and inflammatory cytokines in human dental pulp ex-vivo. BMC Oral Health 2022; 22:563. [PMID: 36463168 PMCID: PMC9719632 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-022-02621-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toll like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4 present on innate immune cells of the dental pulp detect cariogenic bacteria. Along with bacteria, C. albicans may also be present in dental caries. The presence of C. albicans can be detected by Dectin-1 a C type Lectin receptor. Expression of Dectin-1 in human pulpits has not been reported. Similarly, cytokines are released as a consequence of dental pulp inflammation caused by cariogenic bacteria. The T helper (Th) 1 inflammatory response leads to exacerbation of inflammation and its relationship with Osteopontin (OPN) is not known in pulp inflammation. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to observe the expression of Dectin-1, TLR-2, OPN and pro-inflammatory cytokines in irreversibly inflamed human dental pulp and to observe relationship between Dectin-1/TLR-2 and OPN/Pro-inflammatory cytokines in the presence of appropriate controls. METHODS A total of 28 subjects diagnosed with irreversible pulpitis were included in this ex-vivo study. Fifteen samples were subjected to standard hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) and immunohistochemistry staining. Whereas, gene expression analysis was performed on 13 samples to observe mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines; tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1 beta (ß), IL-6 Dectin-1, OPN, TLR-2 and TLR-4. SPSS version 21 was used for statistical analysis. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA), Pearson correlation and Chi-square test were used at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS Gene expressions of Dectin-1, TLR-2 and TLR-4 were observed in all samples. Dectin-1 and TLR-2 expressions were significantly correlated (r = 0.5587, p = 0.0002). Similarly, OPN and TNF-α expression showed a significant correlation (r = 0.5860, p = 0001). The agreement between histologic and clinical diagnosis was 69.2% in the cases of irreversible pulpitis. CONCLUSION Dectin-1 was expressed by inflamed human dental pulp. Dectin-1 and TLR-2 expression pattern was suggestive of a collaborative receptor response in inflamed pulp environment. OPN and TNF-α expressions showed a positive correlation indicating a possible relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Hasan
- grid.412080.f0000 0000 9363 9292Department of Operative Dentistry, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Baba-E-Urdu Road, Karachi, 74200 Pakistan
| | - Talat Roome
- Department of Pathology, Section Molecular Pathology, Dow International Medical College, Ojha Campus, Gulzar-E-Hijri, Karachi, Pakistan ,grid.412080.f0000 0000 9363 9292Dow Institute for Advanced Biological and Animal Research, Dow University of Health Sciences, Ojha Campus, Gulzar-E-Hijri, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Mohsin Wahid
- grid.412080.f0000 0000 9363 9292Department of Pathology, Dow International Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Ojha Campus, Gulzar-E-Hijri, Karachi, Pakistan ,grid.412080.f0000 0000 9363 9292Dow Research Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedical Sciences, Dow University of Health Sciences, Ojha Campus, Gulzar-E-Hijri, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shazia Akbar Ansari
- grid.412080.f0000 0000 9363 9292Department of Oral Pathology, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Baba-E-Urdu Road, Karachi, 74200 Pakistan
| | - Hira Akhtar
- grid.412080.f0000 0000 9363 9292Department of Operative Dentistry, Dow Dental College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Baba-E-Urdu Road, Karachi, 74200 Pakistan
| | - Syeda Neha Ahmed Jilani
- grid.412080.f0000 0000 9363 9292Dow Institute for Advanced Biological and Animal Research, Dow University of Health Sciences, Ojha Campus, Gulzar-E-Hijri, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Amber Kiyani
- grid.414839.30000 0001 1703 6673Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnosis, Islamic International Dental College, Riphah International University, 7th Avenue G-7/4, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Dey R, Bishayi B. Ascorbic acid along with ciprofloxacin regulates S. aureus induced microglial inflammatory responses and oxidative stress through TLR-2 and glucocorticoid receptor modulation. Inflammopharmacology 2022. [PMID: 35704229 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-01012-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Microglial inflammatory responses play a central role in the pathogenesis of S. aureus induced brain infections. Upon activation, microglia produces free radicals (ROS/RNS) and disrupts the cellular antioxidant defense to combat invading microorganisms. Despite conventional antibiotic or steroid therapy, microglial over-activation could not be controlled. So, an attempt had been taken by using a natural antioxidant ascorbic acid along with ciprofloxacin to regulate microglial over-activation by involving TLR-2 and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in an in-vitro cell culture-based study. Combinatorial treatment during TLR-2 neutralization effectively reduced the bacterial burden at 60 min compared to the GR blocking condition (p < 0.05). Moreover, the infection-induced H2O2, O2.-, and NO release in microglial cell culture was diminished possibly by enhancing SOD and catalase activities in the same condition (p < 0.05). The arginase activity was markedly increased after TLR-2 blocking in the combinatorial group compared to single treatments (p < 0.05). Experimental results indicated that combinatorial treatment may act through up-regulating GR expression by augmenting endogenous corticosterone levels. However, better bacterial clearance could further suppress the TLR-2 mediated pro-inflammatory NF-κB signaling. From Western blot analysis, it was concluded that ciprofloxacin-ascorbic acid combination in presence of anti-TLR-2 antibody exhibited 81.25% inhibition of TLR-2 expression while the inhibition for GR was 3.57% with respect to the infected group. Therefore, during TLR-2 blockade ascorbic acid combination might be responsible for the restoration of redox balance in microglia via modulating TLR-2/GR interaction. The combination treatment could play a major role in the neuroendocrine-immune regulation of S. aureus induced microglial activation.
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Mayslich C, Grange PA, Castela M, Marcelin AG, Calvez V, Dupin N. Characterization of a Cutibacterium acnes Camp Factor 1-Related Peptide as a New TLR-2 Modulator in In Vitro and Ex Vivo Models of Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23095065. [PMID: 35563458 PMCID: PMC9104286 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23095065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) has been implicated in inflammatory acne where highly mutated Christie-Atkins-Munch-Petersen factor (CAMP)1 displays strong toll like receptor (TLR)-2 binding activity. Using specific antibodies, we showed that CAMP1 production was independent of C. acnes phylotype and involved in the induction of inflammation. We confirmed that TLR-2 bound both mutated and non-mutated recombinant CAMP1, and peptide array analysis showed that seven peptides (A14, A15, B1, B2, B3, C1 and C3) were involved in TLR-2 binding, located on the same side of the three-dimensional structure of CAMP1. Both mutated and non-mutated recombinant CAMP1 proteins induced the production of C-X-C motif chemokine ligand interleukin (CXCL)8/(IL)-8 in vitro in keratinocytes and that of granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-1β and IL-10 in ex vivo human skin explants. Only A14, B1 and B2 inhibited the production of CXCL8/IL-8 by keratinocytes and that of (GM-CSF), TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-10 in human skin explants stimulated with rCAMP1 and C. acnes. Following pretreatment with B2, RNA sequencing on skin explants identified the 10 genes displaying the strongest differential expression as IL6, TNF, CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL8, IL-1β, chemokine ligand (CCL)2, CCL4 and colony stimulating factor (CSF)2. We, thus, identified a new CAMP1-derived peptide as a TLR-2 modulator likely to be a good candidate for clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constance Mayslich
- Département DRC, Développement, Reproduction et Cancer, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (C.M.); (P.A.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Philippe Alain Grange
- Département DRC, Développement, Reproduction et Cancer, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (C.M.); (P.A.G.); (M.C.)
- Service de Dermatologie-Vénéréologie et CeGIDD, Groupe Hospitalier APHP.centre, CNR IST Bactériennes—Laboratoire Associé Syphilis, 75014 Paris, France
- Hôpital Cochin, U1016, Equipe Biologie Cutanée—CNR IST bactériennes—Syphilis 24, rue du faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Castela
- Département DRC, Développement, Reproduction et Cancer, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (C.M.); (P.A.G.); (M.C.)
| | - Anne Geneviève Marcelin
- National Reference Centre for Herpesviruses, Virology Department, Team 3 THERAVIR, and AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière—Charles Foix University Hospital, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (A.G.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Vincent Calvez
- National Reference Centre for Herpesviruses, Virology Department, Team 3 THERAVIR, and AP-HP, Pitié-Salpêtrière—Charles Foix University Hospital, Institut Pierre Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique (iPLESP), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75013 Paris, France; (A.G.M.); (V.C.)
| | - Nicolas Dupin
- Département DRC, Développement, Reproduction et Cancer, Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016-CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; (C.M.); (P.A.G.); (M.C.)
- Service de Dermatologie-Vénéréologie et CeGIDD, Groupe Hospitalier APHP.centre, CNR IST Bactériennes—Laboratoire Associé Syphilis, 75014 Paris, France
- Hôpital Cochin, U1016, Equipe Biologie Cutanée—CNR IST bactériennes—Syphilis 24, rue du faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-158-411-849; Fax: +33-158-411-55
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Bomfim CCB, Fisher L, Amaral EP, Mittereder L, McCann K, Correa AAS, Namasivayam S, Swamydas M, Moayeri M, Weiss JM, Chari R, McVicar DW, Costa DL, D’Império Lima MR, Sher A. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Induces Irg1 in Murine Macrophages by a Pathway Involving Both TLR-2 and STING/IFNAR Signaling and Requiring Bacterial Phagocytosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:862582. [PMID: 35586249 PMCID: PMC9109611 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.862582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Irg1 is an enzyme that generates itaconate, a metabolite that plays a key role in the regulation of inflammatory responses. Previous studies have implicated Irg1 as an important mediator in preventing excessive inflammation and tissue damage in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. Here, we investigated the pattern recognition receptors and signaling pathways by which Mtb triggers Irg1 gene expression by comparing the responses of control and genetically deficient BMDMs. Using this approach, we demonstrated partial roles for TLR-2 (but not TLR-4 or -9), MyD88 and NFκB signaling in Irg1 induction by Mtb bacilli. In addition, drug inhibition studies revealed major requirements for phagocytosis and endosomal acidification in Irg1 expression triggered by Mtb but not LPS or PAM3CSK4. Importantly, the Mtb-induced Irg1 response was highly dependent on the presence of the bacterial ESX-1 secretion system, as well as host STING and Type I IFN receptor (IFNAR) signaling with Type II IFN (IFN-γ) signaling playing only a minimal role. Based on these findings we hypothesize that Mtb induces Irg1 expression in macrophages via the combination of two independent triggers both dependent on bacterial phagocytosis: 1) a major signal stimulated by phagocytized Mtb products released by an ESX-1-dependent mechanism into the cytosol where they activate the STING pathway leading to Type I-IFN production, and 2) a secondary TLR-2, MyD88 and NFκB dependent signal that enhances Irg1 production independently of Type I IFN induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio C. B. Bomfim
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Logan Fisher
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Eduardo P. Amaral
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lara Mittereder
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Katelyn McCann
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - André A. S. Correa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sivaranjani Namasivayam
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Muthulekha Swamydas
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Mahtab Moayeri
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jonathan M. Weiss
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Raj Chari
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Daniel W. McVicar
- Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Diego L. Costa
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Basic and Applied Immunology - Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria R. D’Império Lima
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alan Sher
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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10
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Alesci A, Pergolizzi S, Capillo G, Lo Cascio P, Lauriano ER. Rodlet cells in kidney of goldfish (Carassius auratus, Linnaeus 1758): A light and confocal microscopy study. Acta Histochem 2022; 124:151876. [PMID: 35303512 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2022.151876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Rodlet cells (RCs) have always been an enigma for scientists. RCs have been given a variety of activities over the years, including ion transport, osmoregulation, and sensory function. These cells, presumably as members of the granulocyte line, are present only in teleosts and play a role in the innate immune response. RCs are migratory cells found in a variety of organs, including skin, vascular, digestive, uropoietic, reproductive, and respiratory systems, and present distinct physical properties that make them easily recognizable in tissues and organs. The development of RCs can be divided into four stages: granular, transitional, mature, and ruptured, having different morphological characteristics. Our study aims to characterize the different stages of these cells by histomorphological and histochemical techniques. Furthermore, we characterized these cells at all stages with peroxidase and fluorescence immunohistochemical techniques using different antibodies: S100, tubulin, α-SMA, piscidin, and for the first time TLR-2. From our results, the immunoreactivity of these cells to the antibodies performed may confirm that RCs play a role in fish defense mechanisms, helping to expand the state of the art on immunology and immune cells of teleosts.
