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Bessière P, Figueroa T, Coggon A, Foret-Lucas C, Houffschmitt A, Fusade-Boyer M, Dupré G, Guérin JL, Delverdier M, Volmer R. Opposite Outcomes of the Within-Host Competition between High- and Low-Pathogenic H5N8 Avian Influenza Viruses in Chickens Compared to Ducks. J Virol 2022; 96:e0136621. [PMID: 34613804 PMCID: PMC8754203 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01366-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) emerge from low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIV) through the introduction of basic amino acids at the hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site. Following viral evolution, the newly formed HPAIV likely represents a minority variant within the index host, predominantly infected with the LPAIV precursor. Using reverse genetics-engineered H5N8 viruses differing solely at the HA cleavage, we tested the hypothesis that the interaction between the minority HPAIV and the majority LPAIV could modulate the risk of HPAIV emergence and that the nature of the interaction could depend on the host species. In chickens, we observed that the H5N8LP increased H5N8HP replication and pathogenesis. In contrast, the H5N8LP antagonized H5N8HP replication and pathogenesis in ducks. Ducks mounted a more potent antiviral innate immune response than chickens against the H5N8LP, which correlated with H5N8HP inhibition. These data provide experimental evidence that HPAIV may be more likely to emerge in chickens than in ducks and underscore the importance of within-host viral variant interactions in viral evolution. IMPORTANCE Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses represent a threat to poultry production systems and to human health because of their impact on food security and because of their zoonotic potential. It is therefore crucial to better understand how these viruses emerge. Using a within-host competition model between high- and low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses, we provide evidence that highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses could be more likely to emerge in chickens than in ducks. These results have important implications for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus emergence prevention, and they underscore the importance of within-host viral variant interactions in virus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Bessière
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
| | - Thomas Figueroa
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
| | - Amelia Coggon
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
| | - Charlotte Foret-Lucas
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandre Houffschmitt
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
| | - Maxime Fusade-Boyer
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
| | - Gabriel Dupré
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Luc Guérin
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
| | - Maxence Delverdier
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Volmer
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, INRAE, IHAP, UMR 1225, Toulouse, France
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Gischke M, Bagato O, Breithaupt A, Scheibner D, Blaurock C, Vallbracht M, Karger A, Crossley B, Veits J, Böttcher-Friebertshäuser E, Mettenleiter TC, Abdelwhab EM. The role of glycosylation in the N-terminus of the hemagglutinin of a unique H4N2 with a natural polybasic cleavage site in virus fitness in vitro and in vivo. Virulence 2021; 12:666-678. [PMID: 33538209 PMCID: PMC7872060 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1881344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, only low pathogenic (LP) H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses (AIV) have been observed to naturally shift to a highly pathogenic (HP) phenotype after mutation of the monobasic hemagglutinin (HA) cleavage site (HACS) to polybasic motifs. The LPAIV monobasic HACS is activated by tissue-restricted trypsin-like enzymes, while the HPAIV polybasic HACS is activated by ubiquitous furin-like enzymes. However, glycosylation near the HACS can affect proteolytic activation and reduced virulence of some HPAIV in chickens. In 2012, a unique H4N2 virus with a polybasic HACS was isolated from quails but was LP in chickens. Whether glycosylation sites (GS) near the HACS hinder the evolution of HPAIV H4N2 remains unclear. Here, we analyzed the prevalence of potential GS in the N-terminus of HA1, 2NYT4 and 18NGT20, in all AIV sequences and studied their impact on H4N2 virus fitness. Although the two motifs are conserved, some non-H5/H7 subtypes lack one or both GS. Both sites were glycosylated in this H4N2 virus. Deglycosylation increased trypsin-independent replication in cell culture, cell-to-cell spread and syncytium formation at low-acidic pH, but negatively affected the thermostability and receptor-binding affinity. Alteration of 2NYT4 with or without 18NGT20 enabled systemic spread of the virus to different organs including the brain of chicken embryos. However, all intranasally inoculated chickens did not show clinical signs. Together, although the conserved GS near the HACS are important for HA stability and receptor binding, deglycosylation increased the H4N2 HA-activation, replication and tissue tropism suggesting a potential role for virus adaptation in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Gischke
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Ola Bagato
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Center of Scientific Excellence for Influenza Viruses, National Research Centre (NRC), Dokki, Giza, Egypt
| | - Angele Breithaupt
- Department of Experimental Animal Facilities and Biorisk Management, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - David Scheibner
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Claudia Blaurock
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Melina Vallbracht
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Beate Crossley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Jutta Veits
