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Almayahi ZK, Al Hattali M, Al Kharusi Z, Al Shaqsi D, Anis K. The epidemiology and clinical features of the neglected myiasis: A pilot surveillance study from Oman. Qatar Med J 2024; 2024:15. [PMID: 38650828 PMCID: PMC11034382 DOI: 10.5339/qmj.2024.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Myiasis is a neglected disease, characterized by ill-defined diagnostics and management protocols. Published epidemiological and clinical studies of myiasis are still scarce, although several countries, such as Oman, have reported a few cases over the past 30 years. This study explores the epidemiological profile and clinical characteristics of myiasis in South Batinah Governorate (SBG), Oman. METHODOLOGY A prospective surveillance study was conducted in SBG from 1st November 2018 to 31st October 2019. Clinical and epidemiological data were collected using a pre-designed reporting form for suspected and confirmed cases. RESULTS A total of 188 cases were reported, of which 81.4% were male. One-third of cases were 11-20 years old, and a quarter reported exposure inside house. The rate of exposure was 16 per 10000 in Nakhal and Wadi Mawel. About 57% patients reported multiple re-exposure. Almost 60% of patients developed nasal or oral myiasis, 25% developed myiasis in the eye, and 4% in the ear. The most common respiratory symptoms were cough (83%), runny nose (48%), and foreign body sensation (35%). Over 50% of patients with eye exposures had redness, pain, and itchiness. Most patients (89.3%) kept animals at homes. Many cases occurred between December 2018 and April 2019, with almost one-third of exposures occurring at 5 p.m. Re-exposure likelihood for patients residing in Nakhal and Wadi Mawel was high; OR = 2.49 (95% CI 1.14-5.45), with OR = 3.59 (95% CI 1.37-9.39) for 11-20-year-olds and, OR = 3.01 (95% CI 1.07-8.42) for patients ≥ 31 years. CONCLUSION The myiasis exposure rate is high in certain areas and age groups, which is most likely associated with animal-related activities. The disease has a significant impact upon people's health in SBG. Therefore, urgent active-surveillance and clinical studies are warranted to explore possible preventive measures and treatment options. Adopting one health approach could offer an effective strategy for preventing myiasis in human and animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zayid K Almayahi
- Disease Surveillance and Control Department, Ministry of Health, South Batinah, Rustaq, Oman
| | - Mahfoudha Al Hattali
- Disease Surveillance and Control Department, Ministry of Health, South Batinah, Rustaq, Oman
| | - Zalkha Al Kharusi
- Wadi Mistal Hospital, Primary Health Care Department, Ministry of Health, South Batinah, Wadi Mawel, Oman
| | - Dalal Al Shaqsi
- Disease Surveillance and Control Department, Ministry of Health, South Batinah, Rustaq, Oman
| | - Khairy Anis
- Disease Surveillance and Control Department, Ministry of Health, South Batinah, Rustaq, Oman
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Mulè A, Crosato V, Kuhns DB, Lorenzi L, Chirico C, Maifredi G, Notarangelo LD, Castelli F, Tomasoni LR. Visceral Leishmaniasis in Immunocompetent Hosts in Brescia: A Case Series and Analysis of Cytokine Cascade. Microorganisms 2024; 12:394. [PMID: 38399799 PMCID: PMC10892745 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12020394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a parasitic zoonosis caused by Leishmania spp. that usually manifests itself in immunocompromised subjects. It is a rare and neglected disease, and it is not endemic in the province of Brescia (Italy). Three cases of human VL occurred in Brescia from October to December 2021 in immunocompetent patients. We evaluated the patients looking for signs of underlying immunodeficiencies and conducted further epidemiological evaluations in the province of Brescia without success. An analysis of the sera levels of the main cytokines involved in the immune response to VL was performed. All patients presented a significant augmentation of CXCL-10, CCL-4, and IL-6. The patients tested during the acute phase showed an elevation of IL-1α, IL-5, IL-10, and IL-12, while in the recovery phase, higher levels of TNF-α and IL-7 were detected. Altogether, a predominant activation of the T-helper-2 pathway emerged during the acute phase of the parasite infection, while the cytokines associated with the T-helper-1 pathway were less represented. This imbalanced immune response to the parasite infection might play a crucial role in the development of VL in immunocompetent patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Mulè
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (V.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Verena Crosato
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (V.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Douglas Byron Kuhns
- Neutrophil Monitoring Laboratory, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 20701, USA;
| | - Luisa Lorenzi
- Pathology Unit, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Claudia Chirico
- Department of Hygiene and Health Prevention, Health Protection Agency of Brescia (ATS Brescia), 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Maifredi
- Epidemiology Unit, Health Protection Agency of Brescia (ATS Brescia), 25124 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Luigi D. Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA;
| | - Francesco Castelli
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia and ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy; (V.C.); (F.C.)
| | - Lina R. Tomasoni
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy;
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Jiang Z, Silva EB, Liu C, Fajtová P, Liu LJ, El-Sakkary N, Skinner DE, Syed A, Wang SC, Caffrey CR, O’Donoghue AJ. Development of subunit selective proteasome substrates for Schistosoma species. bioRxiv 2024:2024.02.13.580161. [PMID: 38405969 PMCID: PMC10888821 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.13.580161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, or bilharzia, is a neglected tropical disease caused by Schistosoma spp. blood flukes that infects over 200 million people worldwide. Just one partially effective drug is available, and new drugs and drug targets would be welcome. The 20S proteasome is a validated drug target for many parasitic infections, including those caused by Plasmodium and Leishmania. We previously showed that anticancer proteasome inhibitors that act through the Schistosoma mansoni 20S proteasome (Sm20S) kill the parasite in vitro. To advance these initial findings, we employed Multiplex Substrate Profiling by Mass Spectrometry (MSP-MS) to define the substrate cleavage specificities of the three catalytic β subunits of purified Sm20S. The profiles in turn were used to design and synthesize subunit-specific optimized substrates that performed two to eight fold better than the equivalent substrates used to measure the activity of the constitutive human proteasome (c20S). These specific substrates also eliminated the need to purify Sm20S from parasite extracts - a single step enrichment was sufficient to accurately measure substrate hydrolysis and its inhibition with proteasome inhibitors. Finally, we show that the substrate and inhibition profiles for the 20S proteasome from the three medically important schistosome species are similar, suggesting that data arising from an inhibitor development campaign that focuses on Sm20S can be extrapolated to the other two targets with consequent time and cost savings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenze Jiang
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Disease, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | | | - Chenxi Liu
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Disease, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Pavla Fajtová
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Disease, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Lawrence J. Liu
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Disease, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Nelly El-Sakkary
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Disease, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Danielle E. Skinner
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Disease, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ali Syed
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Disease, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Steven C Wang
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Disease, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Conor R. Caffrey
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Disease, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Anthony J. O’Donoghue
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Disease, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093
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Barraza DE, Nanni PI, Bracamonte ME, Chaile RE, Goy CB, Acuña L, Marco JD, Madrid RE. Simple and promising paper-based electrochemical platform for serological detection of American tegumentary leishmaniasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2024; 119:e230149. [PMID: 38359306 PMCID: PMC10868376 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760230149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL) is an endemic neglected tropical disease (NTD), its conventional treatment is toxic, slow, and invasive. Rapid diagnosis is crucial for the clinical management of suspected patients, so the development and use of low-cost, miniaturised and portable devices could be the key. OBJECTIVES This work aimed to develop a simple paper-based electrochemical platform for the serological detection of ATL. METHODS Platform was fabricated in Whatman N°1 paper, contains a hydrophobic zone generated by wax printing, two pencil graphite electrodes, and uses specific crude extracts (CA) antigens for ATL immuno-determination. The platform performance was analysed by measuring the relative impedance change for different antigen-antibody combinations. Then, 10 serum human samples previously diagnosed by the gold standard (five positive ATL cases and five non-ATL cases) were evaluated. FINDINGS The platform presented a linear response for the charge transfer resistance (ΔRct) and the interface reactance (ΔXc). Also, optimal working conditions were established (1/60 serum dilution and 180 µg/mL CA concentration). Then, the platform permits to distinguish between ATL and non-ATL (p < 0.05) human serum samples. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our platform could allow the diagnosis, management, and monitoring of leishmaniasis while being an extremely simple and environmentally friendly technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela E Barraza
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas, Laboratorio de Medios e Interfases, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Paula I Nanni
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas, Laboratorio de Medios e Interfases, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - María E Bracamonte
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Patología Experimental, Salta, Argentina
| | - Roberto E Chaile
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas, Laboratorio de Medios e Interfases, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Carla B Goy
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas, Laboratorio de Medios e Interfases, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Leonardo Acuña
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Patología Experimental, Salta, Argentina
| | - Jorge D Marco
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Salta, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Patología Experimental, Salta, Argentina
| | - Rossana E Madrid
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Universidad Nacional de Tucumán, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología, Instituto Superior de Investigaciones Biológicas, Laboratorio de Medios e Interfases, Tucumán, Argentina
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Schott D, Ribeiro FL, Santos FN, Carvalho RWD. Fleas (Siphonaptera, Latreille, 1825) from Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: Species Diversity, Hosts, and One Health Approach. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2024. [PMID: 38232706 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Fleas are ectoparasitic insects with holometabolous development. It has a hematophagous habit with mouthparts adapted to sting and suck its hosts. There are about 3000 species in the world, ∼61 in Brazil, and 19 in Rio Grande do Sul state. The objective of the research is to catalog the diversity of fleas recorded in the state, their respective hosts, and endosymbionts. Materials and Methods: To this end, a search was carried out in the scientific literature, from articles, books, to abstracts submitted to congresses. Results: The 19 species of fleas occurring in Rio Grande do Sul are divided into 7 families and 10 genera. These ectoparasites, in addition to being found in the environment, were associated with 10 different families of hosts in Rio Grande do Sul, and on the endosymbiont, agents found associated with fleas, there were 7 different species. The main agents researched in the state are Rickettsia spp. and Bartonella spp. The relationships between parasites, hosts, environment, and etiological agents present different scenarios, whether anthropized or conserved, but unknown. Sometimes, this overlap, a factor that aggravates the possibility of spillovers, either from cosmopolitan fleas in these conserved areas, or from their endosymbionts. Conclusion: Thus, it is important to characterize the environment so that the complexities of each location are known for the adoption of environmental and public health policies in each case. The challenges are extensive, but necessary in view of the One Health perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Schott
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública e Meio Ambiente, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (ENSP/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Laís Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Terapia Ocupacional, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Nunes Santos
- Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (INI/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Raimundo Wilson de Carvalho
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Pública e Meio Ambiente, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (ENSP/Fiocruz), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Professor de Medicina e Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, Universidade Castelo Branco, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Meng Y, Ren Q, Xiao J, Sun H, Huang Y, Liu Y, Wang S, Wang S. Progress of research on the diagnosis and treatment of bone cystic echinococcosis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1273870. [PMID: 37920269 PMCID: PMC10618348 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1273870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most complex and dangerous of all echinococcoses. The lack of typical imaging features and clinical manifestations makes diagnosis and treatment of this disease difficult. X-ray and computed tomography (CT) images of bone CE are similar to those of bone cysts, giant-cell bone tumors, and bone metastases, but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows good diagnostic value due to excellent soft-tissue imaging features. Serological tests cannot be used as a definitive diagnostic method for bone CE due to cross-reactivity, which can lead to false-positive or false-negative results. The development of novel antigens can open new frontiers in the diagnosis of the disease. Currently, views conflict on how to diagnose and treat bone CE. Both surgical and pharmacological treatments can be used, but determining which is appropriate is difficult due to the different sites and clinical manifestations of bone CE. Radical resection is not indicated for large-bone injuries, and Pharmacotherapy becomes important. This article reviews the progress of research into the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of, and diagnostic strategies and treatment options for, bone CE. We aimed to provide a reference for clinical diagnosis and -treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Meng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xi’an Jiaotong University Affiliated HongHui Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Qian Ren
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Haohao Sun
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yiping Huang
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yaqing Liu
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Sibo Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xi’an Jiaotong University Affiliated HongHui Hospital, Xi’an, China
