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Passchier EMJ, Bisseling Q, Helman G, van Spaendonk RML, Simons C, Olsthoorn RCL, van der Veen H, Abbink TEM, van der Knaap MS, Min R. Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts: a variant update and review of the literature. Front Genet 2024; 15:1352947. [PMID: 38487253 PMCID: PMC10938252 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1352947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The leukodystrophy megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC) is characterized by infantile-onset macrocephaly and chronic edema of the brain white matter. With delayed onset, patients typically experience motor problems, epilepsy and slow cognitive decline. No treatment is available. Classic MLC is caused by bi-allelic recessive pathogenic variants in MLC1 or GLIALCAM (also called HEPACAM). Heterozygous dominant pathogenic variants in GLIALCAM lead to remitting MLC, where patients show a similar phenotype in early life, followed by normalization of white matter edema and no clinical regression. Rare patients with heterozygous dominant variants in GPRC5B and classic MLC were recently described. In addition, two siblings with bi-allelic recessive variants in AQP4 and remitting MLC have been identified. The last systematic overview of variants linked to MLC dates back to 2006. We provide an updated overview of published and novel variants. We report on genetic variants from 508 patients with MLC as confirmed by MRI diagnosis (258 from our database and 250 extracted from 64 published reports). We describe 151 unique MLC1 variants, 29 GLIALCAM variants, 2 GPRC5B variants and 1 AQP4 variant observed in these MLC patients. We include experiments confirming pathogenicity for some variants, discuss particularly notable variants, and provide an overview of recent scientific and clinical insight in the pathophysiology of MLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M. J. Passchier
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Quinty Bisseling
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Guy Helman
- Translational Bioinformatics, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Cas Simons
- Translational Bioinformatics, Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Population Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Hieke van der Veen
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Truus E. M. Abbink
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marjo S. van der Knaap
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rogier Min
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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2
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Witkamp D, Oudejans E, Hoogterp L, Hu-A-Ng GV, Glaittli KA, Stevenson TJ, Huijsmans M, Abbink TEM, van der Knaap MS, Bonkowsky JL. Lithium: effects in animal models of vanishing white matter are not promising. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1275744. [PMID: 38352041 PMCID: PMC10861708 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1275744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Vanishing white matter (VWM) is a devastating autosomal recessive leukodystrophy, resulting in neurological deterioration and premature death, and without curative treatment. Pathogenic hypomorphic variants in subunits of the eukaryotic initiation factor 2B (eIF2B) cause VWM. eIF2B is required for regulating the integrated stress response (ISR), a physiological response to cellular stress. In patients' central nervous system, reduced eIF2B activity causes deregulation of the ISR. In VWM mouse models, the extent of ISR deregulation correlates with disease severity. One approach to restoring eIF2B activity is by inhibition of GSK3β, a kinase that phosphorylates eIF2B and reduces its activity. Lithium, an inhibitor of GSK3β, is thus expected to stimulate eIF2B activity and ameliorate VWM symptoms. The effects of lithium were tested in zebrafish and mouse VWM models. Lithium improved motor behavior in homozygous eif2b5 mutant zebrafish. In lithium-treated 2b4he2b5ho mutant mice, a paradoxical increase in some ISR transcripts was found. Furthermore, at the dosage tested, lithium induced significant polydipsia in both healthy controls and 2b4he2b5ho mutant mice and did not increase the expression of other markers of lithium efficacy. In conclusion, lithium is not a drug of choice for further development in VWM based on the limited or lack of efficacy and significant side-effect profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diede Witkamp
- Child Neurology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ellen Oudejans
- Child Neurology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Leoni Hoogterp
- Child Neurology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gino V. Hu-A-Ng
- Child Neurology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kathryn A. Glaittli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Tamara J. Stevenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Marleen Huijsmans
- Child Neurology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Truus E. M. Abbink
- Child Neurology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marjo S. van der Knaap
- Child Neurology, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joshua L. Bonkowsky
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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3
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Bugiani M, Abbink TEM, Edridge AWD, van der Hoek L, Hillen AEJ, van Til NP, Hu‐A‐Ng GV, Breur M, Aiach K, Drevot P, Hocquemiller M, Laufer R, Wijburg FA, van der Knaap MS. Focal lesions following intracerebral gene therapy for mucopolysaccharidosis IIIA. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2023; 10:904-917. [PMID: 37165777 PMCID: PMC10270249 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA (MPSIIIA) caused by recessive SGSH variants results in sulfamidase deficiency, leading to neurocognitive decline and death. No disease-modifying therapy is available. The AAVance gene therapy trial investigates AAVrh.10 overexpressing human sulfamidase (LYS-SAF302) delivered by intracerebral injection in children with MPSIIIA. Post-treatment MRI monitoring revealed lesions around injection sites. Investigations were initiated in one patient to determine the cause. METHODS Clinical and MRI details were reviewed. Stereotactic needle biopsies of a lesion were performed; blood and CSF were sampled. All samples were used for viral studies. Immunohistochemistry, electron microscopy, and transcriptome analysis were performed on brain tissue of the patient and various controls. RESULTS MRI revealed focal lesions around injection sites with onset from 3 months after therapy, progression until 7 months post therapy with subsequent stabilization and some regression. The patient had transient slight neurological signs and is following near-normal development. No evidence of viral or immunological/inflammatory cause was found. Immunohistochemistry showed immature oligodendrocytes and astrocytes, oligodendrocyte apoptosis, strong intracellular and extracellular sulfamidase expression and hardly detectable intracellular or extracellular heparan sulfate. No activation of the unfolded protein response was found. INTERPRETATION Results suggest that intracerebral gene therapy with local sulfamidase overexpression leads to dysfunction of transduced cells close to injection sites, with extracellular spilling of lysosomal enzymes. This alters extracellular matrix composition, depletes heparan sulfate, impairs astrocyte and oligodendrocyte function, and causes cystic white matter degeneration at the site of highest gene expression. The AAVance trial results will reveal the potential benefit-risk ratio of this therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Bugiani
- Department of PathologyAmsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam Leukodystrophy CenterAmsterdam University Medical CentersAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Truus E. M. Abbink
- Amsterdam Leukodystrophy CenterAmsterdam University Medical CentersAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Child NeurologyEmma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Arthur W. D. Edridge
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection PreventionAmsterdam University Medical Centers, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Amsterdam Centre for Global Child HealthAmsterdam University Medical CentersAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Lia van der Hoek
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection PreventionAmsterdam University Medical Centers, University of AmsterdamAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Anne E. J. Hillen
- Amsterdam Leukodystrophy CenterAmsterdam University Medical CentersAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Child NeurologyEmma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Niek P. van Til
- Amsterdam Leukodystrophy CenterAmsterdam University Medical CentersAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Child NeurologyEmma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Gino V. Hu‐A‐Ng
- Amsterdam Leukodystrophy CenterAmsterdam University Medical CentersAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Child NeurologyEmma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Breur
- Amsterdam Leukodystrophy CenterAmsterdam University Medical CentersAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Child NeurologyEmma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Frits A. Wijburg
- Department of Pediatric Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital and Amsterdam Lysosome Center “Sphinx”Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical CenterAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Marjo S. van der Knaap
- Amsterdam Leukodystrophy CenterAmsterdam University Medical CentersAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Child NeurologyEmma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdamThe Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive ResearchVU UniversityAmsterdam1081 HVThe Netherlands
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4
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Passchier EMJ, Kerst S, Brouwers E, Hamilton EMC, Bisseling Q, Bugiani M, Waisfisz Q, Kitchen P, Unger L, Breur M, Hoogterp L, de Vries SI, Abbink TEM, Kole MHP, Leurs R, Vischer HF, Brignone MS, Ambrosini E, Feillet F, Born AP, Epstein LG, Mansvelder HD, Min R, van der Knaap MS. Aquaporin-4 and GPRC5B: old and new players in controlling brain oedema. Brain 2023:7152690. [PMID: 37143309 PMCID: PMC10393393 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awad146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain oedema is a life-threatening complication of various neurological conditions. Understanding molecular mechanisms of brain volume regulation is critical for therapy development. Unique insight comes from monogenic diseases characterized by chronic brain oedema, of which megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with subcortical cysts (MLC) is the prototype. Variants in MLC1 or GLIALCAM, encoding proteins involved in astrocyte volume regulation, are the main causes of MLC. In some patients the genetic cause remains unknown. We performed genetic studies to identify novel gene variants in MLC patients, diagnosed by clinical and MRI features, without MLC1 or GLIALCAM variants. We determined subcellular localization of the related novel proteins in cells and in human brain tissue. We investigated functional consequences of the newly identified variants on volume regulation pathways using cell volume measurements, biochemical analysis and electrophysiology. We identified a novel homozygous variant in AQP4, encoding the water channel aquaporin-4, in two siblings, and two de novo heterozygous variants in GPRC5B, encoding the orphan G protein-coupled receptor GPRC5B, in three unrelated patients. The AQP4 variant disrupts membrane localization and thereby channel function. GPRC5B, like MLC1, GlialCAM and aquaporin-4, is expressed in astrocyte endfeet in human brain. Cell volume regulation is disrupted in GPRC5B patient-derived lymphoblasts. GPRC5B functionally interacts with ion channels involved in astrocyte volume regulation. In conclusion, we identify aquaporin-4 and GPRC5B as old and new players in genetic brain oedema. Our findings shed light on the protein complex involved in astrocyte volume regulation and identify GPRC5B as novel potentially druggable target for treating brain oedema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma M J Passchier
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sven Kerst
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eelke Brouwers
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eline M C Hamilton
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Quinty Bisseling
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Quinten Waisfisz
- Department of Human Genetics, Amsterdam University Medical Centers location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Kitchen
- School of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lucas Unger
- School of Biosciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Marjolein Breur
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leoni Hoogterp
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sharon I de Vries
- Department of Axonal Signaling, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Truus E M Abbink
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten H P Kole
- Department of Axonal Signaling, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Leurs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Henry F Vischer
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria S Brignone
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Ambrosini
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - François Feillet
- Reference Center for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, INSERM UMR_S 1256 NGERE, Nancy University Hospital, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Alfred P Born
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Leon G Epstein
- Division of Neurology, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois; Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Huibert D Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rogier Min
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- Department of Child Neurology, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Witkamp D, Oudejans E, Hu-A-Ng GV, Hoogterp L, Krzywańska AM, Žnidaršič M, Marinus K, de Veij Mestdagh CF, Bartelink I, Bugiani M, van der Knaap MS, Abbink TEM. Guanabenz ameliorates disease in vanishing white matter mice in contrast to sephin1. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2022; 9:1147-1162. [PMID: 35778832 PMCID: PMC9380178 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.51611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Vanishing white matter (VWM) is a leukodystrophy, characterized by stress-sensitive neurological deterioration and premature death. It is currently without curative treatment. It is caused by bi-allelic pathogenic variants in the genes encoding eukaryotic initiation factor 2B (eIF2B). eIF2B is essential for the regulation of the integrated stress response (ISR), a physiological response to cellular stress. Preclinical studies on VWM mouse models revealed that deregulated ISR is key in the pathophysiology of VWM and an effective treatment target. Guanabenz, an α2-adrenergic agonist, attenuates the ISR and has beneficial effects on VWM neuropathology. The current study aimed at elucidating guanabenz's disease-modifying potential and mechanism of action in VWM mice. Sephin1, an ISR-modulating guanabenz analog without α2-adrenergic agonistic properties, was included to separate effects on the ISR from α2-adrenergic effects. METHODS Wild-type and VWM mice were subjected to placebo, guanabenz or sephin1 treatments. Effects on clinical signs, neuropathology, and ISR deregulation were determined. Guanabenz's and sephin1's ISR-modifying effects were tested in cultured cells that expressed or lacked the α2-adrenergic receptor. RESULTS Guanabenz improved clinical signs, neuropathological hallmarks, and ISR regulation in VWM mice, but sephin1 did not. Guanabenz's effects on the ISR in VWM mice were not replicated in cell cultures and the contribution of α2-adrenergic effects on the deregulated ISR could therefore not be assessed. INTERPRETATION Guanabenz proved itself as a viable treatment option for VWM. The exact mechanism through which guanabenz exerts its ameliorating impact on VWM requires further studies. Sephin1 is not simply a guanabenz replacement without α2-adrenergic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diede Witkamp
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ellen Oudejans
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gino V Hu-A-Ng
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leoni Hoogterp
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aleksandra M Krzywańska
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Milo Žnidaršič
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kevin Marinus
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christina F de Veij Mestdagh
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Imke Bartelink
- Department of Pharmacy and Clinical Pharmacology, Amsterdam UMC, Location VUmc, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Truus E M Abbink
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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6
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Smit WL, de Boer RJ, Meijer BJ, Spaan CN, van Roest M, Koelink PJ, Koster J, Dekker E, Abbink TEM, van der Knaap MS, van den Brink GR, Muncan V, Heijmans J. Translation initiation factor eIF2Bε promotes Wnt-mediated clonogenicity and global translation in intestinal epithelial cells. Stem Cell Res 2021; 55:102499. [PMID: 34399164 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2021.102499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Modulation of global mRNA translation, which is essential for intestinal stem cell function, is controlled by Wnt signaling. Loss of tumor supressor APC in stem cells drives adenoma formation through hyperactivion of Wnt signaling and dysregulated translational control. It is unclear whether factors that coordinate global translation in the intestinal epithelium are needed for APC-driven malignant transformation. Here we identified nucleotide exchange factor eIF2Bε as a translation initiation factor involved in Wnt-mediated intestinal epithelial stemness. Using eIF2BεArg191His mice with a homozygous point mutation that leads to dysfunction in the enzymatic activity, we demonstrate that eIF2Bε is involved in small intestinal crypt formation, stemness marker expression, and secreted Paneth cell-derived granule formation. Wnt hyperactivation in ex vivo eIF2BεArg191His organoids, using a GSK3β inhibitor to mimic Apc driven transformation, shows that eIF2Bε is essential for Wnt-mediated clonogenicity and associated increase of the global translational capacity. Finally, we observe high eIF2Bε expression in human colonic adenoma tissues, exposing eIF2Bε as a potential target of CRC stem cells with aberrant Wnt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- W L Smit
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Meibergdreef 71, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - R J de Boer
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Meibergdreef 71, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - B J Meijer
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Meibergdreef 71, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - C N Spaan
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Meibergdreef 71, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M van Roest
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Meibergdreef 71, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - P J Koelink
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Meibergdreef 71, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Koster
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Oncogenomics, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - E Dekker
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - T E M Abbink
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Functional Genomics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M S van der Knaap
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - G R van den Brink
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Meibergdreef 71, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - V Muncan
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Meibergdreef 71, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Heijmans
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Meibergdreef 71, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Internal Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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Stellingwerff MD, Figuccia S, Bellacchio E, Alvarez K, Castiglioni C, Topaloglu P, Stutterd CA, Erasmus CE, Sanchez-Valle A, Lebon S, Hughes S, Schmitt-Mechelke T, Vasco G, Chow G, Rahikkala E, Dallabona C, Okuma C, Aiello C, Goffrini P, Abbink TEM, Bertini ES, Van der Knaap MS. LBSL: Case Series and DARS2 Variant Analysis in Early Severe Forms With Unexpected Presentations. Neurol Genet 2021; 7:e559. [PMID: 33977142 PMCID: PMC8105885 DOI: 10.1212/nxg.0000000000000559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objective Leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and lactate elevation (LBSL) is regarded a relatively mild leukodystrophy, diagnosed by characteristic long tract abnormalities on MRI and biallelic variants in DARS2, encoding mitochondrial aspartyl-tRNA synthetase (mtAspRS). DARS2 variants in LBSL are almost invariably compound heterozygous; in 95% of cases, 1 is a leaky splice site variant in intron 2. A few severely affected patients, still fulfilling the MRI criteria, have been described. We noticed highly unusual MRI presentations in 15 cases diagnosed by WES. We examined these cases to determine whether they represent consistent novel LBSL phenotypes. Methods We reviewed clinical features, MRI abnormalities, and gene variants and investigated the variants' impact on mtAspRS structure and mitochondrial function. Results We found 2 MRI phenotypes: early severe cerebral hypoplasia/atrophy (9 patients, group 1) and white matter abnormalities without long tract involvement (6 patients, group 2). With antenatal onset, microcephaly, and arrested development, group 1 patients were most severely affected. DARS2 variants were severer than for classic LBSL and severer for group 1 than group 2. All missense variants hit mtAspRS regions involved in tRNAAsp binding, aspartyl-adenosine-5′-monophosphate binding, and/or homodimerization. Missense variants expressed in the yeast DARS2 ortholog showed severely affected mitochondrial function. Conclusions DARS2 variants are associated with highly heterogeneous phenotypes. New MRI presentations are profound cerebral hypoplasia/atrophy and white matter abnormalities without long tract involvement. Our findings have implications for diagnosis and understanding disease mechanisms, pointing at dominant neuronal/axonal involvement in severe cases. In line with this conclusion, activation of biallelic DARS2 null alleles in conditional transgenic mice leads to massive neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menno D Stellingwerff
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Childrens Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands (M.D.S., T.E.M.A.); Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy (S.F., C.D., P.G.); Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare (E.B.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Genetics (K.A.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.), Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Division of Child Neurology (P.T.), Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatrics (C.A.S.), Royal Childrens Hospital, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Pediatric Neurology (C.E.E.), Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Childrens Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (A.S.-V.), University of South Florida, Tampa; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Department WomanMother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Community Pediatrics, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading (S.H.), United Kingdom; Neuropediatric Department (T.S.-M.), Childrens Hospital, Luzern, Switzerland; Unit of Neurorehabilitation (G.V.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Paediatric Neurology (G.C.), Nottingham Childrens Hospital, United Kingdom; PEDEGO Research Unit (E.R.), Medical Research Center and Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland; Radiology (C.O.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.S.B), Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare and Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; and Department of Child Neurology (M.S.v.d.K.), Emma Childrens Hospital and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sonia Figuccia
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Childrens Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands (M.D.S., T.E.M.A.); Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy (S.F., C.D., P.G.); Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare (E.B.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Genetics (K.A.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.), Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Division of Child Neurology (P.T.), Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatrics (C.A.S.), Royal Childrens Hospital, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Pediatric Neurology (C.E.E.), Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Childrens Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (A.S.-V.), University of South Florida, Tampa; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Department WomanMother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Community Pediatrics, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading (S.H.), United Kingdom; Neuropediatric Department (T.S.-M.), Childrens Hospital, Luzern, Switzerland; Unit of Neurorehabilitation (G.V.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Paediatric Neurology (G.C.), Nottingham Childrens Hospital, United Kingdom; PEDEGO Research Unit (E.R.), Medical Research Center and Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland; Radiology (C.O.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.S.B), Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare and Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; and Department of Child Neurology (M.S.v.d.K.), Emma Childrens Hospital and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Emanuele Bellacchio