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | | | - Thomas C. Mettenleiter
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Elsayed M. Abdelwhab
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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Jerry C, Stallknecht DE, Leyson C, Berghaus R, Jordan B, Pantin-Jackwood M, França MS. Age-Associated Changes in Recombinant H5 Highly Pathogenic and Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Hemagglutinin Tissue Binding in Domestic Poultry Species. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082223. [PMID: 34438681 PMCID: PMC8388419 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2014 outbreak of clade 2.3.4.4A highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) led to the culling of millions of commercial chickens and turkeys and death of various wild bird species. In this outbreak, older chickens and turkeys were commonly infected, and succumbed to clinical disease compared to younger aged birds such chicken broilers. Some experimental studies using waterfowl species have shown age-related differences in susceptibility to clinical disease with HPAI viruses. Here, we evaluate differences in H5 Hemagglutinin (HA) tissue binding across age groups, using recombinant H5 HA (rHA) proteins generated using gene sequences from low pathogenic (A/mallard/MN/410/2000(H5N2 (LPAIV)) and a HPAIV (A/Northern pintail/Washington/40964/2014(H5N2)) influenza A virus (IAV). Respiratory and intestinal tracts from chickens, ducks (Mallard, Pekin, Muscovy) and turkeys of different age groups were used to detect rHA binding with protein histochemistry, which was quantified as the median area of binding (MAB) used for statistical analysis. There were species and tissue specific differences in the rHA binding among the age groups; however, turkeys had significant differences in the HPAIV rHA binding in the respiratory tract, with younger turkeys having higher levels of binding in the lung compared to the older group. In addition, in the intestinal tract, younger turkeys had higher levels of binding compared to the older birds. Using LPAIV, similar species and tissues, specific differences were seen among the age groups; however, only turkeys had overall significant differences in the respiratory tract MAB, with the older birds having higher levels of binding compared to the younger group. No age-related differences were seen in the overall intestinal tract rHA binding. Age-related differences in rHA binding of the LPAIV and HPAIV demonstrated in this study may partially, but not completely, explain differences in host susceptibility to infection observed during avian influenza outbreaks and in experimental infection studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Jerry
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380, USA
- Correspondence:
| | - David E. Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, 589 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Christina Leyson
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.L.); (M.P.-J.)
| | - Roy Berghaus
- Veterinary Medical Center, Department of Population Health, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Brian Jordan
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia Athens, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (B.J.); (M.S.F.)
| | - Mary Pantin-Jackwood
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (C.L.); (M.P.-J.)
| | - Monique S. França
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, University of Georgia Athens, 953 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (B.J.); (M.S.F.)
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Frymus T, Belák S, Egberink H, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Marsilio F, Addie DD, Boucraut-Baralon C, Hartmann K, Lloret A, Lutz H, Pennisi MG, Thiry E, Truyen U, Tasker S, Möstl K, Hosie MJ. Influenza Virus Infections in Cats. Viruses 2021; 13:v13081435. [PMID: 34452300 PMCID: PMC8402716 DOI: 10.3390/v13081435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past, cats were considered resistant to influenza. Today, we know that they are susceptible to some influenza A viruses (IAVs) originating in other species. Usually, the outcome is only subclinical infection or a mild fever. However, outbreaks of feline disease caused by canine H3N2 IAV with fever, tachypnoea, sneezing, coughing, dyspnoea and lethargy are occasionally noted in shelters. In one such outbreak, the morbidity rate was 100% and the mortality rate was 40%. Recently, avian H7N2 IAV infection occurred in cats in some shelters in the USA, inducing mostly mild respiratory disease. Furthermore, cats are susceptible to experimental infection with the human H3N2 IAV that caused the pandemic in 1968. Several studies indicated that cats worldwide could be infected by H1N1 IAV during the subsequent human pandemic in 2009. In one shelter, severe cases with fatalities were noted. Finally, the highly pathogenic avian H5N1 IAV can induce a severe, fatal disease in cats, and can spread via cat-to-cat contact. In this review, the Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD), a scientifically independent board of experts in feline medicine from 11 European countries, summarises current data regarding the aetiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical picture, diagnostics, and control of feline IAV infections, as well as the zoonotic risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadeusz Frymus
- Department of Small Animal Diseases with Clinic, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences—SGGW, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Sándor Belák
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), P.O. Box 7036, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Herman Egberink
- Department of Biomolecular Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Utrecht, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands;
| | - Regina Hofmann-Lehmann
- Clinical Laboratory, Center for Clinical Studies, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.H.-L.); (H.L.)