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Whangviboonkij N, Pengsart W, Chen Z, Han S, Park S, Kulkeaw K. Phenotypic assay for cytotoxicity assessment of Balamuthia mandrillaris against human neurospheroids. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1190530. [PMID: 37744897 PMCID: PMC10513763 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1190530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The phenotypic screening of drugs against Balamuthia mandrillaris, a neuropathogenic amoeba, involves two simultaneous phases: an initial step to test amoebicidal activity followed by an assay for cytotoxicity to host cells. The emergence of three-dimensional (3D) cell cultures has provided a more physiologically relevant model than traditional 2D cell culture for studying the pathogenicity of B. mandrillaris. However, the measurement of ATP, a critical indicator of cell viability, is complicated by the overgrowth of B. mandrillaris in coculture with host cells during drug screening, making it challenging to differentiate between amoebicidal activity and drug toxicity to human cells. Methods To address this limitation, we introduce a novel assay that utilizes three-dimensional hanging spheroid plates (3DHSPs) to evaluate both activities simultaneously on a single platform. Results and discussion Our study showed that the incubation of neurospheroids with clinically isolated B. mandrillaris trophozoites resulted in a loss of neurospheroid integrity, while the ATP levels in the neurospheroids decreased over time, indicating decreased host cell viability. Conversely, ATP levels in isolated trophozoites increased, indicating active parasite metabolism. Our findings suggest that the 3DHSP-based assay can serve as an endpoint for the phenotypic screening of drugs against B. mandrillaris, providing a more efficient and accurate approach for evaluating both parasite cytotoxicity and viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narisara Whangviboonkij
- Siriraj Integrative Center for Neglected Parasitic Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Worakamol Pengsart
- Siriraj Integrative Center for Neglected Parasitic Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Zhenzhong Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokgyu Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsu Park
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Quantum Biophysics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kasem Kulkeaw
- Siriraj Integrative Center for Neglected Parasitic Diseases, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Inácio MM, Moreira ALE, Cruz-Leite VRM, Mattos K, Silva LOS, Venturini J, Ruiz OH, Ribeiro-Dias F, Weber SS, Soares CMDA, Borges CL. Fungal Vaccine Development: State of the Art and Perspectives Using Immunoinformatics. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:633. [PMID: 37367569 DOI: 10.3390/jof9060633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections represent a serious global health problem, causing damage to health and the economy on the scale of millions. Although vaccines are the most effective therapeutic approach used to combat infectious agents, at the moment, no fungal vaccine has been approved for use in humans. However, the scientific community has been working hard to overcome this challenge. In this sense, we aim to describe here an update on the development of fungal vaccines and the progress of methodological and experimental immunotherapies against fungal infections. In addition, advances in immunoinformatic tools are described as an important aid by which to overcome the difficulty of achieving success in fungal vaccine development. In silico approaches are great options for the most important and difficult questions regarding the attainment of an efficient fungal vaccine. Here, we suggest how bioinformatic tools could contribute, considering the main challenges, to an effective fungal vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moisés Morais Inácio
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-170, Brazil
- Estácio de Goiás University Center, Goiânia 74063-010, Brazil
| | - André Luís Elias Moreira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-170, Brazil
| | | | - Karine Mattos
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Lana O'Hara Souza Silva
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-170, Brazil
| | - James Venturini
- Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Orville Hernandez Ruiz
- MICROBA Research Group-Cellular and Molecular Biology Unit-CIB, School of Microbiology, University of Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Fátima Ribeiro-Dias
- Laboratório de Imunidade Natural (LIN), Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74001-970, Brazil
| | - Simone Schneider Weber
- Bioscience Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Célia Maria de Almeida Soares
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-170, Brazil
| | - Clayton Luiz Borges
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia 74605-170, Brazil
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Taylor E, Aguilar-Ancori EG, Banyard AC, Abel I, Mantini-Briggs C, Briggs CL, Carrillo C, Gavidia CM, Castillo-Neyra R, Parola AD, Villena FE, Prada JM, Petersen BW, Falcon Perez N, Cabezas Sanchez C, Sihuincha M, Streicker DG, Maguina Vargas C, Navarro Vela AM, Vigilato MAN, Wen Fan H, Willoughby R, Horton DL, Recuenco SE. The Amazonian Tropical Bites Research Initiative, a hope for resolving zoonotic neglected tropical diseases in the One Health era. Int Health 2023; 15:216-223. [PMID: 35896028 PMCID: PMC9384559 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihac048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) disproportionately affect populations living in resource-limited settings. In the Amazon basin, substantial numbers of NTDs are zoonotic, transmitted by vertebrate (dogs, bats, snakes) and invertebrate species (sand flies and triatomine insects). However, no dedicated consortia exist to find commonalities in the risk factors for or mitigations against bite-associated NTDs such as rabies, snake envenoming, Chagas disease and leishmaniasis in the region. The rapid expansion of COVID-19 has further reduced resources for NTDs, exacerbated health inequality and reiterated the need to raise awareness of NTDs related to bites. METHODS The nine countries that make up the Amazon basin have been considered (Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Surinam and Venezuela) in the formation of a new network. RESULTS The Amazonian Tropical Bites Research Initiative (ATBRI) has been created, with the aim of creating transdisciplinary solutions to the problem of animal bites leading to disease in Amazonian communities. The ATBRI seeks to unify the currently disjointed approach to the control of bite-related neglected zoonoses across Latin America. CONCLUSIONS The coordination of different sectors and inclusion of all stakeholders will advance this field and generate evidence for policy-making, promoting governance and linkage across a One Health arena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Taylor
- University of Surrey, School of Veterinary Medicine, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford, GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Elsa Gladys Aguilar-Ancori
- Instituto Universitario de Enfermedades Tropicales y Biomedicina de Cusco - Universidad Nacional de San Antonio Abad del Cusco, Cusco, 08003, Peru
| | - Ashley C Banyard
- Animal and PlantHealth Agency, WoodhamLane, New Haw, Weybridge, Surrey, KT15 3NB, United Kingdom
| | - Isis Abel
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia e Geoprocessamento, Instituto de MedicinaVeterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, 68743-970, Brasil
| | - Clara Mantini-Briggs
- Berkeley Center for Social Medicine and the Institute for the Study of Societal Issues, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-5670, USA
| | - Charles L Briggs
- Berkeley Center for Social Medicine and the Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, 94720-5670, USA
| | - Carolina Carrillo
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein, Fundación Pablo Cassará - ConsejoNacional de InvestigacionesCientíficas y Técnicas, Saladillo 2468 (C1440FFX) Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cesar M Gavidia
- Facultad de MedicinaVeterinaria, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, 15021, Perú
| | - Ricardo Castillo-Neyra
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104-6021, USA
- One Health Unit, School of Public Health and Administration, Universidad PeruanaCayetano Heredia, Lima, 15102, Peru
| | - Alejandro D Parola
- Fundación Pablo Cassará. Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología Dr. Cesar Milstein, Saladillo 2468 (C1440FFX) Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fredy E Villena
- Asociaciónpara el Empleo y Bienestar Animal en Investigación y Docencia (ASOPEBAID), Lima, 15072, Peru
| | - Joaquin M Prada
- University of Surrey, School of Veterinary Medicine, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford, GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Brett W Petersen
- Poxvirus and Rabies Branch, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, 30333, USA
| | - Nestor Falcon Perez
- Facultad de MedicinaVeterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 15102, Perú
| | - Cesar Cabezas Sanchez
- Centro de InvestigacionesTecnologicas, Biomedicas y Medioambientales-CITBM, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, 15081, Peru
| | | | - Daniel G Streicker
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, G61 1QH, UK
| | - Ciro Maguina Vargas
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander Von Humbolt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, 15102, Perú
| | | | - Marco A N Vigilato
- Pan American Center for Foot and Mouth Disease and Veterinary Public Health, Department of Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan American Health Organization, Rio de Janeiro, 25040-004, Brazil
| | - Hui Wen Fan
- Bioindustrial Center, InstitutoButantan, São Paulo, 05503-900, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel L Horton
- University of Surrey, School of Veterinary Medicine, Daphne Jackson Road, Guildford, GU2 7AL, UK
| | - Sergio E Recuenco
- Centro de InvestigacionesTecnologicas, Biomedicas y Medioambientales-CITBM, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, 15081, Peru
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Rebouças-Silva J, Amorim NA, Jesus-Santos FH, de Lima JA, Lima JB, Berretta AA, Borges VM. Leishmanicidal and immunomodulatory properties of Brazilian green propolis extract (EPP-AF ®) and a gel formulation in a pre-clinical model. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1013376. [PMID: 36843932 PMCID: PMC9949379 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1013376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a widespread group of neglected vector-borne tropical diseases that possess serious therapeutic limitations. Propolis has been extensively used in traditional medical applications due to its range of biological effects, including activity against infectious agents. Here we evaluated the leishmanicidal and immunomodulatory properties of Brazilian green propolis extract (EPP-AF®) and a gel formulation incorporating EPP-AF®, in both in vitro and in vivo models of Leishmania amazonensis infection. Propolis extract, obtained from a standardized blend following hydroalcoholic extraction, showed the characteristic fingerprint of Brazilian green propolis as confirmed by HPLC/DAD. A carbopol 940 gel formulation was obtained containing propolis glycolic extract at 3.6% w/w. The release profile, assessed using the Franz diffusion cell protocol, demonstrated a gradual and prolonged release of p-coumaric acid and artepillin C from the carbomer gel matrix. Quantification of p-coumaric acid and artepillin C in the gel formulation over time revealed that p-coumaric acid followed the Higuchi model, dependent on the disintegration of the pharmaceutical preparation, while artepillin C followed a zero-order profile with sustained release. In vitro analysis revealed the ability of EPP-AF® to reduce the infection index of infected macrophages (p < 0.05), while also modulating the production of inflammatory biomarkers. Decreases in nitric oxide and prostaglandin E2 levels were observed (p < 0.01), suggesting low iNOS and COX-2 activity. Furthermore, EPP-AF® treatment was found to induce heme oxygenase-1 antioxidant enzyme expression in both uninfected and L. amazonensis-infected cells, as well as inhibit IL-1β production in infected cells (p < 0.01). ERK-1/2 phosphorylation was positively correlated with TNF-α production (p < 0.05), yet no impact on parasite load was detected. In vivo analysis indicated the effectiveness of topical treatment with EPP-AF® gel alone (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01), or in combination with pentavalent antimony (p < 0.05 and p < 0.001), in the reduction of lesion size in the ears of L. amazonensis-infected BALB/c mice after seven or 3 weeks of treatment, respectively. Taken together, the present results reinforce the leishmanicidal and immunomodulatory effects of Brazilian green propolis, and demonstrate promising potential for the EPP-AF® propolis gel formulation as a candidate for adjuvant therapy in the treatment of Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Rebouças-Silva
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil,Faculty of Medicine of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Nathaly Alcazar Amorim
- Laboratory of Research, Development and Innovation, Apis Flora Industrial e Comercial Ltda, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio Henrique Jesus-Santos
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil,Faculty of Medicine of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Aparecida de Lima
- Laboratory of Research, Development and Innovation, Apis Flora Industrial e Comercial Ltda, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Andresa A. Berretta
- Laboratory of Research, Development and Innovation, Apis Flora Industrial e Comercial Ltda, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil,*Correspondence: Andresa A. Berretta, ; Valéria M. Borges,
| | - Valéria M. Borges
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil,Faculty of Medicine of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil,*Correspondence: Andresa A. Berretta, ; Valéria M. Borges,
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11
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Vásconez-González J, Izquierdo-Condoy JS, Fernandez-Naranjo R, Gamez-Rivera E, Tello-De-la-Torre A, Guerrero-Castillo GS, Ruiz-Sosa C, Ortiz-Prado E. Severe Chagas disease in Ecuador: a countrywide geodemographic epidemiological analysis from 2011 to 2021. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1172955. [PMID: 37143984 PMCID: PMC10151800 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1172955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chagas disease is a neglected and often forgotten tropical disease caused by the Trypanosoma cruzi. This parasite can be transmitted through the direct contact of human skin with feces and urine of the triatomine insect. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), an estimated 6-7 million people are infected worldwide, killing at least 14,000 every year. The disease has been reported in 20 of the 24 provinces of Ecuador, with El Oro, Guayas, and Loja being the most affected. Methodology We analyzed the morbidity and mortality rates of severe Chagas disease in Ecuador on a nationwide, population-based level. Hospitalization cases and deaths were also examined based on altitude, including low (< 2,500 m) and high (> 2,500 m) altitudes, according to the International Society. Data was retrieved from the National Institute of Statistics and Census hospital admissions and in-hospital mortality databases from 2011 to 2021. Results A total of 118 patients have been hospitalized in Ecuador since 2011 due to Chagas disease. The overall in-hospital mortality rate was 69.4% (N = 82). Men have a higher incidence rate (4.8/1,000,000) than women, although women have a significantly higher mortality rate than men (6.9/1,000,000). Conclusion Chagas disease is a severe parasitic condition that primarily affects rural and poorer areas of Ecuador. Men are more likely to be infected due to differences in work and sociocultural activities. Using average elevation data, we conducted a geodemographic analysis to assess incidence rates by altitude. Our findings indicate that the disease is more common at low and moderate altitudes, but recent increases in cases at higher altitudes suggest that environmental changes, such as global warming, could be driving the proliferation of disease-carrying vectors in previously unaffected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Vásconez-González
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad de Las Americas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Juan S. Izquierdo-Condoy