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Childrens Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands (M.D.S., T.E.M.A.); Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy (S.F., C.D., P.G.); Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare (E.B.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Genetics (K.A.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.), Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Division of Child Neurology (P.T.), Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatrics (C.A.S.), Royal Childrens Hospital, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Pediatric Neurology (C.E.E.), Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Childrens Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (A.S.-V.), University of South Florida, Tampa; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Department WomanMother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Community Pediatrics, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading (S.H.), United Kingdom; Neuropediatric Department (T.S.-M.), Childrens Hospital, Luzern, Switzerland; Unit of Neurorehabilitation (G.V.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Paediatric Neurology (G.C.), Nottingham Childrens Hospital, United Kingdom; PEDEGO Research Unit (E.R.), Medical Research Center and Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland; Radiology (C.O.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.S.B), Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare and Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; and Department of Child Neurology (M.S.v.d.K.), Emma Childrens Hospital and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karin Alvarez
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Childrens Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands (M.D.S., T.E.M.A.); Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy (S.F., C.D., P.G.); Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare (E.B.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Genetics (K.A.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.), Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Division of Child Neurology (P.T.), Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatrics (C.A.S.), Royal Childrens Hospital, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Pediatric Neurology (C.E.E.), Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Childrens Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (A.S.-V.), University of South Florida, Tampa; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Department WomanMother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Community Pediatrics, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading (S.H.), United Kingdom; Neuropediatric Department (T.S.-M.), Childrens Hospital, Luzern, Switzerland; Unit of Neurorehabilitation (G.V.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Paediatric Neurology (G.C.), Nottingham Childrens Hospital, United Kingdom; PEDEGO Research Unit (E.R.), Medical Research Center and Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland; Radiology (C.O.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.S.B), Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare and Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; and Department of Child Neurology (M.S.v.d.K.), Emma Childrens Hospital and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia Castiglioni
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Childrens Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands (M.D.S., T.E.M.A.); Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy (S.F., C.D., P.G.); Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare (E.B.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Genetics (K.A.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.), Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Division of Child Neurology (P.T.), Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatrics (C.A.S.), Royal Childrens Hospital, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Pediatric Neurology (C.E.E.), Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Childrens Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (A.S.-V.), University of South Florida, Tampa; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Department WomanMother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Community Pediatrics, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading (S.H.), United Kingdom; Neuropediatric Department (T.S.-M.), Childrens Hospital, Luzern, Switzerland; Unit of Neurorehabilitation (G.V.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Paediatric Neurology (G.C.), Nottingham Childrens Hospital, United Kingdom; PEDEGO Research Unit (E.R.), Medical Research Center and Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland; Radiology (C.O.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.S.B), Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare and Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; and Department of Child Neurology (M.S.v.d.K.), Emma Childrens Hospital and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pinar Topaloglu
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Childrens Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands (M.D.S., T.E.M.A.); Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy (S.F., C.D., P.G.); Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare (E.B.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Genetics (K.A.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.), Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Division of Child Neurology (P.T.), Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatrics (C.A.S.), Royal Childrens Hospital, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Pediatric Neurology (C.E.E.), Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Childrens Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (A.S.-V.), University of South Florida, Tampa; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Department WomanMother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Community Pediatrics, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading (S.H.), United Kingdom; Neuropediatric Department (T.S.-M.), Childrens Hospital, Luzern, Switzerland; Unit of Neurorehabilitation (G.V.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Paediatric Neurology (G.C.), Nottingham Childrens Hospital, United Kingdom; PEDEGO Research Unit (E.R.), Medical Research Center and Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland; Radiology (C.O.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.S.B), Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare and Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; and Department of Child Neurology (M.S.v.d.K.), Emma Childrens Hospital and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chloe A Stutterd
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Childrens Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands (M.D.S., T.E.M.A.); Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy (S.F., C.D., P.G.); Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare (E.B.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Genetics (K.A.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.), Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Division of Child Neurology (P.T.), Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatrics (C.A.S.), Royal Childrens Hospital, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Pediatric Neurology (C.E.E.), Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Childrens Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (A.S.-V.), University of South Florida, Tampa; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Department WomanMother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Community Pediatrics, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading (S.H.), United Kingdom; Neuropediatric Department (T.S.-M.), Childrens Hospital, Luzern, Switzerland; Unit of Neurorehabilitation (G.V.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Paediatric Neurology (G.C.), Nottingham Childrens Hospital, United Kingdom; PEDEGO Research Unit (E.R.), Medical Research Center and Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland; Radiology (C.O.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.S.B), Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare and Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; and Department of Child Neurology (M.S.v.d.K.), Emma Childrens Hospital and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Corrie E Erasmus
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Childrens Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands (M.D.S., T.E.M.A.); Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy (S.F., C.D., P.G.); Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare (E.B.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Genetics (K.A.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.), Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Division of Child Neurology (P.T.), Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatrics (C.A.S.), Royal Childrens Hospital, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Pediatric Neurology (C.E.E.), Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Childrens Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (A.S.-V.), University of South Florida, Tampa; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Department WomanMother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Community Pediatrics, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading (S.H.), United Kingdom; Neuropediatric Department (T.S.-M.), Childrens Hospital, Luzern, Switzerland; Unit of Neurorehabilitation (G.V.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Paediatric Neurology (G.C.), Nottingham Childrens Hospital, United Kingdom; PEDEGO Research Unit (E.R.), Medical Research Center and Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland; Radiology (C.O.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.S.B), Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare and Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; and Department of Child Neurology (M.S.v.d.K.), Emma Childrens Hospital and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Amarilis Sanchez-Valle
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Childrens Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands (M.D.S., T.E.M.A.); Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy (S.F., C.D., P.G.); Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare (E.B.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Genetics (K.A.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.), Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Division of Child Neurology (P.T.), Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatrics (C.A.S.), Royal Childrens Hospital, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Pediatric Neurology (C.E.E.), Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Childrens Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (A.S.-V.), University of South Florida, Tampa; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Department WomanMother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Community Pediatrics, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading (S.H.), United Kingdom; Neuropediatric Department (T.S.-M.), Childrens Hospital, Luzern, Switzerland; Unit of Neurorehabilitation (G.V.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Paediatric Neurology (G.C.), Nottingham Childrens Hospital, United Kingdom; PEDEGO Research Unit (E.R.), Medical Research Center and Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland; Radiology (C.O.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.S.B), Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare and Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; and Department of Child Neurology (M.S.v.d.K.), Emma Childrens Hospital and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sebastien Lebon
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Childrens Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands (M.D.S., T.E.M.A.); Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy (S.F., C.D., P.G.); Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare (E.B.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Genetics (K.A.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.), Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Division of Child Neurology (P.T.), Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatrics (C.A.S.), Royal Childrens Hospital, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Pediatric Neurology (C.E.E.), Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Childrens Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (A.S.-V.), University of South Florida, Tampa; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Department WomanMother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Community Pediatrics, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading (S.H.), United Kingdom; Neuropediatric Department (T.S.-M.), Childrens Hospital, Luzern, Switzerland; Unit of Neurorehabilitation (G.V.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Paediatric Neurology (G.C.), Nottingham Childrens Hospital, United Kingdom; PEDEGO Research Unit (E.R.), Medical Research Center and Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland; Radiology (C.O.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.S.B), Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare and Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; and Department of Child Neurology (M.S.v.d.K.), Emma Childrens Hospital and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah Hughes
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Childrens Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands (M.D.S., T.E.M.A.); Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy (S.F., C.D., P.G.); Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare (E.B.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Genetics (K.A.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.), Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Division of Child Neurology (P.T.), Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatrics (C.A.S.), Royal Childrens Hospital, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Pediatric Neurology (C.E.E.), Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Childrens Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (A.S.-V.), University of South Florida, Tampa; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Department WomanMother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Community Pediatrics, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading (S.H.), United Kingdom; Neuropediatric Department (T.S.-M.), Childrens Hospital, Luzern, Switzerland; Unit of Neurorehabilitation (G.V.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Paediatric Neurology (G.C.), Nottingham Childrens Hospital, United Kingdom; PEDEGO Research Unit (E.R.), Medical Research Center and Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland; Radiology (C.O.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.S.B), Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare and Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; and Department of Child Neurology (M.S.v.d.K.), Emma Childrens Hospital and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Schmitt-Mechelke
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Childrens Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands (M.D.S., T.E.M.A.); Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy (S.F., C.D., P.G.); Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare (E.B.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Genetics (K.A.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.), Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Division of Child Neurology (P.T.), Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatrics (C.A.S.), Royal Childrens Hospital, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Pediatric Neurology (C.E.E.), Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Childrens Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (A.S.-V.), University of South Florida, Tampa; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Department WomanMother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Community Pediatrics, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading (S.H.), United Kingdom; Neuropediatric Department (T.S.-M.), Childrens Hospital, Luzern, Switzerland; Unit of Neurorehabilitation (G.V.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Paediatric Neurology (G.C.), Nottingham Childrens Hospital, United Kingdom; PEDEGO Research Unit (E.R.), Medical Research Center and Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland; Radiology (C.O.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.S.B), Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare and Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; and Department of Child Neurology (M.S.v.d.K.), Emma Childrens Hospital and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gessica Vasco
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Childrens Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands (M.D.S., T.E.M.A.); Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy (S.F., C.D., P.G.); Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare (E.B.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Genetics (K.A.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.), Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Division of Child Neurology (P.T.), Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatrics (C.A.S.), Royal Childrens Hospital, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Pediatric Neurology (C.E.E.), Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Childrens Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (A.S.-V.), University of South Florida, Tampa; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Department WomanMother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Community Pediatrics, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading (S.H.), United Kingdom; Neuropediatric Department (T.S.-M.), Childrens Hospital, Luzern, Switzerland; Unit of Neurorehabilitation (G.V.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Paediatric Neurology (G.C.), Nottingham Childrens Hospital, United Kingdom; PEDEGO Research Unit (E.R.), Medical Research Center and Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland; Radiology (C.O.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.S.B), Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare and Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; and Department of Child Neurology (M.S.v.d.K.), Emma Childrens Hospital and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gabriel Chow
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Childrens Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands (M.D.S., T.E.M.A.); Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy (S.F., C.D., P.G.); Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare (E.B.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Genetics (K.A.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.), Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Division of Child Neurology (P.T.), Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatrics (C.A.S.), Royal Childrens Hospital, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Pediatric Neurology (C.E.E.), Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Childrens Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (A.S.-V.), University of South Florida, Tampa; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Department WomanMother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Community Pediatrics, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading (S.H.), United Kingdom; Neuropediatric Department (T.S.-M.), Childrens Hospital, Luzern, Switzerland; Unit of Neurorehabilitation (G.V.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Paediatric Neurology (G.C.), Nottingham Childrens Hospital, United Kingdom; PEDEGO Research Unit (E.R.), Medical Research Center and Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland; Radiology (C.O.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.S.B), Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare and Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; and Department of Child Neurology (M.S.v.d.K.), Emma Childrens Hospital and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Elisa Rahikkala
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Childrens Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands (M.D.S., T.E.M.A.); Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy (S.F., C.D., P.G.); Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare (E.B.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Genetics (K.A.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.), Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Division of Child Neurology (P.T.), Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatrics (C.A.S.), Royal Childrens Hospital, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Pediatric Neurology (C.E.E.), Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Childrens Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (A.S.-V.), University of South Florida, Tampa; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Department WomanMother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Community Pediatrics, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading (S.H.), United Kingdom; Neuropediatric Department (T.S.-M.), Childrens Hospital, Luzern, Switzerland; Unit of Neurorehabilitation (G.V.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Paediatric Neurology (G.C.), Nottingham Childrens Hospital, United Kingdom; PEDEGO Research Unit (E.R.), Medical Research Center and Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland; Radiology (C.O.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.S.B), Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare and Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; and Department of Child Neurology (M.S.v.d.K.), Emma Childrens Hospital and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cristina Dallabona
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Childrens Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands (M.D.S., T.E.M.A.); Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy (S.F., C.D., P.G.); Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare (E.B.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Genetics (K.A.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.), Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Division of Child Neurology (P.T.), Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatrics (C.A.S.), Royal Childrens Hospital, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Pediatric Neurology (C.E.E.), Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Childrens Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (A.S.-V.), University of South Florida, Tampa; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Department WomanMother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Community Pediatrics, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading (S.H.), United Kingdom; Neuropediatric Department (T.S.-M.), Childrens Hospital, Luzern, Switzerland; Unit of Neurorehabilitation (G.V.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Paediatric Neurology (G.C.), Nottingham Childrens Hospital, United Kingdom; PEDEGO Research Unit (E.R.), Medical Research Center and Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland; Radiology (C.O.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.S.B), Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare and Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; and Department of Child Neurology (M.S.v.d.K.), Emma Childrens Hospital and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cecilia Okuma
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Childrens Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands (M.D.S., T.E.M.A.); Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy (S.F., C.D., P.G.); Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare (E.B.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Genetics (K.A.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.), Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Division of Child Neurology (P.T.), Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatrics (C.A.S.), Royal Childrens Hospital, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Pediatric Neurology (C.E.E.), Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Childrens Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (A.S.-V.), University of South Florida, Tampa; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Department WomanMother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Community Pediatrics, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading (S.H.), United Kingdom; Neuropediatric Department (T.S.-M.), Childrens Hospital, Luzern, Switzerland; Unit of Neurorehabilitation (G.V.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Paediatric Neurology (G.C.), Nottingham Childrens Hospital, United Kingdom; PEDEGO Research Unit (E.R.), Medical Research Center and Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland; Radiology (C.O.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.S.B), Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare and Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; and Department of Child Neurology (M.S.v.d.K.), Emma Childrens Hospital and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chiara Aiello
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Childrens Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands (M.D.S., T.E.M.A.); Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy (S.F., C.D., P.G.); Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare (E.B.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Genetics (K.A.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.), Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Division of Child Neurology (P.T.), Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatrics (C.A.S.), Royal Childrens Hospital, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Pediatric Neurology (C.E.E.), Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Childrens Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (A.S.-V.), University of South Florida, Tampa; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Department WomanMother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Community Pediatrics, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading (S.H.), United Kingdom; Neuropediatric Department (T.S.-M.), Childrens Hospital, Luzern, Switzerland; Unit of Neurorehabilitation (G.V.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Paediatric Neurology (G.C.), Nottingham Childrens Hospital, United Kingdom; PEDEGO Research Unit (E.R.), Medical Research Center and Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland; Radiology (C.O.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.S.B), Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare and Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; and Department of Child Neurology (M.S.v.d.K.), Emma Childrens Hospital and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paola Goffrini
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Childrens Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands (M.D.S., T.E.M.A.); Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy (S.F., C.D., P.G.); Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare (E.B.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Genetics (K.A.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.), Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Division of Child Neurology (P.T.), Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatrics (C.A.S.), Royal Childrens Hospital, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Pediatric Neurology (C.E.E.), Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Childrens Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (A.S.-V.), University of South Florida, Tampa; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Department WomanMother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Community Pediatrics, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading (S.H.), United Kingdom; Neuropediatric Department (T.S.-M.), Childrens Hospital, Luzern, Switzerland; Unit of Neurorehabilitation (G.V.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Paediatric Neurology (G.C.), Nottingham Childrens Hospital, United Kingdom; PEDEGO Research Unit (E.R.), Medical Research Center and Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland; Radiology (C.O.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.S.B), Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare and Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; and Department of Child Neurology (M.S.v.d.K.), Emma Childrens Hospital and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Truus E M Abbink
