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Payne M, Williamson S, Wang Q, Zhang X, Sintchenko V, Pavic A, Lan R. Emergence of Poultry-Associated Human Salmonella enterica Serovar Abortusovis Infections, New South Wales, Australia. Emerg Infect Dis 2024; 30:691-700. [PMID: 38526124 PMCID: PMC10977856 DOI: 10.3201/eid3004.230958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica serovar Abortusovis is a ovine-adapted pathogen that causes spontaneous abortion. Salmonella Abortusovis was reported in poultry in 2009 and has since been reported in human infections in New South Wales, Australia. Phylogenomic analysis revealed a clade of 51 closely related isolates from Australia originating in 2004. That clade was genetically distinct from ovine-associated isolates. The clade was widespread in New South Wales poultry production facilities but was only responsible for sporadic human infections. Some known virulence factors associated with human infections were only found in the poultry-associated clade, some of which were acquired through prophages and plasmids. Furthermore, the ovine-associated clade showed signs of genome decay, but the poultry-associated clade did not. Those genomic changes most likely led to differences in host range and disease type. Surveillance using the newly identified genetic markers will be vital for tracking Salmonella Abortusovis transmission in animals and to humans and preventing future outbreaks.
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Zhuang Y, Wang M, Liang L, Mao Y, Wang K, Yang S, Deng A, Zeng K, Zhang Y, Zhang G, Kang M, Li B, Zhang M, Ye S. First Known Human Death After Infection With the Avian Influenza A/H3N8 Virus: Guangdong Province, China, March 2023. Clin Infect Dis 2024; 78:646-650. [PMID: 37555762 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciad462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report on a case of human infection with the H3N8 avian influenza virus. The patient had multiple myeloma and died of severe infection. Genome analysis showed multiple gene mutations and reassortments without mammalian-adaptive mutations. This suggests that avian influenza (A/H3N8) virus infection could be lethal for immunocompromised persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zhuang
- Institute of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Man Wang
- General Office, Zhongshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhongshan, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Lijun Liang
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yunxia Mao
- Institute of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Zhongshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhongshan, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Kaibin Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Field Epidemiology Training Program, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
- Department of Disinfection and Vector Control, Guangzhou Tianhe District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Shuhuan Yang
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Zhongshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhongshan, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Aiping Deng
- Institute of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Kewen Zeng
- Department of Prevention & Healthcare, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yingtao Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Guanting Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Min Kang
- Institute of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Baisheng Li
- Institute of Pathogenic Microbiology, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Disease Control and Prevention, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Shinan Ye
- General Office, Zhongshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhongshan, Guangdong, P.R. China
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Adekoya AE, Kargbo HA, Ibberson CB. Defining microbial community functions in chronic human infection with metatranscriptomics. mSystems 2023; 8:e0059323. [PMID: 37823640 PMCID: PMC10734476 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00593-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The microbial diversity in polymicrobial infections (PMIs) allows for community members to establish interactions with one another, which can result in enhanced disease outcomes such as increased antibiotic tolerance and chronicity. Chronic PMIs result in large burdens on health systems, as they affect a significant proportion of the population and are expensive and difficult to treat. However, investigations into physiology of microbial communities in actual human infection sites are lacking. Here, we highlight that the predominant functions in chronic PMIs differ, and anaerobes, often described as bystanders, may be significant in the progression of chronic infections. Determining the community structure and functions in PMIs is a critical step toward understanding the molecular mechanisms that increase the virulence potential of the microbial community in these environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aanuoluwa E. Adekoya
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Hoody A. Kargbo
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Carolyn B. Ibberson
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, USA