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad de Las Americas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Raul Fernandez-Naranjo
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad de Las Americas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Esteban Gamez-Rivera
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad de Las Americas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Andrea Tello-De-la-Torre
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad de Las Americas, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Carlos Ruiz-Sosa
- Postgraduate in Gastroenterology and Digestive Endoscopy, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Esteban Ortiz-Prado
- One Health Research Group, Faculty of Health Science, Universidad de Las Americas, Quito, Ecuador
- *Correspondence: Esteban Ortiz-Prado,
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12
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Shoukat Q, Rizvi A, Wahood W, Coetzee S, Wrench A. Sight the Mite: A Meta-Analysis on the Diagnosis of Scabies. Cureus 2023; 15:e34390. [PMID: 36874720 PMCID: PMC9976840 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This meta-analysis was performed to assess the efficacy of the diagnostic tests for scabies infections that are currently in wide use. Scabies is most commonly diagnosed through clinical presentations; however, due to the wide array of symptoms, diagnosis is difficult. The most commonly used diagnostic test is skin scraping. However, this test relies on correctly selecting the site of mite infection for sampling. Due to the mobile nature of a live parasitic infection, the mite can often be missed based on its current location within the skin. The goal of this paper is to determine if a gold standard confirmatory test exists for the diagnosis of scabies by comparing Skin Scraping, Adhesive Tape, Dermoscopy, and PCR tests. Medline, PubMed, and Neglected Tropical Diseases databases were utilized in a literature review. Eligible papers were papers published in or after the year 2000, published in the English language, and mainly focused on the diagnosis of scabies. At the time of this meta-analysis, scabies is mostly diagnosed through a correlation of clinical symptoms in conjunction with diagnostic tests such as dermoscopy (sensitivity: 43.47%, specificity: 84.41%), adhesive tape tests (sensitivity: 69.56%, specificity: 100%) and PCR antigen detection (37.9% sensitivity, specificity: 100%). Due to a scarcity of data in the literature, the diagnostic efficacy of other diagnostic tests is difficult to assess. Overall, the efficacies of the tests analyzed vary depending on how similar scabies is to other skin disorders, how challenging it is to get a usable sample and the price and accessibility of essential tools. There is a need for standardized national diagnostic criteria to increase the diagnostic sensitivity of scabies infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qaas Shoukat
- College of Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, USA
| | - Ahraz Rizvi
- College of Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, USA
| | - Waseem Wahood
- College of Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, USA
| | - Skyler Coetzee
- Medicine, Dr. Kiran C. Patel College of Allopathic Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, USA
| | - Algevis Wrench
- Microbiology, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, USA
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Aryani T, Budiatin AS, Samirah, Maulidina A, Firdaus AI, Gani MA, Nisak K, Khotib J, Syukriya AJ. The administration of bovine hydroxyapatite-alendronate implant accelerates bone defect healing in an osteoporotic rat. Technol Health Care 2023; 31:1747-1757. [PMID: 37092192 DOI: 10.3233/thc-220612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone fracture is the main consequence of osteoporosis, which may become a neglected disease. OBJECTIVE This study aims to fabricate bovine hydroxyapatite-gelatine (BHA-GEL) based bone-implant with alendronate (ALE) in vivo. METHODS Wistar rats were used for an osteoporotic animal model induced by ovariectomy. There were three groups: negative control, BHA-GEL implant, and BHA-GEL-ALE implant. Each group performed a defect by drilling the femur (diameter of 2.2 mm and depth of 2 mm). Observations on the closure of bone defects were performed by X-ray radiography at the second and sixth week after surgery. The mechanism of bone healing was observed by using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunohistochemical technique with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and anti-alkaline phosphatase (ALP) antibodies. RESULTS The radiograph examination showed the implanted group had accelerated bone growth. In addition, the osteoblast, osteoclast and osteocyte had accelerated migration to the defect area. Moreover, the immunoreactive score (IRS) of VEGF at the sixth week in the BHA-GEL-ALE group was lower than the other groups. Meanwhile, the IRS of ALP in BHA-GEL-ALE was higher compared to other groups. CONCLUSION The BHA-GEL-ALE implant accelerates the healing of bone defect in the osteoporotic rat by increasing the ALP expression and the total number of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toetik Aryani
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Aniek Setiya Budiatin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Samirah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Aulia Maulidina
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Aulia Intan Firdaus
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Maria Apriliani Gani
- Doctoral Programme in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Khoirotin Nisak
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Junaidi Khotib
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Alvi Jauharotus Syukriya
- Master Programme in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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da Costa VG, Saivish MV, Lino NAB, Bittar C, de Freitas Calmon M, Nogueira ML, Rahal P. Clinical Landscape and Rate of Exposure to Ilheus Virus: Insights from Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Viruses 2022; 15:92. [PMID: 36680131 PMCID: PMC9861323 DOI: 10.3390/v15010092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ilheus fever is a mosquito-borne, poorly known tropical disease. We aimed to report the pooled rate of exposure to the Ilheus virus (ILHV) and clinical outcomes of infection to determine the epidemiological patterns of ILHV. We conducted a meta-analysis of 37 studies (n = 17,722 individuals) from Latin America. The common clinical characteristics of ILHV infection were fever (82.3%), headache (52.9%), and myalgia (52.9%). Encephalitis complicated the course of the infection in 29.4% cases. Monotypic serological reactions detected a pooled rate of exposure of 2% to ILHV (95% CI: 1-2). Studies were mainly conducted in Brazil, with a pooled proportion of ILHV positivity of 8% (95% CI: 3-14). Males (12%) had higher rates of seropositivity than females (7%) and had high chances of ILHV infection (OR: 1.7, 95% CI: 1.2-2.5). Seropositivity increased with age, from 2% (95% CI: 2-3) among people aged 0-14 years to 8% (95% CI: 6-10) among people aged 15-64 years. Our analysis indicated a low and relatively constant burden of ILHV in Latin America. More research is needed to evaluate and innovate serological assays for ILHV to better estimate the burden and dynamics of epidemiological changes in ILHV infection in different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivaldo Gomes da Costa
- Laboratório de Estudos Genômicos, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Marielena Vogel Saivish
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Nikolas Alexander Borsato Lino
- Laboratório de Estudos Genômicos, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Bittar
- Laboratório de Estudos Genômicos, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Marília de Freitas Calmon
- Laboratório de Estudos Genômicos, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Maurício Lacerda Nogueira
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Departamento de Doenças Dermatológicas, Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto (FAMERP), São José do Rio Preto 15090-000, Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- Laboratório de Estudos Genômicos, Departamento de Biologia, Instituto de Biociências Letras e Ciências Exatas (IBILCE), Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, Brazil
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15
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Scanni G. Facilitations in the Clinical Diagnosis of Human Scabies through the Use of Ultraviolet Light (UV-Scab Scanning): A Case-Series Study. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:tropicalmed7120422. [PMID: 36548678 PMCID: PMC9785351 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7120422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To confirm the suspicion of scabies, dermatologists have one pathognomonic sign, "the tunnel" through which Sarcoptes scabiei digs into the epidermis. Light microscopy is considered the most reliable procedure, but it is time-consuming and operator-dependent. Recently, dermoscopy has greatly improved the chances of recognizing mite in situ, but it is still linked to the examiner's experience and to the magnification capability of the device used. METHODS This article, based on a case-series study, describes a novel diagnostic path, which uses an ultraviolet LED source at 365 nm and a digital camera for the evaluation of lesions that raise the suspicion of scabies. RESULTS The gallery emits a naked-eye-visible wavy bluish-white linear luminescence, better than that of any standard lighting. UVA light is also able to identify Sarcoptes scabiei as a white or green point-shaped area. This sign can only be appreciated by enlarging its picture to full frame on a common PC monitor. CONCLUSIONS Ultraviolet light (365 nm) seems to offer help in the diagnosis of scabies because it saves time compared with light microscopy and because it does not require contact with the patient's skin, as in dermoscopy. Although examiner experience remains an important factor, it is easily compensated by procedural simplicity, the cost of the devices and, especially, by the clarity of the results, even in non-specific lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaetano Scanni
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Prevention ASL, 70123 Bari, Italy;
- Osservatorio Per lo Studio e la Prevenzione Delle Parassitosi ed Infezioni Nelle Collettività (OPIC), Via Lungomare Starita n.6, 70132 Bari, Italy
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Abstract
Bartonella bacilliformis causes Carrión's disease, an infectious disease present in rural Andean areas of Peru and Ecuador. The disease has an acute and a chronic phase called Oroya fever and Peruvian wart, respectively. Oroya fever is potentially fatal if treated inadequately. Female Lutzomyia verrucarum, a phlebotomine sand fly endemic to South America, is the major vector. B. bacilliformis exhibits high susceptibility levels to a variety of antibacterial agents. B. bacilliformis is difficult to culture. Most endemic areas are remote with fragile health systems and poor communication. Thus, the true burden of the disease is difficult to ascertain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquim Ruiz
- Grupo de Enfermedades Emergentes y Reemergentes, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
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17
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Moraes J, Ghilardi Lago JH. Natural products as lead compounds for treatment of neglected tropical diseases: dream or reality? Future Med Chem 2022; 14:1607-9. [PMID: 36317672 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2022-0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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18
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Alvarez CM, Oliveira MME, Pires RH. Sporotrichosis: A Review of a Neglected Disease in the Last 50 Years in Brazil. Microorganisms 2022; 10:2152. [PMID: 36363744 PMCID: PMC9695284 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Sporotrichosis is caused by fungi belonging to the genus Sporothrix, which saprophytically are found in plants and organic matter. However, cats are highly susceptible to contamination with fungal spores and, when they become sick, they can transmit it to other animals and to man. The objective of this study is to carry out a systematic review on the emergency, diagnosis, clinical symptoms, therapeutics, and control of zoonotic sporotrichosis. Published data covering the last 50 years using a combination of keywords were selected to answer the question: Why has the zoonotic sporotrichosis been a neglected disease up to now? A total of 135 studies were included in this review. The studies emphasize that in recent decades, Brazil has experienced an unprecedented zoonotic outbreak of sporotrichosis. Advances on the genus Sporothrix allowed one to associate thermotolerance, capacity for melanin synthesis, potential for adhesion to tissue macromolecules, ergosterol peroxide production, and expression of virulence proteins as tools for infection and invasion in S. brasiliensis, the main species involved, although cases with S. schenckii or S. lurei were also reported. Correct diagnosis, early treatment, basic educational measures that emphasize responsible ownership of animals and reproductive control programs for felines can contribute to the control of zoonosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Magaly Alvarez
- Laboratory of Mycology and Environmental Diagnosis, Postgraduate Program in Health Promotion, University of Franca, Franca 14404-600, SP, Brazil
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Agraria del Ecuador, Guayaquil 090104, Ecuador
| | | | - Regina Helena Pires
- Laboratory of Mycology and Environmental Diagnosis, Postgraduate Program in Health Promotion, University of Franca, Franca 14404-600, SP, Brazil
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González-Salazar C, Meneses-Mosquera AK, Aguirre-Peña A, Fernández-Castel KPJ, Stephens CR, Mendoza-Ponce A, Velasco JA, Calderón-Bustamante O, Estrada F. Toward New Epidemiological Landscapes of Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) Transmission under Future Human-Modified Land Cover and Climatic Change in Mexico. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:221. [PMID: 36136632 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7090221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by the protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi, is an important yet neglected disease that represents a severe public health problem in the Americas. Although the alteration of natural habitats and climate change can favor the establishment of new transmission cycles for T. cruzi, the compound effect of human-modified landscapes and current climate change on the transmission dynamics of T. cruzi has until now received little attention. A better understanding of the relationship between these factors and T. cruzi presence is an important step towards finding ways to mitigate the future impact of this disease on human communities. Here, we assess how wild and domestic cycles of T. cruzi transmission are related to human-modified landscapes and climate conditions (LUCC-CC). Using a Bayesian datamining framework, we measured the correlations among the presence of T. cruzi transmission cycles (sylvatic, rural, and urban) and historical land use, land cover, and climate for the period 1985 to 2012. We then estimated the potential range changes of T. cruzi transmission cycles under future land-use and -cover change and climate change scenarios for 2050 and 2070 time-horizons, with respect to “green” (RCP 2.6), “business-as-usual” (RCP 4.5), and “worst-case” (RCP 8.5) scenarios, and four general circulation models. Our results show how sylvatic and domestic transmission cycles could have historically interacted through the potential exchange of wild triatomines (insect vectors of T. cruzi) and mammals carrying T. cruzi, due to the proximity of human settlements (urban and rural) to natural habitats. However, T. cruzi transmission cycles in recent times (i.e., 2011) have undergone a domiciliation process where several triatomines have colonized and adapted to human dwellings and domestic species (e.g., dogs and cats) that can be the main blood sources for these triatomines. Accordingly, Chagas disease could become an emerging health problem in urban areas. Projecting potential future range shifts of T. cruzi transmission cycles under LUCC-CC scenarios we found for RCP 2.6 no expansion of favourable conditions for the presence of T. cruzi transmission cycles. However, for RCP 4.5 and 8.5, a significant range expansion of T. cruzi could be expected. We conclude that if sustainable goals are reached by appropriate changes in socio-economic and development policies we can expect no increase in suitable habitats for T. cruzi transmission cycles.