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11
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Aref S, Abdelmaksoud A, Abdellaziz S, Al Tantawy A, Mabed M, Atia D. Clinical Implication of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR2 and TLR4) Polymorphisms in Adult Patients with Acute B-cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2022; 23:823-828. [PMID: 35345353 PMCID: PMC9360939 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2022.23.3.823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS Neutropenia after intensive chemotherapy of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) could lead to infectious complications that affect outcome of acute leukemia patients. Many single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) can affect the genetic susceptibility to infections. We investigated the impact of different SNPs on the incidence of developing sepsis and pneumonia in patients with newly diagnosed B-ALL following induction chemotherapy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We analyzed three SNPs in the TLR2 (Arg753Gln) and TLR4 (Asp299Gly& Thr399Ile) genes using polymerase chain reaction - restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) in a case control study of 40 precursor B-ALL patients and 50 control subjects. The risk of developing sepsis and pneumonia were assessed by multiple logistic regression analyses. RESULTS The presence of the TLR-2 AG polymorphism was significantly associated with pneumonia in B-ALL patients. Furthermore, TLR4 Thr399Ile AG was a risk factor for sepsis in B-ALL patients. Moreover; Significant association between TLR-2 AA, TLR-4 CC and TL-4 AA genotypes and longer OS were detected in studied B-ALL patients. CONCLUSION We concluded that TLR-4 (AG and CT) genotypes are associated with high susceptibility to sepsis and pneumonia respectively; while, TLR-2, TLR-4 AA and TLR-4 CC genotypes could predict good B-ALL patients outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salah Aref
- Department of Hematology Unit Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | | | - Sherin Abdellaziz
- Department of Hematology Unit Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Al Tantawy
- Oncology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine Oncology Center, Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Mabed
- Hematology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine Oncology Center Mansoura University, Egypt
| | - Doaa Atia
- Department of Hematology Unit Clinical Pathology, Mansoura University, Egypt
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12
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Dahiya P, Hussain MA, Mazumder S. mtROS Induced via TLR-2-SOCE Signaling Plays Proapoptotic and Bactericidal Role in Mycobacterium fortuitum-Infected Head Kidney Macrophages of Clarias gariepinus. Front Immunol 2022; 12:748758. [PMID: 34987503 PMCID: PMC8720869 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.748758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying Mycobacterium fortuitum-induced mycobacteriosis remain unexplored. Using head kidney macrophages (HKM) from catfish (Clarias gariepinus), we report that Ca2+ surge across mitochondrial-Ca2+ uniporter (MICU), and consequent mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) production, is imperative for mycobactericidal activity. Inhibition of mtROS alleviated HKM apoptosis and enhanced bacterial survival. Based on RNA interference (RNAi) and inhibitor studies, we demonstrate that the Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2–endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress–store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) axis is instrumental for activating the mt-Ca2+/mtROS cascade in M. fortuitum-infected HKM. Additionally, pharmacological inhibition of mtROS attenuated the expression of CHOP, STIM1, and Orai1, which suggests a positive feedback loop between ER-stress-induced SOCE and mtROS production. Elevated tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels and caspase-8 activity were observed in HKM consequent to M. fortuitum infection, and our results implicate that mtROS is crucial in activating the TNF-mediated caspase-8 activation. Our results for the first time demonstrate mitochondria as an innate immune signaling center regulating mycobacteriosis in fish. We conclude that M. fortuitum-induced persistent SOCE signaling leads to mtROS production, which in turn activates the TNF-α/caspase-8 axis culminating in HKM apoptosis and bacterial clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Dahiya
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Md Arafat Hussain
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
| | - Shibnath Mazumder
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, India.,Faculty of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, India
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13
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Xu Z, Hao W, Xu D, He Y, Yan Z, Sun F, Li X, Yang X, Yu Y, Tang R, Zheng K, Pan W. Polyene Phosphatidylcholine Interacting with TLR-2 Prevents the Synovial Inflammation via Inactivation of MAPK and NF-κB Pathways. Inflammation 2022; 45:1507-1519. [PMID: 35107766 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01633-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune joint disease that causes cartilage and bone damage or even disability, seriously endangering human health. Chronic synovial inflammation has been shown to play a vital role in disease sustainability. Therefore, downregulation of synovial inflammation is considered to be an effective discipline for RA therapy. Polyene phosphatidylcholine (PPC) is a hepatoprotective agent, which was observed to inhibit inflammation in macrophages and prevent collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) of rats in our previous study. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. The present study further reported that PPC can inhibit synovial inflammation. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated primary synovial fibroblasts (SFs) of mice, PPC significantly decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines production while increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines level. In this process, PPC downregulated the expression of TLR-2 and their downstream signaling molecules such as MyD88, p-ERK1/2, p-JNK1/2, and p-P38 in MAPK pathway and p-IκBα and NF-κB-p65 in NF-κB pathway. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of PPC on the above molecules and cytokines was weakened after pre-treatment with TLR-2 agonist Pam3CSK4. In addition, PPC lost its anti-inflammatory effect and its suppressing capability on MAPK and NF-κB pathways in TLR-2-/- primary SFs after exposure to LPS. Collectively, this study demonstrated that PPC can alleviate synovial inflammation through TLR-2-mediated MAPK and NF-κB pathways, which can be proposed to be a potential drug candidate for RA prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Tongshan Road 209, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China.,The First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine (Xuzhou Medical University), Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenting Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Tongshan Road 209, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China.,Xuzhou Municipal Hospital, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Daxiang Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Tongshan Road 209, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China
| | - Yan He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Tongshan Road 209, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China.,The First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine (Xuzhou Medical University), Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ziyi Yan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Tongshan Road 209, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China.,The First Clinical Medical College, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine (Xuzhou Medical University), Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fenfen Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Tongshan Road 209, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China.,National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Basic Medicine (Xuzhou Medical University), Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiangyang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Tongshan Road 209, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China
| | - Xiaoying Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Tongshan Road 209, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China
| | - Yinghua Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Tongshan Road 209, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China
| | - Renxian Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Tongshan Road 209, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China
| | - Kuiyang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Tongshan Road 209, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China.
| | - Wei Pan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Tongshan Road 209, Jiangsu Province, 221004, China.
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14
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Gazi U, Ozkayalar H, Mujahed MIM, Tosun O, Dalkan C, Sanlidag B, Asım Safak M, Mocan G, Onder Bahceciler N. Altered tonsillar toll-like receptor (TLR)-1 and TLR-2 expression levels between periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and cervical adenitis (PFAPA), and group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GAβHS) recurrent tonsillitis patients. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 144:110674. [PMID: 33725589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2021.110674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tonsillar microenvironment is thought to contribute to innate immune dysregulation responsible for the periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and cervical adenitis (PFAPA) because of beneficial effects of tonsillectomy on treatment of the syndrome. Accordingly previous studies reported altered lymphocyte frequency, cytokine level and microbial composition in PFAPA tonsils. The aim of our study is to monitor expression levels of pro-inflammatory cell surface Toll-like receptors (TLRs) which have important role in induction of inflammation and maintaining tissue haemostasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seven patients with PFAPA syndrome, and eight patients with group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GAβHS) recurrent tonsillitis were included in our study. Tonsillar expression levels of TLR-1, -2, -4, -5, and -6 were monitored by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Expression levels were scored using semi-quantitative analysis method and were statistically analyzed by Two-Way Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance test. RESULTS IHC analysis demonstrated expression of all TLRs in tonsillar surface epithelium (SE) and lymphoid interior (LI) except for TLR-6 which was not present in the former. There has not been any statistically significant difference in TLR expression levels between PFAPA and GAβHS tonsils, except for TLR-1 and TLR-2 which were higher on LI and lower on SE of PFAPA tonsils, respectively, than that of the GAβHS samples. CONCLUSIONS Altered TLR expression levels may be involved in PFAPA pathogenesis. Future studies with higher patient number, uninflamed tonsils and cellular markers are required to further enlighten the role of TLRs in the development of syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umut Gazi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus.
| | - Hanife Ozkayalar
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Monjed I M Mujahed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ozgur Tosun
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ceyhun Dalkan
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Burcin Sanlidag
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Mustafa Asım Safak
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Gamze Mocan
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
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15
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Ellefsen CF, Wold CW, Wilkins AL, Rise F, Samuelsen ABC. Water-soluble polysaccharides from Pleurotus eryngii fruiting bodies, their activity and affinity for Toll-like receptor 2 and dectin-1. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 264:117991. [PMID: 33910729 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.117991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The mushroom cell wall contains polysaccharides that can activate cells of the innate immune system through receptors such as Toll-like receptors (TLR) and dectin-1. In the present study, Pleurotus eryngii polysaccharide fractions containing a 3-O methylated mannogalactan and (1→3)/(1→6)-β-d-glucans were isolated and extensively characterized by 2D NMR and methylation analysis. Traces of a (1→3)-α-d-glucan and a (1→2)-α-d-mannan were also observed. Affinity for TLR2, TLR2-TLR6 and dectin-1 using HEK-cells expressing the relevant receptor genes was tested. PeWN, containing the 3-O methylated mannogalactan, was inactive towards TLR2, whereas fraction PeWB, containing more β-glucan, activated the TLR2-TLR6 heterodimer. Activation of the human β-glucan receptor dectin-1 correlated with the amount of β-glucan in each fraction. Nitric oxide and cytokine supernatant levels of D2SC/1 dendritic cells stimulated with the P. eryngii fractions and interferon-γ were low to moderate. The results indicate that the immunomodulatory activity of water-soluble P. eryngii polysaccharide fractions is modest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Winther Wold
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1068 Blindern, NO-0316, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alistair L Wilkins
- School of Science and Engineering, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Frode Rise
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1033 Blindern, NO-0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne Berit C Samuelsen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, P.O.Box 1068 Blindern, NO-0316, Oslo, Norway
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16
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Mhamane TB, Sambyal S, Vemireddy S, Khan IA, Shafi S, Halmuthur M SK. Novel 1,2,3-triazole-tethered Pam 3CAG conjugates as potential TLR-2 agonistic vaccine adjuvants. Bioorg Chem 2021; 111:104838. [PMID: 33848722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2021.104838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A focused library of water soluble 1,2,3-triazole tethered glycopeptide conjugates derived from variety of azido-monosaccharides and aliphatic azido-alcohols were synthesized through manipulation at the C-terminus of Pam3CAG and screened for their potential as TLR2 agonistic adjuvants against HBsAg antigen. In vitro ligand induced TLR2 signal activation was observed with all the analogues upon treatment with HEK blue TLR2 cell lines. Conjugate derived from ribose (6e), which exhibited pronounced HBsAg specific antibody (IgG) titer also shown enhanced CD8+ population indicating superior cell mediated immunity compared to standard adjuvant Pam3CSK4. Further, docking studies revealed ligand induced heterodimerization between TLR1 and 2. Overall, the result indicates the usefulness of novel conjugates as potential vaccine adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tukaram B Mhamane
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, OSPC Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Shainy Sambyal
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, OSPC Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Sravanthi Vemireddy
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, OSPC Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India
| | - Imran A Khan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi
| | - Syed Shafi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi
| | - Sampath Kumar Halmuthur M
- Vaccine Immunology Laboratory, OSPC Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh 201 002, India.