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Yao C. Human infections by the rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta in China. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2023; 117:815-822. [PMID: 37650697 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trad063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The rat tapeworm Hymenolepis diminuta is a parasite that usually uses rats as a definitive host. It also infects humans and non-human primates. Human infections have been reported in 80 countries worldwide, including China. Nevertheless, nearly all the literature on human infections in China by the rat tapeworm is in Chinese journals, which are very difficult to access by readers outside China. The main aim of the current manuscript was to systematically review human infections by the rat tapeworm in China for readers inside and outside the country. Chinese characters for H. diminuta were used to search several databases, including Google Scholar. In total, 511 infections were reported in 24 Chinese provinces/autonomous regions, which surpassed 320 in Costa Rica as the country with the highest number of infections. Furthermore, three nationwide surveys on parasitic infections in the past 3 decades revealed detailed prevalence of this parasite along with that of roundworm, whipworm, hookworm and pinworm in Chinese populations. These data contribute to better understanding of this greatly neglected zoonosis in the world's most populated country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross Unive rsity School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts and Nevis
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Macias A, Martín P, Pérez-Olmeda M, Fernández-Martínez B, Gómez-Barroso D, Fernández E, Ramos JM, Herrero L, Rodríguez S, Delgado E, Sánchez-Seco MP, Galán M, Corbacho AJ, Jimenez M, Montero-Peña C, Valle A, Vázquez A. West Nile virus emergence in humans in Extremadura, Spain 2020. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1155867. [PMID: 37469597 PMCID: PMC10352655 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1155867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In Spain, the largest human West Nile virus (WNV) outbreak among humans was reported in 2020, constituting the second most important outbreak in Europe that season. Extremadura (southwestern Spain) was one of the affected areas, reporting six human cases. The first autochthonous human case in Spain was reported in Extremadura in 2004, and no other human cases were reported until 2020. In this work, we describe the first WNV human outbreak registered in Extremadura, focusing on the most important clinical aspects, diagnostic results, and control actions which followed. In 2020, from September to October, human WNV infections were diagnosed using a combination of molecular and serological methods (an in-house specific qRT-PCR and a commercial ELISA for anti-WNV IgM and IgG antibodies) and by analysing serum, urine, and/or cerebrospinal fluid samples. Serological positive serum samples were further tested using commercial kits against related flaviviruses Usutu and Tick-borne encephalitis in order to analyse serological reactivity and to confirm the results by neutralisation assays. In total, six cases of WNV infection (five with neuroinvasive disease and one with fever) were identified. Clinical presentation and laboratory findings are described. No viral RNA was detected in any of the analysed samples, but serological cross-reactivity was detected against the other tested flaviviruses. Molecular and serological methods for WNV detection in various samples as well as differential diagnosis are recommended. The largest number of human cases of WNV infection ever registered in Extremadura, Spain, occurred in 2020 in areas where circulation of WNV and other flaviviruses has been previously reported in humans and animals. Therefore, it is necessary to enhance surveillance not only for the early detection and implementation of response measures for WNV but also for other emerging flaviviruses that could be endemic in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Macias
- Servicios de Microbiología y Medicina Interna, Hospital Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena, Don Benito, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Paloma Martín
- Servicio de Microbiología , Hospital Universitario de Badajoz, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Mayte Pérez-Olmeda
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CNM-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Fernández-Martínez
- Centro Nacional Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CNE-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Diana Gómez-Barroso
- Centro Nacional Epidemiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CNE-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Esperanza Fernández
- Banco de Sangre de Extremadura, Junta de Extremadura, Mérida, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Julian Mauro Ramos
- Subdirección de Epidemiología, Servicio Extremeño de Salud, Mérida, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Laura Herrero
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CNM-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Saray Rodríguez
- Servicios de Microbiología y Medicina Interna, Hospital Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena, Don Benito, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Elena Delgado
- Banco de Sangre de Extremadura, Junta de Extremadura, Mérida, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Maria Paz Sánchez-Seco