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Gani MA, Budiatin AS, Lestari MLAD, Rantam FA, Ardianto C, Khotib J. Fabrication and Characterization of Submicron-Scale Bovine Hydroxyapatite: A Top-Down Approach for a Natural Biomaterial. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:2324. [PMID: 35329775 DOI: 10.3390/ma15062324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Submicron hydroxyapatite has been reported to have beneficial effects in bone tissue engineering. This study aimed to fabricate submicron-scale bovine hydroxyapatite (BHA) using the high-energy dry ball milling method. Bovine cortical bone was pretreated and calcined to produce BHA powder scaled in microns. BHA was used to fabricate submicron BHA with milling treatment for 3, 6, and 9 h and was characterized by using dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscope connected with energy dispersive X-Ray spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffractometry to obtain its particle size, calcium-to-phosphorus (Ca/P) ratio, functional chemical group, and XRD peaks and crystallinity. Results showed that the particle size of BHA had a wide distribution range, with peaks from ~5 to ~10 µm. Milling treatment for 3, 6, and 9 h successfully gradually reduced the particle size of BHA to a submicron scale. The milled BHA's hydrodynamic size was significantly smaller compared to unmilled BHA. Milling treatment reduced the crystallinity of BHA. However, the treatment did not affect other characteristics; unmilled and milled BHA was shaped hexagonally, had carbonate and phosphate substitution groups, and the Ca/P ratio ranged from 1.48 to 1.68. In conclusion, the fabrication of submicron-scale BHA was successfully conducted using a high-energy dry ball milling method. The milling treatment did not affect the natural characteristics of BHA. Thus, the submicron-scale BHA may be potentially useful as a biomaterial for bone grafts.
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21
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Receveur JP, Bauer A, Pechal JL, Picq S, Dogbe M, Jordan HR, Rakestraw AW, Fast K, Sandel M, Chevillon C, Guégan JF, Wallace JR, Benbow ME. A need for null models in understanding disease transmission: the example of Mycobacterium ulcerans (Buruli ulcer disease). FEMS Microbiol Rev 2022; 46:fuab045. [PMID: 34468735 PMCID: PMC8767449 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the interactions of ecosystems, humans and pathogens is important for disease risk estimation. This is particularly true for neglected and newly emerging diseases where modes and efficiencies of transmission leading to epidemics are not well understood. Using a model for other emerging diseases, the neglected tropical skin disease Buruli ulcer (BU), we systematically review the literature on transmission of the etiologic agent, Mycobacterium ulcerans (MU), within a One Health/EcoHealth framework and against Hill's nine criteria and Koch's postulates for making strong inference in disease systems. Using this strong inference approach, we advocate a null hypothesis for MU transmission and other understudied disease systems. The null should be tested against alternative vector or host roles in pathogen transmission to better inform disease management. We propose a re-evaluation of what is necessary to identify and confirm hosts, reservoirs and vectors associated with environmental pathogen replication, dispersal and transmission; critically review alternative environmental sources of MU that may be important for transmission, including invertebrate and vertebrate species, plants and biofilms on aquatic substrates; and conclude with placing BU within the context of other neglected and emerging infectious diseases with intricate ecological relationships that lead to disease in humans, wildlife and domestic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P Receveur
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Alexandra Bauer
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jennifer L Pechal
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sophie Picq
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Magdalene Dogbe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Heather R Jordan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA
| | - Alex W Rakestraw
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, The University of West Alabama, Livingston, AL, USA
| | - Kayla Fast
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, The University of West Alabama, Livingston, AL, USA
| | - Michael Sandel
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, The University of West Alabama, Livingston, AL, USA
| | - Christine Chevillon
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs : Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut pour la Recherche et le Développement, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-François Guégan
- Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs : Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Université de Montpellier (UM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut pour la Recherche et le Développement, Montpellier, France
- UMR Animal, santé, territoires, risques et écosystèmes, Institut national de recherche pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRAE), Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement (Cirad), Université de Montpellier (UM), Montpellier, France
| | - John R Wallace
- Department of Biology, Millersville University, Millersville, PA, USA
| | - M Eric Benbow
- Department of Entomology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Ecology, Evolution and Behavior Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- AgBioResearch, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
- Department of Osteopathic Medical Specialties, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
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22
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Sartorio MUA, Munari AM, Carlucci P, Erba P, Calcaterra V, Fabiano V. MRSA Femoral Osteomyelitis from Superinfected Scabies Lesions: A Pediatric Case Report. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:ijerph19021007. [PMID: 35055830 PMCID: PMC8775834 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19021007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Scabies is a skin infestation from the Sarcoptes scabiei. It is considered a public health issue causing concern in developing countries and is considered a “neglected tropical disease” by the World Health Organization (WHO). Scabies skin lesions may cause severe itching and can be the portal of entry for opportunistic and pathogenic bacteria, which can cause serious systemic infections. We report the case of a 3-year-old boy with recurrent scabies infections who presented to the emergency department because of a fever and refusal to walk. Blood tests showed neutrophilic leukocytosis and significantly increased C reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin. Upon medical examination, his right thigh was extremely painful upon palpation, knee flexion was lost and he was unable to stand, so magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was performed. MRI showed osteomyelitis of metaphysis and distal diaphysis of the right femur with associated subperiosteal purulent collection and concomitant pyomyositis and fasciitis of the distal right thigh. Blood cultures were positive for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The patient received a long course of intravenous antibiotic therapy and his condition slowly improved. Follow-up femur X-ray showed a mixed pattern of erosion and sclerosis at the meta-diaphyseal region and periosteal reaction at the diaphyseal region. This case highlights the importance of early scabies diagnosis even in Western countries where poverty and household overcrowding are uncommon. Early diagnosis, timely initiation of proper treatment and evidence of clinical resolution are important elements to prevent recurrence of infection and serious systemic superinfections even from multi-drug resistant bacteria. Clinical consequences from unrecognized disease or inadequate eradication are preventable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ugo Andrea Sartorio
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, Via Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milan, Italy; (P.C.); (P.E.); (V.C.); (V.F.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alice Marianna Munari
- Pediatric Radiology and Neuroradiology, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, 20154 Milan, Italy;
| | - Patrizia Carlucci
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, Via Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milan, Italy; (P.C.); (P.E.); (V.C.); (V.F.)
| | - Paola Erba
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, Via Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milan, Italy; (P.C.); (P.E.); (V.C.); (V.F.)
| | - Valeria Calcaterra
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, Via Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milan, Italy; (P.C.); (P.E.); (V.C.); (V.F.)
- Pediatrics and Adolescentology Unit, Department of Internal Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Valentina Fabiano
- Department of Pediatrics, Vittore Buzzi Children’s Hospital, University of Milan, Via Castelvetro 32, 20154 Milan, Italy; (P.C.); (P.E.); (V.C.); (V.F.)
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23
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da Cunha VP, Botelho GM, de Oliveira AHM, Monteiro LD, de Barros Franco DG, da Costa Silva R. Application of the ARIMA Model to Predict Under-Reporting of New Cases of Hansen's Disease during the COVID-19 Pandemic in a Municipality of the Amazon Region. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 19:ijerph19010415. [PMID: 35010675 PMCID: PMC8744825 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19010415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed to apply the ARIMA model to predict the under-reporting of new Hansen’s disease cases during the COVID-19 pandemic in Palmas, Tocantins, Brazil. This is an ecological time series study of Hansen’s disease indicators in the city of Palmas between 2001 and 2020 using the autoregressive integrated moving averages method. Data from the Notifiable Injuries Information System and population estimates from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics were collected. A total of 7035 new reported cases of Hansen’s disease were analyzed. The ARIMA model (4,0,3) presented the lowest values for the two tested information criteria and was the one that best fit the data, as AIC = 431.30 and BIC = 462.28, using a statistical significance level of 0.05 and showing the differences between the predicted values and those recorded in the notifications, indicating a large number of under-reporting of Hansen’s disease new cases during the period from April to December 2020. The ARIMA model reported that 177% of new cases of Hansen’s disease were not reported in Palmas during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. This study shows the need for the municipal control program to undertake immediate actions in terms of actively searching for cases and reducing their hidden prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Perim da Cunha
- Graduate Program in Intellectual Property and Information Technology Transfer - PROFNIT, Federal University of Tocantins, Palmas 77001-090, TO, Brazil; (G.M.B.); (A.H.M.d.O.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Glenda Michele Botelho
- Graduate Program in Intellectual Property and Information Technology Transfer - PROFNIT, Federal University of Tocantins, Palmas 77001-090, TO, Brazil; (G.M.B.); (A.H.M.d.O.)
| | - Ary Henrique Morais de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Intellectual Property and Information Technology Transfer - PROFNIT, Federal University of Tocantins, Palmas 77001-090, TO, Brazil; (G.M.B.); (A.H.M.d.O.)
| | | | | | - Rafael da Costa Silva
- Computing Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil;
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24
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Idris SM, Eltom KH, Okuni JB, Ojok L, Elmagzoub WA, El Wahed AA, Eltayeb E, Gameel AA. Paratuberculosis: The Hidden Killer of Small Ruminants. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:12. [PMID: 35011118 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Paratuberculosis is a chronic disease of ruminants and many non-ruminant animals caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Affected animals show diarrhoea, loss of weight, and decreased production performance with consequent economic losses. This bacterium has been detected in some humans suffering from a chronic intestinal disease known as Crohn’s disease (CD) and, therefore, some scientists believe that CD is the human form of paratuberculosis. The disease in small ruminants has been reported in all continents, with goats being more susceptible than sheep. The clinical signs of the disease in goats are not so obvious as often do not show signs of diarrhoea, and the animal may die before being finally diagnosed. In Africa and many developing countries, paratuberculosis is described as a “neglected disease” particularly in small ruminants, which play a vital role in the livelihood of poor communities. This overview attempts to highlight the current research and gaps on this disease in small ruminants to draw more attention for further studies on diagnosis, prevention and control. Abstract Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a contagious and chronic enteric disease of ruminants and many non-ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), and is characterised by diarrhoea and progressive emaciation with consequent serious economic losses due to death, early culling, and reduced productivity. In addition, indirect economic losses may arise from trade restrictions. Besides being a production limiting disease, PTB is a potential zoonosis; MAP has been isolated from Crohn’s disease patients and was associated with other human diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, Type 1 diabetes, and multiple sclerosis. Paratuberculosis in sheep and goats may be globally distributed though information on the prevalence and economic impact in many developing countries seem to be scanty. Goats are more susceptible to infection than sheep and both species are likely to develop the clinical disease. Ingestion of feed and water contaminated with faeces of MAP-positive animals is the common route of infection, which then spreads horizontally and vertically. In African countries, PTB has been described as a “neglected disease”, and in small ruminants, which support the livelihood of people in rural areas and poor communities, the disease was rarely reported. Prevention and control of small ruminants’ PTB is difficult because diagnostic assays demonstrate poor sensitivity early in the disease process, in addition to the difficulties in identifying subclinically infected animals. Further studies are needed to provide more insight on molecular epidemiology, transmission, and impact on other animals or humans, socio-economic aspects, prevention and control of small ruminant PTB.