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Childrens Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands (M.D.S., T.E.M.A.); Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy (S.F., C.D., P.G.); Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare (E.B.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Genetics (K.A.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.), Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Division of Child Neurology (P.T.), Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatrics (C.A.S.), Royal Childrens Hospital, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Pediatric Neurology (C.E.E.), Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Childrens Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (A.S.-V.), University of South Florida, Tampa; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Department WomanMother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Community Pediatrics, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading (S.H.), United Kingdom; Neuropediatric Department (T.S.-M.), Childrens Hospital, Luzern, Switzerland; Unit of Neurorehabilitation (G.V.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Paediatric Neurology (G.C.), Nottingham Childrens Hospital, United Kingdom; PEDEGO Research Unit (E.R.), Medical Research Center and Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland; Radiology (C.O.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.S.B), Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare and Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; and Department of Child Neurology (M.S.v.d.K.), Emma Childrens Hospital and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Enrico S Bertini
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Childrens Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands (M.D.S., T.E.M.A.); Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy (S.F., C.D., P.G.); Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare (E.B.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Genetics (K.A.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.), Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Division of Child Neurology (P.T.), Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatrics (C.A.S.), Royal Childrens Hospital, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Pediatric Neurology (C.E.E.), Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Childrens Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (A.S.-V.), University of South Florida, Tampa; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Department WomanMother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Community Pediatrics, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading (S.H.), United Kingdom; Neuropediatric Department (T.S.-M.), Childrens Hospital, Luzern, Switzerland; Unit of Neurorehabilitation (G.V.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Paediatric Neurology (G.C.), Nottingham Childrens Hospital, United Kingdom; PEDEGO Research Unit (E.R.), Medical Research Center and Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland; Radiology (C.O.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.S.B), Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare and Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; and Department of Child Neurology (M.S.v.d.K.), Emma Childrens Hospital and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjo S Van der Knaap
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Childrens Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, The Netherlands (M.D.S., T.E.M.A.); Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Italy (S.F., C.D., P.G.); Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare (E.B.), Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Oncology and Molecular Genetics (K.A.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Department of Pediatric Neurology (C.C.), Clínica Las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Division of Child Neurology (P.T.), Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Turkey; Department of Paediatrics (C.A.S.), Royal Childrens Hospital, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Pediatric Neurology (C.E.E.), Radboud University Medical Center, Amalia Childrens Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics (A.S.-V.), University of South Florida, Tampa; Unit of Pediatric Neurology and Neurorehabilitation (S.L.), Department WomanMother-Child, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland; Community Pediatrics, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading (S.H.), United Kingdom; Neuropediatric Department (T.S.-M.), Childrens Hospital, Luzern, Switzerland; Unit of Neurorehabilitation (G.V.), Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Paediatric Neurology (G.C.), Nottingham Childrens Hospital, United Kingdom; PEDEGO Research Unit (E.R.), Medical Research Center and Department of Clinical Genetics, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Finland; Radiology (C.O.), Clínica las Condes, Santiago, Chile; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.S.B), Area di Ricerca Genetica e Malattie Rare and Department of Neurosciences, Bambino Gesù Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; and Department of Child Neurology (M.S.v.d.K.), Emma Childrens Hospital and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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8
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Slynko I, Nguyen S, Hamilton EMC, Wisse LE, de Esch IJP, de Graaf C, Bruning JB, Proud CG, Abbink TEM, van der Knaap MS. Vanishing white matter: Eukaryotic initiation factor 2B model and the impact of missense mutations. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1593. [PMID: 33432707 PMCID: PMC8104162 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vanishing white matter (VWM) is a leukodystrophy, caused by recessive mutations in eukaryotic initiation factor 2B (eIF2B)‐subunit genes (EIF2B1–EIF2B5); 80% are missense mutations. Clinical severity is highly variable, with a strong, unexplained genotype–phenotype correlation. Materials and Methods With information from a recent natural history study, we severity‐graded 97 missense mutations. Using in silico modeling, we created a new human eIF2B model structure, onto which we mapped the missense mutations. Mutated residues were assessed for location in subunits, eIF2B complex, and functional domains, and for information on biochemical activity. Results Over 50% of mutations have (ultra‐)severe phenotypic effects. About 60% affect the ε‐subunit, containing the catalytic domain, mostly with (ultra‐)severe effects. About 55% affect subunit cores, with variable clinical severity. About 36% affect subunit interfaces, mostly with severe effects. Very few mutations occur on the external eIf2B surface, perhaps because they have minor functional effects and are tolerated. One external surface mutation affects eIF2B‐substrate interaction and is associated with ultra‐severe phenotype. Conclusion Mutations that lead to (ultra‐)severe disease mostly affect amino acids with pivotal roles in complex formation and function of eIF2B. Therapies for VWM are emerging and reliable mutation‐based phenotype prediction is required for propensity score matching for trials and in the future for individualized therapy decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Slynko
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Stephanie Nguyen
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Eline M C Hamilton
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lisanne E Wisse
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Iwan J P de Esch
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Chris de Graaf
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Amsterdam Institute for Molecules, Medicines and Systems, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - John B Bruning
- Institute for Photonics and Advanced Sensing (IPAS), School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Christopher G Proud
- Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology and Lifelong Health Theme, South Australian Health & Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Truus E M Abbink
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Functional Genomics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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9
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Wisse LE, Visser D, Ter Braak TJ, Bakkali A, Struys EA, Morrison CD, van der Knaap MS, Abbink TEM. Isocaloric low protein diet in a mouse model for vanishing white matter does not impact ISR deregulation in brain, but reveals ISR deregulation in liver. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 25:1219-1230. [PMID: 33236691 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1846356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Vanishing white matter (VWM) is a genetic brain white matter disorder caused by mutations in eIF2B. eIF2B is central in the integrated stress response (ISR), during which its activity is inhibited by various cellular stresses. VWM is a chronic progressive disease with episodes of rapid neurological deterioration provoked by stresses. VWM patients and VWM mouse models show ISR deregulation in brain, correlating with chronic disease development. ISR inhibition ameliorates the chronic disease in VWM mice. The subacute deteriorations have not been modeled yet. We hypothesized that ISR activation could worsen disease progression in mice and model the episodic neurological deterioration.Method: We chose to activate the ISR by subjecting wild-type (wt) and VWM mice to an isocaloric low protein diet. This model would allow us to investigate the contribution of ISR activation in subacute decline in VWM.Results: We found that the low protein diet did not significantly affect amino acid levels nor ISR levels in wt and VWM mouse brain. Our study serendipitously led to the discovery of increased levels of glycine, asparagine and Fgf21 mRNA in VWM mouse brain irrespective of the dietary protein content. Strikingly, the ISR was not activated by the low protein diet in the liver of VWM in contrast to wt mice, due to a modest ISR deregulation in this organ.Discussion: A model for subacute neurological deterioration in VWM was not established. Possibly, ISR deregulation in VWM results in reduced ISR responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne E Wisse
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Denise Visser
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Timo J Ter Braak
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Abdellatif Bakkali
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Eduard A Struys
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Truus E M Abbink
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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10
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Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1 does not encode a helicase and hijacks those of the cell for efficient replication. We and others previously showed that the DEAD box helicase, DDX5, is an essential HIV dependency factor. DDX5 was recently shown to be associated with the 7SK snRNP. Cellular positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) is bound in an inactive form with HEXIM1/2 on 7SK snRNP. The Tat/P-TEFb complex is essential for efficient processivity of Pol II in HIV-1 transcription elongation and Tat competes with HEXIM1/2 for P-TEFb. We investigated the precise role of DDX5 in HIV replication using siRNA mediated knockdown and rescue with DDX5 mutants which prevent protein-protein interactions and RNA and ATP binding. RESULTS We demonstrate a critical role for DDX5 in the Tat/HEXIM1 interaction. DDX5 acts to potentiate Tat activity and can bind both Tat and HEXIM1 suggesting it may facilitate the dissociation of HEXIM1/2 from the 7SK-snRNP complex, enhancing Tat/P-TEFb availability. We show knockdown of DDX5 in a T cell line significantly reduces HIV-1 infectivity and viral protein production. This activity is unique to DDX5 and cannot be substituted by its close paralog DDX17. Overexpression of DDX5 stimulates the Tat/LTR promoter but suppresses other cellular and viral promoters. Individual mutations of conserved ATP binding, RNA binding, helicase related or protein binding motifs within DDX5 show that the N terminal RNA binding motifs, the Walker B and the glycine doublet motifs are essential for this function. The Walker A and RNA binding motifs situated on the transactivation domain are however dispensable. CONCLUSION DDX5 is an essential cellular factor for efficient HIV transcription elongation. It interacts with Tat and may potentiate the availability of P-TEFb through sequestering HEXIM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyaradzai Sithole
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
| | - Claire A Williams
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Microbiology, Specialist Virology Centre, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals, Norwich, UK
| | - Truus E M Abbink
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
- Department of Paediatrics, Child Neurology, Centre for Childhood White Matter Disorders, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew M L Lever
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK.
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.
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11
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Meng B, Ip NCY, Abbink TEM, Kenyon JC, Lever AML. ESCRT-II functions by linking to ESCRT-I in human immunodeficiency virus-1 budding. Cell Microbiol 2020; 22:e13161. [PMID: 31922351 PMCID: PMC7187348 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.13161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) uses the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complexes required for transport) protein pathway to bud from infected cells. Despite the roles of ESCRT-I and -III in HIV budding being firmly established, participation of ESCRT-II in this process has been controversial. EAP45 is a critical component of ESCRT-II. Previously, we utilised a CRISPR-Cas9 EAP45 knockout cell line to assess the involvement of ESCRT-II in HIV replication. We demonstrated that the absence of ESCRT-II impairs HIV budding. Here, we show that virus spread is also defective in physiologically relevant CRISPR/Cas9 EAP45 knockout T cells. We further show reappearance of efficient budding by re-introduction of EAP45 expression into EAP45 knockout cells. Using expression of selected mutants of EAP45, we dissect the domain requirement responsible for this function. Our data show at the steady state that rescue of budding is only observed in the context of a Gag/Pol, but not a Gag expressor, indicating that the size of cargo determines the usage of ESCRT-II. EAP45 acts through the YPXL-ALIX pathway as partial rescue is achieved in a PTAP but not a YPXL mutant virus. Our study clarifies the role of ESCRT-II in the late stages of HIV replication and reinforces the notion that ESCRT-II plays an integral part during this process as it does in sorting ubiquitinated cargos and in cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Meng
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Natasha C Y Ip
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Truus E M Abbink
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julia C Kenyon
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Homerton College, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew M L Lever
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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12
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Helman G, Lajoie BR, Crawford J, Takanohashi A, Walkiewicz M, Dolzhenko E, Gross AM, Gainullin VG, Bent SJ, Jenkinson EM, Ferdinandusse S, Waterham HR, Dorboz I, Bertini E, Miyake N, Wolf NI, Abbink TEM, Kirwin SM, Tan CM, Hobson GM, Guo L, Ikegawa S, Pizzino A, Schmidt JL, Bernard G, Schiffmann R, van der Knaap MS, Simons C, Taft RJ, Vanderver A. Genome sequencing in persistently unsolved white matter disorders. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2020; 7:144-152. [PMID: 31912665 PMCID: PMC6952322 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.50957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Revised: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic white matter disorders have heterogeneous etiologies and overlapping clinical presentations. We performed a study of the diagnostic efficacy of genome sequencing in 41 unsolved cases with prior exome sequencing, resolving an additional 14 from an historical cohort (n = 191). Reanalysis in the context of novel disease-associated genes and improved variant curation and annotation resolved 64% of cases. The remaining diagnoses were directly attributable to genome sequencing, including cases with small and large copy number variants (CNVs) and variants in deep intronic and technically difficult regions. Genome sequencing, in combination with other methodologies, achieved a diagnostic yield of 85% in this retrospective cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Helman
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Joanna Crawford
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Asako Takanohashi
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Marzena Walkiewicz
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Stephen J Bent
- Data61, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Emma M Jenkinson
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hans R Waterham
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Imen Dorboz
- INSERM UMR 1141, DHU PROTECT, Université Paris Diderot- Sorbonne, Paris Cité, France
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesu' Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy.,Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Noriko Miyake
- Department of Human Genetics, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, 236-0004, Japan
| | - Nicole I Wolf
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Truus E M Abbink
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Susan M Kirwin
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Nemours Biomedical Research, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Christina M Tan
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Nemours Biomedical Research, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Grace M Hobson
- Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory, Nemours Biomedical Research, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Long Guo
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shiro Ikegawa
- Laboratory of Bone and Joint Diseases, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Amy Pizzino
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Johanna L Schmidt
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Genevieve Bernard
- Departments of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Pediatrics, and Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.,Division of Medical Genetics, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada.,Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Raphael Schiffmann
- Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Scott & White Research Institute, Dallas, Texas
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- Department of Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Functional Genomics, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cas Simons
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Adeline Vanderver
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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13
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Abbink TEM, Wisse LE, Jaku E, Thiecke MJ, Voltolini-González D, Fritsen H, Bobeldijk S, Ter Braak TJ, Polder E, Postma NL, Bugiani M, Struijs EA, Verheijen M, Straat N, van der Sluis S, Thomas AAM, Molenaar D, van der Knaap MS. Vanishing white matter: deregulated integrated stress response as therapy target. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2019; 6:1407-1422. [PMID: 31402619 PMCID: PMC6689685 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.50826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Vanishing white matter (VWM) is a fatal, stress‐sensitive leukodystrophy that mainly affects children and is currently without treatment. VWM is caused by recessive mutations in eukaryotic initiation factor 2B (eIF2B) that is crucial for initiation of mRNA translation and its regulation during the integrated stress response (ISR). Mutations reduce eIF2B activity. VWM pathomechanisms remain unclear. In contrast with the housekeeping function of eIF2B, astrocytes are selectively affected in VWM. One study objective was to test our hypothesis that in the brain translation of specific mRNAs is altered by eIF2B mutations, impacting primarily astrocytes. The second objective was to investigate whether modulation of eIF2B activity could ameliorate this altered translation and improve the disease. Methods Mice with biallelic missense mutations in eIF2B that recapitulate human VWM were used to screen for mRNAs with altered translation in brain using polysomal profiling. Findings were verified in brain tissue from VWM patients using qPCR and immunohistochemistry. The compound ISRIB (for “ISR inhibitor”) was administered to VWM mice to increase eIF2B activity. Its effect on translation, neuropathology, and clinical signs was assessed. Results In brains of VWM compared to wild‐type mice we observed the most prominent changes in translation concerning ISR mRNAs; their expression levels correlated with disease severity. We substantiated these findings in VWM patients’ brains. ISRIB normalized expression of mRNA markers, ameliorated brain white matter pathology and improved motor skills in VWM mice. Interpretation The present findings show that ISR deregulation is central in VWM pathomechanisms and a viable target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truus E M Abbink
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lisanne E Wisse
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ermelinda Jaku
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel J Thiecke
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Voltolini-González
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hein Fritsen
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Bobeldijk
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timo J Ter Braak
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel Polder
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nienke L Postma
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eduard A Struijs
- Metabolic Unit, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Verheijen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nina Straat
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie van der Sluis
- Complex Trait Genetics, Department of Clinical Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adri A M Thomas
- Developmental Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Douwe Molenaar
- Systems Bioinformatics, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- Child Neurology, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Vrije Universiteit and Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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14
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Wisse LE, Ter Braak TJ, van de Beek MC, van Berkel CGM, Wortel J, Heine VM, Proud CG, van der Knaap MS, Abbink TEM. Adult mouse eIF2Bε Arg191His astrocytes display a normal integrated stress response in vitro. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3773. [PMID: 29491431 PMCID: PMC5830650 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21885-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vanishing white matter (VWM) is a genetic childhood white matter disorder, characterized by chronic as well as episodic, stress provoked, neurological deterioration. Treatment is unavailable and patients often die within a few years after onset. VWM is caused by recessive mutations in the eukaryotic initiation factor 2B (eIF2B). eIF2B regulates protein synthesis rates in every cell of the body. In normal cells, various types of cellular stress inhibit eIF2B activity and induce the integrated stress response (ISR). We have developed a VWM mouse model homozygous for the pathogenic Arg191His mutation in eIF2Bε (2b5ho), representative of the human disease. Neuropathological examination of VWM patient and mouse brain tissue suggests that astrocytes are primarily affected. We hypothesized that VWM astrocytes are selectively hypersensitive to ISR induction, resulting in a heightened response. We cultured astrocytes from wildtype and VWM mice and investigated the ISR in assays that measure transcriptional induction of stress genes, protein synthesis rates and cell viability. We investigated the effects of short- and long-term stress as well as stress recovery. We detected congruent results amongst the various assays and did not detect a hyperactive ISR in VWM mouse astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne E Wisse
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timo J Ter Braak
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Malu-Clair van de Beek
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carola G M van Berkel
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joke Wortel
- Department of Functional Genomics, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivi M Heine
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Complex Trait Genetics, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Chris G Proud
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.,South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Functional Genomics, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Truus E M Abbink
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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15