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CNM-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Infecciosas (CIBERINFEC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Galán
- Servicios de Microbiología y Medicina Interna, Hospital Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena, Don Benito, Badajoz, Spain
| | | | - Manuel Jimenez
- Servicios de Microbiología y Medicina Interna, Hospital Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena, Don Benito, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Cristian Montero-Peña
- Servicio Medicina Familiar y Comunitaria, Centro de Salud Don Benito Oeste, Hospital Don Benito-Villanueva, Don Benito, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Antonio Valle
- Servicios de Microbiología y Medicina Interna, Hospital Don Benito-Villanueva de la Serena, Don Benito, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ana Vázquez
- Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CNM-ISCIII), Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
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Shepherd JG, Davis C, Streicker DG, Thomson EC. Emerging Rhabdoviruses and Human Infection. Biology (Basel) 2023; 12:878. [PMID: 37372162 PMCID: PMC10294888 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Rhabdoviridae is a large viral family, with members infecting a diverse range of hosts including, vertebrate species, arthropods, and plants. The predominant human pathogen within the family is Rabies lyssavirus, the main cause of human rabies. While rabies is itself a neglected disease, there are other, less well studied, rhabdoviruses known to cause human infection. The increasing application of next-generation sequencing technology to clinical samples has led to the detection of several novel or rarely detected rhabdoviruses associated with febrile illness. Many of these viruses have been detected in low- and middle-income countries where the extent of human infection and the burden of disease remain largely unquantified. This review describes the rhabdoviruses other than Rabies lyssavirus that have been associated with human infection. The discovery of the Bas Congo virus and Ekpoma virus is discussed, as is the re-emergence of species such as Le Dantec virus, which has recently been detected in Africa 40 years after its initial isolation. Chandipura virus and the lyssaviruses that are known to cause human rabies are also described. Given their association with human disease, the viruses described in this review should be prioritised for further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- James G. Shepherd
- Centre for Virus Research, MRC-University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (C.D.); (D.G.S.)
| | - Chris Davis
- Centre for Virus Research, MRC-University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (C.D.); (D.G.S.)
| | - Daniel G. Streicker
- Centre for Virus Research, MRC-University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (C.D.); (D.G.S.)
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Emma C. Thomson
- Centre for Virus Research, MRC-University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (C.D.); (D.G.S.)
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Adekoya AE, Kargbo HA, Ibberson CB. Defining Microbial Community Functions in Chronic Human Infection with Metatranscriptomics. bioRxiv 2023:2023.06.06.543868. [PMID: 37333206 PMCID: PMC10274682 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.06.543868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Chronic polymicrobial infections (cPMIs) harbor complex bacterial communities with diverse metabolic capacities, leading to competitive and cooperative interactions. Although the microbes present in cPMIs have been established through culture-dependent and-independent methods, the key functions that drive different cPMIs and the metabolic activities of these complex communities remain unknown. To address this knowledge gap, we analyzed 102 published metatranscriptomes collected from cystic fibrosis sputum (CF) and chronic wound infections (CW) to identify key bacterial members and functions in cPMIs. Community composition analysis identified a high prevalence of pathogens, particularly Staphylococcus and Pseudomonas, and anaerobic members of the microbiota, including Porphyromonas, Anaerococcus, and Prevotella. Functional profiling with HUMANn3 and SAMSA2 revealed that while functions involved in bacterial competition, oxidative stress response, and virulence were conserved across both chronic infection types, >40% of the functions were differentially expressed (padj < 0.05, fold-change >2). Higher expression of antibiotic resistance and biofilm functions were observed in CF, while tissue destructive enzymes and oxidative stress response functions were highly expressed in CW samples. Of note, strict anaerobes had negative correlations with traditional pathogens in both CW (P = -0.43) and CF (P = -0.27) samples and they significantly contributed to the expression of these functions. Additionally, we show microbial communities have unique expression patterns and distinct organisms fulfill the expression of key functions in each site, indicating the infection environment strongly influences bacterial physiology and that community structure influences function. Collectively, our findings indicate that community composition and function should guide treatment strategies for cPMIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aanuoluwa E. Adekoya