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17
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Dahiya P, Datta D, Hussain MA, Verma G, Shelly A, Mehta P, Mazumder S. The coordinated outcome of STIM1-Orai1 and superoxide signalling is crucial for headkidney macrophage apoptosis and clearance of Mycobacterium fortuitum. Dev Comp Immunol 2021; 114:103800. [PMID: 32771347 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying M. fortuitum-induced pathogenesis remains elusive. Using headkidney macrophages (HKM) from Clarias gariepinus, we report that TLR-2-mediated internalization of M. fortuitum is imperative to the induction of pathogenic effects. Inhibiting TLR-2 signalling alleviated HKM apoptosis, thereby favouring bacterial survival. Additionally, TLR-2-mediated cytosolic calcium (Ca2+)c elevation was instrumental for eliciting ER-stress in infected HKM. ER-stress triggered the activation of membrane-proximal calcium entry channels comprising stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1) and calcium-release activated calcium channel 1 (Orai1). RNAi studies suggested STIM1-Orai1 signalling initiate calpain-mediated cleavage of nitric oxide synthase interacting protein, prompting the release of pro-apoptotic nitric oxide. Inhibiting STIM1-Orai1 signalling attenuated superoxide production (O2•-) and vice versa. We conclude, TLR-2-induced ER-stress triggers STIM1/Orai1 expression and that the reciprocal association between STIM1-Orai1 signalling and oxidative stress is critical for sustaining (Ca2+)c level, thereby prolonging ER-stress and maintenance of pro-oxidant rich environment to induce HKM apoptosis and bacterial clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Dahiya
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Debika Datta
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Md Arafat Hussain
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Gaurav Verma
- Lund University of Diabetes Centre, Lund University, Sweden, 21428, Malmo, Sweden
| | - Asha Shelly
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Priyanka Mehta
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India
| | - Shibnath Mazumder
- Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110 007, India; Faculty of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi, 110 021, India.
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18
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Proud PC, Tsitoura D, Watson RJ, Chua BY, Aram MJ, Bewley KR, Cavell BE, Cobb R, Dowall S, Fotheringham SA, Ho CMK, Lucas V, Ngabo D, Rayner E, Ryan KA, Slack GS, Thomas S, Wand NI, Yeates P, Demaison C, Zeng W, Holmes I, Jackson DC, Bartlett NW, Mercuri F, Carroll MW. Prophylactic intranasal administration of a TLR2/6 agonist reduces upper respiratory tract viral shedding in a SARS-CoV-2 challenge ferret model. EBioMedicine 2021; 63:103153. [PMID: 33279857 PMCID: PMC7711201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The novel human coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is a major ongoing global threat with huge economic burden. Like all respiratory viruses, SARS-CoV-2 initiates infection in the upper respiratory tract (URT). Infected individuals are often asymptomatic, yet highly infectious and readily transmit virus. A therapy that restricts initial replication in the URT has the potential to prevent progression of severe lower respiratory tract disease as well as limiting person-to-person transmission. METHODS SARS-CoV-2 Victoria/01/2020 was passaged in Vero/hSLAM cells and virus titre determined by plaque assay. Challenge virus was delivered by intranasal instillation to female ferrets at 5.0 × 106 pfu/ml. Treatment groups received intranasal INNA-051, developed by Ena Respiratory. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected using the 2019-nCoV CDC RUO Kit and QuantStudio™ 7 Flex Real-Time PCR System. Histopathological analysis was performed using cut tissues stained with haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). FINDINGS We show that prophylactic intra-nasal administration of the TLR2/6 agonist INNA-051 in a SARS-CoV-2 ferret infection model effectively reduces levels of viral RNA in the nose and throat. After 5 days post-exposure to SARS-CoV-2, INNA-051 significantly reduced virus in throat swabs (p=<0.0001) by up to a 24 fold (96% reduction) and in nasal wash (p=0.0107) up to a 15 fold (93% reduction) in comparison to untreated animals. INTERPRETATION The results of our study support clinical development of a therapy based on prophylactic TLR2/6 innate immune activation in the URT, to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission and provide protection against COVID-19. FUNDING This work was funded by Ena Respiratory, Melbourne, Australia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela C Proud
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Daphne Tsitoura
- Ena Respiratory, Level 9, 31 Queen St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - Robert J Watson
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Brendon Y Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Marilyn J Aram
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Kevin R Bewley
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Breeze E Cavell
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Rebecca Cobb
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Stuart Dowall
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Susan A Fotheringham
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Catherine M K Ho
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Vanessa Lucas
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Didier Ngabo
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Emma Rayner
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Kathryn A Ryan
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Gillian S Slack
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Stephen Thomas
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Nadina I Wand
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | - Paul Yeates
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG
| | | | - Weiguang Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Ian Holmes
- Ena Respiratory, Level 9, 31 Queen St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia
| | - David C Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, 792 Elizabeth St, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Nathan W Bartlett
- Viral Immunology and Respiratory Disease group and Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, University of Newcastle and Hunter Medical Research Institute, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Francesca Mercuri
- Ena Respiratory, Level 9, 31 Queen St, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.
| | - Miles W Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England (PHE), Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, United Kingdom SP4 0JG; Nuffield Dept of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK.
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19
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Song H, Hou X, Zeng M, Chen X, Chen X, Yang T, Xu F, Peng J, Peng Q, Cai X, Yu R. Traditional Chinese Medicine Li-Zhong-Tang accelerates the healing of indomethacin-induced gastric ulcers in rats by affecting TLR-2/MyD88 signaling pathway. J Ethnopharmacol 2020; 259:112979. [PMID: 32442585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.112979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Li-Zhong-Tang (LZT) is a well-known Chinese herbal formulation first described in one of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) scriptures, Treatise on Febrile Diseases. LZT has been commonly prescribed for the treatment of various gastrointestinal diseases for over 1800 years, and has demonstrated pronounced therapeutic effects on patients with gastric ulcers. AIM OF THE STUDY The present study aimed to scientifically evaluate protective effects of LZT on indomethacin (IND)-induced gastric injury in rats and to elucidate whether LZT exerts its gastro-protective effects via enhancing mucosal immunity by regulating TLR-2/MyD88 signaling pathway. MATERIAL AND METHODS Gastric ulcers were induced in male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats with a single oral dose of 150 mg/kg IND. Ulcer index (UI) and curative index (CI) were evaluated. Histopathological examinations were performed and microscopic score (MS) was macroscopically calculated. The volume of gastric juice, free acidity, total acidity, and gastric pH was measured. The gastroprotective and inflammatory biomarkers including levels of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined. Expression levels of TLR-2 and MyD88 mRNA were assessed by qRT-PCR. The expression, distribution, and co-localization of TLR-2 and MyD88 protein were determined by Western blot, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence, respectively. RESULTS Induction of gastric ulcers in rats resulted in very significantly increased UI and elevated volume and acidity of gastric juice, which were markedly attenuated by LZT treatment. Microscopic examinations of the IND-induced gastric ulcers revealed severe gastric hemorrhagic necrosis, submucosal edema, and destruction of epithelial cells, which were significantly attenuated in LZT-treated rats. Moreover, treatment with LZT remarkably increased gastric mucosal levels of PGE2 and NO, and lowered highly elevated levels of TNF-α and MDA in gastric ulcerative rats. Mechanistically, LZT inhibited mRNA and protein expression of TLR-2 and MyD88 and enhanced immune function in gastric mucosa. Immunohistochemical analyses and immunofluorescent detection further confirmed a markedly decreased co-localization of TLR-2 and MyD88 protein in the gastric mucosa of LZT-treated rats as compared to that of gastric ulcerative rats. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that LZT alleviates serious gastric mucosal ulcerations induced by IND. Protective effects of LZT on gastric ulcers are believed to be associated with the intensification of the anti-oxidative defense system, mitigation of proinflammatory cytokines, stimulation of the production of cytoprotective mediators, and improvement of the mucosal immunity through TLR-2/MyD88 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houpan Song
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
| | - Xueqin Hou
- Institute of Pharmacology, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai' an, Shandong, 271016, China.
| | - Meiyan Zeng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Research in TCM Prescriptions and Zheng, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
| | - Xiaojuan Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Research in TCM Prescriptions and Zheng, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
| | - Xinyi Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China; Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Research in TCM Prescriptions and Zheng, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
| | - Tao Yang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
| | - Fuping Xu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510120, China.
| | - Jun Peng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
| | - Qinghua Peng
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
| | - Xiong Cai
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Diagnostic Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China; Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
| | - Rong Yu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Translational Research in TCM Prescriptions and Zheng, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, 410208, China.
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20
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Xu J, Jia Z, Chen A, Wang C. Curcumin ameliorates Staphylococcus aureus-induced mastitis injury through attenuating TLR2-mediated NF-κB activation. Microb Pathog 2020; 142:104054. [PMID: 32061917 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
PROBLEM It has long been known that Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus, serotype CP8) is associated with clinical mastitis in cows, and recent scientific studies have shown that curcumin (CUR) is effective in anti-inflammatory. However, the mechanism of action of curcumin on S. aureus-induced cows has not been fully understood. Therefore, this study investigated whether curcumin could improve the inflammation response in mice mastitis and to clarify the possible mechanism. METHOD of study: A mouse mastitis model was established. The mice were administered curcumin (125 mg/kg), ciprofloxacin (130 mg/kg, CIP), and water (model group) for 5 days. RESULTS CUR and CIP treatment prevented the S. aureus-induced mouse mastitis increase the levels of IL-2, IL-10, and IFN-γ and decrease levels of IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α. Additionally, RT-PCR results showed that 20 μg/mL curcumin inhibited the mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, TRAF6 and MEKK1 in murine mammary epithelial cells (MMECs). Likewise, Western blotting results showed that CUR inhibited the expression of TRAF6 and MEKK1. CONCLUSION These results indicated that CUR is superior to CIP in the prevention of mastitis, and the mechanism may be that the curative effect of CUR inhibits TLR-2 mediated NF-κB signaling pathway in mouse mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, PR China; Henan Houyi Bio-Engineering, Inc., Zheng Zhou, 451161, PR China
| | - Zhifeng Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, PR China
| | - Aorigele Chen
- College of Animal Science, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, PR China
| | - Chunjie Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, 010018, PR China.