| | - Fulvio Marsilio
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Università degli Studi di Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy;
| | | | | | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany;
| | - Albert Lloret
- Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Hans Lutz
- Clinical Laboratory, Center for Clinical Studies, Department of Clinical Diagnostics and Services, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.H.-L.); (H.L.)
| | - Maria Grazia Pennisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Etienne Thiry
- Veterinary Virology and Animal Viral Diseases, FARAH Research Centre, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium;
| | - Uwe Truyen
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Séverine Tasker
- Bristol Veterinary School, University of Bristol, Bristol BS40 5DU, UK;
- Linnaeus Group, Shirley, Solihull B90 4BN, UK
| | - Karin Möstl
- Institute of Virology, Department for Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Margaret J. Hosie
- MRC—University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
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Caliendo V, Leijten L, Begeman L, Poen MJ, Fouchier RAM, Beerens N, Kuiken T. Enterotropism of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus H5N8 from the 2016/2017 epidemic in some wild bird species. Vet Res 2020; 51:117. [PMID: 32928280 PMCID: PMC7491185 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00841-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2016/2017, H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of the Goose/Guangdong lineage spread from Asia to Europe, causing the biggest and most widespread HPAI epidemic on record in wild and domestic birds in Europe. We hypothesized that the wide dissemination of the 2016 H5N8 virus resulted at least partly from a change in tissue tropism from the respiratory tract, as in older HPAIV viruses, to the intestinal tract, as in low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses, allowing more efficient faecal-oral transmission. Therefore, we determined the tissue tropism and associated lesions in wild birds found dead during the 2016 H5N8 epidemic, as well as the pattern of attachment of 2016 H5N8 virus to respiratory and intestinal tissues of four key wild duck species. We found that, out of 39 H5N8-infected wild birds of 12 species, four species expressed virus antigen in both respiratory and intestinal epithelium, one species only in respiratory epithelium, and one species only in intestinal epithelium. Virus antigen expression was association with inflammation and necrosis in multiple tissues. The level of attachment to wild duck intestinal epithelia of 2016 H5N8 virus was comparable to that of LPAI H4N5 virus, and higher than that of 2005 H5N1 virus for two of the four duck species and chicken tested. Overall, these results indicate that 2016 H5N8 may have acquired a similar enterotropism to LPAI viruses, without having lost the respirotropism of older HPAI viruses of the Goose/Guangdong lineage. The increased enterotropism of 2016 H5N8 implies that this virus had an increased chance to persist long term in the wild waterbird reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Caliendo
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lonneke Leijten
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lineke Begeman
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein J Poen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron A M Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nancy Beerens
- Department of Virology, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Terebuh P, Adija A, Edwards L, Rowe T, Jenkins S, Kleene J, Fukuda K, Katz JM, Bridges CB. Human infection with avian influenza A(H7N2) virus-Virginia, 2002. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2018; 12:529-532. [PMID: 29430844 PMCID: PMC6005590 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In March 2002, an outbreak of low‐pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) A(H7N2) was detected among commercial poultry operations in Virginia. Methods We performed a serosurvey of 80 government workers involved in efforts to control the outbreak. Results One study participant who assisted with disposal of infected birds tested positive for neutralizing antibodies to influenza A(H7N2) by microneutralization assay and H7‐specific IgM antibodies by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The acute infection was temporally associated with an influenza‐like illness that resolved without hospitalization. Conclusion This study documents the earliest evidence of human infection with an H7 influenza virus of the North American lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Terebuh
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Akini Adija
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Lindsay Edwards
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas Rowe
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Kleene
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Keiji Fukuda