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25
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Blanco S, Barile ME, Frutos MC, Vicente ACP, Gallego SV. Neurodegenerative disease in association with sexual transmission of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 2 subtype b in Argentina. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 116:622-627. [PMID: 34791493 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study is to show that human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) infection produces symptoms resembling those described for HTLV-1-associated myeloneuropathy and to highlight the role of sexual transmission in the silent dissemination of HTLV-2. METHODS Patient samples were tested by particle agglutination and indirect immunofluorescence assay. The HTLV type was defined by molecular techniques. Nucleotide sequence analysis of HTLV-2 long terminal repeat region, T cell CD3/CD4 and T cell CD3/CD8 counts and typing of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) alleles A, B, C and DRB1 were also performed. RESULTS HTLV-2 subtype b infection was confirmed in two blood donors and their sexual partners. Two patients exhibited distinctive signs and symptoms of progressive neurological disease. Three infected patients carried HLA-C*04. Both patients with neurological disease also carried HLA-A*31 and HLA-DRB1*07 alleles. CONCLUSIONS Herein we describe for the first time sexual transmission of HTLV-2 in a non-endemic region of Argentina, highlighting the relevance of this transmission route in HTLV-2 silent dissemination out of the clusters of endemicity. We also provide evidence that HTLV-2 infection causes symptoms resembling those described for HTLV-1-associated myeloneuropathy. The evidence presented herein points to the critical need for public health strategies to reduce the spread of this neglected infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián Blanco
- Fundación Banco Central de Sangre, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina.,Instituto de Virología Dr J M Vanella, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | | | - María Celia Frutos
- Instituto de Virología Dr J M Vanella, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
| | | | - Sandra Verónica Gallego
- Fundación Banco Central de Sangre, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina.,Instituto de Virología Dr J M Vanella, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, 5000, Argentina
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Costescu Strachinaru DI, Wauters A, Van Esbroeck M, Strachinaru M, Vanbrabant P, Soentjens P. A Cluster of Plasmodium ovale Infections in Belgian Military Personnel after Deployment in Kindu, Democratic Republic of Congo: A Retrospective Study. Trop Med Infect Dis 2021; 6:tropicalmed6030125. [PMID: 34287372 PMCID: PMC8293309 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed6030125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium ovale malaria is often neglected due to its less severe course compared to Plasmodium falciparum. In 2011–2012, Belgian Armed Forces identified a cluster of P. ovale cases among military personnel after deployment in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). In this retrospective, monocentric, observational study, clinical and biological features of soldiers diagnosed with P. ovale after deployment in DRC were reviewed. Species diagnosis was based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and/or thick blood smear. Medical records of 149 soldiers screened at the Queen Astrid Military Hospital after deployment were reviewed. Eight cases (seven P. ovale infections and one P. ovale—falciparum coinfection) were identified. All had positive thick smears, and seven were confirmed by PCR. Chemoprophylaxis was mefloquine in all subjects. Median time of disease onset was 101 days after return from the endemic region. Median delay between return and diagnosis was 103 days. All P. ovale bouts were uncomplicated. None had relapses after primaquine treatment. This military cohort highlights a hotspot of P. ovale in Eastern DRC. Non-specific symptoms, the less severe presentation, the lack of sensitive parasitological tools in the field and long delays between infection and symptoms probably lead to underestimation of P. ovale cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Isabela Costescu Strachinaru
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium; (P.V.); (P.S.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (A.W.); (M.V.E.)
- Correspondence:
| | - An Wauters
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (A.W.); (M.V.E.)
| | - Marjan Van Esbroeck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (A.W.); (M.V.E.)
| | - Mihai Strachinaru
- Department of Cardiology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Peter Vanbrabant
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium; (P.V.); (P.S.)
- General Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Patrick Soentjens
- Center for Infectious Diseases, Queen Astrid Military Hospital, 1120 Brussels, Belgium; (P.V.); (P.S.)
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium; (A.W.); (M.V.E.)
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Kotit S, Phillips DIW, Afifi A, Yacoub M. The "Cairo Accord"- Towards the Eradication of RHD: An Update. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:690227. [PMID: 34277735 PMCID: PMC8282907 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.690227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) is the most common cause of acquired heart disease in children and young adults. It continues to be prevalent in many low- and middle-income countries where it causes significant morbidity and mortality. Following the 2017 Cairo conference "Rheumatic Heart Disease: from Molecules to the Global Community," experts from 21 countries formulated an approach for addressing the problem of RHD: "The Cairo Accord on Rheumatic Heart Disease." The Accord attempts to set policy priorities for the eradication of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and RHD and builds on a recent series of policy initiatives and calls to action. We present an update on the recommendations of the Cairo Accord and discuss recent progress toward the eradication of RHD, including contributions from our own Aswan Rheumatic Heart Disease Registry (ARGI).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David I. W. Phillips
- Developmental Origins of Health and Disease Division, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | | | - Magdi Yacoub
- Aswan Heart Centre, Aswan, Egypt
- Heart Science Centre, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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28
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Magalhães SFV, Peixoto HM, de Almeida Gonçalves Sachett J, Oliveira SS, Alves EC, Dos Santos Ibiapina HN, Monteiro WM, de Oliveira MRF. Snakebite envenomation in the Brazilian Amazon: a cost-of-illness study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 114:635-642. [PMID: 32239168 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/traa005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Snakebites account for significant morbidity and mortality. Their occurrence in the Brazilian Amazon warrants an analysis that will enable better understanding of their economic impact and thus contribute to their management and prevention. This study aimed to estimate the cost of snakebite envenomation in the Brazilian Amazon in 2015. METHODS We conducted a cost-of-illness study of snakebite in the Brazilian Amazon in 2015 based on official surveillance data to estimate burden from a societal, patient and public health system perspective. Direct medical costs were estimated via a top-down approach. Loss of productivity was estimated by a human capital approach. RESULTS The study included 11 503 cases and 56 deaths. The estimated cost to the health system was US$3.115.861,28. The estimated cost due to premature death caused by snakebite was US$3031 300.38. The cost attributed to the loss of productivity due to absence from work was US$1539 518.62. The estimated cost from the patient's perspective was US$268 914.18. Therefore the total cost of snakebite in the Brazilian Amazon was estimated to be almost than US$8 million in 2015. CONCLUSIONS The economic burden of snakebite in Brazilian Amazon is notably high. Snakebites cause loss of productivity through inpatient treatment or deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara Freire Valente Magalhães
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical (Tropical Medicine Centre), Universidade de Brasília (UnB), University Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte,Brasília-DF, Brazil. Postal Code: 70904970
| | - Henry Maia Peixoto
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical (Tropical Medicine Centre), Universidade de Brasília (UnB), University Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte,Brasília-DF, Brazil. Postal Code: 70904970.,Institute of Health Technology Assessment of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (IATS/CNPq), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jacqueline de Almeida Gonçalves Sachett
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Av. Pedro Teixeira, número 25, Dom Pedro, Manaus - AM, Brazil. Postal Code: 69040000.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Av. Pedro Teixeira, 25, Dom Pedro, Manaus - AM, Brazil. Postal Code: 69040000
| | - Sâmella S Oliveira
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Av. Pedro Teixeira, número 25, Dom Pedro, Manaus - AM, Brazil. Postal Code: 69040000.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Av. Pedro Teixeira, 25, Dom Pedro, Manaus - AM, Brazil. Postal Code: 69040000
| | - Eliane Campos Alves
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Av. Pedro Teixeira, número 25, Dom Pedro, Manaus - AM, Brazil. Postal Code: 69040000.,Universidade Nilton Lins. Avenida Professor Nilton Lins, no. 3259, Parque das Laranjeiras, CEP 69058-030 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | - Hiochelson Najibe Dos Santos Ibiapina
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Av. Pedro Teixeira, número 25, Dom Pedro, Manaus - AM, Brazil. Postal Code: 69040000.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Av. Pedro Teixeira, 25, Dom Pedro, Manaus - AM, Brazil. Postal Code: 69040000
| | - Wuelton Marcelo Monteiro
- Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Av. Pedro Teixeira, número 25, Dom Pedro, Manaus - AM, Brazil. Postal Code: 69040000.,Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Av. Pedro Teixeira, 25, Dom Pedro, Manaus - AM, Brazil. Postal Code: 69040000
| | - Maria Regina Fernandes de Oliveira
- Núcleo de Medicina Tropical (Tropical Medicine Centre), Universidade de Brasília (UnB), University Campus Darcy Ribeiro, Asa Norte,Brasília-DF, Brazil. Postal Code: 70904970.,Institute of Health Technology Assessment of the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (IATS/CNPq), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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29
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Passero LFD, Brunelli EDS, Sauini T, Amorim Pavani TF, Jesus JA, Rodrigues E. The Potential of Traditional Knowledge to Develop Effective Medicines for the Treatment of Leishmaniasis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:690432. [PMID: 34220515 PMCID: PMC8248671 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.690432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that affects people living in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. There are few therapeutic options for treating this infectious disease, and available drugs induce severe side effects in patients. Different communities have limited access to hospital facilities, as well as classical treatment of leishmaniasis; therefore, they use local natural products as alternative medicines to treat this infectious disease. The present work performed a bibliographic survey worldwide to record plants used by traditional communities to treat leishmaniasis, as well as the uses and peculiarities associated with each plant, which can guide future studies regarding the characterization of new drugs to treat leishmaniasis. A bibliographic survey performed in the PubMed and Scopus databases retrieved 294 articles related to traditional knowledge, medicinal plants and leishmaniasis; however, only 20 were selected based on the traditional use of plants to treat leishmaniasis. Considering such studies, 378 quotes referring to 292 plants (216 species and 76 genera) that have been used to treat leishmaniasis were recorded, which could be grouped into 89 different families. A broad discussion has been presented regarding the most frequent families, including Fabaceae (27 quotes), Araceae (23), Solanaceae and Asteraceae (22 each). Among the available data in the 378 quotes, it was observed that the parts of the plants most frequently used in local medicine were leaves (42.3% of recipes), applied topically (74.6%) and fresh poultices (17.2%). The contribution of Latin America to studies enrolling ethnopharmacological indications to treat leishmaniasis was evident. Of the 292 plants registered, 79 were tested against Leishmania sp. Future studies on leishmanicidal activity could be guided by the 292 plants presented in this study, mainly the five species Carica papaya L. (Caricaceae), Cedrela odorata L. (Meliaceae), Copaifera paupera (Herzog) Dwyer (Fabaceae), Musa × paradisiaca L. (Musaceae), and Nicotiana tabacum L. (Solanaceae), since they are the most frequently cited in articles and by traditional communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Felipe D Passero
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute for Advanced Studies of Ocean, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Erika Dos Santos Brunelli
- Center for Ethnobotanical and Ethnopharmacological Studies (CEE), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thamara Sauini
- Center for Ethnobotanical and Ethnopharmacological Studies (CEE), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais Fernanda Amorim Pavani
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Research Group (GPQFfesp), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Adriana Jesus
- Laboratório de Patologia de Moléstias Infecciosas (LIM50), Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eliana Rodrigues
- Center for Ethnobotanical and Ethnopharmacological Studies (CEE), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
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Henriksson E, Söderberg R, Ström Hallenberg G, Kroesna K, Ly S, Sear B, Unger F, Tum S, Nguyen-Viet H, Lindahl JF. Japanese Encephalitis in Small-Scale Pig Farming in Rural Cambodia: Pig Seroprevalence and Farmer Awareness. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050578. [PMID: 34068673 PMCID: PMC8150308 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Japanese encephalitis (JE) is endemic in Cambodia, but circulation of JE virus (JEV) among domestic pigs has previously only been studied in the southern part of the country. The main purpose of this study was to determine the seroprevalence of JEV antibodies in smallholder pigs held in rural areas of Kampong Thom, Preah Vihear, Ratanakiri, and Stung Treng provinces, northeastern Cambodia. Another purpose was to identify possible associations between serologic status and other factors, such as reproductive disorders, and to investigate the farmers’ knowledge of mosquito-borne diseases and use of preventive measures. In October 2019, 139 households were visited throughout the study area, and 242 pigs were sampled for blood. The sera were analysed with ELISA for JEV antibodies. Household representatives were interviewed, and data were recorded for each sampled pig. The apparent seroprevalence was 89.1% in pigs between 3 and 6 months of age, and 100% in pigs over 6 months of age. In total, 93.0% of the pigs tested positive. Province appeared to be the only factor significantly associated with serologic status (p < 0.001). Almost all (97.8%) respondents knew that mosquitos could transmit diseases, and 70.5% had heard of JE. However, only one respondent knew that JEV is transmitted to people through mosquito bites. Very few respondents knew that pigs can become infected with JEV, and no one knew that mosquitos transmit the virus. All families used some sort of mosquito protection for themselves, but only 15.1% protected their pigs from mosquito bites. The children were vaccinated against JE in 93 households, while adults only were vaccinated in eight households. The results suggest that JEV transmission is intense in northeastern Cambodia, and that people’s knowledge about the transmission route of JEV and the role of pigs in the transmission cycle is low. Fortunately, people are well aware of mosquito-borne diseases in general and use mosquito protection, and many children are vaccinated against JE. Nonetheless, it is important that national vaccination is continued, and that people—especially in rural areas where pigs are commonly kept—are educated on the ecology and transmission of JEV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellinor Henriksson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; (E.H.); (R.S.); (G.S.H.)