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Wisse LE, Penning R, Zaal EA, van Berkel CGM, Ter Braak TJ, Polder E, Kenney JW, Proud CG, Berkers CR, Altelaar MAF, Speijer D, van der Knaap MS, Abbink TEM. Proteomic and Metabolomic Analyses of Vanishing White Matter Mouse Astrocytes Reveal Deregulation of ER Functions. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:411. [PMID: 29375313 PMCID: PMC5770689 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vanishing white matter (VWM) is a leukodystrophy with predominantly early-childhood onset. Affected children display various neurological signs, including ataxia and spasticity, and die early. VWM patients have bi-allelic mutations in any of the five genes encoding the subunits of the eukaryotic translation factor 2B (eIF2B). eIF2B regulates protein synthesis rates under basal and cellular stress conditions. The underlying molecular mechanism of how mutations in eIF2B result in VWM is unknown. Previous studies suggest that brain white matter astrocytes are primarily affected in VWM. We hypothesized that the translation rate of certain astrocytic mRNAs is affected by the mutations, resulting in astrocytic dysfunction. Here we subjected primary astrocyte cultures of wild type (wt) and VWM (2b5ho) mice to pulsed labeling proteomics based on stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) with an L-azidohomoalanine (AHA) pulse to select newly synthesized proteins. AHA was incorporated into newly synthesized proteins in wt and 2b5ho astrocytes with similar efficiency, without affecting cell viability. We quantified proteins synthesized in astrocytes of wt and 2b5ho mice. This proteomic profiling identified a total of 80 proteins that were regulated by the eIF2B mutation. We confirmed increased expression of PROS1 in 2b5ho astrocytes and brain. A DAVID enrichment analysis showed that approximately 50% of the eIF2B-regulated proteins used the secretory pathway. A small-scale metabolic screen further highlighted a significant change in the metabolite 6-phospho-gluconate, indicative of an altered flux through the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP). Some of the proteins migrating through the secretory pathway undergo oxidative folding reactions in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), which produces reactive oxygen species (ROS). The PPP produces NADPH to remove ROS. The proteomic and metabolomics data together suggest a deregulation of ER function in 2b5ho mouse astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne E Wisse
- Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Renske Penning
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Esther A Zaal
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | | | - Timo J Ter Braak
- Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Emiel Polder
- Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Justin W Kenney
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher G Proud
- Centre for Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Celia R Berkers
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Maarten A F Altelaar
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Group, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Dave Speijer
- Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Truus E M Abbink
- Pediatrics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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16
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Hamilton EMC, Bertini E, Kalaydjieva L, Morar B, Dojčáková D, Liu J, Vanderver A, Curiel J, Persoon CM, Diodato D, Pinelli L, van der Meij NL, Plecko B, Blaser S, Wolf NI, Waisfisz Q, Abbink TEM, van der Knaap MS. UFM1 founder mutation in the Roma population causes recessive variant of H-ABC. Neurology 2017; 89:1821-1828. [PMID: 28931644 PMCID: PMC5664304 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000004578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To identify the gene defect in patients with hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum (H-ABC) who are negative for TUBB4A mutations. Methods: We performed homozygosity mapping and whole exome sequencing (WES) to detect the disease-causing variant. We used a Taqman assay for population screening. We developed a luciferase reporter construct to investigate the effect of the promoter mutation on expression. Results: Sixteen patients from 14 families from different countries fulfilling the MRI criteria for H-ABC exhibited a similar, severe clinical phenotype, including lack of development and a severe epileptic encephalopathy. The majority of patients had a known Roma ethnic background. Single nucleotide polymorphism array analysis in 5 patients identified one large overlapping homozygous region on chromosome 13. WES in 2 patients revealed a homozygous deletion in the promoter region of UFM1. Sanger sequencing confirmed homozygosity for this variant in all 16 patients. All patients shared a common haplotype, indicative of a founder effect. Screening of 1,000 controls from different European Roma panels demonstrated an overall carrier rate of the mutation of 3%–25%. Transfection assays showed that the deletion significantly reduced expression in specific CNS cell lines. Conclusions: UFM1 encodes ubiquitin-fold modifier 1 (UFM1), a member of the ubiquitin-like family involved in posttranslational modification of proteins. Its exact biological role is unclear. This study associates a UFM1 gene defect with a disease and sheds new light on possible UFM1 functional networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline M C Hamilton
- From the Department of Child Neurology (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Genetics (C.M.P., Q.W.), Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.B., D. Diodato), Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research (L.K., B.M.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Department of Biology (D. Dojčáková), Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Slovakia; Center for Neuroscience Research (J.L., J.C.), Children's Research Institute; Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; MRC Holland (N.L.v.d.M.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (B.P.), Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (S.B.), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Enrico Bertini
- From the Department of Child Neurology (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Genetics (C.M.P., Q.W.), Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.B., D. Diodato), Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research (L.K., B.M.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Department of Biology (D. Dojčáková), Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Slovakia; Center for Neuroscience Research (J.L., J.C.), Children's Research Institute; Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; MRC Holland (N.L.v.d.M.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (B.P.), Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (S.B.), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Luba Kalaydjieva
- From the Department of Child Neurology (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Genetics (C.M.P., Q.W.), Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.B., D. Diodato), Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research (L.K., B.M.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Department of Biology (D. Dojčáková), Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Slovakia; Center for Neuroscience Research (J.L., J.C.), Children's Research Institute; Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; MRC Holland (N.L.v.d.M.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (B.P.), Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (S.B.), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bharti Morar
- From the Department of Child Neurology (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Genetics (C.M.P., Q.W.), Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.B., D. Diodato), Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research (L.K., B.M.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Department of Biology (D. Dojčáková), Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Slovakia; Center for Neuroscience Research (J.L., J.C.), Children's Research Institute; Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; MRC Holland (N.L.v.d.M.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (B.P.), Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (S.B.), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dana Dojčáková
- From the Department of Child Neurology (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Genetics (C.M.P., Q.W.), Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.B., D. Diodato), Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research (L.K., B.M.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Department of Biology (D. Dojčáková), Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Slovakia; Center for Neuroscience Research (J.L., J.C.), Children's Research Institute; Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; MRC Holland (N.L.v.d.M.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (B.P.), Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (S.B.), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Judy Liu
- From the Department of Child Neurology (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Genetics (C.M.P., Q.W.), Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.B., D. Diodato), Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research (L.K., B.M.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Department of Biology (D. Dojčáková), Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Slovakia; Center for Neuroscience Research (J.L., J.C.), Children's Research Institute; Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; MRC Holland (N.L.v.d.M.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (B.P.), Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (S.B.), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Adeline Vanderver
- From the Department of Child Neurology (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Genetics (C.M.P., Q.W.), Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.B., D. Diodato), Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research (L.K., B.M.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Department of Biology (D. Dojčáková), Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Slovakia; Center for Neuroscience Research (J.L., J.C.), Children's Research Institute; Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; MRC Holland (N.L.v.d.M.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (B.P.), Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (S.B.), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Julian Curiel
- From the Department of Child Neurology (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Genetics (C.M.P., Q.W.), Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.B., D. Diodato), Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research (L.K., B.M.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Department of Biology (D. Dojčáková), Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Slovakia; Center for Neuroscience Research (J.L., J.C.), Children's Research Institute; Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; MRC Holland (N.L.v.d.M.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (B.P.), Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (S.B.), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Claudia M Persoon
- From the Department of Child Neurology (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Genetics (C.M.P., Q.W.), Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.B., D. Diodato), Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research (L.K., B.M.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Department of Biology (D. Dojčáková), Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Slovakia; Center for Neuroscience Research (J.L., J.C.), Children's Research Institute; Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; MRC Holland (N.L.v.d.M.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (B.P.), Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (S.B.), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Daria Diodato
- From the Department of Child Neurology (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Genetics (C.M.P., Q.W.), Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.B., D. Diodato), Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research (L.K., B.M.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Department of Biology (D. Dojčáková), Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Slovakia; Center for Neuroscience Research (J.L., J.C.), Children's Research Institute; Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; MRC Holland (N.L.v.d.M.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (B.P.), Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (S.B.), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Lorenzo Pinelli
- From the Department of Child Neurology (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Genetics (C.M.P., Q.W.), Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.B., D. Diodato), Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research (L.K., B.M.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Department of Biology (D. Dojčáková), Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Slovakia; Center for Neuroscience Research (J.L., J.C.), Children's Research Institute; Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; MRC Holland (N.L.v.d.M.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (B.P.), Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (S.B.), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nathalie L van der Meij
- From the Department of Child Neurology (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Genetics (C.M.P., Q.W.), Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.B., D. Diodato), Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research (L.K., B.M.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Department of Biology (D. Dojčáková), Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Slovakia; Center for Neuroscience Research (J.L., J.C.), Children's Research Institute; Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; MRC Holland (N.L.v.d.M.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (B.P.), Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (S.B.), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Barbara Plecko
- From the Department of Child Neurology (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Genetics (C.M.P., Q.W.), Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.B., D. Diodato), Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research (L.K., B.M.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Department of Biology (D. Dojčáková), Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Slovakia; Center for Neuroscience Research (J.L., J.C.), Children's Research Institute; Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; MRC Holland (N.L.v.d.M.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (B.P.), Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (S.B.), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Susan Blaser
- From the Department of Child Neurology (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Genetics (C.M.P., Q.W.), Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.B., D. Diodato), Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research (L.K., B.M.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Department of Biology (D. Dojčáková), Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Slovakia; Center for Neuroscience Research (J.L., J.C.), Children's Research Institute; Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; MRC Holland (N.L.v.d.M.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (B.P.), Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (S.B.), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Nicole I Wolf
- From the Department of Child Neurology (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Genetics (C.M.P., Q.W.), Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.B., D. Diodato), Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research (L.K., B.M.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Department of Biology (D. Dojčáková), Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Slovakia; Center for Neuroscience Research (J.L., J.C.), Children's Research Institute; Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; MRC Holland (N.L.v.d.M.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (B.P.), Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (S.B.), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Quinten Waisfisz
- From the Department of Child Neurology (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Genetics (C.M.P., Q.W.), Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.B., D. Diodato), Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research (L.K., B.M.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Department of Biology (D. Dojčáková), Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Slovakia; Center for Neuroscience Research (J.L., J.C.), Children's Research Institute; Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; MRC Holland (N.L.v.d.M.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (B.P.), Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (S.B.), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Truus E M Abbink
- From the Department of Child Neurology (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Genetics (C.M.P., Q.W.), Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.B., D. Diodato), Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research (L.K., B.M.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Department of Biology (D. Dojčáková), Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Slovakia; Center for Neuroscience Research (J.L., J.C.), Children's Research Institute; Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; MRC Holland (N.L.v.d.M.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (B.P.), Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (S.B.), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- From the Department of Child Neurology (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Amsterdam Neuroscience (E.M.C.H., N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Genetics (C.M.P., Q.W.), Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Unit of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders (E.B., D. Diodato), Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, "Bambino Gesù" Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research and Centre for Medical Research (L.K., B.M.), University of Western Australia, Perth; Department of Biology (D. Dojčáková), Faculty of Humanities and Natural Sciences, University of Presov, Slovakia; Center for Neuroscience Research (J.L., J.C.), Children's Research Institute; Department of Neurology, Center for Genetic Medicine Research (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Neuroradiology (L.P.), Section of Pediatric Neuroradiology, Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy; MRC Holland (N.L.v.d.M.), Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Division of Neurology (B.P.), Children's Hospital, University of Zurich, Switzerland; and Division of Pediatric Neuroradiology (S.B.), Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada.
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17
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Dooves S, Bugiani M, Wisse LE, Abbink TEM, van der Knaap MS, Heine VM. Bergmann glia translocation: a new disease marker for vanishing white matter identifies therapeutic effects of Guanabenz treatment. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2017; 44:391-403. [PMID: 28953319 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Vanishing White Matter (VWM) is a devastating leucoencephalopathy without effective treatment options. Patients have mutations in the EIF2B1-5 genes, encoding the five subunits of eIF2B, a guanine exchange factor that is an important regulator of protein translation. We recently developed mouse models for VWM that replicate the human disease. To study disease improvement after treatment in these mice, it is essential to have sensitive biomarkers related to disease stage. The Bergmann glia of the cerebellum, an astrocytic subpopulation, translocate into the molecular layer in symptomatic VWM mice and patients. This study looked at the prospects of using Bergmann glia pathology as an objective disease marker for VWM. METHODS We defined a new quantitative measurement of Bergmann glia pathology in the cerebellum of VWM mice and patients. To test the sensitivity of this new marker for improvement, VWM mutant mice received long-term treatment with Guanabenz, an FDA-approved anti-hypertensive agent affecting eIF2B activity. RESULTS Bergmann glia translocation was significantly higher in symptomatic VWM mice and VWM patients than in controls and worsened over the disease course. Both Bergmann glia pathology and cerebellar myelin pathology improved with Guanabenz treatment in mice, showing that Bergmann glia translocation is a sensitive measurement for improvement. CONCLUSIONS Bergmann glia translocation can be used to objectively assess effects of treatment in VWM mice. Future treatment strategies involving compounds regulating eIF2 phosphorylation might benefit VWM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dooves
- Department of Pediatrics / Child Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Bugiani
- Department of Pediatrics / Child Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L E Wisse
- Department of Pediatrics / Child Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - T E M Abbink
- Department of Pediatrics / Child Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M S van der Knaap
- Department of Pediatrics / Child Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - V M Heine
- Department of Pediatrics / Child Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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18
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Zeydan B, Uygunoglu U, Altintas A, Saip S, Siva A, Abbink TEM, van der Knaap MS, Yalcinkaya C. Identification of 3 Novel Patients with CLCN2-Related Leukoencephalopathy due to CLCN2 Mutations. Eur Neurol 2017; 78:125-127. [PMID: 28746943 DOI: 10.1159/000478089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Burcu Zeydan
- Department of Neurology, Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ugur Uygunoglu
- Department of Neurology, Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ayse Altintas
- Department of Neurology, Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sabahattin Saip
- Department of Neurology, Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Aksel Siva
- Department of Neurology, Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Truus E M Abbink
- Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cengiz Yalcinkaya
- Department of Neurology, Cerrahpaşa School of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
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19
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Bugiani M, Dubey M, Breur M, Postma NL, Dekker MP, Ter Braak T, Boschert U, Abbink TEM, Mansvelder HD, Min R, van Weering JRT, van der Knaap MS. Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with cysts: the Glialcam-null mouse model. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2017; 4:450-465. [PMID: 28695146 PMCID: PMC5497535 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with cysts (MLC) is a genetic infantile‐onset disease characterized by macrocephaly and white matter edema due to loss of MLC1 function. Recessive mutations in either MLC1 or GLIALCAM cause the disease. MLC1 is involved in astrocytic volume regulation; GlialCAM ensures the correct membrane localization of MLC1. Their exact role in brain ion‐water homeostasis is only partly defined. We characterized Glialcam‐null mice for further studies. Methods We investigated the consequences of loss of GlialCAM in Glialcam‐null mice and compared GlialCAM developmental expression in mice and men. Results Glialcam‐null mice had early‐onset megalencephaly and increased brain water content. From 3 weeks, astrocytes were abnormal with swollen processes abutting blood vessels. Concomitantly, progressive white matter vacuolization developed due to intramyelinic edema. Glialcam‐null astrocytes showed abolished expression of MLC1, reduced expression of the chloride channel ClC‐2 and increased expression and redistribution of the water channel aquaporin4. Expression of other MLC1‐interacting proteins and the volume regulated anion channel LRRC8A was unchanged. In mice, GlialCAM expression increased until 3 weeks and then stabilized. In humans, GlialCAM expression was highest in the first 3 years to then decrease and stabilize from approximately 5 years. Interpretation Glialcam‐null mice replicate the early stages of the human disease with early‐onset intramyelinic edema. The earliest change is astrocytic swelling, further substantiating that a defect in astrocytic volume regulation is the primary cellular defect in MLC. GlialCAM expression affects expression of MLC1, ClC‐2 and aquaporin4, indicating that abnormal interplay between these proteins is a disease mechanism in megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with cysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands.,Department of Pathology Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Mohit Dubey
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Breur
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Nienke L Postma
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marien P Dekker
- Department of Functional Genomics Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Timo Ter Braak
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Ursula Boschert
- Translational Innovation Platform Immunology/Neurology EMD Serono Research & Development Institute Billerica 01821 Massachusetts
| | - Truus E M Abbink
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Huibert D Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Rogier Min
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands.,Department of Integrative Neurophysiology Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Jan R T van Weering
- Department of Functional Genomics Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Medical Center Amsterdam The Netherlands.,Department of Functional Genomics Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research Amsterdam Neuroscience VU University Amsterdam The Netherlands
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20
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Dooves S, Bugiani M, Postma NL, Polder E, Land N, Horan ST, van Deijk ALF, van de Kreeke A, Jacobs G, Vuong C, Klooster J, Kamermans M, Wortel J, Loos M, Wisse LE, Scheper GC, Abbink TEM, Heine VM, van der Knaap MS. Astrocytes are central in the pathomechanisms of vanishing white matter. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:1512-24. [PMID: 26974157 DOI: 10.1172/jci83908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vanishing white matter (VWM) is a fatal leukodystrophy that is caused by mutations in genes encoding subunits of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2B (eIF2B). Disease onset and severity are codetermined by genotype. White matter astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are almost exclusively affected; however, the mechanisms of VWM development remain unclear. Here, we used VWM mouse models, patients' tissue, and cell cultures to investigate whether astrocytes or oligodendrocytes are the primary affected cell type. We generated 2 mouse models with mutations (Eif2b5Arg191His/Arg191His and Eif2b4Arg484Trp/Arg484Trp) that cause severe VWM in humans and then crossed these strains to develop mice with various mutation combinations. Phenotypic severity was highly variable and dependent on genotype, reproducing the clinical spectrum of human VWM. In all mutant strains, impaired maturation of white matter astrocytes preceded onset and paralleled disease severity and progression. Bergmann glia and retinal Müller cells, nonforebrain astrocytes that have not been associated with VWM, were also affected, and involvement of these cells was confirmed in VWM patients. In coculture, VWM astrocytes secreted factors that inhibited oligodendrocyte maturation, whereas WT astrocytes allowed normal maturation of VWM oligodendrocytes. These studies demonstrate that astrocytes are central in VWM pathomechanisms and constitute potential therapeutic targets. Importantly, astrocytes should also be considered in the pathophysiology of other white matter disorders.