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Burcham GN, Ramos-Vara JA, Murphy DA. Clinical and Pathologic Characterization of an Outbreak of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza H7N8 in Commercial Turkeys in Southern Indiana. Avian Dis 2017; 61:414-417. [PMID: 28957014 DOI: 10.1637/11661-042717-caser] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is a systemic lethal disease of poultry caused by several subtypes of influenza A virus and classified on the basis of serologic reactions to hemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface glycoproteins. In January 2016, a novel subtype of HPAI-H7N8-was diagnosed in a commercial turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) flock in southern Indiana. Clinical signs and history included increased mortality, dyspnea, head tremors, recumbency, and somnolent or unaware birds. Postmortem examination of six recently dead birds showed red-tinged mucous in the choana and trachea and marked pulmonary edema. Histologic lesions in the brain included severe, multifocal lymphohistiocytic meningoencephalitis with foci of malacia, neuronal necrosis, and neuronophagia. All anatomic locations of the brain were affected, although histologic changes in the cerebellum were considered mild. Other histologic lesions included pulmonary congestion and edema, splenic congestion and lymphoid depletion, fibrinoid necrosis of vessels within the spleen, and multifocal pancreatic acinar necrosis. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was weakly positive for influenza A in the brain; IHC was negative in other tissues tested. The clinical and pathologic characteristics of this case matched previously published material concerning HPAI and add to instances of known or suspected mutation of a low pathogenic virus to a highly pathogenic virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant N Burcham
- A Heeke Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Southern Indiana Purdue Agricultural Center, 11367 E Purdue Farm Road, Dubois, IN 47527
| | - José A Ramos-Vara
- B Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Purdue University, 406 S University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907.,C Department of Comparative Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907
| | - Duane A Murphy
- D Farbest Farms Inc., 225 W 41st Street, Suite B, Jasper, IN 47546
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Hauck R, Crossley B, Rejmanek D, Zhou H, Gallardo RA. Persistence of Highly Pathogenic and Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses in Footbaths and Poultry Manure. Avian Dis 2017; 61:64-69. [PMID: 28301246 DOI: 10.1637/11495-091916-reg] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A questionnaire was designed in order to gather information about bedding material and footbath preparation and maintenance in different productive units across the state of California.This information was used to plan two experiments. In the first experiment, we tested the effectiveness of footbaths in inactivating highly pathogenic (HP) and low pathogenic (LP) avian influenza viruses (AIVs) on rubber boots. Surprisingly, quaternary ammonia- and quaternary ammonia + glutaraldehyde-based footbaths were not able to eliminate live HPAIV (H5N8) and LPAIV (H6N2) particles on boots, while a chlorine-based granulated disinfectant was able to destroy the virus at contact. These results demonstrated the potential of AIV, particularly the HPAIV isolate, to persist even if exposed to disinfecting footbaths, and suggest that footbaths, as a single tool, are not capable of preventing pathogen introduction into commercial flocks. In the second experiment, we investigated the persistence of HPAIV (H5N8) and LPAIV (H6N2) in bedding material and feces obtained from turkey, broiler, and egg-layer commercial productive units. Samples were collected at different times after spiking the bedding materials and feces. Results showed that HPAIV (H5N8) was more persistent than LPAIV (H6N2) in layer feces and bedding material obtained from commercial broilers and turkeys. Live HPAIV particles persisted 96 hr, the last time point measured, in layer feces and less than 60 hr in broiler and turkey bedding. In contrast, LPAIV persisted less than 24 hr after being spiked in all the different substrates. Further research in biosecurity practices such as footbath preparation and maintenance and better understanding of the mechanism of the increased persistence of AIV is warranted in order to identify effective litter treatments that destroy live virus in bedding material.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hauck
- A Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - B Crossley
- B University of California, California Animal Heath and Food Safety Laboratory System, West Health Science Drive, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - D Rejmanek
- B University of California, California Animal Heath and Food Safety Laboratory System, West Health Science Drive, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - H Zhou
- C Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, 2247 Meyer Hall, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - R A Gallardo
- A Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
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9