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21
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Will-Orrego A, Qiu Y, Fassbender ES, Shen S, Aranda J, Kotagiri N, Maker M, Liao SM, Jaffee BD, Poor SH. Amount of Mononuclear Phagocyte Infiltrate Does Not Predict Area of Experimental Choroidal Neovascularization (CNV). J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2019; 34:489-499. [PMID: 30188257 PMCID: PMC6152860 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2017.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Mononuclear phagocytes (MNPs) are present in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nv AMD) which is also called choroidal neovascularization (CNV). The number and phenotype of the MNPs depend upon the local environment in the CNV and effect of nv AMD therapy. We investigated ocular cell infiltration and conditions that modulate angiogenesis in a laser-induced mouse CNV model. Methods: We developed assays to quantify MNPs in our established mouse CNV model. One MNP assay quantified the number of subretinal cells peripheral to the CNV lesions. A second assay semiquantitatively assesses the number of MNPs localized to the CNV lesion. We used these assays to measure the effect of toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2) activation, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy, and chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (Ccl2) genetic deletion on MNP infiltration after laser injury. Results: Laser injury induced blood vessel growth and infiltration of MNPs. Systemic administration of a TLR-2 activating peptide increased laser-induced CNV area, MNP cell numbers, and MNP density over the CNV lesions. Systemic administration of a VEGF antibody reduced CNV area, while Ccl2 genetic deletion increased CNV area. Despite the change in amount of angiogenesis, MNP infiltration was, surprisingly, unchanged in these 2 conditions. Conclusions: MNP quantification provides biological insights for candidate AMD therapies. The number of infiltrating MNP cells does not correlate with the amount of laser-induced CNV area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Will-Orrego
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Yubin Qiu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth S Fassbender
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Siyuan Shen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jorge Aranda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Namrata Kotagiri
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Maker
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Sha-Mei Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Bruce D Jaffee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen H Poor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research , Cambridge, Massachusetts
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22
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Moniuszko-Malinowska A, Penza P, Czupryna P, Zajkowska O, Pancewicz S, Król M, Świerzbińska R, Dunaj J, Zajkowska J. Assessment of TLR-2 concentration in tick-borne encephalitis and neuroborreliosis. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2019; 79:502-506. [PMID: 31495224 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2019.1661510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to check whether measurement of TLR-2 in serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can help differentiate between neuroborreliosis (NB) and tick-borne encephalitis (TBE). Eighty patients with meningitis and meningoencephalitis were divided into two groups: Group I - patients with NB (n = 40) and Group II - patients with TBE (n = 40). Diagnosis was based on the clinical picture, CSF examination and presence of specific antibodies in serum and CSF. The control group (CG) consisted of healthy blood donors (n = 25) and patients in whom inflammatory process in central nervous system was excluded (n = 25). Concentration of TLR-2 was measured using a commercial kit [TLR-2 Elisa Kit (EIAab, China)]. The serum and CSF TLR-2 concentration of NB patients was significantly higher than in CG. The serum and CSF TLR-2 concentration in TBE patients was significantly higher than in the CG. Receiver operating characteristic analysis of the serum TLR-2 concentration showed significant differences between the group of patients with NB and a group of patients with TBE. TLR-2 is involved in the development of inflammatory process in the CNS caused by both tick-borne pathogens: viral and bacterial as TLR-2 concentration in both CSF and serum differentiates these groups from healthy patients. Although TLR-2 cannot be used as a sole and reliable biomarker differentiating NB from TBE, results of our study are a step forward toward discovering such biomarker in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Moniuszko-Malinowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok , Białystok , Poland
| | | | - Piotr Czupryna
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok , Białystok , Poland
| | - Olga Zajkowska
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Applied Informatics and Mathematics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Sławomir Pancewicz
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok , Białystok , Poland
| | - Monika Król
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok , Białystok , Poland
| | - Renata Świerzbińska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok , Białystok , Poland
| | - Justyna Dunaj
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok , Białystok , Poland
| | - Joanna Zajkowska
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Neuroinfections, Medical University in Białystok , Białystok , Poland
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23
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Hasan M, Islam S, Chakraborty S, Mustafa AH, Azim KF, Joy ZF, Hossain MN, Foysal SH, Hasan MN. Contriving a chimeric polyvalent vaccine to prevent infections caused by herpes simplex virus (type-1 and type-2): an exploratory immunoinformatic approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2019; 38:2898-2915. [PMID: 31328668 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2019.1647286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and 2 (HSV-2) cause a variety of infections including oral-facial infections, genital herpes, herpes keratitis, cutaneous infection and so on. To date, FDA-approved licensed HSV vaccine is not available yet. Hence, the study was conducted to identify and characterize an effective epitope based polyvalent vaccine against both types of Herpes Simplex Virus. The selected proteins were retrieved from ViralZone and assessed to design highly antigenic epitopes by binding analyses of the peptides with MHC class-I and class-II molecules, antigenicity screening, transmembrane topology screening, allergenicity and toxicity assessment, population coverage analysis and molecular docking approach. The final vaccine was constructed by the combination of top CTL, HTL and BCL epitopes from each protein along with suitable adjuvant and linkers. Physicochemical and secondary structure analysis, disulfide engineering, molecular dynamic simulation and codon adaptation were further employed to develop a unique multi-epitope peptide vaccine. Docking analysis of the refined vaccine structure with different MHC molecules and human immune TLR-2 receptor demonstrated higher interaction. Complexed structure of the modeled vaccine and TLR-2 showed minimal deformability at molecular level. Moreover, translational potency and microbial expression of the modeled vaccine was analyzed with pET28a(+) vector for E. coli strain K12 and the vaccine constructs had no similarity with entire human proteome. The study enabled design of a novel chimeric polyvalent vaccine to confer broad range immunity against both HSV serotypes. However, further wet lab based research using model animals are highly recommended to experimentally validate our findings.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmudul Hasan
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh.,Department of Pharmaceuticals and Industrial Biotechnology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Shiful Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Sourav Chakraborty
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Hasnat Mustafa
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Kazi Faizul Azim
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh.,Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Ziaul Faruque Joy
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh.,Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Md Nazmul Hossain
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh.,Department of Microbial Biotechnology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Shakhawat Hossain Foysal
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Md Nazmul Hasan
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
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24
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Dey R, Bishayi B. Dexamethasone exhibits its anti-inflammatory effects in S. aureus induced microglial inflammation via modulating TLR-2 and glucocorticoid receptor expression. Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 75:105806. [PMID: 31401378 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Microglial inflammation plays crucial role in the pathogenesis of CNS infections including brain abscesses. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is considered as one of the major causative agents of brain abscesses. Due to the emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria the available treatment options including conventional antibiotics and steroid therapy become ineffective in terms of inflammation regulation which warrants further investigation to resolve this health issue. Microglial TLR-2 plays important roles in the bacterial recognition as well as induction of inflammation whereas glucocorticoid receptor (GR) triggers anti-inflammatory pathways in presence of glucocorticoids (GCs). The main objective of this study was to figure out the interdependency between TLR-2 and GR in presence of exogenous dexamethasone during microglial inflammation as an alternative therapeutic approach. Experiments were done either in TLR-2 neutralized condition or GR blocked condition in presence of dexamethasone. Free radicals production, arginase, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase enzyme activities and corticosterone concentration were measured along with Western blot analysis of TLR-2, GR and other inflammatory molecules. The results suggested that dexamethasone pre-treatment in TLR-2 neutralized condition efficiently reduces the inflammatory consequences of S. aureus induced microglial inflammation through up regulating GR expression. During TLR-2 blocking dexamethasone exerted its potent anti-inflammatory activities via suppressing reactive oxygen species (ROS), NO production and up regulating arginase, SOD and catalase activities at the time point of 90 min. Further in-vivo experiments are needed to conclude that dexamethasone could resolve brain inflammation possibly through microglial phenotypic switching from pro-inflammatory M1 to anti-inflammatory M2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajen Dey
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University College of Science and Technology, Calcutta, West Bengal, India
| | - Biswadev Bishayi
- Department of Physiology, Immunology Laboratory, University of Calcutta, University College of Science and Technology, Calcutta, West Bengal, India.
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25
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Truong-Bolduc QC, Wang Y, Hooper DC. Tet38 of Staphylococcus aureus Binds to Host Cell Receptor Complex CD36-Toll-Like Receptor 2 and Protects from Teichoic Acid Synthesis Inhibitors Tunicamycin and Congo Red. Infect Immun 2019; 87:e00194-19. [PMID: 31010815 DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00194-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Using an affinity column retention assay, we showed that the purified Tet38 membrane transporter of Staphylococcus aureus bound specifically to host cell CD36 and to the complex CD36-Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2), but not to TLR-2 alone or TLR-2 and S. aureus lipoteichoic acid (LTA). We tested the effect of LTA on the internalization of S. aureus tet38 mutant QT7 versus RN6390 by A549 epithelial cells. Addition of anti-LTA antibody to the bacteria prior to adding to A549 cells reduced internalization of QT7 2-fold compared to that with nonspecific antibody treatment. QT7 internalized 4- to 6-fold less than RN6390 with or without anti-LTA antibody. These data suggested that Tet38 and LTA were independently involved in the invasion process. The wall teichoic acid (WTA) inhibitor tunicamycin had an 8-fold decrease in activity with overexpression of tet38 and a 2-fold increase in activity in QT7 (tet38). Reserpine (an inhibitor of efflux pumps) reduced the effect of tet38 overexpression on tunicamycin resistance 4-fold. In addition, tet38 affected growth in the presence of LTA inhibitor Congo red, with overexpression increasing growth and deletion of tet38 reducing growth. In conclusion, Tet38 contributes to S. aureus invasion of A549 via direct binding to CD36 of the complex CD36-TLR-2, and LTA independently bound to TLR-2. The reduction of tunicamycin resistance in the presence of reserpine and the survival ability of the tet38 overexpressor in the presence of Congo red suggest that Tet38 can also protect the synthesis of LTA and WTA in S. aureus against their inhibitors, possibly functioning as an efflux pump.
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26
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Lee J, Jung I, Choi JW, Lee CW, Cho S, Choi TG, Sohn M, Park YI. Micronized and Heat-Treated Lactobacillus plantarum LM1004 Stimulates Host Immune Responses Via the TLR-2/MAPK/NF-κB Signalling Pathway In Vitro and In Vivo. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 29:704-712. [PMID: 30982316 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1812.12059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Although nanometric dead Lactobacillus plantarum has emerged as a potentially important modulator of immune responses, its underlying mechanism of action has not been fully understood. This study aimed to identify the detailed biochemical mechanism of immune modulation by micronized and heat-treated L. plantarum LM1004 (MHT-LM1004, <1 μm in size). MHT-LM1004 was prepared from L. plantarum LM1004 via culture in a specifically designed membrane bioreactor and heat treatment. MHT-LM1004 was shown to effectively induce the secretion of TNF-α and IL-6 and the mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). MHT-LM1004 enhanced the expression of TLR-2, phosphorylation of MAPKs (ERK), and nuclear translocation of NF-κB in a dose-dependent manner. Oral administration of MHT-LM1004 (4 × 109 or 4 × 1011 cells/kg mouse body weight) increased the splenocyte proliferation and serum cytokine levels. These results suggested that MHT-LM1004 effectively enhances early innate immunity by activating macrophages via the TLR-2/MAPK/NF-κB signalling pathway and that this pathway is one of the major routes in immune modulation by the Lactobacillus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Ji Won Choi
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Won Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarang Cho
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Gyu Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Minn Sohn
- LACTOMASON, Jinju 52840, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Il Park
- Department of Biotechnology, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
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Ouyang Z, Tan T, Liu C, Duan J, Wang W, Guo X, Zhang Q, Li Z, Huang Q, Dou P, Liu T. Targeted delivery of hesperetin to cartilage attenuates osteoarthritis by bimodal imaging with Gd 2(CO 3) 3@PDA nanoparticles via TLR-2/NF-κB/Akt signaling. Biomaterials 2019; 205:50-63. [PMID: 30903825 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The progressive degeneration of cartilage marks the advancement of osteoarthritis (OA), which requires specific targeted treatment for effective cartilage repair. However, there is still no efficient cartilage delivery system or novel magnetic resonance (MR) contrast agent (CA). Herein, we report the synthesis of a novel class of MR CA, Gd2(CO3)3-based nanoparticles (NPs), from a simpler and "greener" approach than previous ones. After the coating of polydopamine (PDA) onto the Gd2(CO3)3 core, we further anchored a cartilage-targeting peptide and loaded hesperetin (Hes) into NPs (Hes-Gd2(CO3)3@PDA-PEG-DWpeptide, HGdPDW), showing excellent cartilage affinity and MR suitability. Additionally, the synthesized HGdPDW exerted significant protective effects against IL-1β stimulation, as shown by the decreased apoptosis and inflammation and increased maturation of chondrocytes in vitro. More importantly, RNA-seq analyses showed the significant reduction of TLR-2 in IL-1β-treated chondrocytes, and this reduction was followed by the inactivation of NF-κB/Akt signaling, leading to the protective effect of HGdPDW. By the establishment of anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) OA mice, the bimodal MRI/IVIS imaging demonstrated the effective cartilage-binding ability of HGdPDW in OA knees with low cytotoxicity, which alleviated the gradual degeneration of articular cartilage in vivo by inhibiting TLR-2 in chondrocytes. Taken together, these results suggest that HGdPDW could target cartilage effectively, thereby protecting chondrocytes from apoptosis and inflammation via TLR-2/NF-κB/Akt signaling. We hope this new class of MRI CA could be applied in not only other fields using MRI technology but also the treatment of general cartilage-related diseases; this application will undoubtedly extend the treatment of OA clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxiao Ouyang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China
| | - Tingting Tan
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China; Department of Metabolism & Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Chunfeng Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Suzhou Kowloon Hospital Affiliated to School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Suzhou, 215021, PR China
| | - Juan Duan
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Wanchun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Xiaoning Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Zhihong Li
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Qianli Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China
| | - Pengcheng Dou
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China.
| | - Tang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, PR China.