| | - Rebecca Söderberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; (E.H.); (R.S.); (G.S.H.)
| | - Gunilla Ström Hallenberg
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; (E.H.); (R.S.); (G.S.H.)
- Public Health Agency Sweden, 171 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kang Kroesna
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (K.K.); (S.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Sokong Ly
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (K.K.); (S.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Borin Sear
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh 12201, Cambodia; (K.K.); (S.L.); (B.S.)
| | - Fred Unger
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi 100 000, Vietnam; (F.U.); (H.N.-V.)
| | - Sothyra Tum
- National Animal Health and Production Research Institute, General Directorate of Animal Health and Production, Phnom Penh 12350, Cambodia;
| | - Hung Nguyen-Viet
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi 100 000, Vietnam; (F.U.); (H.N.-V.)
| | - Johanna F. Lindahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden; (E.H.); (R.S.); (G.S.H.)
- Animal and Human Health Program, International Livestock Research Institute, Hanoi 100 000, Vietnam; (F.U.); (H.N.-V.)
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence:
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José da Silva Domingos I, Silva de Oliveira J, Lorene Soares Rocha K, Bretas de Oliveira D, Geessien Kroon E, Barbosa Costa G, de Souza Trindade G. Twenty Years after Bovine Vaccinia in Brazil: Where We Are and Where Are We Going? Pathogens 2021; 10:406. [PMID: 33807254 PMCID: PMC8065508 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10040406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Orthopoxvirus (OPV) infections have been present in human life for hundreds of years. It is known that Variola virus (VARV) killed over 300 million people in the past; however, it had an end thanks to the physician Edward Jenner (who developed the first vaccine in history) and also thanks to a massive vaccination program in the 20th century all over the world. Although the first vaccine was created using the Cowpox virus (CPXV), it turned out later that the Vaccinia virus was the one used during the vaccination program. VACV is the etiological agent of bovine vaccinia (BV), a zoonotic disease that has emerged in Brazil and South America in the last 20 years. BV has a great impact on local dairy economies and is also a burden to public health. In this review, we described the main events related to VACV and BV emergence in Brazil and South America, the increase of related scientific studies, and the issues that science, human and animal medicine are going to face if we do not be on guard to this virus and its disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iago José da Silva Domingos
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; (I.J.d.S.D.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Jaqueline Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; (I.J.d.S.D.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Kamila Lorene Soares Rocha
- Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG 39100-000, Brazil; (K.L.S.R.); (D.B.d.O.)
| | - Danilo Bretas de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Diamantina, MG 39100-000, Brazil; (K.L.S.R.); (D.B.d.O.)
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; (I.J.d.S.D.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.)
| | - Galileu Barbosa Costa
- Departamento de Análise em Saúde e Vigilância de Doenças Não-Transmissíveis, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasília, DF 70719-040, Brazil
| | - Giliane de Souza Trindade
- Laboratório de Vírus, Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 31270-901, Brazil; (I.J.d.S.D.); (J.S.d.O.); (E.G.K.)
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Calonge WM, Meredith P, Kouakou-Adonis KA, Yao CK, N'da Assie KM, Asse H. Reconstructive surgery for sequellae of Mycobacterium ulcerans infection (Buruli ulcer) of the upper limb. J Plast Surg Hand Surg 2021; 55:339-344. [PMID: 33645421 DOI: 10.1080/2000656x.2021.1884083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Infection by Mycobacterium ulcerans constitutes a neglected tropical disease whose prevalence seems to have overrun those of cutaneous tuberculosis and leprosy. Its aggressivity depends on a mycolactone toxin. Lesions may involve skin, tendon and bone with a large spectrum of manifestations: non-ulcerative (papules, nodules, plaques), ulcerative and oedematous presentations as well as osteomyelitis with muscular contraction and ankylosis. Upper limbs account for more than two thirds of the infection sites. Surgical treatment may involve tendon transpositions, partial and total skin grafts. Amputation is relegated to extreme cases. MATERIAL AND METHODS Selected iconography from patients during the last 15 years is presented. At least 1500 cases had partial skin grafts (anterior thigh). Total skin grafts (inguinal region) were used in about 200 cases. Complex lesions involved 9 ilioinguinal flaps (5 boys, 4 girls, mean age 11.2 years, range 2-16 years), 5 tendon transfers (4 boys, one girl, mean age 15.4 years, range 12-19 years) and 3 resections of the first carpal row (2 girls, 1 boy, mean age 8 years, range 4-15 years). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Out of 9 ilioinguinal flaps mild, marginal necrosis was the only complication in 2 patients without flap loss. Mean hospital stay was 26.44 days (range, 18-41 days), with return to full weight-bearing after a mean of 12 weeks (range 9-25 weeks) after discharge. Functional thumb opposition to allow pencil prehension was achieved in all three cases of resection of first carpal row resection without postoperative complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- W M Calonge
- Institut de Chirurgie Reconstructive, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Centre d'Image Corporelle, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - P Meredith
- Institut de Chirurgie Reconstructive, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.,Centre d'Image Corporelle, Nyon, Switzerland
| | | | - C K Yao
- Institut de Chirurgie Reconstructive, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - K M N'da Assie
- Institut de Chirurgie Reconstructive, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - H Asse
- Institut de Chirurgie Reconstructive, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
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Shafie AA, Chhabra IK, Hui Yi JW, Mohammed NS, Ibrahim HM. Validity of the Malay EQ-5D-3L in the Malaysian Transfusion-Dependent Thalassemia Population. Value Health Reg Issues 2021; 24:47-56. [PMID: 33508751 DOI: 10.1016/j.vhri.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the cross-sectional convergent and known-group validity of the Malay-language EQ-5D-3L instrument in children and adults with transfusion-dependent thalassemia (TDT). METHODS A cross-sectional health-related quality of life survey involving TDT patients from 12 different treatment centers across Malaysia was conducted using the Malay PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales and the Malay EQ-5D-3L questionnaire. Patients with non-TDT and other hemoglobinopathies were excluded. Convergent, discriminant, and known-group validity of the EQ-5D-3L was assessed against the PedsQL 4.0 Generic Core Scales in children. In the adult population, known-group validity of the EQ-5D-3L was assessed using an a priori hypothesis between patients' demographic characteristics and health outcomes obtained from literature. RESULTS A total of 370 children and 225 adults were sampled. The mean (standard deviation) EQ-5D-3L scores of the children were 0.892 (0.082) and the adults were 0.887 (0.085). Convergent and discriminant validity was identified when correlated with the PedsQL domain in children. In both groups, known-group validity was evident when comparing groups of patients with reported problems to the group of patients with no reported problems on the EQ-5D-3L domains based on the a priori hypothesis derived from literature. CONCLUSION This study found convergent, discriminant, and known-group validity of the Malay EQ-5D-3L in a population-based sample of patients with TDT. Hence, the instrument is valid for the assessment of health-related quality of life in children and adults with TDT in Malaysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asrul Akmal Shafie
- Discipline of Social & Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Irwinder Kaur Chhabra
- Discipline of Social & Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Jacqueline Wong Hui Yi
- Discipline of Social & Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Noor Syahireen Mohammed
- Discipline of Social & Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia; Clinical Research Center, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Kedah Darul Aman, Malaysia
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Berini CA, Benencio P, Ducasa N, Peressin Paz R, Trucco JI, Biglione MM. [Leukemia associated to human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection and intrafamily transmission in Santiago del Estero]. Medicina (B Aires) 2021; 81:111-114. [PMID: 33611254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) is an hematological disease caused by human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) that develops after 20 years of incubation preferentially when the infection is acquired by vertical transmission. In cases of transmission by transfusion or organ transplant, this time is reduced from 3 months to 3 years. Acute ATLL is difficult to diagnose because it is unusual and has a rapid progression to death. In the Argentine Northwest, where the virus is endemic, ATLL is more frequent, however it is also detected continuously in the rest of the country. The treatment of choice, in the first instance, is the combined use of antivirals. We present a case of acute ATLL developed in a 59-year-old man from Santiago del Estero from which intrafamilial transmission of HTLV-1 infection was identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina A Berini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Paula Benencio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Ducasa
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - José I Trucco
- Hospital Universitario Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirna M Biglione
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y SIDA (INBIRS), CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. E-mail:
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Rebouças-Silva J, Tadini MC, Devequi-Nunes D, Mansur AL, S Silveira-Mattos P, I de Oliveira C, R Formiga F, Berretta AA, Marquele-Oliveira F, Borges VM. Evaluation of in vitro and in vivo Efficacy of a Novel Amphotericin B-Loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carrier in the Treatment of Leishmania braziliensis Infection. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:8659-8672. [PMID: 33177824 PMCID: PMC7652360 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s262642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmaniasis is a neglected disease, and the current therapeutic arsenal for its treatment is seriously limited by high cost and toxicity. Nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) represent a promising approach due to high drug loading capacity, controlled drug release profiles and superior stability. Here, we explore the efficacy of a unique pH-sensitive amphotericin B-loaded NLC (AmB-NLC) in Leishmania braziliensis infection in vitro and in vivo. Methods and Results AmB-NLC was assessed by dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy assays. The carrier showed a spherical shape with a nanometric size of 242.0 ± 18.3 nm. Zeta potential was suggestive of high carrier stability (−42.5 ± 1.5 mV), and the NLC showed ~99% drug encapsulation efficiency (EE%). In biological assays, AmB-NLC presented a similar IC50 as free AmB and conventional AmB deoxycholate (AmB-D) (11.7 ± 1.73; 5.3 ± 0.55 and 13 ± 0.57 ng/mL, respectively), while also presenting higher selectivity index and lower toxicity to host cells, with no observed production of nitric oxide or TNF-α by in vitro assay. Confocal microscopy revealed the rapid uptake of AmB-NLC by infected macrophages after 1h, which, in association with more rapid disruption of AmB-NLC at acidic pH levels, may directly affect intracellular parasites. Leishmanicidal effects were evaluated in vivo in BALB/c mice infected in the ear dermis with L. braziliensis and treated with a pentavalent antimonial (Sb5+), liposomal AmB (AmB-L) or AmB-NLC. After 6 weeks of infection, AmB-NLC treatment resulted in smaller ear lesion size in all treated mice, indicating the efficacy of the novel formulation. Conclusion Here, we preliminarily demonstrate the effectiveness of an innovative and cost-effective AmB-NLC formulation in promoting the killing of intracellular L. braziliensis. This novel carrier system could be a promising alternative for the future treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Rebouças-Silva
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maraine Catarina Tadini
- Eleve Science Research and Development, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Danielle Devequi-Nunes
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Formulations, SENAI Institute of Innovation in Advanced Health Systems, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Ana Luíza Mansur
- Eleve Science Research and Development, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo S Silveira-Mattos
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Camila I de Oliveira
- Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Laboratory of Vector-Borne Infectious Diseases, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fábio R Formiga
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Applied Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Pernambuco (UPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Andresa A Berretta
- Laboratory of Research, Development and Innovation, Apis Flora Industrial e Comercial Ltda, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Valéria M Borges
- Laboratory of Inflammation and Biomarkers, Gonçalo Moniz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Faculty of Medicine of Bahia, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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de Morais MC, de Souza JV, da Silva Maia Bezerra Filho C, Dolabella SS, de Sousa DP. Trypanocidal Essential Oils: A Review. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25194568. [PMID: 33036315 PMCID: PMC7583723 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25194568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomiases are diseases caused by parasitic protozoan trypanosomes of the genus Trypanosoma. In humans, this includes Chagas disease and African trypanosomiasis. There are few therapeutic options, and there is low efficacy to clinical treatment. Therefore, the search for new drugs for the trypanosomiasis is urgent. This review describes studies of the trypanocidal properties of essential oils, an important group of natural products widely found in several tropical countries. Seventy-seven plants were selected from literature for the trypanocidal activity of their essential oils. The main chemical constituents and mechanisms of action are also discussed. In vitro and in vivo experimental data show the therapeutic potential of these natural products for the treatment of infections caused by species of Trypanosoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayara Castro de Morais
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900 João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil; (M.C.d.M.); (J.V.d.S.); (C.d.S.M.B.F.)