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21
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Dallabona C, Abbink TEM, Carrozzo R, Torraco A, Legati A, van Berkel CGM, Niceta M, Langella T, Verrigni D, Rizza T, Diodato D, Piemonte F, Lamantea E, Fang M, Zhang J, Martinelli D, Bevivino E, Dionisi-Vici C, Vanderver A, Philip SG, Kurian MA, Verma IC, Bijarnia-Mahay S, Jacinto S, Furtado F, Accorsi P, Ardissone A, Moroni I, Ferrero I, Tartaglia M, Goffrini P, Ghezzi D, van der Knaap MS, Bertini E. LYRM7mutations cause a multifocal cavitating leukoencephalopathy with distinct MRI appearance. Brain 2016; 139:782-94. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awv392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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22
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Kevelam SH, Bierau J, Salvarinova R, Agrawal S, Honzik T, Visser D, Weiss MM, Salomons GS, Abbink TEM, Waisfisz Q, van der Knaap MS. Recessive ITPA mutations cause an early infantile encephalopathy. Ann Neurol 2015. [PMID: 26224535 DOI: 10.1002/ana.24496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the etiology of a novel, heritable encephalopathy in a small group of patients. METHODS Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pattern analysis was used to select patients with the same pattern. Homozygosity mapping and whole exome sequencing (WES) were performed to find the causal gene mutations. RESULTS Seven patients from 4 families (2 consanguineous) were identified with a similar MRI pattern characterized by T2 signal abnormalities and diffusion restriction in the posterior limb of the internal capsule, often also optic radiation, brainstem tracts, and cerebellar white matter, in combination with delayed myelination and progressive brain atrophy. Patients presented with early infantile onset encephalopathy characterized by progressive microcephaly, seizures, variable cardiac defects, and early death. Metabolic testing was unrevealing. Single nucleotide polymorphism array revealed 1 overlapping homozygous region on chromosome 20 in the consanguineous families. In all patients, WES subsequently revealed recessive predicted loss of function mutations in ITPA, encoding inosine triphosphate pyrophosphatase (ITPase). ITPase activity in patients' erythrocytes and fibroblasts was severely reduced. INTERPRETATION Until now ITPA variants have only been associated with adverse reactions to specific drugs. This is the first report associating ITPA mutations with a human disorder. ITPase is important in purine metabolism because it removes noncanonical nucleotides from the cellular nucleotide pool. Toxicity of accumulated noncanonical nucleotides, leading to neuronal apoptosis and interference with proteins normally using adenosine triphosphate/guanosine triphosphate, probably explains the disease. This study confirms that combining MRI pattern recognition to define small, homogeneous patient groups with WES is a powerful approach for providing a fast diagnosis in patients with an unclassified genetic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sietske H Kevelam
- Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jörgen Bierau
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ramona Salvarinova
- Division of Biochemical Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University of British Columbia, British Columbia Children's Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shakti Agrawal
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Tomas Honzik
- Department of Pediatrics, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dennis Visser
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Marjan M Weiss
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Gajja S Salomons
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Truus E M Abbink
- Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Quinten Waisfisz
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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23
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Meng B, Ip NCY, Prestwood LJ, Abbink TEM, Lever AML. Evidence that the endosomal sorting complex required for transport-II (ESCRT-II) is required for efficient human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) production. Retrovirology 2015; 12:72. [PMID: 26268989 PMCID: PMC4535389 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-015-0197-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Egress of a number of different virus species from infected cells depends on proteins of the endosomal sorting complexes required for transport (ESCRT) pathway. HIV has also hijacked this system to bud viruses outward from the cell surface. How ESCRT-I activates ESCRT-III in this process remains unclear with conflicting published evidence for the requirement of ESCRT-II which fulfils this role in other systems. We investigated the role of ESCRT-II using knockdown mediated by siRNA and shRNA, mutants which prevent ESCRT-I/ESCRT-II interaction and a CRISPR/Cas9 EAP45 knockout cell line. Results Depletion or elimination of ESCRT-II components from an HIV infected cell produces two distinct effects. The overall production of HIV-1 Gag is reduced leading to a diminished amount of intracellular virion protein. In addition depletion of ESCRT-II produces an effect similar to that seen when ESCRT-I and -III components are depleted, that of a delayed Gag p26 to p24 +p2 cleavage associated with a reduction in export of virion particles and a visible reduction in budding efficiency in virus producing cells. Mutants that interfere with ESCRT-I interacting with ESCRT-II similarly reduce virus export. The export defect is independent of the decrease in overall Gag production. Using a mutant virus which cannot use the ALIX mediated export pathway exacerbates the decrease in virus export seen when ESCRT-II is depleted. ESCRT-II knockdown does not lead to complete elimination of virus release suggesting that the late domain role of ESCRT-II is required for optimal efficiency of viral budding but that there are additional pathways that the virus can employ to facilitate this. Conclusion ESCRT-II contributes to efficient HIV virion production and export by more than one pathway; both by a transcriptional or post transcriptional mechanism and also by facilitating efficient virus export from the cell through interactions with other ESCRT components. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12977-015-0197-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Meng
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Natasha C Y Ip
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Liam J Prestwood
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Truus E M Abbink
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK. .,Centre for Childhood White Matter Disorders, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Andrew M L Lever
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK.
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24
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Kevelam SH, Taube JR, van Spaendonk RML, Bertini E, Sperle K, Tarnopolsky M, Tonduti D, Valente EM, Travaglini L, Sistermans EA, Bernard G, Catsman-Berrevoets CE, van Karnebeek CDM, Østergaard JR, Friederich RL, Fawzi Elsaid M, Schieving JH, Tarailo-Graovac M, Orcesi S, Steenweg ME, van Berkel CGM, Waisfisz Q, Abbink TEM, van der Knaap MS, Hobson GM, Wolf NI. Altered PLP1 splicing causes hypomyelination of early myelinating structures. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2015; 2:648-61. [PMID: 26125040 PMCID: PMC4479525 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic etiology of the X-linked disorder “Hypomyelination of Early Myelinating Structures” (HEMS). Methods We included 16 patients from 10 families diagnosed with HEMS by brain MRI criteria. Exome sequencing was used to search for causal mutations. In silico analysis of effects of the mutations on splicing and RNA folding was performed. In vitro gene splicing was examined in RNA from patients’ fibroblasts and an immortalized immature oligodendrocyte cell line after transfection with mutant minigene splicing constructs. Results All patients had unusual hemizygous mutations of PLP1 located in exon 3B (one deletion, one missense and two silent), which is spliced out in isoform DM20, or in intron 3 (five mutations). The deletion led to truncation of PLP1, but not DM20. Four mutations were predicted to affect PLP1/DM20 alternative splicing by creating exonic splicing silencer motifs or new splice donor sites or by affecting the local RNA structure of the PLP1 splice donor site. Four deep intronic mutations were predicted to destabilize a long-distance interaction structure in the secondary PLP1 RNA fragment involved in regulating PLP1/DM20 alternative splicing. Splicing studies in fibroblasts and transfected cells confirmed a decreased PLP1/DM20 ratio. Interpretation Brain structures that normally myelinate early are poorly myelinated in HEMS, while they are the best myelinated structures in Pelizaeus–Merzbacher disease, also caused by PLP1 alterations. Our data extend the phenotypic spectrum of PLP1-related disorders indicating that normal PLP1/DM20 alternative splicing is essential for early myelination and support the need to include intron 3 in diagnostic sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sietske H Kevelam
- Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer R Taube
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children Wilmington, Delaware
| | | | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesu' Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS Rome, Italy
| | - Karen Sperle
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Mark Tarnopolsky
- Department of Pediatrics, McMaster Children's Hospital Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Davide Tonduti
- Child Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia Pavia, Italy
| | - Enza Maria Valente
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno Salerno, Italy ; CSS-Mendel Institute, IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Lorena Travaglini
- Unit for Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Diseases, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesu' Children's Research Hospital, IRCCS Rome, Italy
| | - Erik A Sistermans
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Geneviève Bernard
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Departments of Pediatrics, Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Children's Hospital, McGill University Health Center Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Coriene E Catsman-Berrevoets
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Erasmus University Hospital - Sophia Children's Hospital Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Clara D M van Karnebeek
- Division of Biochemical Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, University of British Columbia Vancouver, Canada
| | - John R Østergaard
- Centre for Rare diseases, Department of Paediatrics, Aarhus University Hospital Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Richard L Friederich
- Department of Child Neurology, Kaiser Permanente Pediatric Specialties Roseville, California
| | | | - Jolanda H Schieving
- Department of Child Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maja Tarailo-Graovac
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Colombia Vancouver, Canada
| | - Simona Orcesi
- Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute Pavia, Italy
| | - Marjan E Steenweg
- Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carola G M van Berkel
- Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Quinten Waisfisz
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Truus E M Abbink
- Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Grace M Hobson
- Nemours Biomedical Research, Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children Wilmington, Delaware ; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware Newark, Delaware ; Department of Pediatrics, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicole I Wolf
- Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, The Netherlands ; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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25
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Williams CA, Abbink TEM, Jeang KT, Lever AML. Identification of RNA helicases in human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) replication - a targeted small interfering RNA library screen using pseudotyped and WT HIV-1. J Gen Virol 2015; 96:1484-1489. [PMID: 25701821 PMCID: PMC4635492 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Central to the development of new treatments for human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) is a more thorough understanding of the viral life cycle and the cellular cofactors upon which this depends. Targeting cellular proteins and their interaction with HIV-1 has the potential to reduce the problem of emerging viral resistance to drugs as mutational escape is more difficult. We performed a short interfering RNA (siRNA) library screen targeting 59 cellular RNA helicases, assessing the effect on both viral capsid protein production and infectious virion formation. Five RNA helicases were identified which, when knocked down, reproducibly decreased infectious particle production: DDX5, DDX10, DDX17, DDX28 and DDX52. Two of these proteins (DDX5 and DDX17) have known roles in HIV-1 replication. A further helicase (DDX10) was a positive hit from a previous genome-wide siRNA screen; however, DDX28 and DDX52 have not previously been implicated as essential cofactors for HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kuan-Teh Jeang
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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26
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Wolf NI, Toro C, Kister I, Latif KA, Leventer R, Pizzino A, Simons C, Abbink TEM, Taft RJ, van der Knaap MS, Vanderver A. DARS-associated leukoencephalopathy can mimic a steroid-responsive neuroinflammatory disorder. Neurology 2014; 84:226-30. [PMID: 25527264 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000001157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the expanding clinical spectrum of a recently described hereditary leukoencephalopathy, hypomyelination with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and leg spasticity, which is caused by mutations in the aspartyl tRNA-synthetase encoding gene DARS, including patients with an adolescent onset. METHODS Three patients with mutations in DARS were identified by combining MRI pattern recognition and genetic analysis. RESULTS One patient had the typical infantile presentation, but 2 patients with onset in late adolescence had a disease mimicking an acquired inflammatory CNS disorder. Adolescent-onset patients presented with subacute spastic paraplegia and had positive response to steroids. They had only minor focal supratentorial white matter abnormalities, but identical spinal cord changes involving dorsal columns and corticospinal tracts. Clinical presentation included subacute spastic paraplegia with partial improvement on steroids. CONCLUSIONS Focal T2 hyperintense white matter changes on brain MRI in combination with spinal cord signal abnormalities usually suggest acquired inflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis, especially in the context of relapsing course and a positive response to steroid treatment. Adolescents with mutations in DARS can present with a comparable clinical picture, broadening the clinical spectrum of hypomyelination with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and leg spasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole I Wolf
- From the Department of Child Neurology (N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), the Netherlands; the NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program (C.T.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the NYU Multiple Sclerosis Center (I.K.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; the Department of Radiology (K.A.L.), Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; the Department of Neurology (R.L.), Royal Children's Hospital; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (R.L.); the Department of Pediatrics (R.L.), University of Melbourne, Australia; the Department of Neurology (A.P., A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; the Institute for Molecular Bioscience (C.S., R.J.T.), University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; the Departments of Integrative Systems Biology and Pediatrics (R.J.T.), George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Illumina Inc. (R.J.T.), San Diego, CA; and the Department of Functional Genomics (M.S.v.d.K.), Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Camilo Toro
- From the Department of Child Neurology (N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), the Netherlands; the NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program (C.T.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the NYU Multiple Sclerosis Center (I.K.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; the Department of Radiology (K.A.L.), Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; the Department of Neurology (R.L.), Royal Children's Hospital; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (R.L.); the Department of Pediatrics (R.L.), University of Melbourne, Australia; the Department of Neurology (A.P., A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; the Institute for Molecular Bioscience (C.S., R.J.T.), University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; the Departments of Integrative Systems Biology and Pediatrics (R.J.T.), George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Illumina Inc. (R.J.T.), San Diego, CA; and the Department of Functional Genomics (M.S.v.d.K.), Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ilya Kister
- From the Department of Child Neurology (N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), the Netherlands; the NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program (C.T.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the NYU Multiple Sclerosis Center (I.K.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; the Department of Radiology (K.A.L.), Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; the Department of Neurology (R.L.), Royal Children's Hospital; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (R.L.); the Department of Pediatrics (R.L.), University of Melbourne, Australia; the Department of Neurology (A.P., A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; the Institute for Molecular Bioscience (C.S., R.J.T.), University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; the Departments of Integrative Systems Biology and Pediatrics (R.J.T.), George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Illumina Inc. (R.J.T.), San Diego, CA; and the Department of Functional Genomics (M.S.v.d.K.), Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Kartikasalwah Abd Latif
- From the Department of Child Neurology (N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), the Netherlands; the NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program (C.T.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the NYU Multiple Sclerosis Center (I.K.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; the Department of Radiology (K.A.L.), Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; the Department of Neurology (R.L.), Royal Children's Hospital; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (R.L.); the Department of Pediatrics (R.L.), University of Melbourne, Australia; the Department of Neurology (A.P., A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; the Institute for Molecular Bioscience (C.S., R.J.T.), University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; the Departments of Integrative Systems Biology and Pediatrics (R.J.T.), George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Illumina Inc. (R.J.T.), San Diego, CA; and the Department of Functional Genomics (M.S.v.d.K.), Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Leventer
- From the Department of Child Neurology (N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), the Netherlands; the NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program (C.T.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the NYU Multiple Sclerosis Center (I.K.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; the Department of Radiology (K.A.L.), Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; the Department of Neurology (R.L.), Royal Children's Hospital; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (R.L.); the Department of Pediatrics (R.L.), University of Melbourne, Australia; the Department of Neurology (A.P., A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; the Institute for Molecular Bioscience (C.S., R.J.T.), University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; the Departments of Integrative Systems Biology and Pediatrics (R.J.T.), George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Illumina Inc. (R.J.T.), San Diego, CA; and the Department of Functional Genomics (M.S.v.d.K.), Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Amy Pizzino
- From the Department of Child Neurology (N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), the Netherlands; the NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program (C.T.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the NYU Multiple Sclerosis Center (I.K.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; the Department of Radiology (K.A.L.), Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; the Department of Neurology (R.L.), Royal Children's Hospital; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (R.L.); the Department of Pediatrics (R.L.), University of Melbourne, Australia; the Department of Neurology (A.P., A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; the Institute for Molecular Bioscience (C.S., R.J.T.), University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; the Departments of Integrative Systems Biology and Pediatrics (R.J.T.), George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Illumina Inc. (R.J.T.), San Diego, CA; and the Department of Functional Genomics (M.S.v.d.K.), Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Cas Simons
- From the Department of Child Neurology (N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), the Netherlands; the NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program (C.T.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the NYU Multiple Sclerosis Center (I.K.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; the Department of Radiology (K.A.L.), Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; the Department of Neurology (R.L.), Royal Children's Hospital; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (R.L.); the Department of Pediatrics (R.L.), University of Melbourne, Australia; the Department of Neurology (A.P., A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; the Institute for Molecular Bioscience (C.S., R.J.T.), University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; the Departments of Integrative Systems Biology and Pediatrics (R.J.T.), George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Illumina Inc. (R.J.T.), San Diego, CA; and the Department of Functional Genomics (M.S.v.d.K.), Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Truus E M Abbink
- From the Department of Child Neurology (N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), the Netherlands; the NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program (C.T.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the NYU Multiple Sclerosis Center (I.K.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; the Department of Radiology (K.A.L.), Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; the Department of Neurology (R.L.), Royal Children's Hospital; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (R.L.); the Department of Pediatrics (R.L.), University of Melbourne, Australia; the Department of Neurology (A.P., A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; the Institute for Molecular Bioscience (C.S., R.J.T.), University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; the Departments of Integrative Systems Biology and Pediatrics (R.J.T.), George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Illumina Inc. (R.J.T.), San Diego, CA; and the Department of Functional Genomics (M.S.v.d.K.), Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ryan J Taft
- From the Department of Child Neurology (N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), the Netherlands; the NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program (C.T.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the NYU Multiple Sclerosis Center (I.K.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; the Department of Radiology (K.A.L.), Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; the Department of Neurology (R.L.), Royal Children's Hospital; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (R.L.); the Department of Pediatrics (R.L.), University of Melbourne, Australia; the Department of Neurology (A.P., A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; the Institute for Molecular Bioscience (C.S., R.J.T.), University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; the Departments of Integrative Systems Biology and Pediatrics (R.J.T.), George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Illumina Inc. (R.J.T.), San Diego, CA; and the Department of Functional Genomics (M.S.v.d.K.), Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- From the Department of Child Neurology (N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), the Netherlands; the NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program (C.T.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the NYU Multiple Sclerosis Center (I.K.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; the Department of Radiology (K.A.L.), Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; the Department of Neurology (R.L.), Royal Children's Hospital; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (R.L.); the Department of Pediatrics (R.L.), University of Melbourne, Australia; the Department of Neurology (A.P., A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; the Institute for Molecular Bioscience (C.S., R.J.T.), University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; the Departments of Integrative Systems Biology and Pediatrics (R.J.T.), George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Illumina Inc. (R.J.T.), San Diego, CA; and the Department of Functional Genomics (M.S.v.d.K.), Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Adeline Vanderver
- From the Department of Child Neurology (N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam; the Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam (N.I.W., T.E.M.A., M.S.v.d.K.), the Netherlands; the NIH Undiagnosed Diseases Program (C.T.), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD; the NYU Multiple Sclerosis Center (I.K.), Department of Neurology, NYU School of Medicine, New York; the Department of Radiology (K.A.L.), Hospital Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; the Department of Neurology (R.L.), Royal Children's Hospital; Murdoch Children's Research Institute (R.L.); the Department of Pediatrics (R.L.), University of Melbourne, Australia; the Department of Neurology (A.P., A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; the Institute for Molecular Bioscience (C.S., R.J.T.), University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia; the Departments of Integrative Systems Biology and Pediatrics (R.J.T.), George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC; Illumina Inc. (R.J.T.), San Diego, CA; and the Department of Functional Genomics (M.S.v.d.K.), Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Dubey M, Bugiani M, Ridder MC, Postma NL, Brouwers E, Polder E, Jacobs JG, Baayen JC, Klooster J, Kamermans M, Aardse R, de Kock CPJ, Dekker MP, van Weering JRT, Heine VM, Abbink TEM, Scheper GC, Boor I, Lodder JC, Mansvelder HD, van der Knaap MS. Mice with megalencephalic leukoencephalopathy with cysts: A developmental angle. Ann Neurol 2014; 77:114-31. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.24307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Dubey