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Jin X, Zhang M, Yang YF. Saccharomyces cerevisiae β-glucan-induced SBD-1 expression in ovine ruminal epithelial cells is mediated through the TLR-2-MyD88-NF-κB/MAPK pathway. Vet Res Commun 2019; 43:77-89. [PMID: 30863917 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-019-09747-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ovine ruminal epithelial cells (ORECs) not only have a physical barrier function but also can secrete host defence peptides (HDPs), such as sheep β-defensin-1 (SBD-1). As a feed additive, Saccharomyces cerevisiae can enhance the host's innate immunity. β-glucan, a cell wall component of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, can stimulate innate immune responses and trigger the up-regulation of SBD-1 in ORECs. The signaling mechanisms involved in β-glucan-induced SBD-1 expression are not completely understood. The aim of this study was to identify the receptors and intracellular pathways involved in the up-regulation of SBD-1 induced by β-glucan. ORECs were cultured, and the regulatory mechanisms of β-glucan-induced up-regulation of SBD-1 were detected using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and western blotting. TLR-2 and MyD88 knockdown or inhibition attenuated β-glucan-induced SBD-1 expression. We also showed that inhibition of MAPK and NF-κB pathways significantly reduced β-glucan-induced SBD-1 expression. These results demonstrate that β-glucan-induced SBD-1 expression is TLR-2-MyD88-dependent and may be regulated by both MAPK and NF-κB pathways. Since NF-κB inhibition had a greater effect on the down-regulation of β-glucan-induced SBD-1 expression, the NF-κB pathway may be the dominant signaling pathway involved in the regulation of defensin expression. Our studies demonstrate that β-glucan-induced SBD-1 expression is mediated through the TLR-2-MyD88-NF-κB/MAPK pathway. Our results would contribute to the understanding of immunological modulations in the gastrointestinal tract triggered by probiotic yeast cell wall components.
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Ahuja S, Uniyal A, Akhtar A, Sah SP. Alpha lipoic acid and metformin alleviates experimentally induced insulin resistance and cognitive deficit by modulation of TLR2 signalling. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:614-623. [PMID: 31176103 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 02/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is commonly found to be co-morbid with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. In obese diabetic patients, TLR-2 receptor induced inflammation leads to the development of insulin resistance (IR). Furthermore, the IR is considered to be the most important cause for promoting cognitive decline which is evident in brain of patients with Alzheimer's disease related dementia (ADRD). METHODS In this study, the effect of α-lipoic acid (ALA) has been examined in rodent model of zymosan induced insulin resistance and cognitive deficits, targeting at TLR-2 signalling. TLR-2 agonist, Zymosan initiates inflammatory cascade, resulting in IR and cognitive dysfunction. Zymosan (50 mg/kg ip) was given to mice on 1st, 8th, 15th and 22nd day to induce IR which was confirmed by hyperglycaemia, hyperinsulinemia, hyperlipidimea, increased glycated haemoglobin and HOMA-IR. Further the cognitive performance was assessed in Morris water maze revealing cognitive deficit in zymosan treated mice. RESULTS Daily treatment with ALA for 28 days (50, 100, 200 mg/kg, ip) significantly improved insulin sensitivity and cognitive performance in mice by decreasing insulin resistance, corticosterone, IL-6 levels, acetylcholinesterase enzyme activity and oxidative stress in liver, cortex and hippocampus. ALA also increased adiponectin level and reduced body weight. Combination of ALA (100 mg/kg, ip) with metformin (100 mg/kg, ip) exhibited a potentiating effect in improving cognitive performance and insulin signalling. CONCLUSION The findings of the study supported the hypothesis that TLR-2 induced inflammation leads to insulin resistance and cognitive impairment and provides an evidence for the therapeutic effect of ALA in IR and ADRD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Ahuja
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, UGC Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Chandigarh, India.
| | - Ankit Uniyal
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, UGC Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Chandigarh, India.
| | - Ansab Akhtar
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, UGC Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Chandigarh, India.
| | - Sangeeta Pilkhwal Sah
- Pharmacology Division, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Panjab University, UGC Centre of Advanced Study (UGC-CAS), Chandigarh, India.
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30
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Pan W, Xu HW, Hao WT, Sun FF, Qin YF, Hao SS, Liu H, Cao JP, Shen YJ, Zheng KY. The excretory-secretory products of Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces stimulated IL-10 production in B cells via TLR-2 signaling. BMC Immunol 2018; 19:29. [PMID: 30355335 PMCID: PMC6201587 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-018-0267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Excretory-secretory products released by Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces (EgPSC-ESPs) are well-known to regulate T cell responses. However, their direct influence on the differentiation of B cell subsets remains largely elusive. This study investigated the effects of EgPSC-ESPs on the differentiation of IL-10-producing B cells (B10), and explored the possible role of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) signaling in this process. Results In comparison to phosphate buffered saline (PBS), B cells exposed to the excretory–secretory products (ESPs) generated higher percentages of B10 cells, with higher expression of IL-10 mRNA, and larger amount of IL-10 production, which were in a dose dependent way. The mRNA and protein expression of TLR-2 in the ESPs-stimulated B cells were significantly higher than those in PBS, which was consistent to the results in B cells isolated from EgPSC infected mice. Moreover, TLR-2−/− B cells in response to ESPs stimulation expressed lower levels of IL-10 mRNA and produced undetectable IL-10 in comparison to those in normal B cells. In addition, Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten/AKT/Phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PTEN/AKT/PI3K) pathway was activated in ESPs-treated B cells, which was also dependent on TLR-2 signaling. Pam3CSK4, the agonist of TLR-2, could mock the effects of ESPs on the expression of PTEN, AKT and PI3K. Conclusion Overall, this study revealed that TLR-2 signaling was required for B10 induction mediated by EgPSC-ESPs, which might be an immunomodulatory target against the parasite infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12865-018-0267-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Pan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education (Xuzhou Medical University), Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hui-Wen Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education (Xuzhou Medical University), Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wen-Ting Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fen-Fen Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education (Xuzhou Medical University), Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yan-Fang Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shan-Shan Hao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hua Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Ping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Juan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China.
| | - Kui-Yang Zheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Immunity and Metabolism, Department of Pathogenic Biology and Immunology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China. .,National Demonstration Center for Experimental Basic Medical Science Education (Xuzhou Medical University), Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province, China.
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31
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Ernest M, Hunja C, Arakura Y, Haraga Y, Abkallo HM, Zeng W, Jackson DC, Chua B, Culleton R. The Toll-Like Receptor 2 agonist PEG-Pam 2Cys as an immunochemoprophylactic and immunochemotherapeutic against the liver and transmission stages of malaria parasites. Int J Parasitol Drugs Drug Resist 2018; 8:451-458. [PMID: 30396012 PMCID: PMC6216107 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Both vaccine and therapeutic approaches to malaria are based on conventional paradigms; whole organism or single antigen epitope-based vaccines administered with or without an adjuvant, and chemotherapeutics (anti-malaria drugs) that are toxic to the parasite. Two major problems that limit the effectiveness of these approaches are i) high levels of antigenic variation within parasite populations rendering vaccination efficacy against all variants difficult, and ii) the capacity of the parasite to quickly evolve resistance to drugs. We describe a new approach to both protection from and treatment of malaria parasites that involves the direct stimulation of the host innate immune response through the administration of a Toll-Like Receptor-2 (TLR2) agonist. The activity of PEG-Pam2Cys against the hepatocytic stages, erythrocytic stages and gametocytes of the rodent malaria parasite Plasmodium yoelii was investigated in laboratory mice. We show that administration of PEG-Pam2Cys, a soluble form of the TLR2 agonist S-[2,3-bis(palmitoyloxy)propyl] cysteine (Pam2Cys), significantly and dramatically reduces the numbers of malaria parasites that grow in the livers of mice following subsequent challenge with sporozoites. We also show that treatment can also clear parasites from the liver when administered subsequent to the establishment of infection. Finally, PEG-Pam2Cys can reduce the numbers of mosquitoes that are infected, and the intensity of their infection, following blood feeding on gametocytaemic mice. These results suggest that this compound could represent a novel liver stage anti-malarial that can be used both for the clearance of parasites following exposure and for the prevention of the establishment of infection. TLR-2 agonist Pam2Cys reduces malaria parasite burden in the liver when administered prior to sporozoite challenge. It also reduces malaria parasite burden in the liver when administered 24 h after sporozoite challenge. It reduces the transmissibility of a malaria infection to mosquitoes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Medard Ernest
- Malaria Unit, Department of Pathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan; Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Carol Hunja
- Malaria Unit, Department of Pathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yuka Arakura
- Malaria Unit, Department of Pathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Yohei Haraga
- Malaria Unit, Department of Pathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Hussein M Abkallo
- Malaria Unit, Department of Pathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan
| | - Weiguang Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia
| | - David C Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia; Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan; Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Brendon Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, 3010, Victoria, Australia; Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan; Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan.
| | - Richard Culleton
- Malaria Unit, Department of Pathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, 852-8523, Japan.
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Rai PK, Chodisetti SB, Maurya SK, Nadeem S, Zeng W, Janmeja AK, Jackson DC, Agrewala JN. A lipidated bi-epitope vaccine comprising of MHC-I and MHC-II binder peptides elicits protective CD4 T cell and CD8 T cell immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Transl Med 2018; 16:279. [PMID: 30305097 PMCID: PMC6180631 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clinical trials conducted at Chingleput India suggest that BCG fails to protect against tuberculosis (TB) in TB-endemic population. Recent studies advocate that non-tuberculous mycobacteria and latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection interferes in the antigen processing and presentation of BCG in inducing protective immunity against Mtb. Thereby, indicating that any vaccine that require extensive antigen processing may not be efficacious in TB-endemic zones. Recently, we have demonstrated that the vaccine candidate L91, which is composed of lipidated promiscuous MHC-II binder epitope, derived from latency associated Acr1 antigen of Mtb is immunogenic in the murine and Guinea pig models of TB and conferred better protection than BCG against Mtb. Methods In this study, we have used a multi-stage based bi-epitope vaccine, namely L4.8, comprising of MHC-I and MHC-II binding peptides of active (TB10.4) and latent (Acr1) stages of Mtb antigens, respectively. These peptides were conjugated to the TLR-2 agonist Pam2Cys. Results L4.8 significantly elicited both CD8 T cells and CD4 T cells immunity, as evidenced by increase in the enduring polyfunctional CD8 T cells and CD4 T cells. L4.8 efficiently declined Mtb-burden and protected animals better than BCG and L91, even at the late stage of Mtb infection. Conclusions The BCG-L4.8 prime boost strategy imparts a better protection against TB than the BCG alone. This study emphatically denotes that L4.8 can be a promising future vaccine candidate for controlling active and latent TB. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-018-1653-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep K Rai
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sathi Babu Chodisetti
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, 17033, USA
| | | | - Sajid Nadeem
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Weiguang Zeng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Ashok K Janmeja
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Government Medical College and Hospital, Chandigarh, India
| | - David C Jackson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Javed N Agrewala
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India. .,Indian Institute of Technology, Rupnagar, 140001, India.