| | - Jucieudo Virgulino de Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900 João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil; (M.C.d.M.); (J.V.d.S.); (C.d.S.M.B.F.)
| | - Carlos da Silva Maia Bezerra Filho
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900 João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil; (M.C.d.M.); (J.V.d.S.); (C.d.S.M.B.F.)
| | - Silvio Santana Dolabella
- Laboratory of Entomology and Tropical Parasitology, Department of Morphology, Federal University of Sergipe, 49100-000 São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil;
| | - Damião Pergentino de Sousa
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Paraíba, 58051-900 João Pessoa, Paraíba, Brazil; (M.C.d.M.); (J.V.d.S.); (C.d.S.M.B.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-83-3216-7347
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Abdullahi IN, Akande AO, Muhammed Y, Rogo LD, Oderinde BS. Prevalence Pattern of Chikungunya Virus Infection in Nigeria: A Four Decade Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Pathog Glob Health 2020; 114:111-116. [PMID: 32191166 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2020.1743087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya (CHIK) is a re-emerging and myo-arthritogenic arboviral infection that has affected significant global population. However, CHIK is a neglected disease in Nigeria. This study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence pattern of CHIK virus infection in Nigeria. A systematic review of eligible articles was conducted from "PubMed", "Scopus", "Google Scholar" and "Web of Science", between January 1980 to February 2020. Peer-reviewed articles describing CHIKV infection in cross-sectional studies were systematically reviewed. Random-effect model was used to pool the prevalence of CHIKV infection and associated sociodemographic data reported from eligible studies. In total, there were 10 published articles on CHIKV infection. Of these, 7 were cross-sectional studies, which comprised of 1347 pooled participants. The pooled anti-CHIKV IgM and IgG seroprevalence were 26.7% (95% CI: 23.2 - 30.4) and 29.3% (95% CI: 26.2 -32.6), respectively. Of the pooled studies, there were 3.8% (95% CI: 2.0-6.4) CHIKV RNA positive cases and 46.1% prevalence of CHIKV neutralizing antibodies. Of the 6 geopolitical zones in Nigeria, Northeast had the highest serological evidence of CHIKV infection. There was a significance association between the prevalence of anti-CHIKV and geopolitical zones of Nigeria (χ²= 70.04; p˂0.0001). Sex (p ˂0.0001; OR= 1.87 [1.47 - 2.38]) and level of education (p ˂0.0001; OR= 2.74 [1.89 - 3.95]) were significant risk factors for pooled anti-CHIKV IgM seropositivity. However, no significant association was found with other sociodemographic variables (p ˃0.05). Although there was paucity of data on CHIKV research in Nigeria, this meta-analysis revealed a high prevalence of CHIKV infection in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idris Nasir Abdullahi
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria.,Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Azeez Oyebanji Akande
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Yusuf Muhammed
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Lawal Dahiru Rogo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Bayero University, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Bamidele Soji Oderinde
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria
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Lyu H, Petukhov PA, Banta PR, Jadhav A, Lea WA, Cheng Q, Arnér ESJ, Simeonov A, Thatcher GRJ, Angelucci F, Williams DL. Characterization of Lead Compounds Targeting the Selenoprotein Thioredoxin Glutathione Reductase for Treatment of Schistosomiasis. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:393-405. [PMID: 31939288 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a widespread human parasitic disease currently affecting over 200 million people. Chemotherapy for schistosomiasis relies exclusively on praziquantel. Although significant advances have been made in recent years to reduce the incidence and intensity of schistosome infections, these gains will be at risk should drug-resistant parasites evolve. Thioredoxin glutathione reductase (TGR) is a selenoprotein of the parasite essential for the survival of schistosomes in the mammalian host. Several high-throughput screening campaigns have identified inhibitors of Schistosoma mansoni TGR. Follow up analyses of select active compounds form the basis of the present study. We identified eight compounds effective against ex vivo worms. Compounds 1-5 are active against all major species and development stages. The ability of these compounds to target immature worms is especially critical because praziquantel is poorly active against this stage. Compounds 1-5, 7, and 8 displayed schistosomicidal activity even after only 1 h incubation with the worms. Compounds 1-4 meet or exceed standards set by the World Health Organization for leads for schistosomiasis therapy activity. The mechanism of TGR inhibition was studied further with wild-type and mutant TGR proteins. Compounds 4-6 were found to induce an nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase activity in TGR, leading to the production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. Collectively, this effort has identified several active compound series that may serve as the basis for the development of new schistosomicidal compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haining Lyu
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Pavel A. Petukhov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Paul R. Banta
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Ajit Jadhav
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Wendy A. Lea
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Qing Cheng
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elias S. J. Arnér
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anton Simeonov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Gregory R. J. Thatcher
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Francesco Angelucci
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - David L. Williams
- Department of Microbial Pathogens and Immunity, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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Schachter J, Alvarinho de Oliveira D, da Silva CM, de Barros Alencar ACM, Duarte M, da Silva MMP, Ignácio ACPR, Lopes-Torres EJ. Whipworm Infection Promotes Bacterial Invasion, Intestinal Microbiota Imbalance, and Cellular Immunomodulation. Infect Immun 2020; 88:e00642-19. [PMID: 31843966 DOI: 10.1128/IAI.00642-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with Trichuris trichiura are among the most common causes of intestinal parasitism in children worldwide, and the diagnosis is based on microscopic egg identification in the chronic phase of the infection. During parasitism, the adult worm of the trichurid nematode maintains its anterior region inserted in the intestinal mucosa, which causes serious damage and which may open access for gut microorganisms through the intestinal tissue. The immune-regulatory processes taking place during the evolution of the chronic infection are still not completely understood. By use of the Swiss Webster outbred mouse model, mice were infected with 200 eggs, and tolerance to the establishment of a chronic Trichuris muris infection was induced by the administration of a short pulse of dexamethasone during nematode early larval development. The infected mice presented weight loss, anemia, an imbalance of the microbiota, and intense immunological cell infiltration in the large intestine. It was found that mice have a mixed Th1/Th2/Th17 response, with differences being found among the different anatomical locations. After 45 days of infection, the parasitism induced changes in the microbiota composition and bacterial invasion of the large intestine epithelium. In addition, we describe that the excretory-secretory products from the nematode have anti-inflammatory effects on mouse macrophages cultured in vitro, suggesting that T. muris may modulate the immune response at the site of insertion of the worm inside mouse tissue. The data presented in this study suggest that the host immune state at 45 days postinfection with T. muris during the chronic phase of infection is the result of factors derived from the worm as well as alterations to the microbiota and bacterial invasion. Taken together, these results provide new information about the parasite-host-microbiota relationship and open new treatment possibilities.
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Abstract
Introduction: Chagas disease (CD) is a neglected disease caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi. In terms of novel drug discovery, there has been no progress since the 1960s with the same two drugs, benznidazole and nifurtimox, still in use. The complex life cycle, genetic diversity of T. cruzi strains, different sensitivities to the available drugs, as well as little interest from pharmaceutical companies and inadequate methodologies for translating in vitro and in vivo findings to the discovery of new drugs have all contributed to the lack of progress.Areas covered: In this perspective, the authors give discussion to the relevant points connected to the lack of developments in CD drug discovery and provide their expert perspectives.Expert opinion: There are few drugs currently in the preclinical pipeline for the treatment of CD. Only three classes of compounds have been shown to achieve high cure rates in mouse models of infection: nitroimidazoles (fexinidazole), oxaborole DNDi-6148 and proteasome inhibitors (GNF6702). New biomarkers for Chagas' disease are urgently needed for the diagnosis and detection of cure/treatment efficacy. Efforts from academia and pharmaceutical companies are in progress and more intense interaction to accelerate the process of new drugs development is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alane Beatriz Vermelho
- BIOINOVAR - Biotechnology Laboratories: Biocatalysis, Bioproducts and Bioenergy, Institute of Microbiology Paulo de Góes,Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Giseli Capaci Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Teaching of Sciences, University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Claudiu T Supuran
- Department of NEUROFARBA, Pharmaceutical and Nutraceutical Section, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino (Firenze), Italy
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Vigueras-Galván AL, López-Pérez AM, García-Peña GE, Rico-Chávez O, Sarmiento-Silva RE, Suzán G. Current Situation and Perspectives on Hantaviruses in Mexico. Viruses 2019; 11:E642. [PMID: 31336858 DOI: 10.3390/v11070642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hantaviruses are transmitted by rodents producing the hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in the Americas. Today, no human cases of HPS have been reported in Mexico in spite of similar environmental conditions with Central America and the USA where several cases have occurred. To understand the current situation of hantaviruses in Mexico and the public health risk, a systematic review of studies was conducted reporting hantaviruses in rodents to known state seroprevalence and hantavirus genotypes. Simultaneously, this study identified the potential hantaviruses based on the phylogenetic diversity (PD) of hantaviruses reported in the Americas in hosts with the distribution in Mexico. A total 3862 rodents belonging to 82 species have been tested since 1999 to 2017. Overall, 392 individuals representing 43 rodent species were seropositive, and the seroprevalence ranged from 0 to 69.22%. Seven hantaviruses genotypes have been described in Mexico and three are zoonotic. Four host species of rodents are widely distributed in Mexico harboring the highest PD of viruses. According to the hosts distribution, 16 genotypes could be circulating in Mexico and some of these represent a potential risk for public health. This study proposed multidisciplinary and interinstitutional collaborations to implement systematic surveillance in rodents.