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology; Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University
| | - Marianna Bugiani
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center
- Department of Pathology; VU University Medical Center
| | - Margreet C. Ridder
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center
| | - Nienke L. Postma
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center
| | - Eelke Brouwers
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology; Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University
| | - Emiel Polder
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center
| | - J. Gerbren Jacobs
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center
- Department of Functional Genomics; Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University
| | | | - Jan Klooster
- Department of Retinal Signal Processing; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience-KNAW; Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Maarten Kamermans
- Department of Retinal Signal Processing; Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience-KNAW; Amsterdam Netherlands
| | - Romy Aardse
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology; Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University
| | - Christiaan P. J. de Kock
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology; Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University
| | - Marien P. Dekker
- Department of Functional Genomics; Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University
| | - Jan R. T. van Weering
- Department of Functional Genomics; Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University
| | - Vivi M. Heine
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center
- Department of Functional Genomics; Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University
| | - Truus E. M. Abbink
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center
| | - Gert C. Scheper
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center
| | - Ilja Boor
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center
| | - Johannes C. Lodder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology; Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University
| | - Huibert D. Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology; Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University
| | - Marjo S. van der Knaap
- Department of Pediatrics/Child Neurology; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center
- Department of Functional Genomics; Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University
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28
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van Bel N, Das AT, Cornelissen M, Abbink TEM, Berkhout B. A short sequence motif in the 5' leader of the HIV-1 genome modulates extended RNA dimer formation and virus replication. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:35061-74. [PMID: 25368321 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.621425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5' leader of the HIV-1 RNA genome encodes signals that control various steps in the replication cycle, including the dimerization initiation signal (DIS) that triggers RNA dimerization. The DIS folds a hairpin structure with a palindromic sequence in the loop that allows RNA dimerization via intermolecular kissing loop (KL) base pairing. The KL dimer can be stabilized by including the DIS stem nucleotides in the intermolecular base pairing, forming an extended dimer (ED). The role of the ED RNA dimer in HIV-1 replication has hardly been addressed because of technical challenges. We analyzed a set of leader mutants with a stabilized DIS hairpin for in vitro RNA dimerization and virus replication in T cells. In agreement with previous observations, DIS hairpin stability modulated KL and ED dimerization. An unexpected previous finding was that mutation of three nucleotides immediately upstream of the DIS hairpin significantly reduced in vitro ED formation. In this study, we tested such mutants in vivo for the importance of the ED in HIV-1 biology. Mutants with a stabilized DIS hairpin replicated less efficiently than WT HIV-1. This defect was most severe when the upstream sequence motif was altered. Virus evolution experiments with the defective mutants yielded fast replicating HIV-1 variants with second site mutations that (partially) restored the WT hairpin stability. Characterization of the mutant and revertant RNA molecules and the corresponding viruses confirmed the correlation between in vitro ED RNA dimer formation and efficient virus replication, thus indicating that the ED structure is important for HIV-1 replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki van Bel
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
| | - Atze T Das
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
| | - Marion Cornelissen
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
| | - Truus E M Abbink
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands and the Department of Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge CB2 0SP, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Berkhout
- From the Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
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29
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Melchionda L, Haack TB, Hardy S, Abbink TEM, Fernandez-Vizarra E, Lamantea E, Marchet S, Morandi L, Moggio M, Carrozzo R, Torraco A, Diodato D, Strom TM, Meitinger T, Tekturk P, Yapici Z, Al-Murshedi F, Stevens R, Rodenburg RJ, Lamperti C, Ardissone A, Moroni I, Uziel G, Prokisch H, Taylor RW, Bertini E, van der Knaap MS, Ghezzi D, Zeviani M. Mutations in APOPT1, encoding a mitochondrial protein, cause cavitating leukoencephalopathy with cytochrome c oxidase deficiency. Am J Hum Genet 2014; 95:315-25. [PMID: 25175347 PMCID: PMC4157140 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase (COX) deficiency is a frequent biochemical abnormality in mitochondrial disorders, but a large fraction of cases remains genetically undetermined. Whole-exome sequencing led to the identification of APOPT1 mutations in two Italian sisters and in a third Turkish individual presenting severe COX deficiency. All three subjects presented a distinctive brain MRI pattern characterized by cavitating leukodystrophy, predominantly in the posterior region of the cerebral hemispheres. We then found APOPT1 mutations in three additional unrelated children, selected on the basis of these particular MRI features. All identified mutations predicted the synthesis of severely damaged protein variants. The clinical features of the six subjects varied widely from acute neurometabolic decompensation in late infancy to subtle neurological signs, which appeared in adolescence; all presented a chronic, long-surviving clinical course. We showed that APOPT1 is targeted to and localized within mitochondria by an N-terminal mitochondrial targeting sequence that is eventually cleaved off from the mature protein. We then showed that APOPT1 is virtually absent in fibroblasts cultured in standard conditions, but its levels increase by inhibiting the proteasome or after oxidative challenge. Mutant fibroblasts showed reduced amount of COX holocomplex and higher levels of reactive oxygen species, which both shifted toward control values by expressing a recombinant, wild-type APOPT1 cDNA. The shRNA-mediated knockdown of APOPT1 in myoblasts and fibroblasts caused dramatic decrease in cell viability. APOPT1 mutations are responsible for infantile or childhood-onset mitochondrial disease, hallmarked by the combination of profound COX deficiency with a distinctive neuroimaging presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Melchionda
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Foundation IRCCS Institute of Neurology Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Tobias B Haack
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Steven Hardy
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Truus E M Abbink
- Departments of Child Neurology and Functional Genomics, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | | | - Eleonora Lamantea
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Foundation IRCCS Institute of Neurology Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Marchet
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Foundation IRCCS Institute of Neurology Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Lucia Morandi
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Institute of Neurology Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maurizio Moggio
- Neuromuscular Unit, Department of Neurology, Centro Dino Ferrari, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Rosalba Carrozzo
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesu' Children's Research Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Torraco
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesu' Children's Research Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Daria Diodato
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Foundation IRCCS Institute of Neurology Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy; Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesu' Children's Research Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Pinar Tekturk
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34098 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Yapici
- Department of Neurology, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, 34098 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fathiya Al-Murshedi
- Genetic and Developmental Medicine Clinic, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat 123, Oman
| | - René Stevens
- Department of Paediatrics, CHC Clinique de l'Espérance at Liège, Liège 4000, Belgium
| | - Richard J Rodenburg
- Nijmegen Center for Mitochondrial Disorders, Laboratory for Genetic, Endocrine, and Metabolic Disorders, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Center, 9101 Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Costanza Lamperti
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Foundation IRCCS Institute of Neurology Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Ardissone
- Department of Child Neurology, Foundation IRCCS Institute of Neurology Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Moroni
- Department of Child Neurology, Foundation IRCCS Institute of Neurology Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Graziella Uziel
- Department of Child Neurology, Foundation IRCCS Institute of Neurology Besta, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Holger Prokisch
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich 81675, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Robert W Taylor
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Mitochondrial Research, Institute of Neuroscience, The Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | - Enrico Bertini
- Unit of Neuromuscular Disorders, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Bambino Gesu' Children's Research Hospital, 00165 Rome, Italy
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- Departments of Child Neurology and Functional Genomics, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University and VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 HV, the Netherlands
| | - Daniele Ghezzi
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Foundation IRCCS Institute of Neurology Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy.
| | - Massimo Zeviani
- Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics, Foundation IRCCS Institute of Neurology Besta, 20126 Milan, Italy; MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK.
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30
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Dallabona C, Diodato D, Kevelam SH, Haack TB, Wong LJ, Salomons GS, Baruffini E, Melchionda L, Mariotti C, Strom TM, Meitinger T, Prokisch H, Chapman K, Colley A, Rocha H, Ounap K, Schiffmann R, Salsano E, Savoiardo M, Hamilton EM, Abbink TEM, Wolf NI, Ferrero I, Lamperti C, Zeviani M, Vanderver A, Ghezzi D, van der Knaap MS. Novel (ovario) leukodystrophy related to AARS2 mutations. Neurology 2014; 82:2063-71. [PMID: 24808023 PMCID: PMC4118500 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000000497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The study was focused on leukoencephalopathies of unknown cause in order to define a novel, homogeneous phenotype suggestive of a common genetic defect, based on clinical and MRI findings, and to identify the causal genetic defect shared by patients with this phenotype. METHODS Independent next-generation exome-sequencing studies were performed in 2 unrelated patients with a leukoencephalopathy. MRI findings in these patients were compared with available MRIs in a database of unclassified leukoencephalopathies; 11 patients with similar MRI abnormalities were selected. Clinical and MRI findings were investigated. RESULTS Next-generation sequencing revealed compound heterozygous mutations in AARS2 encoding mitochondrial alanyl-tRNA synthetase in both patients. Functional studies in yeast confirmed the pathogenicity of the mutations in one patient. Sanger sequencing revealed AARS2 mutations in 4 of the 11 selected patients. The 6 patients with AARS2 mutations had childhood- to adulthood-onset signs of neurologic deterioration consisting of ataxia, spasticity, and cognitive decline with features of frontal lobe dysfunction. MRIs showed a leukoencephalopathy with striking involvement of left-right connections, descending tracts, and cerebellar atrophy. All female patients had ovarian failure. None of the patients had signs of a cardiomyopathy. CONCLUSIONS Mutations in AARS2 have been found in a severe form of infantile cardiomyopathy in 2 families. We present 6 patients with a new phenotype caused by AARS2 mutations, characterized by leukoencephalopathy and, in female patients, ovarian failure, indicating that the phenotypic spectrum associated with AARS2 variants is much wider than previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Dallabona
- From the Department of Life Sciences (C.D., E.B., I.F.), University of Parma; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.D., L.M., C.L., D.G.), SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases (C.M.), and Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (E.S.) and Neuroradiology (M.S.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; Department of Child Neurology (S.H.K., E.M.H., T.E.M.A., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit (G.S.S.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Technical University, Munich; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.-J.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Genetics (K.C.), and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Clinical Genetics (A.C.), Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Neurology Department (H.R.), Centro Hospitalar São João, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Genetics Center (K.Ő.), United Laboratories, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia; Institute of Metabolic Disease (R.S.), Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX; and Mitochondrial Biology Unit-MRC (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK
| | - Daria Diodato
- From the Department of Life Sciences (C.D., E.B., I.F.), University of Parma; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.D., L.M., C.L., D.G.), SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases (C.M.), and Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (E.S.) and Neuroradiology (M.S.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; Department of Child Neurology (S.H.K., E.M.H., T.E.M.A., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit (G.S.S.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Technical University, Munich; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.-J.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Genetics (K.C.), and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Clinical Genetics (A.C.), Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Neurology Department (H.R.), Centro Hospitalar São João, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Genetics Center (K.Ő.), United Laboratories, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia; Institute of Metabolic Disease (R.S.), Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX; and Mitochondrial Biology Unit-MRC (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK
| | - Sietske H Kevelam
- From the Department of Life Sciences (C.D., E.B., I.F.), University of Parma; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.D., L.M., C.L., D.G.), SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases (C.M.), and Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (E.S.) and Neuroradiology (M.S.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; Department of Child Neurology (S.H.K., E.M.H., T.E.M.A., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit (G.S.S.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Technical University, Munich; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.-J.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Genetics (K.C.), and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Clinical Genetics (A.C.), Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Neurology Department (H.R.), Centro Hospitalar São João, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Genetics Center (K.Ő.), United Laboratories, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia; Institute of Metabolic Disease (R.S.), Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX; and Mitochondrial Biology Unit-MRC (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK
| | - Tobias B Haack
- From the Department of Life Sciences (C.D., E.B., I.F.), University of Parma; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.D., L.M., C.L., D.G.), SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases (C.M.), and Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (E.S.) and Neuroradiology (M.S.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; Department of Child Neurology (S.H.K., E.M.H., T.E.M.A., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit (G.S.S.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Technical University, Munich; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.-J.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Genetics (K.C.), and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Clinical Genetics (A.C.), Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Neurology Department (H.R.), Centro Hospitalar São João, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Genetics Center (K.Ő.), United Laboratories, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia; Institute of Metabolic Disease (R.S.), Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX; and Mitochondrial Biology Unit-MRC (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK
| | - Lee-Jun Wong
- From the Department of Life Sciences (C.D., E.B., I.F.), University of Parma; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.D., L.M., C.L., D.G.), SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases (C.M.), and Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (E.S.) and Neuroradiology (M.S.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; Department of Child Neurology (S.H.K., E.M.H., T.E.M.A., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit (G.S.S.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Technical University, Munich; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.-J.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Genetics (K.C.), and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Clinical Genetics (A.C.), Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Neurology Department (H.R.), Centro Hospitalar São João, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Genetics Center (K.Ő.), United Laboratories, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia; Institute of Metabolic Disease (R.S.), Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX; and Mitochondrial Biology Unit-MRC (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK
| | - Gajja S Salomons
- From the Department of Life Sciences (C.D., E.B., I.F.), University of Parma; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.D., L.M., C.L., D.G.), SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases (C.M.), and Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (E.S.) and Neuroradiology (M.S.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; Department of Child Neurology (S.H.K., E.M.H., T.E.M.A., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit (G.S.S.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Technical University, Munich; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.-J.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Genetics (K.C.), and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Clinical Genetics (A.C.), Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Neurology Department (H.R.), Centro Hospitalar São João, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Genetics Center (K.Ő.), United Laboratories, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia; Institute of Metabolic Disease (R.S.), Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX; and Mitochondrial Biology Unit-MRC (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK
| | - Enrico Baruffini
- From the Department of Life Sciences (C.D., E.B., I.F.), University of Parma; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.D., L.M., C.L., D.G.), SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases (C.M.), and Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (E.S.) and Neuroradiology (M.S.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; Department of Child Neurology (S.H.K., E.M.H., T.E.M.A., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit (G.S.S.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Technical University, Munich; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.-J.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Genetics (K.C.), and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Clinical Genetics (A.C.), Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Neurology Department (H.R.), Centro Hospitalar São João, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Genetics Center (K.Ő.), United Laboratories, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia; Institute of Metabolic Disease (R.S.), Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX; and Mitochondrial Biology Unit-MRC (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK
| | - Laura Melchionda
- From the Department of Life Sciences (C.D., E.B., I.F.), University of Parma; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.D., L.M., C.L., D.G.), SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases (C.M.), and Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (E.S.) and Neuroradiology (M.S.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; Department of Child Neurology (S.H.K., E.M.H., T.E.M.A., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit (G.S.S.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Technical University, Munich; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.-J.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Genetics (K.C.), and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Clinical Genetics (A.C.), Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Neurology Department (H.R.), Centro Hospitalar São João, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Genetics Center (K.Ő.), United Laboratories, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia; Institute of Metabolic Disease (R.S.), Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX; and Mitochondrial Biology Unit-MRC (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK
| | - Caterina Mariotti
- From the Department of Life Sciences (C.D., E.B., I.F.), University of Parma; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.D., L.M., C.L., D.G.), SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases (C.M.), and Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (E.S.) and Neuroradiology (M.S.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; Department of Child Neurology (S.H.K., E.M.H., T.E.M.A., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit (G.S.S.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Technical University, Munich; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.-J.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Genetics (K.C.), and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Clinical Genetics (A.C.), Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Neurology Department (H.R.), Centro Hospitalar São João, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Genetics Center (K.Ő.), United Laboratories, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia; Institute of Metabolic Disease (R.S.), Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX; and Mitochondrial Biology Unit-MRC (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK
| | - Tim M Strom
- From the Department of Life Sciences (C.D., E.B., I.F.), University of Parma; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.D., L.M., C.L., D.G.), SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases (C.M.), and Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (E.S.) and Neuroradiology (M.S.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; Department of Child Neurology (S.H.K., E.M.H., T.E.M.A., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit (G.S.S.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Technical University, Munich; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.-J.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Genetics (K.C.), and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Clinical Genetics (A.C.), Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Neurology Department (H.R.), Centro Hospitalar São João, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Genetics Center (K.Ő.), United Laboratories, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia; Institute of Metabolic Disease (R.S.), Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX; and Mitochondrial Biology Unit-MRC (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- From the Department of Life Sciences (C.D., E.B., I.F.), University of Parma; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.D., L.M., C.L., D.G.), SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases (C.M.), and Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (E.S.) and Neuroradiology (M.S.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; Department of Child Neurology (S.H.K., E.M.H., T.E.M.A., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit (G.S.S.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Technical University, Munich; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.-J.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Genetics (K.C.), and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Clinical Genetics (A.C.), Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Neurology Department (H.R.), Centro Hospitalar São João, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Genetics Center (K.Ő.), United Laboratories, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia; Institute of Metabolic Disease (R.S.), Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX; and Mitochondrial Biology Unit-MRC (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK
| | - Holger Prokisch
- From the Department of Life Sciences (C.D., E.B., I.F.), University of Parma; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.D., L.M., C.L., D.G.), SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases (C.M.), and Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (E.S.) and Neuroradiology (M.S.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; Department of Child Neurology (S.H.K., E.M.H., T.E.M.A., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit (G.S.S.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Technical University, Munich; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.-J.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Genetics (K.C.), and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Clinical Genetics (A.C.), Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Neurology Department (H.R.), Centro Hospitalar São João, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Genetics Center (K.Ő.), United Laboratories, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia; Institute of Metabolic Disease (R.S.), Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX; and Mitochondrial Biology Unit-MRC (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK