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Andrade-Silva M, Cenedeze MA, Perandini LA, Felizardo RJF, Watanabe IKM, Agudelo JSH, Castoldi A, Gonçalves GM, Origassa CST, Semedo P, Hiyane MI, Foresto-Neto O, Malheiros DMAC, Reis MA, Fujihara CK, Zatz R, Pacheco-Silva A, Câmara NOS, de Almeida DC. TLR2 and TLR4 play opposite role in autophagy associated with cisplatin-induced acute kidney injury. Clin Sci (Lond) 2018; 132:1725-39. [PMID: 29500224 DOI: 10.1042/CS20170262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is considered an inflammatory disease in which toll-like receptors (TLRs) signaling pathways play an important role. The activation of TLRs results in production of several inflammatory cytokines leading to further renal damage. In contrast, TLRs are key players on autophagy induction, which is associated with a protective function on cisplatin-induced AKI. Hence, the present study aimed to evaluate the specific participation of TLR2 and TLR4 molecules on the development of cisplatin-induced AKI. Complementarily, we also investigated the link between TLRs and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a promisor cytoprotective molecule. First, we observed that only the absence of TLR2 but not TLR4 in mice exacerbated the renal dysfunction, tissue injury and mortality rate, even under an immunologically privileged microenvironment. Second, we demonstrated that TLR2 knockout (KO) mice presented lower expression of autophagy-associated markers when compared with TLR4 KO animals. Similar parameter was confirmed in vitro, using tubular epithelial cells derived from both KO mice. To test the cross-talking between HO-1 and TLRs, hemin (an HO-1 internal inducer) was administrated in cisplatin-treated TLR2 and TLR4 KO mice and it was detected an improvement in the global renal tissue parameters. However, this protection was less evident at TLR2 KO mice. In summary, we documented that TLR2 plays a protective role in cisplatin-induced AKI progression, in part, by a mechanism associated with autophagy up-regulation, considering that its interplay with HO-1 can promote renal tissue recover.
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Szylberg Ł, Bodnar M, Lebioda A, Krepska P, Kowalewski A, Bręborowicz G, Marszałek A. Differences in the Expression of TLR-2, NOD2, and NF-κB in Placenta Between Twins. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2018; 66:463-470. [PMID: 29796818 PMCID: PMC6245244 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-018-0514-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dizygotic twins share the same type of genetic relationship as non-twin siblings. Whereas monozygotic (MZ) twins are considered to have identical genetic material, they still differ. There is a number of reasons for early MZ twin discordance, including differences in the in utero environment, stochasticity, genetic mosaicism, and epigenetic factors. During gestation, the efficient innate immune system is of utmost importance. Our study was based on immunohistochemical evaluation of the differences in innate immune protein expression (TLR-2, NOD2, and NF-κB) in the 95 placentas between twins. Our study revealed statistical significant differences between diamniotic–dichorionic and monoamniotic–dichorionic twins. Monoamniotic–monochorionic twins exhibited no significant differences in protein expressions. To identify epigenetic factors causing the differences between twins, we made a series of comparisons with clinical data. The study revealed more cases with infections, miscarriages, in vitro fertilization, and premature rupture of membranes within the group with higher differences level of NF-κB, NOD2 and TLR-2 between twins. In case of twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, there were no significant differences in innate immune protein expressions between twins. These results show that dissimilar genetic material and separate in utero environment promote discordance in innate immune protein expressions between twins. Moreover, additional blood flow between twins may be favorable in life-threatening conditions ensuring similar microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Szylberg
- Chair and Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland. .,Chair and Department of Oncologic Pathology and Prophylactics, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznań University of Medical Sciences and Department of Oncologic Pathology, Poznan, Poland. .,Department of Pathomorphology, Military Clinical Hospital, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Bodnar
- Chair and Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Anna Lebioda
- Department and Clinic of Perinatology and Gynecology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Patrycja Krepska
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Adam Kowalewski
- Chair and Department of Clinical Pathomorphology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Bręborowicz
- Department and Clinic of Perinatology and Gynecology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Andrzej Marszałek
- Chair and Department of Oncologic Pathology and Prophylactics, Greater Poland Cancer Center, Poznań University of Medical Sciences and Department of Oncologic Pathology, Poznan, Poland
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Devalraju KP, Neela VSK, Gaddam R, Chaudhury A, Van A, Krovvidi SS, Vankayalapati R, Valluri VL. Defective MyD88 and IRAK4 but not TLR-2 expression in HIV+ individuals with latent tuberculosis infection. Cytokine 2018; 110:213-221. [PMID: 29778672 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
HIV infection markedly increases the likelihood of latent tuberculosis infection progressing to active TB. Information on expression of TLR-2, myeloid differentiation factor (MyD88), IL-1R- associated kinase-4 (IRAK4) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) in HIV+LTBI+ and HIV+ patients with active TB disease is limited. We found significantly higher percentages of CD14+TLR2+ cells in PBMCs of HIV+LTBI+ patients compared to HIV-LTBI+ individuals. γ-irradiated Mtb was unable to induce MyD88, IRAK4 expression and IL-1β, MCP-1, IP-10 production in HIV+LTBI+ patients. Pleural fluids from HIV+TB+ patients had low IL-1β, MCP-1, IP-10 and high IL-10, TNF-α production. γ-irradiated Mtb stimulated CD14+ cells from HIV+TB+ patients had low IL-1β, MCP-1, IP-10 production and MyD88, IRAK4 and similar NF-kB expression compared to those from of HIV-TB+ patients. Our results suggest defective MyD88, IRAK4 but not NF-kB inhibit IL-1β, MCP-1 and IP-10 production by CD14+ cells of HIV+ individuals with LTBI and active TB disease in peripheral blood and at the site of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamakshi Prudhula Devalraju
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Division, Blue Peter Public Health and Research Centre, LEPRA Society, Cherlapally, Hyderabad 501301, India
| | - Venkata Sanjeev Kumar Neela
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Division, Blue Peter Public Health and Research Centre, LEPRA Society, Cherlapally, Hyderabad 501301, India
| | - Ramulu Gaddam
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, AP Chest and General Hospital, Osmania Medical College, Erragadda, Hyderabad 500038, India
| | - Arunabala Chaudhury
- Clinical Division, Cheyutha, LEPRA Society, Cherlapally, Hyderabad 501301, India
| | - Abhinav Van
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, TX 75708, United States
| | - Siva Sai Krovvidi
- Department of Biotechnology, Sreenidhi Institute of Science and Technology, Yamnampet, Ghatkesar, Hyderabad, Telangana 501301, India
| | - Ramakrishna Vankayalapati
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, TX 75708, United States.
| | - Vijaya Lakshmi Valluri
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Division, Blue Peter Public Health and Research Centre, LEPRA Society, Cherlapally, Hyderabad 501301, India.
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Fu WJ, Tang JJ, Wang H, Wei HY, Cai SM, Zeng ZH, Chen H, Chen ZQ. In vivo and in vitro anti-sepsis effects of physcion 8-O-β-glucopyranoside extracted from Rumex japonicus. Chin J Nat Med 2018; 15:534-539. [PMID: 28807227 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(17)30079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the anti-sepsis effects of physcion 8-O-β-glucopyranoside (POG) isolated from Rumex japonicas and explore its possible pharmacological mechanisms. POG was extracted from R. japonicas by bioactivity-guided isolation with the anti-sepsis agents. Survival analysis in septic mouse induced by LPS and heat-killed Escherichia coli were used to evaluate the protective effect of POG (40 mg·kg-1, i.p.) on sepsis. Cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 cells induced by LPS (100 ng·mL-1) were determined by ELISA. In addition, the proteins expressions of TLR2 and TLR4 were determined by Western blotting assay. Our results demonstrated that POG (40 mg·kg-1, i.p.) possessed significant protective activity on the endotoxemic mice. The POG treatment (20, 40, and 80 μg·mL-1) significantly decreased the TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 induced by LPS (P < 0.01) in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, the TLR4 and TLR2 proteins were also down-regulated by POG at 20 (P < 0.01), 40 (P < 0.01), and 80 μg·mL-1 (P < 0.01). The present study demonstrated that the POG extracted from R. japonicas possessed significant anti-sepsis effect on endotoxemic mice, and can be developed as a novel drug for treating sepsis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Jun Fu
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jian-Jun Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hong-Yun Wei
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shu-Min Cai
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Zeng
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Zhong-Qing Chen
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China.
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Taghavi M, Mortaz E, Khosravi A, Vahedi G, Folkerts G, Varahram M, Kazempour-Dizaji M, Garssen J, Adcock IM. Zymosan attenuates melanoma growth progression, increases splenocyte proliferation and induces TLR-2/4 and TNF-α expression in mice. J Inflamm (Lond) 2018; 15:5. [PMID: 29588627 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-018-0182-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Melanoma is one of the most common types of skin malignancies. Since current therapies are suboptimal, considerable interest has focused on novel natural-based treatments. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play an important role in evoking innate immunity against cancer cells. Zymosan, a known TLR-2 agonist, is a glucan derived from yeast cell walls with promising immunomodulatory effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether Saccharomyces cerevisiae-derived zymosan-modulated skin melanoma progression by regulation of TLR-2 and TLR-4 expression in peritoneal macrophages and serum TNF-α level. Methods Male C57BL/6 mice were divided into four groups: i) zymosan-treated (Z), ii) Melanoma-bearing mice (M), iii) Melanoma-bearing mice treated with zymosan (ZM) and iv) a healthy control group (negative control). 15 days after melanoma induction, mice were injected i.p. with zymosan (10 μg) daily for 4 consecutive days. Mice were CO2-euthanized and serum TNF-α level, TLR-2 and TLR-4 expression in peritoneal macrophages and tumor growth measured. Splenocytes were treated ex-vivo with zymosan to determine viability and proliferation. Results Tumor weight significantly decreased following therapeutic dosing with zymosan (P < 0.05). This was associated with zymosan-induced upregulation of TLR-2, TLR-4 and TNF-α mRNA in peritoneal macrophages and enhanced serum TNF-α levels (P < 0.05). Splenocyte number and viability were increased in a concentration-dependent manner by zymosan. Conclusions Our study suggests that zymosan-induced upregulation of TLR-2, TLR-4 and TNF-α gene expression and of TNF-α release; together with increased level of lymphocyte proliferation may play a role in the inhibition of melanoma progression.
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Fan J, Yu L, Zhao J. Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals involvement of TLR-2 signaling in the pathogenesis of intracranial aneurysm. J Clin Neurosci 2017; 47:258-263. [PMID: 29066233 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2017.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we collected and analyzed 15 aneurysmal and 17 superficial temporal artery (STA) specimens from 32 Chinese patients with intracranial aneurysm. Total RNA was extracted and reverse transcribed to cDNA, and genome-wide expression profiling was performed by using the Affymetrix Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array which allows a total number of 38,500 genes to be analyzed at the same time. Real-time RT-PCR was performed to verify the expression level of 8 selected genes. We found significant up-regulation of the TLR-2 gene. This result suggests that TLR-2 plays a key role in the formation of intracranial aneurysm in a Chinese population. To our knowledge, this study is the first to use the Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Array to analyze the gene expression profiles in Chinese patients with intracranial aneurysm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghan Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Lanbing Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, 100050 Beijing, China
| | - Jizong Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Beijing Tiantan Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, 6 Tiantan Xili, 100050 Beijing, China.