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Lidani KCF, Andrade FA, Bavia L, Damasceno FS, Beltrame MH, Messias-Reason IJ, Sandri TL. Chagas Disease: From Discovery to a Worldwide Health Problem. Front Public Health 2019; 7:166. [PMID: 31312626 PMCID: PMC6614205 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2019.00166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Carlos Chagas discovered American trypanosomiasis, also named Chagas disease (CD) in his honor, just over a century ago. He described the clinical aspects of the disease, characterized by its etiological agent (Trypanosoma cruzi) and identified its insect vector. Initially, CD occurred only in Latin America and was considered a silent and poorly visible disease. More recently, CD became a neglected worldwide disease with a high morbimortality rate and substantial social impact, emerging as a significant public health threat. In this context, it is crucial to better understand better the epidemiological scenarios of CD and its transmission dynamics, involving people infected and at risk of infection, diversity of the parasite, vector species, and T. cruzi reservoirs. Although efforts have been made by endemic and non-endemic countries to control, treat, and interrupt disease transmission, the cure or complete eradication of CD are still topics of great concern and require global attention. Considering the current scenario of CD, also affecting non-endemic places such as Canada, USA, Europe, Australia, and Japan, in this review we aim to describe the spread of CD cases worldwide since its discovery until it has become a global public health concern.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabiana Antunes Andrade
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Lorena Bavia
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Flávia Silva Damasceno
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Tryps-LaBTryps, Department of Parasitology, Institute for Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia Holsbach Beltrame
- Laboratory of Human Molecular Genetics, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Iara J Messias-Reason
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Thaisa Lucas Sandri
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunopathology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.,Institute of Tropical Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Araújo DS, Pereira M, Portis IG, dos Santos Junior ADCM, Fontes W, de Sousa MV, Assunção LDP, Baeza LC, Bailão AM, Ricart CAO, Brock M, Soares CMDA. Metabolic Peculiarities of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis Dimorphism as Demonstrated by iTRAQ Labeling Proteomics. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:555. [PMID: 30949151 PMCID: PMC6436475 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM), a systemic mycosis with a high incidence in Latin America, is caused by thermodimorphic fungi of the Paracoccidioides genus. The contact with host occurs by the inhalation of conidia or mycelial propagules which once reaching the pulmonary alveoli differentiate into yeast cells. This transition process is vital in the pathogenesis of PCM allowing the fungus survival in the host. Thus, the present work performed a comparative proteome analysis of mycelia, mycelia-to-yeast transition, and yeast cells of Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. For that, tryptic peptides were labeled with iTRAQ and identified by LC-MS/MS and computational data analysis, which allowed the identification of 312 proteins differentially expressed in different morphological stages. Data showed that P. brasiliensis yeast cells preferentially employ aerobic beta-oxidation and the tricarboxylic acid cycle accompanied by oxidative phosphorylation for ATP production, in comparison to mycelia and the transition from mycelia-to-yeast cells. Furthermore, yeast cells show a metabolic reprogramming in amino acid metabolism and in the induction of virulence determinants and heat shock proteins allowing adaptation to environmental conditions during the increase of the temperature. In opposite of that, the alcoholic fermentation found to P. lutzii, at least under laboratory conditions, is strongly favored in mycelium compared to yeast cells. Thereby, the data strongly support substantial metabolic differences among members of the Paracoccidioides complex, when comparing the saprobiotic mycelia and the yeast parasitic phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Silva Araújo
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Química de Proteínas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
- Faculdade Unida de Campinas, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Maristela Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Igor Godinho Portis
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | - Wagner Fontes
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Química de Proteínas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Valle de Sousa
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Química de Proteínas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Leandro do Prado Assunção
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Lilian Cristiane Baeza
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Mello Bailão
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Carlos André Ornelas Ricart
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Química de Proteínas, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Matthias Brock
- Fungal Biology and Genetics Group, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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Hunter M, Beltramino S, Vera Ocampo C, Sánchez Marull R, Badariotti G, De Diego B. [Strongyloides hyperinfection in patient from Patagonia with HTLV-1 co-infection]. Medicina (B Aires) 2019; 79:147-149. [PMID: 31048281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Strongylodiasis is an unattended condition caused by the parasite Strongyloides stercoralis. The Strongyloides hyperinfection syndrome can develop in immunosuppressed hosts, mainly in those with depression of cellular immunity. Co-infection with human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) is a risk factor for the development of severe forms of strongyloidiasis. We present the case of a 50-year-old man with Strongyloides hyperinfection and coinfection with HTLV. The diagnosis was delayed owing to its unusual epidemiology and an initial suspicion of inflammatory bowel disease. Identification of the parasite in bronchioalveolar lavage and duodenal and colonic mucosa biopsies confirmed the diagnosis. Subcutaneous ivermectin was used as an anthelmintic treatment with an adequate therapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martín Hunter
- Servicio de Terapia Intensiva, Sanatorio Mater Dei, Buenos Aires, Argentina. E-mail:
| | | | | | | | - Gustavo Badariotti
- Servicio de Terapia Intensiva, Sanatorio Mater Dei, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Bernardo De Diego
- Servicio de Terapia Intensiva, Sanatorio Mater Dei, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
Brucellosis is the world's most widespread zoonosis, but also ranks as one of the seven most neglected diseases, according to the World Health Organization. Additionally, it is recognized as the world's most common laboratory-acquired infection. There are a reported 500,000 incident cases of human brucellosis per year. However, true incidence is estimated to be 5,000,000 to 12,500,000 cases annually. Once diagnosed, focus is directed at treating individual patients with antibiotic regimes, yet overall neglecting the animal reservoir of disease. Countries with the highest incidence of human brucellosis are Syria (1,603.4 cases per 1,000,000 individuals), Mongolia (391.0), and Tajikistan (211.9). Surveillance on animal populations is lacking in many developed and developing countries. According to the World Animal Health Information Database, Mexico had the largest number of reported outbreaks, 5,514 in 2014. Mexico is followed by China (2,138), Greece (1,268), and Brazil (1,142). The majority of these outbreaks is Brucella abortus, the etiologic agent of bovine brucellosis. Brucellosis is an ancient disease that still plagues the world. There are still knowledge gaps and a need for better diagnostics and vaccines to make inroads towards control and eradication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah C. Hull
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
| | - Brant A. Schumaker
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, USA
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Bannazadeh Baghi H, Alinezhad F, Kuzmin I, Rupprecht CE. A Perspective on Rabies in the Middle East-Beyond Neglect. Vet Sci 2018; 5:E67. [PMID: 30018199 PMCID: PMC6165288 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci5030067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a neglected but preventable viral zoonosis that poses a substantial threat to public health. In this regard, a global program has been initiated for the elimination of human rabies caused by rabid dogs through the mass vaccination of canine populations. Geographic areas vary greatly towards attainment of this objective. For example, while dog-mediated and wildlife rabies have been largely controlled in major parts of the Americas and Western Europe, the Middle East still grapples with human rabies transmitted by unvaccinated dogs and cats. Rabies prevention and control in the Middle East is quite difficult because the region is transcontinental, encompassing portions of Africa, Asia, and Europe, while consisting of politically, culturally, and economically diverse countries that are often subject to war and unrest. Consequently, one over-riding dilemma is the misinformation or complete lack of rabies surveillance data from this area. This communication is an attempt to provide an overview of rabies in the Middle East, as a cohesive approach for the honing of disease management in each area, based on data compiled from multiple sources. In addition, the related regional transboundary movement of rabies was investigated through phylogenetic studies of available viral gene sequences. Thereafter, the epidemiological status of rabies was assessed for the region. Finally, localities were classified first by the Stepwise Approach towards Rabies Elimination framework and then categorized into four different groups based on management theme: "rabies free"; owned dog and domestic animal vaccination; community dog vaccination; and wildlife vaccination. The classification system proposed herein may serve as a baseline for future efforts. This is especially important due to the severe lack of rabies information available for the Middle East as a whole and a need for a comprehensive program focusing on the entirety of the region in light of renewed international commitment towards canine rabies elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Bannazadeh Baghi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran.
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Farbod Alinezhad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran.
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 5166/15731 Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Ivan Kuzmin
- Medical Branch, University of Texas, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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do Valle ACF, Marques de Macedo P, Almeida-Paes R, Romão AR, Lazéra MDS, Wanke B. Paracoccidioidomycosis after Highway Construction, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:1917-1919. [PMID: 29048286 PMCID: PMC5652422 DOI: 10.3201/eid2311.170934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmission of Paracoccidioides spp. fungi to humans is usually related to manipulation of soil. Rural workers are the most affected group. We report an outbreak of paracoccidioidomycosis after deforestation and massive earth removal during construction of a highway in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Extensive environmental disturbances might be involved in fungal transmission.
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Abstract
Buruli ulcer is caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans This neglected disease occurs in scattered foci around the world, with a higher concentration of cases in West Africa. The mycobacteria produce mycolactones that cause tissue necrosis. The disease presents as a painless skin nodule that ulcerates as necrosis expands. Finding acid-fast bacilli in smears or histopathology, culturing the mycobacteria, and performing M. ulcerans PCR in presumptive cases confirm the diagnosis. Medical treatment with oral rifampin and intramuscular streptomycin or oral treatment with rifampin plus clarithromycin for 8 weeks is supported by the World Health Organization. This review summarizes the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic tests, and advances in treatment.
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Fonseca AG, Torgal J, de Meneghi D, Gabriël S, Coelho AC, Vilhena M. One Health-ness Evaluation of Cysticercosis Surveillance Design in Portugal. Front Public Health 2018; 6:74. [PMID: 29594095 PMCID: PMC5859019 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2018.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing occurrence of human cysticercosis, a zoonotic neglected disease, is challenging the traditional prevention and control paradigm and calling for One Health (OH) solutions in industrialized countries. OH solutions for health interventions are increasingly being used to capture expected and unexpected outcomes across people, animals, and the environment. The Network for Evaluation of One Health (NEOH) proposes an evidence-based framework, relying on systems and mixed methods approaches to evaluate the One Health-ness. In this case study, this tool is used to evaluate the design of the Observatory of Taeniasis and Cysticercosis, as an example of intersectorial collaboration for surveillance in Portugal. The OH Initiative (drivers and expected outcomes) and its system (boundaries, aim, dimensions, actors, and stakeholders) were described. The different aspects of this Initiative were scored with values from 0 (=no OH approach) to 1 (=perfect OH approach). The OH index was 0.31. Its OH ratio is 1.98. Overall scores were as follows: OH thinking 0.75; OH planning 0.60; OH working 0.60; OH sharing 0.35; OH learning 0.50; and systemic organization 0.50. Operational levels of the Initiative are the main strengths, indicating a comprehensive multidimensional innovative approach and transdisciplinarity. Critical issues in the supporting infrastructure were observed, related to communication, learning and organizational gaps in the project, with the evaluation being conducted as the project is being designed and implemented. The strengths and weaknesses detected may be used to refine the Initiative. This case study therefore exemplifies and supports OH assessment also for ongoing projects, at design and early implementation stages for guiding and guaranteeing an OH-oriented perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gloria Fonseca
- Public Health Department, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jorge Torgal
- Public Health Department, NOVA Medical School, NOVA University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Daniele de Meneghi
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Sarah Gabriël
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ana Cláudia Coelho
- Escola de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade de Trás os Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Manuela Vilhena
- Instituto de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais Mediterrânicas (ICAAM), Universidade de Évora, Évora, Portugal
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50
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Abstract
Mansonellosis is a filarial disease caused by three species of filarial (nematode) parasites (Mansonella perstans, Mansonella streptocerca, and Mansonella ozzardi) that use humans as their main definitive hosts. These parasites are transmitted from person to person by bloodsucking females from two families of flies (Diptera). Biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) transmit all three species of Mansonella, but blackflies (Simuliidae) are also known to play a role in the transmission of M. ozzardi in parts of Latin America. M. perstans and M. streptocerca are endemic in western, eastern, and central Africa, and M. perstans is also present in the neotropical region from equatorial Brazil to the Caribbean coast. M. ozzardi has a patchy distribution in Latin America and the Caribbean. Mansonellosis infections are thought to have little pathogenicity and to be almost always asymptomatic, but occasionally causing itching, joint pains, enlarged lymph glands, and vague abdominal symptoms. In Brazil, M. ozzardi infections are also associated with corneal lesions. Diagnosis is usually performed by detecting microfilariae in peripheral blood or skin without any periodicity. There is no standard treatment at present for mansonellosis. The combination therapy of diethylcarbamazine plus mebendazole for M. perstans microfilaremia is presently one of the most widely used, but the use of ivermectin has also been proven to be very effective against microfilariae. Recently, doxycycline has shown excellent efficacy and safety when used as an antimicrobial against endosymbiotic Wolbachia bacteria harbored by some strains of M. perstans and M. ozzardi. Diethylcarbamazine and ivermectin have been used effectively to treat M. streptocerca infection. There are at present no estimates of the disease burden caused by mansonellosis, and thus its importance to many global health professionals and policy makers is presently limited to how it can interfere with diagnostic tools used in modern filarial disease control and elimination programs aimed at other species of filariae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy-Huong Ta-Tang
- Malaria and Emerging Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, National Microbiology Center, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain,
| | - James L Crainey
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Ecology in the Amazon, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, Brazil
| | - Rory J Post
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, John Moores University, Liverpool
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Infectious Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sergio Lb Luz
- Laboratory of Infectious Disease Ecology in the Amazon, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane, Manaus, Brazil
| | - José M Rubio
- Malaria and Emerging Parasitic Diseases Laboratory, National Microbiology Center, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Spain,
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