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Carnaccini S, Stoute ST, Bickford AA, Shivaprasad HL. Pathology and Tissue Distribution of an LPAI H5N8 of North American Lineage Isolated from an Outbreak in Commercial Japanese Quail (Coturnix c. japonica) in the Central Valley of California. Avian Dis 2017; 61:70-76. [PMID: 28301241 DOI: 10.1637/11492-091416-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This report describes the pathology and tissue distribution of avian influenza (AI) antigens by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the tissues of commercial layer quail from a natural outbreak of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H5N8. LPAI virus H5N8 of North American lineage was diagnosed in commercial Japanese quail hens ( Coturnix coturnix japonica) in California based on serology, reverse-transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction, virus isolation, and sequencing. The sudden increase in mortality in a flock of laying quail hens had prompted the submission of 15 live and 5 dead, 10- to 15-wk-old quail to the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock branch in the beginning of April 2014. There was mild bilateral swelling of the eyelids and greenish diarrhea in 4/15 live quail submitted. On postmortem examination, there were severe, extensive hemorrhages and multifocal, confluent pale foci in the pancreas in 10/20 birds. Liver gross lesions in five birds ranged from a few pale areas to numerous disseminated foci. Histology revealed moderate to severe necrosis of acinar cells in the pancreas with little or no inflammation in most of the birds. Livers had acute multifocal coagulative necrosis of hepatocytes with fibrin exudation and infiltration of few to large numbers of heterophils and lymphocytes randomly scattered throughout. The AI virus was detected in the nucleus and cytoplasm of pancreatic acinar cells and hepatocytes by IHC targeting the nucleoprotein of the AI virus. A few birds had AI antigen in the reticuloendothelial cells of the spleen, endothelial cells of the lungs, epithelium of the respiratory mucosa, and lamina propria of the intestine. The severity of the lesions observed in this natural outbreak of LPAI in quail was higher than that expected for the pathotypic presentation in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Carnaccini
- A California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - S T Stoute
- A California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - A A Bickford
- A California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- C California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Tulare Branch, 18830 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274
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10
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Osbjer K, Berg M, Sokerya S, Chheng K, San S, Davun H, Magnusson U, Olsen B, Zohari S. Influenza A Virus in Backyard Pigs and Poultry in Rural Cambodia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2016; 64:1557-1568. [PMID: 27484711 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Surveillance of influenza virus in humans and livestock is critical, given the worldwide public health threats and livestock production losses. Livestock farming involving close proximity between humans, pigs and poultry is often practised by smallholders in low-income countries and is considered an important driver of influenza virus evolution. This study determined the prevalence and genetic characteristics of influenza A virus (IAV) in backyard pigs and poultry in Cambodia. A total of 751 animals were tested by matrix gene-based rRT-PCR, and influenza virus was detected in 1.5% of sampled pigs, 1.4% of chickens and 1.0% of ducks, but not in pigeons. Full-length genome sequencing confirmed triple reassortant H3N2 in all IAV-positive pigs and various low pathogenic avian influenza subtypes in poultry. Phylogenetic analysis of the swine influenza viruses revealed that these had haemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes originating from human H3N2 viruses previously isolated in South-East Asia. Phylogenetic analysis also revealed that several of the avian influenza subtypes detected were closely related to internal viral genes from highly pathogenic H5N1 and H9N2 formerly sequenced in the region. High sequence homology was likewise found with influenza A viruses circulating in pigs, poultry and wild birds in China and Vietnam, suggesting transboundary introduction and cocirculation of the various influenza subtypes. In conclusion, highly pathogenic subtypes of influenza virus seem rare in backyard poultry, but virus reassortment, involving potentially zoonotic and pandemic subtypes, appears to occur frequently in smallholder pigs and poultry. Increased targeted surveillance and monitoring of influenza circulation on smallholdings would further improve understanding of the transmission dynamics and evolution of influenza viruses in humans, pigs and poultry in the Mekong subregion and could contribute to limit the influenza burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Osbjer
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M Berg
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Sokerya
- Centre for Livestock and Agriculture Development, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - K Chheng
- National Institute of Public Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - S San
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - H Davun
- National Veterinary Research Institute, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - U Magnusson
- Division of Reproduction, Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B Olsen
- Infectious Diseases, Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Sciences and IMBIM, Uppsala University (UU), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - S Zohari