| | - Kim Chapman
- From the Department of Life Sciences (C.D., E.B., I.F.), University of Parma; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.D., L.M., C.L., D.G.), SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases (C.M.), and Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (E.S.) and Neuroradiology (M.S.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; Department of Child Neurology (S.H.K., E.M.H., T.E.M.A., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit (G.S.S.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Technical University, Munich; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.-J.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Genetics (K.C.), and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Clinical Genetics (A.C.), Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Neurology Department (H.R.), Centro Hospitalar São João, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Genetics Center (K.Ő.), United Laboratories, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia; Institute of Metabolic Disease (R.S.), Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX; and Mitochondrial Biology Unit-MRC (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK
| | - Alison Colley
- From the Department of Life Sciences (C.D., E.B., I.F.), University of Parma; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.D., L.M., C.L., D.G.), SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases (C.M.), and Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (E.S.) and Neuroradiology (M.S.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; Department of Child Neurology (S.H.K., E.M.H., T.E.M.A., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit (G.S.S.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Technical University, Munich; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.-J.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Genetics (K.C.), and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Clinical Genetics (A.C.), Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Neurology Department (H.R.), Centro Hospitalar São João, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Genetics Center (K.Ő.), United Laboratories, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia; Institute of Metabolic Disease (R.S.), Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX; and Mitochondrial Biology Unit-MRC (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK
| | - Helena Rocha
- From the Department of Life Sciences (C.D., E.B., I.F.), University of Parma; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.D., L.M., C.L., D.G.), SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases (C.M.), and Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (E.S.) and Neuroradiology (M.S.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; Department of Child Neurology (S.H.K., E.M.H., T.E.M.A., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit (G.S.S.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Technical University, Munich; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.-J.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Genetics (K.C.), and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Clinical Genetics (A.C.), Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Neurology Department (H.R.), Centro Hospitalar São João, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Genetics Center (K.Ő.), United Laboratories, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia; Institute of Metabolic Disease (R.S.), Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX; and Mitochondrial Biology Unit-MRC (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK
| | - Katrin Ounap
- From the Department of Life Sciences (C.D., E.B., I.F.), University of Parma; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.D., L.M., C.L., D.G.), SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases (C.M.), and Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (E.S.) and Neuroradiology (M.S.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; Department of Child Neurology (S.H.K., E.M.H., T.E.M.A., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit (G.S.S.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Technical University, Munich; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.-J.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Genetics (K.C.), and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Clinical Genetics (A.C.), Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Neurology Department (H.R.), Centro Hospitalar São João, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Genetics Center (K.Ő.), United Laboratories, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia; Institute of Metabolic Disease (R.S.), Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX; and Mitochondrial Biology Unit-MRC (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK
| | - Raphael Schiffmann
- From the Department of Life Sciences (C.D., E.B., I.F.), University of Parma; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.D., L.M., C.L., D.G.), SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases (C.M.), and Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (E.S.) and Neuroradiology (M.S.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; Department of Child Neurology (S.H.K., E.M.H., T.E.M.A., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit (G.S.S.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Technical University, Munich; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.-J.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Genetics (K.C.), and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Clinical Genetics (A.C.), Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Neurology Department (H.R.), Centro Hospitalar São João, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Genetics Center (K.Ő.), United Laboratories, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia; Institute of Metabolic Disease (R.S.), Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX; and Mitochondrial Biology Unit-MRC (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK
| | - Ettore Salsano
- From the Department of Life Sciences (C.D., E.B., I.F.), University of Parma; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.D., L.M., C.L., D.G.), SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases (C.M.), and Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (E.S.) and Neuroradiology (M.S.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; Department of Child Neurology (S.H.K., E.M.H., T.E.M.A., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit (G.S.S.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Technical University, Munich; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.-J.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Genetics (K.C.), and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Clinical Genetics (A.C.), Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Neurology Department (H.R.), Centro Hospitalar São João, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Genetics Center (K.Ő.), United Laboratories, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia; Institute of Metabolic Disease (R.S.), Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX; and Mitochondrial Biology Unit-MRC (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK
| | - Mario Savoiardo
- From the Department of Life Sciences (C.D., E.B., I.F.), University of Parma; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.D., L.M., C.L., D.G.), SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases (C.M.), and Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (E.S.) and Neuroradiology (M.S.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; Department of Child Neurology (S.H.K., E.M.H., T.E.M.A., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit (G.S.S.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Technical University, Munich; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.-J.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Genetics (K.C.), and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Clinical Genetics (A.C.), Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Neurology Department (H.R.), Centro Hospitalar São João, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Genetics Center (K.Ő.), United Laboratories, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia; Institute of Metabolic Disease (R.S.), Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX; and Mitochondrial Biology Unit-MRC (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK
| | - Eline M Hamilton
- From the Department of Life Sciences (C.D., E.B., I.F.), University of Parma; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.D., L.M., C.L., D.G.), SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases (C.M.), and Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (E.S.) and Neuroradiology (M.S.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; Department of Child Neurology (S.H.K., E.M.H., T.E.M.A., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit (G.S.S.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Technical University, Munich; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.-J.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Genetics (K.C.), and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Clinical Genetics (A.C.), Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Neurology Department (H.R.), Centro Hospitalar São João, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Genetics Center (K.Ő.), United Laboratories, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia; Institute of Metabolic Disease (R.S.), Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX; and Mitochondrial Biology Unit-MRC (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK
| | - Truus E M Abbink
- From the Department of Life Sciences (C.D., E.B., I.F.), University of Parma; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.D., L.M., C.L., D.G.), SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases (C.M.), and Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (E.S.) and Neuroradiology (M.S.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; Department of Child Neurology (S.H.K., E.M.H., T.E.M.A., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit (G.S.S.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Technical University, Munich; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.-J.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Genetics (K.C.), and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Clinical Genetics (A.C.), Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Neurology Department (H.R.), Centro Hospitalar São João, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Genetics Center (K.Ő.), United Laboratories, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia; Institute of Metabolic Disease (R.S.), Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX; and Mitochondrial Biology Unit-MRC (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK
| | - Nicole I Wolf
- From the Department of Life Sciences (C.D., E.B., I.F.), University of Parma; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.D., L.M., C.L., D.G.), SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases (C.M.), and Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (E.S.) and Neuroradiology (M.S.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; Department of Child Neurology (S.H.K., E.M.H., T.E.M.A., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit (G.S.S.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Technical University, Munich; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.-J.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Genetics (K.C.), and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Clinical Genetics (A.C.), Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Neurology Department (H.R.), Centro Hospitalar São João, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Genetics Center (K.Ő.), United Laboratories, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia; Institute of Metabolic Disease (R.S.), Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX; and Mitochondrial Biology Unit-MRC (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK
| | - Ileana Ferrero
- From the Department of Life Sciences (C.D., E.B., I.F.), University of Parma; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.D., L.M., C.L., D.G.), SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases (C.M.), and Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (E.S.) and Neuroradiology (M.S.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; Department of Child Neurology (S.H.K., E.M.H., T.E.M.A., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit (G.S.S.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Technical University, Munich; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.-J.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Genetics (K.C.), and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Clinical Genetics (A.C.), Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Neurology Department (H.R.), Centro Hospitalar São João, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Genetics Center (K.Ő.), United Laboratories, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia; Institute of Metabolic Disease (R.S.), Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX; and Mitochondrial Biology Unit-MRC (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK
| | - Costanza Lamperti
- From the Department of Life Sciences (C.D., E.B., I.F.), University of Parma; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.D., L.M., C.L., D.G.), SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases (C.M.), and Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (E.S.) and Neuroradiology (M.S.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; Department of Child Neurology (S.H.K., E.M.H., T.E.M.A., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit (G.S.S.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Technical University, Munich; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.-J.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Genetics (K.C.), and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Clinical Genetics (A.C.), Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Neurology Department (H.R.), Centro Hospitalar São João, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Genetics Center (K.Ő.), United Laboratories, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia; Institute of Metabolic Disease (R.S.), Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX; and Mitochondrial Biology Unit-MRC (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK
| | - Massimo Zeviani
- From the Department of Life Sciences (C.D., E.B., I.F.), University of Parma; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.D., L.M., C.L., D.G.), SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases (C.M.), and Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (E.S.) and Neuroradiology (M.S.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; Department of Child Neurology (S.H.K., E.M.H., T.E.M.A., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit (G.S.S.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Technical University, Munich; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.-J.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Genetics (K.C.), and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Clinical Genetics (A.C.), Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Neurology Department (H.R.), Centro Hospitalar São João, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Genetics Center (K.Ő.), United Laboratories, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia; Institute of Metabolic Disease (R.S.), Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX; and Mitochondrial Biology Unit-MRC (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK
| | - Adeline Vanderver
- From the Department of Life Sciences (C.D., E.B., I.F.), University of Parma; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.D., L.M., C.L., D.G.), SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases (C.M.), and Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (E.S.) and Neuroradiology (M.S.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; Department of Child Neurology (S.H.K., E.M.H., T.E.M.A., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit (G.S.S.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Technical University, Munich; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.-J.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Genetics (K.C.), and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Clinical Genetics (A.C.), Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Neurology Department (H.R.), Centro Hospitalar São João, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Genetics Center (K.Ő.), United Laboratories, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia; Institute of Metabolic Disease (R.S.), Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX; and Mitochondrial Biology Unit-MRC (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniele Ghezzi
- From the Department of Life Sciences (C.D., E.B., I.F.), University of Parma; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.D., L.M., C.L., D.G.), SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases (C.M.), and Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (E.S.) and Neuroradiology (M.S.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; Department of Child Neurology (S.H.K., E.M.H., T.E.M.A., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit (G.S.S.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Technical University, Munich; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.-J.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Genetics (K.C.), and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Clinical Genetics (A.C.), Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Neurology Department (H.R.), Centro Hospitalar São João, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Genetics Center (K.Ő.), United Laboratories, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia; Institute of Metabolic Disease (R.S.), Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX; and Mitochondrial Biology Unit-MRC (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK.
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- From the Department of Life Sciences (C.D., E.B., I.F.), University of Parma; Unit of Molecular Neurogenetics (D.D., L.M., C.L., D.G.), SOSD Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases (C.M.), and Departments of Clinical Neurosciences (E.S.) and Neuroradiology (M.S.), Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Milan, Italy; Department of Child Neurology (S.H.K., E.M.H., T.E.M.A., N.I.W., M.S.v.d.K.), Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit (G.S.S.), Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, and Department of Functional Genomics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research (M.S.v.d.K.), VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Technical University, Munich; Institute of Human Genetics (T.B.H., T.M.S., T.M., H.P.), Helmholtz Zentrum Munich, Neuherberg, Germany; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics (L.-J.W.), Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Department of Genetics (K.C.), and Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Department of Neurology (A.V.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC; Department of Clinical Genetics (A.C.), Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia; Neurology Department (H.R.), Centro Hospitalar São João, and Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal; Medical Genetics Center (K.Ő.), United Laboratories, Tartu University Clinics, Estonia; Institute of Metabolic Disease (R.S.), Baylor Research Institute, Dallas, TX; and Mitochondrial Biology Unit-MRC (M.Z.), Cambridge, UK.
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Hamilton EM, Polder E, Vanderver A, Naidu S, Schiffmann R, Fisher K, Raguž AB, Blumkin L, van Berkel CGM, Waisfisz Q, Simons C, Taft RJ, Abbink TEM, Wolf NI, van der Knaap MS. Hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum: further delineation of the phenotype and genotype-phenotype correlation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:1921-30. [PMID: 24785942 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum is a rare leukoencephalopathy that was identified using magnetic resonance imaging in 2002. In 2013, whole exome sequencing of 11 patients with the disease revealed that they all had the same de novo mutation in TUBB4A, which encodes tubulin β-4A. We investigated the mutation spectrum in a cohort of 42 patients and the relationship between genotype and phenotype. Patients were selected on the basis of clinical and magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities that are indicative of hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum. Genetic testing and a clinical inventory were performed, and sequential magnetic resonance images were evaluated using a standard protocol. The heterozygous TUBB4A mutation observed in the first 11 patients was the most common (25 patients). Additionally, 13 other heterozygous mutations were identified, located in different structural domains of tubulin β-4A. We confirmed that the mutations were de novo in all but three patients. In two of these three cases we lacked parental DNA and in one the mutation was also found in the mother, most likely due to mosaicism. Patients showed a phenotypic continuum ranging from neonatal to childhood disease onset, normal to delayed early development and slow to more rapid neurological deterioration. Neurological symptomatology consisted of extrapyramidal movement abnormalities, spasticity, ataxia, cognitive deficit and sometimes epilepsy. Three patients died and the oldest living patient was 29 years of age. The patients' magnetic resonance images showed an absent or disappearing putamen, variable cerebellar atrophy and highly variable cerebral atrophy. Apart from hypomyelination, myelin loss was evident in several cases. Three severely affected patients had similar, somewhat atypical magnetic resonance image abnormalities. The study results were strongly suggestive of a genotype-phenotype correlation. The 25 patients with the common c.745G>A mutation generally had a less rapidly progressive disease course than the 17 cases with other TUBB4A mutations. Overall, this work demonstrates that the distinctive magnetic resonance imaging pattern for hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum defines a homogeneous clinical phenotype of variable severity. Patients almost invariably have prominent extrapyramidal movement abnormalities, which are rarely seen in patients with hypomyelination of different origin. A dominant TUBB4A mutation is also associated with dystonia type 4, in which magnetic resonance images of the brain seem normal. It is highly likely that there is a disease continuum associated with TUBB4A mutations, of which hypomyelination with atrophy of the basal ganglia and cerebellum and dystonia type 4 are the extremes. This would indicate that extrapyramidal movement abnormalities constitute the core feature of the disease spectrum related to dominant TUBB4A mutations and that all other features are variable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline M Hamilton
- 1 Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical Centre, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel Polder
- 1 Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical Centre, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adeline Vanderver
- 2 Centre for Genetic Medicine Research, Children's National Medical Centre, 111 Michigan Avenue, DC 20010 Washington, USA
| | - Sakkubai Naidu
- 3 Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Hugo Moser Research Institute, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707, N. Broadway, Baltimore, USA
| | - Raphael Schiffmann
- 4 Institute of Metabolic Disease, Baylor Research Institute, 3812 Elm Street, TX 75226 Dallas, USA
| | - Kate Fisher
- 5 Department of Paediatrics, Western Sussex Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Worthing Hospital, Lyndhurst Road, Worthing, West Sussex, BN11 2DH, UK
| | - Ana Boban Raguž
- 6 Department of Child Neurology, Clinical Hospital Mostar, Bijeli Brijeg, 88 000 Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Luba Blumkin
- 7 Paediatric Neurology Unit, Metabolic-Neurogenetic Clinic, The E. Wolfson Medical Centre, P.O. Box 5, Holon 58100, Israel
| | | | - Carola G M van Berkel
- 1 Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical Centre, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Quinten Waisfisz
- 8 Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Centre, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cas Simons
- 9 Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ryan J Taft
- 9 Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Truus E M Abbink
- 1 Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical Centre, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole I Wolf
- 1 Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical Centre, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjo S van der Knaap
- 1 Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical Centre, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands10 Department of Functional Genomics, Centre for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van Berge L, Hamilton EM, Linnankivi T, Uziel G, Steenweg ME, Isohanni P, Wolf NI, Krägeloh-Mann I, Brautaset NJ, Andrews PI, de Jong BA, al Ghamdi M, van Wieringen WN, Tannous BA, Hulleman E, Würdinger T, van Berkel CGM, Polder E, Abbink TEM, Struys EA, Scheper GC, van der Knaap MS. Leukoencephalopathy with brainstem and spinal cord involvement and lactate elevation: clinical and genetic characterization and target for therapy. Brain 2014; 137:1019-29. [PMID: 24566671 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Laura van Berge
- 1 Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical Centre, Neuroscience Campus, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wei B, Han L, Abbink TEM, Groppelli E, Lim D, Thaker YR, Gao W, Zhai R, Wang J, Lever A, Jolly C, Wang H, Rudd CE. Immune adaptor ADAP in T cells regulates HIV-1 transcription and cell-cell viral spread via different co-receptors. Retrovirology 2013; 10:101. [PMID: 24047317 PMCID: PMC3851709 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-10-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immune cell adaptor protein ADAP (adhesion and degranulation-promoting adaptor protein) mediates aspects of T-cell adhesion and proliferation. Despite this, a connection between ADAP and infection by the HIV-1 (human immunodeficiency virus-1) has not been explored. Results In this paper, we show for the first time that ADAP and its binding to SLP-76 (SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa) regulate HIV-1 infection via two distinct mechanisms and co-receptors. siRNA down-regulation of ADAP, or expression of a mutant that is defective in associating to its binding partner SLP-76 (termed M12), inhibited the propagation of HIV-1 in T-cell lines and primary human T-cells. In one step, ADAP and its binding to SLP-76 were needed for the activation of NF-κB and its transcription of the HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) in cooperation with ligation of co-receptor CD28, but not LFA-1. In a second step, the ADAP-SLP-76 module cooperated with LFA-1 to regulate conjugate formation between T-cells and dendritic cells or other T-cells as well as the development of the virological synapse (VS) and viral spread between immune cells. Conclusions These findings indicate that ADAP regulates two steps of HIV-1 infection cooperatively with two distinct receptors, and as such, serves as a new potential target in the blockade of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wei
- The State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai China.