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Bachtiar BM, Bachtiar EW. Proinflammatory MG-63 cells response infection with Enterococcus faecalis cps2 evaluated by the expression of TLR-2, IL-1β, and iNOS mRNA. BMC Res Notes 2017; 10:401. [PMID: 28800779 PMCID: PMC5553915 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-017-2740-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We have previously demonstrated that unencapsulated Enterococcus faecalis cps2 inhibits biofilm formation of Candida albicans, a fungus commonly found with E. faecalis in periapical lesion. In this study, we compared encapsulated and unencapsulated E. faecalis cps2 strains relationship with osteoblastic (MG-63) cells, whereas E. faecalis ATCC 29212 were used as a reference strain. RESULTS The binding capacity of E. faecalis to MG-63 cells as shown by each tested strain was comparable, but the unencapsulated strain was less invasive compared to the encapsulated and the reference strains. Moreover, quantitative real time-PCR (qPCR) results showed that infecting unencapsulated E. faecalis cps2 is a stronger stimulator for toll like receptor 2 (TLR2) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNAs, but not for inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA in osteoblastic cells. In conclusion, the performance of unencapsulated E. faecalis cps2 when the bacterium interacts with osteoblastic cells is quite different from that of encapsulated E. faecalis cps2 and reference strains. It appears that the unencapsulated strain might contribute to the persistence of the periapical inflammatory response, depending on down-regulation of iNOS mRNA expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boy M Bachtiar
- Department of Oral Biology and Oral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya 4, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia.
| | - Endang W Bachtiar
- Department of Oral Biology and Oral Science Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya 4, Jakarta, 10430, Indonesia
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Akbal E, Koçak E, Köklü S, Ergül B, Akyürek Ö, Yılmaz FM. Serum Toll-Like Receptor-2, Toll-Like Receptor-4 Levels in Patients with HBeAg-Negative Chronic Viral Hepatitis B. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:278-282. [PMID: 28414577 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2016.0131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) may play an important role in hepatitis-B pathogenesis. However, serum TLR-2 and TLR-4 levels and their association with serum liver enzymes, hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA, quantitative HBsAg levels, and liver biopsy findings, are unknown. A total of naive 40 HBeAg (-) chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients and 20 healthy control subjects were recruited in this study. Liver tests, HBV DNA, serum TLR-2 and TLR-4, and quantitative HBsAg levels were evaluated among all groups. The relationship among TLR-2, TLR-4, quantitative HBsAg levels and liver tests, and liver histological findings were investigated with correlation analysis. Serum TLR-2 and TLR-4 levels in HBeAg (-) CHB patients were higher than in the control group. There was a positive correlation between serum TLR-2, TLR-4, and HBV DNA and ALT levels. We have further demonstrated that serum TLR-2 levels are correlated with AST and quantitative HBsAg levels. However, TLRs levels were not linked to the liver biopsy findings. TLR can have an important role in hepatitis B pathogenesis. Liver injury in CHB may cause elevated TLR-2 and TLR-4 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Akbal
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Florence Nightingale Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul Bilim University , İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdem Koçak
- 1 Department of Gastroenterology, Florence Nightingale Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul Bilim University , İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Seyfettin Köklü
- 2 Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bilal Ergül
- 3 Department of Gastroenterology, Kırşehir State Hospital , Kırşehir, Turkey
| | - Ömer Akyürek
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine, Medova Hospital , Konya, Turkey
| | - Fatma Meriç Yılmaz
- 5 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Numune Education and Research Hospital , Ankara, Turkey
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da Costa AC, de Resende DP, Santos BDPO, Zoccal KF, Faccioli LH, Kipnis A, Junqueira-Kipnis AP. Modulation of Macrophage Responses by CMX, a Fusion Protein Composed of Ag85c, MPT51, and HspX from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:623. [PMID: 28446902 PMCID: PMC5389097 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) is a vaccine used to prevent tuberculosis (TB). Due to the poor protection conferred by BCG in adults, new, more effective formulations have been developed. A recombinant BCG vaccine expressing the CMX fusion protein Ag85c_MPT51_HspX (rBCG-CMX) induced Th1 and Th17 responses and provided better protection than BCG. It has been shown that Mycobacterium smegmatis expressing CMX also induces better protection than BCG and is a strong macrophage activator. The aim of the present study was to evaluate macrophage activation by the recombinant CMX fusion protein and by rBCG-CMX and to evaluate their ability to generate vaccine-specific immune responses. The results demonstrate that rCMX protein expressed by BCG (rBCG-CMX) activates pulmonary macrophages; increases the expression of activation molecules, cytokines, and MHC-II. The interaction with rCMX activates the transcription factor NF-κB and induces the production of the cytokines TGF-β, TNF-α, and IL-6. The in vitro stimulation of bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) from TLR-4 or TLR-2 KO mice showed that in the absence of TLR-4, IL-6 was not produced. rBCG-CMX was unable to induce CMX-specific Th1 and Th17 cells in TLR-4 and TLR-2 KO mice, suggesting that these receptors participate in their induction. We concluded that both the rBCG-CMX vaccine and the rCMX protein can activate macrophages and favor the specific immune response necessary for this vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeliane C da Costa
- Laboratory of Immunopathology of Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology and Pathology, Tropical Institute of Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of GoiásGoiânia, Brazil
| | - Danilo P de Resende
- Laboratory of Immunopathology of Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology and Pathology, Tropical Institute of Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of GoiásGoiânia, Brazil
| | - Bruno de P O Santos
- Laboratory of Immunopathology of Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology and Pathology, Tropical Institute of Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of GoiásGoiânia, Brazil
| | - Karina F Zoccal
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Immunology of Parasitoses, Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lúcia H Faccioli
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Immunology of Parasitoses, Department of Clinical, Toxicological and Bromatological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São PauloSão Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Kipnis
- Laboratory of Immunopathology of Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology and Pathology, Tropical Institute of Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of GoiásGoiânia, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology and Pathology, Tropical Institute of Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of GoiásGoiânia, Brazil
| | - Ana P Junqueira-Kipnis
- Laboratory of Immunopathology of Infectious Disease, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology and Pathology, Tropical Institute of Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of GoiásGoiânia, Brazil.,Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, Parasitology and Pathology, Tropical Institute of Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of GoiásGoiânia, Brazil
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Plazyo O, Romero R, Unkel R, Balancio A, Mial TN, Xu Y, Dong Z, Hassan SS, Gomez-Lopez N. HMGB1 Induces an Inflammatory Response in the Chorioamniotic Membranes That Is Partially Mediated by the Inflammasome. Biol Reprod 2016; 95:130. [PMID: 27806943 PMCID: PMC5315428 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.116.144139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous preterm labor occurs in two subsets of patients with sterile intra-amniotic inflammation, a process induced by alarmins such as high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1). Inflammasomes are implicated in the process of spontaneous preterm labor. Therefore, we investigated whether HMGB1 initiates an inflammasome-associated inflammatory response in the chorioamniotic membranes. Incubation of the chorioamniotic membranes with HMGB1 1) induced the release of mature IL-1beta and IL-6; 2) upregulated the mRNA expression of the pro-inflammatory mediators NFKB1, IL6, TNF, IL1A, IFNG, and HMGB1 receptors RAGE and TLR2; 3) upregulated the mRNA expression of the inflammasome components NLRP3 and AIM2 as well as NOD proteins (NOD1 and NOD2); 4) increased the protein concentrations of NLRP3 and NOD2; 5) increased the concentration of caspase-1 and the quantity of its active form (p20); and 6) upregulated the mRNA expression and active form of MMP-9. In addition, HMGB1 concentrations in chorioamniotic membrane extracts from women who underwent spontaneous preterm labor were greater than in those from women who had undergone spontaneous labor at term. Collectively, these results show that HMGB1 can induce an inflammatory response in the chorioamniotic membranes, which is partially mediated by the inflammasome. These results provide insight into the mechanisms whereby HMGB1 induces preterm labor and birth in mice and explain why the concentration of this alarmin is increased in women who undergo spontaneous preterm labor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya Plazyo
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Ronald Unkel
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Amapola Balancio
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Tara N Mial
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Yi Xu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Zhong Dong
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Sonia S Hassan
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Program for Perinatal Research and Obstetrics, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NICHD/NIH/DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
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de Oliveira EM, Ascar TP, Silva JC, Sandri S, Migliorini S, Fock RA, Campa A. Serum amyloid A links endotoxaemia to weight gain and insulin resistance in mice. Diabetologia 2016; 59:1760-8. [PMID: 27126803 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-016-3970-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Pre-adipocytes and adipocytes are responsive to the acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA). The combined effects triggered by SAA encompass an increase in pre-adipocyte proliferation, an induction of TNF-α and IL-6 release and a decrease in glucose uptake in mature adipocytes, strongly supporting a role for SAA in obesity and related comorbidities. This study addressed whether SAA depletion modulates weight gain and insulin resistance induced by a high-fat diet (HFD). METHODS Male Swiss Webster mice were fed an HFD for 10 weeks under an SAA-targeted antisense oligonucleotide (ASOSAA) treatment in order to evaluate the role of SAA in weight gain. RESULTS With ASOSAA treatment, mice receiving an HFD did not differ in energy intake when compared with their controls, but were prevented from gaining weight and developing insulin resistance. The phenotype was characterised by a lack of adipose tissue expansion, with low accumulation of epididymal, retroperitoneal and subcutaneous fat content and decreased inflammatory markers, such as SAA3 and toll-like receptor (TLR)-4 expression, as well as macrophage infiltration into the adipose tissue. Furthermore, a metabolic status similar to chow-fed mice counterparts could be observed, with equivalent levels of leptin, adiponectin, IGF-I, SAA, fasting glucose and insulin, and remarkable improvement in glucose and insulin tolerance test profiles. Surprisingly, the expected HFD-induced metabolic endotoxaemia was also prevented by the ASOSAA treatment. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION This study provides further evidence of the role of SAA in weight gain and insulin resistance. Moreover, we also suggest that beyond its proliferative and inflammatory effects, SAA is part of the lipopolysaccharide signalling pathway that links inflammation to obesity and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson M de Oliveira
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, 580 Lineu Prestes Avenue, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Thais P Ascar
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, 580 Lineu Prestes Avenue, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline C Silva
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, 580 Lineu Prestes Avenue, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Silvana Sandri
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, 580 Lineu Prestes Avenue, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Silene Migliorini
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, 580 Lineu Prestes Avenue, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Fock
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, 580 Lineu Prestes Avenue, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Campa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, 580 Lineu Prestes Avenue, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
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Niebuhr M, Schorling K, Heratizadeh A, Werfel T. Staphylococcal α-toxin induces a functional upregulation of TLR-2 on human peripheral blood monocytes. Exp Dermatol 2016; 24:381-3. [PMID: 25707385 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to bacterial skin infections, for example with Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), is based on the function of intact innate immune mechanisms. Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 recognizes components of S. aureus and is known to be expressed on monocytes. Staphylococcal exotoxins such as staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) or α-toxin are produced by many S. aureus strains. To investigate TLR-2 regulation and function on human monocytes upon stimulation with staphylococcal exotoxins to elucidate a putative feedback loop between different staphylococcal components. Monocytes were stimulated with α-toxin or SEB, respectively. TLR-2 expression and regulation as well as functional effects of TLR-2 stimulation with Pam3Cys (TLR-2/TLR-1), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) (TLR-2/TLR-6) and peptidoglycan (PGN) (TLR-2 and Nod) were then investigated both at the mRNA and protein level and compared to monocytes from patients with psoriasis. α-toxin significantly upregulated TLR-2 expression. TLR-2 mediated IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8 secretion was significantly augmented after upregulation with staphylococcal exotoxins. CD36 expression was significantly more downregulated after TLR-2 upregulation with SEB and consecutive LTA stimulation and TLR-2 upregulation with α-toxin following LTA and PGN stimulation, respectively. PGN enhanced CD54 expression after upregulation of the receptor with α-toxin. Expression of HLA-DR was unaffected. However, no differences were observed in monocytes from psoriasis patients compared to healthy controls. Together, our findings provide a new link between staphylococcal α-toxin and TLR-2 signalling in monocytes which may have implications for skin diseases where skin colonization with S. aureus and dysregulation of TLR-2 have been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete Niebuhr