- Department of Microbiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Balzli C, Lager K, Vincent A, Gauger P, Brockmeier S, Miller L, Richt JA, Ma W, Suarez D, Swayne DE. Susceptibility of swine to H5 and H7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 10:346-52. [PMID: 26946338 PMCID: PMC4910171 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The ability of pigs to become infected with low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses and then generate mammalian adaptable influenza A viruses is difficult to determine. Yet, it is an important link to understanding any relationship between LPAI virus ecology and possible epidemics among swine and/or humans. Objectives Assess susceptibility of pigs to LPAI viruses found within the United States and their direct contact transmission potential. Methods Pigs were inoculated with one of ten H5 or H7 LPAI viruses selected from seven different bird species to test infectivity, virulence, pathogenesis, and potential to transmit virus to contact pigs through histological, RRT‐PCR and seroconversion data. Results Although pigs were susceptible to infection with each of the LPAI viruses, no clinical disease was recognized in any pig. During the acute phase of the infection, minor pulmonary lesions were found in some pigs and one or more pigs in each group were RRT‐PCR‐positive in the lower respiratory tract, but no virus was detected in upper respiratory tract (negative nasal swabs). Except for one group, one or more pigs in each LPAI group developed antibody. No LPAI viruses transmitted to contact pigs. Conclusions LPAI strains from various bird populations within the United States are capable of infecting pigs. Although adaptability and transmission of individual strains seem unlikely, the subclinical nature of the infections demonstrates the need to improve sampling and testing methods to more accurately measure incidence of LPAI virus infection in pigs, and their potential role in human‐zoonotic LPAI virus dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Balzli
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Southeastern Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kelly Lager
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Amy Vincent
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Phillip Gauger
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Susan Brockmeier
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Laura Miller
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Juergen A Richt
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Wenjun Ma
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - David Suarez
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Southeastern Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA, USA
| | - David E Swayne
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Southeastern Poultry Research Laboratory, Athens, GA, USA
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12
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Pearce JM, Ramey AM, Flint PL, Koehler AV, Fleskes JP, Franson JC, Hall JS, Derksen DV, Ip HS. Avian influenza at both ends of a migratory flyway: characterizing viral genomic diversity to optimize surveillance plans for North America. Evol Appl 2009; 2:457-68. [PMID: 25567891 PMCID: PMC3352445 DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-4571.2009.00071.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 03/20/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although continental populations of avian influenza viruses are genetically distinct, transcontinental reassortment in low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) viruses has been detected in migratory birds. Thus, genomic analyses of LPAI viruses could serve as an approach to prioritize species and regions targeted by North American surveillance activities for foreign origin highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). To assess the applicability of this approach, we conducted a phylogenetic and population genetic analysis of 68 viral genomes isolated from the northern pintail (Anas acuta) at opposite ends of the Pacific migratory flyway in North America. We found limited evidence for Asian LPAI lineages on wintering areas used by northern pintails in California in contrast to a higher frequency on breeding locales of Alaska. Our results indicate that the number of Asian LPAI lineages observed in Alaskan northern pintails, and the nucleotide composition of LPAI lineages, is not maintained through fall migration. Accordingly, our data indicate that surveillance of Pacific Flyway northern pintails to detect foreign avian influenza viruses would be most effective in Alaska. North American surveillance plans could be optimized through an analysis of LPAI genomics from species that demonstrate evolutionary linkages with European or Asian lineages and in regions that have overlapping migratory flyways with areas of HPAI outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Pearce
- Alaska Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Andrew M Ramey
- Alaska Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Paul L Flint
- Alaska Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Anson V Koehler
- Alaska Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Joseph P Fleskes
- Western Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey Dixon, CA, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey S Hall
- National Wildlife Health Center, U.S. Geological Survey Madison, WI, USA
| | - Dirk V Derksen
- Alaska Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Hon S Ip
- National Wildlife Health Center, U.S. Geological Survey Madison, WI, USA
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