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Taft RJ, Vanderver A, Leventer RJ, Damiani SA, Simons C, Grimmond SM, Miller D, Schmidt J, Lockhart PJ, Pope K, Ru K, Crawford J, Rosser T, de Coo IFM, Juneja M, Verma IC, Prabhakar P, Blaser S, Raiman J, Pouwels PJW, Bevova MR, Abbink TEM, van der Knaap MS, Wolf NI. Mutations in DARS cause hypomyelination with brain stem and spinal cord involvement and leg spasticity. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 92:774-80. [PMID: 23643384 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited white-matter disorders are a broad class of diseases for which treatment and classification are both challenging. Indeed, nearly half of the children presenting with a leukoencephalopathy remain without a specific diagnosis. Here, we report on the application of high-throughput genome and exome sequencing to a cohort of ten individuals with a leukoencephalopathy of unknown etiology and clinically characterized by hypomyelination with brain stem and spinal cord involvement and leg spasticity (HBSL), as well as the identification of compound-heterozygous and homozygous mutations in cytoplasmic aspartyl-tRNA synthetase (DARS). These mutations cause nonsynonymous changes to seven highly conserved amino acids, five of which are unchanged between yeast and man, in the DARS C-terminal lobe adjacent to, or within, the active-site pocket. Intriguingly, HBSL bears a striking resemblance to leukoencephalopathy with brain stem and spinal cord involvement and elevated lactate (LBSL), which is caused by mutations in the mitochondria-specific DARS2, suggesting that these two diseases might share a common underlying molecular pathology. These findings add to the growing body of evidence that mutations in tRNA synthetases can cause a broad range of neurologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Taft
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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Kevelam SH, Rodenburg RJ, Wolf NI, Ferreira P, Lunsing RJ, Nijtmans LG, Mitchell A, Arroyo HA, Rating D, Vanderver A, van Berkel CGM, Abbink TEM, Heutink P, van der Knaap MS. NUBPL mutations in patients with complex I deficiency and a distinct MRI pattern. Neurology 2013; 80:1577-83. [PMID: 23553477 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e31828f1914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the mutated gene in a group of patients with an unclassified heritable white matter disorder sharing the same, distinct MRI pattern. METHODS We used MRI pattern recognition analysis to select a group of patients with a similar, characteristic MRI pattern. We performed whole-exome sequencing to identify the mutated gene. We examined patients' fibroblasts for biochemical consequences of the mutant protein. RESULTS We identified 6 patients from 5 unrelated families with a similar MRI pattern showing predominant abnormalities of the cerebellar cortex, deep cerebral white matter, and corpus callosum. The 4 tested patients had a respiratory chain complex І deficiency. Exome sequencing revealed mutations in NUBPL, encoding an iron-sulfur cluster assembly factor for complex І, in all patients. Upon identification of the mutated gene, we analyzed the MRI of a previously published case with NUBPL mutations and found exactly the same pattern. A strongly decreased amount of NUBPL protein and fully assembled complex I was found in patients' fibroblasts. Analysis of the effect of mutated NUBPL on the assembly of the peripheral arm of complex I indicated that NUBPL is involved in assembly of iron-sulfur clusters early in the complex I assembly pathway. CONCLUSION Our data show that NUBPL mutations are associated with a unique, consistent, and recognizable MRI pattern, which facilitates fast diagnosis and obviates the need for other tests, including assessment of mitochondrial complex activities in muscle or fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sietske H Kevelam
- Department of Child Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Kevelam SH, Bugiani M, Salomons GS, Feigenbaum A, Blaser S, Prasad C, Häberle J, Barić I, Bakker IMC, Postma NL, Kanhai WA, Wolf NI, Abbink TEM, Waisfisz Q, Heutink P, van der Knaap MS. Exome sequencing reveals mutated SLC19A3 in patients with an early-infantile, lethal encephalopathy. Brain 2013; 136:1534-43. [DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Steenweg ME, Ghezzi D, Haack T, Abbink TEM, Martinelli D, van Berkel CGM, Bley A, Diogo L, Grillo E, Te Water Naudé J, Strom TM, Bertini E, Prokisch H, van der Knaap MS, Zeviani M. Leukoencephalopathy with thalamus and brainstem involvement and high lactate 'LTBL' caused by EARS2 mutations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 135:1387-94. [PMID: 22492562 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
In the large group of genetically undetermined infantile-onset mitochondrial encephalopathies, multiple defects of mitochondrial DNA-related respiratory-chain complexes constitute a frequent biochemical signature. In order to identify responsible genes, we used exome-next-generation sequencing in a selected cohort of patients with this biochemical signature. In an isolated patient, we found two mutant alleles for EARS2, the gene encoding mitochondrial glutamyl-tRNA synthetase. The brain magnetic resonance imaging of this patient was hallmarked by extensive symmetrical cerebral white matter abnormalities sparing the periventricular rim and symmetrical signal abnormalities of the thalami, midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata and cerebellar white matter. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy showed increased lactate. We matched this magnetic resonance imaging pattern with that of a cohort of 11 previously selected unrelated cases. We found mutations in the EARS2 gene in all. Subsequent detailed clinical and magnetic resonance imaging based phenotyping revealed two distinct groups: mild and severe. All 12 patients shared an infantile onset and rapidly progressive disease with severe magnetic resonance imaging abnormalities and increased lactate in body fluids and proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Patients in the 'mild' group partially recovered and regained milestones in the following years with striking magnetic resonance imaging improvement and declining lactate levels, whereas those of the 'severe' group were characterized by clinical stagnation, brain atrophy on magnetic resonance imaging and persistent lactate increases. This new neurological disease, early-onset leukoencephalopathy with thalamus and brainstem involvement and high lactate, is hallmarked by unique magnetic resonance imaging features, defined by a peculiar biphasic clinical course and caused by mutations in a single gene, EARS2, expanding the list of medically relevant defects of mitochondrial DNA translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan E Steenweg
- VU University Medical Centre, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
Translation initiation on most eukaryotic mRNAs occurs via a cap-dependent scanning mechanism and its efficiency is modulated by their 5'-untranslated regions (5'-UTR). The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) 5'-UTR contains a stable TAR hairpin directly at its 5'-end, which possibly masks the cap structure. In addition, the 5'-UTR is relatively long and contains several stable RNA structures that are essential for viral replication. These characteristics may interfere with ribosomal scanning and suggest that translation is initiated via internal entry of ribosomes. Literature on the HIV-1 5'-UTR-driven translation initiation mechanism is controversial. Both scanning and internal initiation have been shown to occur in various experimental systems. To gain further insight in the translation initiation process, we determined which part of the 5'-UTR is scanned. To do so, we introduced upstream AUGs at various positions across the 5'-UTR and determined the effect on expression of a downstream reporter gene that was placed under control of the gag start codon. This strategy allowed us to determine the window of ribosomal scanning on the HIV-1 5'-UTR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Berkhout
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abbink TEM, Berkhout B. HIV-1 reverse transcription initiation: a potential target for novel antivirals? Virus Res 2008; 134:4-18. [PMID: 18255184 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2007.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2007] [Revised: 12/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Reverse transcription is an essential step in the retroviral life cycle, as it converts the genomic RNA into DNA. In this review, we describe recent developments concerning the initiation step of this complex, multi-step reaction. During initiation of reverse transcription, a cellular tRNA primer is placed onto a complementary sequence in the viral genome, called the primer binding site or PBS. The viral enzyme reverse transcriptase (RT) recognizes this RNA-RNA complex, and catalyzes the extension of the 3' end of the tRNA primer, with the viral RNA (vRNA) acting as template. The initiation step is highly specific and most retroviruses are restricted to the use of the cognate, self-tRNA primer. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) uses the cellular tRNA(Lys,3) molecule as primer for reverse transcription. No spontaneous switches in tRNA usage by HIV-1 or other retroviruses have been described and attempts to change the identity of the tRNA primer were unsuccessful in the past. These observations indicate that the virus strongly prefers the self-primer, suggesting that a very specific mechanism for primer selection must exist. Indeed, tRNA primers are selectively packaged into virus particles, are specifically recognized by RT and are placed onto the viral RNA genome via base pairing to the PBS and other sequence motifs, thus rendering a specific initiation complex. Analysis of this critical step in the viral life cycle may result in the discovery of novel antiviral drugs in the battle against HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truus E M Abbink
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Centre for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam (CINIMA), Academic Medical Centre of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Affiliation(s)
- Truus E M Abbink
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center of the University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Genomic RNA circularization has been proposed for several RNA viruses. In this study, we examined if the 5′ and 3′ ends of the 9-kb HIV-1 RNA genome can interact. In vitro assays demonstrated a specific interaction between transcripts encompassing the 5′ and 3′ terminal 1 kb, suggesting that the HIV-1 RNA genome can circularize. Truncation of the transcripts indicated that the 5′–3′ interaction is formed by 600–700 nt in the gag open reading frame and the terminal 123 nt of the genomic RNA. Detailed RNA structure probing indicates that sequences flanking the 3′ TAR hairpin interact with complementary sequences in the gag gene. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that all HIV-1 subtypes can form the 5′/3′ interaction despite considerable sequence divergence, suggesting an important role of RNA circularization in the HIV-1 replication cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ben Berkhout
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed.+31 205 664 822+31 206 916 531
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Ooms M, Cupac D, Abbink TEM, Huthoff H, Berkhout B. The availability of the primer activation signal (PAS) affects the efficiency of HIV-1 reverse transcription initiation. Nucleic Acids Res 2007; 35:1649-59. [PMID: 17308346 PMCID: PMC1865047 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkm046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Initiation of reverse transcription of a retroviral RNA genome is strictly regulated. The tRNA primer binds to the primer binding site (PBS), and subsequent priming is triggered by the primer activation signal (PAS) that also pairs with the tRNA. We observed that in vitro reverse transcription initiation of the HIV-1 leader RNA varies in efficiency among 3′-end truncated transcripts, despite the presence of both PBS and PAS motifs. As the HIV-1 leader RNA can adopt two different foldings, we investigated if the conformational state of the transcripts did influence the efficiency of reverse transcription initiation. However, mutant transcripts that exclusively fold one or the other structure were similarly active, thereby excluding the possibility of regulation of reverse transcription initiation by the structure riboswitch. We next set out to determine the availability of the PAS element. This sequence motif enhances the efficiency of reverse transcription initiation, but its activity is regulated because the PAS motif is initially base paired within the wild-type template. We measured that the initiation efficiency on different templates correlates directly with accessibility of the PAS motif. Furthermore, changes in PAS are critical to facilitate a primer-switch to a new tRNA species, demonstrating the importance of this enhancer element.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ben Berkhout
- *To whom correspondence should be addressed. +31 205 664 822+31 206 916 531
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Abbink TEM, Ooms M, Haasnoot PCJ, Berkhout B. The HIV-1 Leader RNA Conformational Switch Regulates RNA Dimerization but Does Not Regulate mRNA Translation. Biochemistry 2005; 44:9058-66. [PMID: 15966729 DOI: 10.1021/bi0502588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The untranslated leader RNA is the most conserved part of the human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) genome. It contains many regulatory motifs that mediate a variety of steps in the viral life cycle. Previous work showed that the full-length leader RNA can adopt two alternative structures: a long distance interaction (LDI) and a branched multiple-hairpin (BMH) structure. The BMH structure exposes the dimer initiation site (DIS) hairpin, whereas this motif is occluded in the LDI structure. Consequently, these structures differ in their capacity to form RNA dimers in vitro. The BMH structure is dimerization-competent, due to DIS hairpin formation, but also presents the splice donor (SD) and RNA packaging (Psi) hairpins. In the LDI structure, an extended RNA packaging (Psi(E)) hairpin is folded, which includes the splice donor site and gag coding sequences. The gag initiation codon is engaged in a long distance base pairing interaction with sequences in the upstream U5 region in the BMH structure, thus forming the evolutionarily conserved U5-AUG duplex. Therefore, the LDI-BMH equilibrium may affect not only the process of RNA dimer formation but also translation initiation. In this study, we designed mutations in the 3'-terminal region of the leader RNA that alter the equilibrium of the LDI-BMH structures. The mutant leader RNAs are affected in RNA dimer formation, but not in their translation efficiency. These results indicate that the LDI-BMH status does not regulate HIV-1 RNA translation, despite the differential presentation of the gag initiation codon in both leader RNA structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truus E M Abbink
- Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abbink TEM, Beerens N, Berkhout B. Forced selection of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 variant that uses a non-self tRNA primer for reverse transcription: involvement of viral RNA sequences and the reverse transcriptase enzyme. J Virol 2004; 78:10706-14. [PMID: 15367637 PMCID: PMC516392 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.19.10706-10714.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 uses the tRNA(3)(Lys) molecule as a selective primer for reverse transcription. This primer specificity is imposed by sequence complementarity between the tRNA primer and two motifs in the viral RNA genome: the primer-binding site (PBS) and the primer activation signal (PAS). In addition, there may be specific interactions between the tRNA primer and viral proteins, such as the reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme. We constructed viruses with mutations in the PAS and PBS that were designed to employ the nonself primer tRNA(Pro) or tRNA(1,2)(Lys). These mutants exhibited a severe replication defect, indicating that additional adaptation of the mutant virus is required to accommodate the new tRNA primer. Multiple independent virus evolution experiments were performed to select for fast-replicating variants. Reversion to the wild-type PBS-lys3 sequence was the most frequent escape route. However, we identified one culture in which the virus gained replication capacity without reversion of the PBS. This revertant virus eventually optimized the PAS motif for interaction with the nonself primer. Interestingly, earlier evolution samples revealed a single amino acid change of an otherwise well-conserved residue in the RNase H domain of the RT enzyme, implicating this domain in selective primer usage. We demonstrate that both the PAS and RT mutations improve the replication capacity of the tRNA(1,2)(Lys)-using virus.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Base Sequence
- Directed Molecular Evolution
- HIV Long Terminal Repeat
- HIV Reverse Transcriptase/genetics
- HIV Reverse Transcriptase/metabolism
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/growth & development
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Structure
- Mutation, Missense
- Nucleic Acid Conformation
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- RNA/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer, Lys/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer, Pro/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Ribonuclease H/genetics
- Ribonuclease H/physiology
- Selection, Genetic
- Transcription, Genetic
- Virus Replication
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Affiliation(s)
- Truus E M Abbink
- Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 15, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abbink TEM, Berkhout B. A novel long distance base-pairing interaction in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RNA occludes the Gag start codon. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:11601-11. [PMID: 12458192 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m210291200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) is the most conserved part of the HIV-1 RNA genome, and it contains regulatory motifs that mediate various steps in the viral life cycle. Previous work showed that the 5'-terminal 290 nucleotides of HIV-1 RNA adopt two mutually exclusive secondary structures, long distance interaction (LDI) and branched multiple hairpin (BMH). BMH has multiple hairpins, including the dimer initiation signal (DIS) hairpin that mediates RNA dimerization. LDI contains a long distance base-pairing interaction that occludes the DIS region. Consequently, the two conformations differ in their ability to form RNA dimers. In this study, we have presented evidence that the full-length 5'-UTR also adopts the LDI and BMH conformations. The downstream 290-352 region, including the Gag start codon, folds differently in the context of the LDI and BMH structures. These nucleotides form an extended hairpin structure in the LDI conformation, but the same sequences create a novel long distance interaction with upstream U5 sequences in the BMH conformation. The presence of this U5-AUG duplex was confirmed by computer-assisted RNA structure prediction, biochemical analyses, and a phylogenetic survey of different virus isolates. The U5-AUG duplex may influence translation of the Gag protein because it occludes the start codon of the Gag open reading frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truus E M Abbink
- Department of Human Retrovirology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, 1100 DE Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abbink TEM, Peart JR, Mos TNM, Baulcombe DC, Bol JF, Linthorst HJM. Silencing of a gene encoding a protein component of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II enhances virus replication in plants. Virology 2002; 295:307-19. [PMID: 12033790 DOI: 10.1006/viro.2002.1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that, in addition to viral proteins, host proteins are involved in RNA virus replication. In this study the RNA helicase domain of the Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) replicase proteins was used as bait in the yeast two-hybrid system to identify tobacco proteins with a putative role in TMV replication. Two host proteins were characterized. One protein (designated #3) belongs to a protein family of ATPases associated with various activities (AAA), while the second host protein (designated #13) is the 33K subunit of the oxygen-evolving complex of photosystem II. Using Tobacco rattle virus vectors, genes #3 and #13 were silenced in Nicotiana benthamiana, after which the plants were challenged by TMV infection. Silencing of gene #13 resulted in a 10-fold increase of TMV accumulation, whereas silencing of gene #3 caused a twofold reduction of TMV accumulation. Additionally, silencing of genes #3 and #13 decreased and increased, respectively, the accumulation of two other viruses. Similar to silencing of gene #13, inhibition of photosystem II by application of an herbicide increased TMV accumulation several fold. Infection of N. benthamiana with TMV resulted in a decrease of #13 mRNA levels. Silencing of gene #13 may reflect a novel strategy of TMV to suppress basal host defense mechanisms. The two-hybrid screenings did not identify tobacco proteins involved in helicase domain-induced N-mediated resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truus E M Abbink
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, 2300 RA, The Netherlands
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