- Division of Immunodermatology and Allergy Research, Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Elahi A, Sharma Y, Bashir S, Khan F. Balanced TH1 and TH2 immunopotentiating effects of silicates partly containing nanoparticles present in calcined serpentine. J Immunotoxicol 2015; 13:335-48. [PMID: 26484633 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2015.1094152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcined Serpentine (CS) is used in various formulations of alternative systems of medicine as a tonic to vital organs and as an anti-inflammatory agent. The process of calcination or incineration is believed to render non-toxic, gently absorbable, adaptable and digestible properties to the mineral compounds. The present study characterized CS and also evaluated its immunostimulatory potential. CS was characterized by using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray powder diffraction, atomic absorption spectroscopy and CHNS analysis. The characterized CS was further evaluated for its immunomodulatory potential in Swiss mice. X-Ray diffraction analysis revealed that the CS contained silicates of magnesium, calcium and iron as major minerals. Elemental composition and heavy metal analyses showed a presence of various inorganic elements/heavy metals, albeit at levels well below daily permissive intake values. TEM analysis of the test CS revealed a presence of nano particles with an average size of 10-20 nm (≈ 26% of total material). Oral administration of CS to mice at 50, 75, 100 or 200 μg/kg body weight for 10 days led to enhanced levels of total IgG, IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b in ovalbumin-immunized mice as well as ex vivo lymphocyte proliferation and levels of TH1 (IL-2, IFNγ) and TH2 (IL-4, IL-10) cytokines produced by their cultured splenocytes. Similarly, CS treatment resulted in enhanced delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in GRBC-primed hosts. CS also activated host peritoneal macrophages, as indicated by increases in phagocytic activity and in TLR-2, CD80 and CD86 expression. The CS did not affect liver, kidney and spleen histology. Taken together, the results indicated that absorbed CS was stimulatory of host cell-mediated immune responses. It is hypothesized for now that the immunomodulatory effect of CS may have been due, in part, to a presence of nanoparticles on the CS; further study is required to validate this viewpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Elahi
- a Department of Biochemistry , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , Hamdard Nagar , New Delhi , India
| | - Yadhu Sharma
- a Department of Biochemistry , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , Hamdard Nagar , New Delhi , India
| | - Samina Bashir
- a Department of Biochemistry , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , Hamdard Nagar , New Delhi , India
| | - Farah Khan
- a Department of Biochemistry , Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University) , Hamdard Nagar , New Delhi , India
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Endothelial selectine molecules (ESMs) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) were suggested to be associated with the pathogenesis of Behçet's disease (BD). 25(OH)D deficiency may be associated with endothelial and immune dysfunction. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between the 25(OH)D level, and ESMs and TLRs in BD patients. PATIENTS AND METHODS BD patients were classified as 25(OH)D deficient (Group 1) and sufficient (Group 2) groups. Vitamin D replacement therapy was given to Group 1, after the last replacement dose blood was again collected. ESMs and TLRs levels were evaluated and compared both between Group 1 and Group 2, and pre- and post-treatment measurements of Group 1. RESULTS The baseline plasma levels of ESMs were significantly higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 (p < 0.05). There were not any significant differences in baseline TLRs levels between Group 1 and Group 2. The mean plasma levels of ESMs were significantly lower in post-replacement assessments (p < 0.05). The mean plasma levels of TLRs were lower in post-replacement assessments, but not significantly (p > 0.05). The active stage disease rate was higher in pre-treatment group (36.3%) than post-treatment group (34.6%), but the difference was not significant (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION Although vitamin D replacement in 25(OH)D deficient BD patients may have some beneficial effects on vascular dysfunction, it cannot be considered the primary treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şule Güngör
- a Dermatology Department, Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Gonca Gökdemir
- b Dermatology Department, Bahçeşehir University School of Medicine , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Yüksel Gülen Çiçek
- c Clinical Biochemistry, Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey , and
| | - İlteriş Oğuz Topal
- a Dermatology Department, Okmeydanı Training and Research Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
| | - Dilek Canat
- d Dermatology Department, Esenyurt Hospital , Istanbul , Turkey
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Ghafari-Khamene M, Torabi-Goudarzi S, Hosseini M, Haji-Fatahaliha M, Sadreddini S, Seyfi-Najmi M, Majidi J, Yousefi M. Response of Human T Cells to Tetanus Neurotoxin HCC Sub-Domain: T Cell Cytokine Production and Activation Marker Induced by HCC. Iran J Allergy Asthma Immunol 2015; 14:519-525. [PMID: 26742441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Tetanus is caused by the tetanus neurotoxin (TeNT), a 150 kDa single polypeptide molecule which is cleaved into active two-chain molecules composed of a 50 kDa N-terminal light (L) and a 100 kDa C-terminal heavy (H) chains. Fragment C is further subdivided into two subdomains: the proximal HCN subdomain and the extreme carboxy subdomain, HCC. HCC is considered as an immunodominant part of TeNT and is responsible for TeNT binding activity to neurons.In the present study, we investigated the ability of recombinant HCC(r HCC) to induce T cell activation. Our results showed that recombinant HCC has a stimulatory effect on IFN-γ secretion by T cells after 48h co-incubation in the presence of anti-TLR-2 Ab. Also, Hcc can induce the expression of CD69 on T cells.Our finding indicated that stimulatory effects of HCC on T cells are TLR-2 independent and anti-TLR-2 inhibitory antibody fails to neutralize HCC stimulatory effects on T cells.Furthermore, HCC is critical for immunogenic activity of TeNT and is able to induce T cells through TLR-2 independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maryam Hosseini
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran AND Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Haji-Fatahaliha
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran AND Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanam Sadreddini
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran AND Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehrnosh Seyfi-Najmi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran AND Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jafar Majidi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran AND Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran AND Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Traunecker E, Gardner R, Fonseca JE, Polido-Pereira J, Seitz M, Villiger PM, Iezzi G, Padovan E. Blocking of LFA-1 enhances expansion of Th17 cells induced by human CD14(+) CD16(++) nonclassical monocytes. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:1414-25. [PMID: 25678252 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Among human peripheral blood (PB) monocyte (Mo) subsets, the classical CD14(++) CD16(-) (cMo) and intermediate CD14(++) CD16(+) (iMo) Mos are known to activate pathogenic Th17 responses, whereas the impact of nonclassical CD14(+) CD16(++) Mo (nMo) on T-cell activation has been largely neglected. The aim of this study was to obtain new mechanistic insights on the capacity of Mo subsets from healthy donors (HDs) to activate IL-17(+) T-cell responses in vitro, and assess whether this function was maintained or lost in states of chronic inflammation. When cocultured with autologous CD4(+) T cells in the absence of TLR-2/NOD2 agonists, PB nMos from HDs were more efficient stimulators of IL-17-producing T cells, as compared to cMo. These results could not be explained by differences in Mo lifespan and cytokine profiles. Notably, however, the blocking of LFA-1/ICAM-1 interaction resulted in a significant increase in the percentage of IL-17(+) T cells expanded in nMo/T-cell cocultures. As compared to HD, PB Mo subsets of patients with rheumatoid arthritis were hampered in their T-cell stimulatory capacity. Our new insights highlight the role of Mo subsets in modulating inflammatory T-cell responses and suggest that nMo could become a critical therapeutic target against IL-17-mediated inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Traunecker
- Department of Biomedicine (DBM), Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rui Gardner
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Oeiras, Portugal.,Unidade de Investigação em Reumatologia, Instituto de Medicina Molecular da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | | | - Michael Seitz
- Universitätsklinik für Rheumatologie, Klinische Immunologie und Allergologie, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Peter M Villiger
- Universitätsklinik für Rheumatologie, Klinische Immunologie und Allergologie, Inselspital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Giandomenica Iezzi
- Department of Biomedicine (DBM), Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Surgical Research (ICFS), Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elisabetta Padovan
- Department of Biomedicine (DBM), Cancer Immunotherapy, Institute of Surgical Research (ICFS), Basel University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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El-Kassas S, Faraj R, Martin K, Hajishengallis G, Connell TD, Nashar T. Cell clustering and delay/arrest in T-cell division implicate a novel mechanism of immune modulation by E. coli heat-labile enterotoxin B-subunits. Cell Immunol 2015; 295:150-62. [PMID: 25880107 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The B-subunits of heat-labile enterotoxins LT-I (LT-IB) and LT-IIa (LT-IIaB) are strong adjuvants that bind to cell-surface receptors, including gangliosides G(M1) and GD1b, respectively. LT-IIaB also binds TLR-2. We demonstrate for the first time that co-incubation with the B-subunits induces significant clustering of B cells after only 4h, and B and T cells in 24h. Clustering was dependent on intact B-subunits, but not on the TLR-2 binding activity of LT-IIaB, indicating it was ganglioside-mediated. Treatment of B cells with LT-IB, a mixture of LT-IB+LT-IIaB, but not LT-IIaB alone, caused a delay in T cell division following ovalbumin endocytosis. B cell receptor-mediated uptake in presence of each treatment caused an arrest, but with increased production of IL-2. Further, treatments differentially increased the proportion of macrophages expressing MHC class-II. These results highlight the outcomes of interplay between signals involving different receptors and implicate a novel mechanism of adjuvanticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seham El-Kassas
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nursing & Allied Health, Department of Pathobiology, Tuskegee University, 1200 Montgomery Road, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA; Kafrelshikh University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Rawah Faraj
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nursing & Allied Health, Department of Pathobiology, Tuskegee University, 1200 Montgomery Road, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA; Middle Technical University, Institute of Medical Technology, Department of Community Health, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Karmarcha Martin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nursing & Allied Health, Department of Pathobiology, Tuskegee University, 1200 Montgomery Road, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA
| | - George Hajishengallis
- Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Terry D Connell
- The Department of Microbiology & Immunology and The Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 138 Farber Hall, 3435 Main St., University at Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
| | - Toufic Nashar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nursing & Allied Health, Department of Pathobiology, Tuskegee University, 1200 Montgomery Road, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA.
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Phelan P, Merry HE, Hwang B, Mulligan MS. Differential toll-like receptor activation in lung ischemia reperfusion injury. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2015; 149:1653-61. [PMID: 25911179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2015.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The requirement for toll-like receptors (TLRs) in lung ischemia reperfusion injury (LIRI) has been demonstrated but not fully characterized. Previously, we reported that TLR-4 is required by alveolar macrophages but not pulmonary endothelial or epithelial cells for development of LIRI. Additionally, we demonstrated differential patterns of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation and cytokine release in these cell types during LIRI. Here, we sought to determine whether these differences in activation responses are related to cell-specific TLR activation requirements. METHODS Primary cultures of alveolar macrophages, pulmonary endothelial, and immortalized epithelial cells were pretreated with TLR-2 or TLR-4 short interference RNA (ribonucleic acid) before hypoxia and reoxygenation. Cell lysates and media were analyzed for receptor knockdown, MAPK activation, and cytokine production. Rats were pretreated with TLR-2 or TLR-4 short interference RNA before lung ischemia reperfusion and changes in lung vascular permeability were assessed. RESULTS Knockdown of TLR-2 in alveolar macrophages did not affect MAPK phosphorylation or cytokine secretion. Conversely, TLR-2 knockdown in pulmonary endothelial and epithelial cells demonstrated significant reductions in extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation and cytokine secretion. The lung permeability index in LIRI was decreased by TLR-4 but not TLR-2. CONCLUSIONS Differential TLR signaling and MAPK activation in response to LIRI seem to be cell specific. Short interference RNA provides an outstanding tool for examination of the underlying mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Phelan
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash
| | - Heather E Merry
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash
| | - Billanna Hwang
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash; Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash.
| | - Michael S Mulligan
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Wash; Center for Lung Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash
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