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
| | - Hoody A. Kargbo
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
| | - Carolyn B. Ibberson
- Department of Microbiology and Plant Biology, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019
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Ye N, Feng W, Fu T, Tang D, Zeng Z, Wang B. Membrane fusion, potential threats, and natural antiviral drugs of pseudorabies virus. Vet Res 2023; 54:39. [PMID: 37131259 PMCID: PMC10152797 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-023-01171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudorabies virus (PrV) can infect several animals and causes severe economic losses in the swine industry. Recently, human encephalitis or endophthalmitis caused by PrV infection has been frequently reported in China. Thus, PrV can infect animals and is becoming a potential threat to human health. Although vaccines and drugs are the main strategies to prevent and treat PrV outbreaks, there is no specific drug, and the emergence of new PrV variants has reduced the effectiveness of classical vaccines. Therefore, it is challenging to eradicate PrV. In the present review, the membrane fusion process of PrV entering target cells, which is conducive to revealing new therapeutic and vaccine strategies for PrV, is presented and discussed. The current and potential PrV pathways of infection in humans are analyzed, and it is hypothesized that PrV may become a zoonotic agent. The efficacy of chemically synthesized drugs for treating PrV infections in animals and humans is unsatisfactory. In contrast, multiple extracts of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have shown anti-PRV activity, exerting its effects in different phases of the PrV life-cycle and suggesting that TCM compounds may have great potential against PrV. Overall, this review provides insights into developing effective anti-PrV drugs and emphasizes that human PrV infection should receive more attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ni Ye
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Wei Feng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Tiantian Fu
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Deyuan Tang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Zhiyong Zeng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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Hou S, Zhang N, Liu J, Li H, Liu X, Liu T. Epidemiological Characteristics and Risk Factors of Severe Fever With Thrombocytopenia Syndrome in Yantai City, Shandong Province. Open Forum Infect Dis 2023; 10:ofad141. [PMID: 37065987 PMCID: PMC10096902 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofad141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To better understand the epidemiological characteristics and risk factors associated with the incidence of severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) in Yantai City, Shandong Province, China. Methods The SFTS data from 2010 to 2019 were obtained from the National Notifiable Disease Reporting System, and visualization was performed using ArcGIS 10. A community-based, 1:2 matched case-control study was conducted to investigate the risk factors for SFTS in Yantai City. Standardized questionnaires were used to collect detailed information about the demographics and risk factors for SFTSV infection. Results A total of 968 laboratory-confirmed SFTS cases were reported, 155 (16.01%) of which were fatal. The SFTS epidemic curve revealed that most cases occurred from May to August, accounting for 77.27% of all studied cases. The SFTS cases were mainly distributed in Lai Zhou, Penglai, Zhaoyuan, Haiyang, and Qixia from 2010 to 2019 (accounting for 83.47% of all cases). No differences in demographics were observed between the cases and controls. In the multivariate analysis, presence of rats in the household (odds ratio [OR] = 2.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.94-4.30), bitten by the ticks 1 month before the onset of symptoms (OR = 15.97, 95% CI = 5.36-47.60), and presence of weeds and shrubs around the house (OR = 1.70, 95% CI = 1.12-2.60) were found to be the risk factors for SFTS. Conclusions Our results support the hypothesis that ticks are important vectors of the SFTS virus. Education on SFTS prevention and personal hygiene should be imparted in high-risk populations, especially among outdoor workers living in SFTS-endemic areas, while vector management should also be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jingyu Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Yantai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yantai, Shandong Province, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Haiwen Li
- Department of Infectious Disease Control, Zhaoyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Yantai, Shandong Province, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Xiuwei Liu
- Correspondence: Xiuwei Liu, MM, Department of Infectious Disease Control, Yantai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 17 Fuhou Rd., Laishan District, Yantai, Shandong Province 264003, P. R. China (); Tao Liu, MM, Department of Infectious Disease Control, Yantai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 17 Fuhou Rd., Laishan District, Yantai, Shandong Province 264003, P. R. China (.)
| | - Tao Liu
- Correspondence: Xiuwei Liu, MM, Department of Infectious Disease Control, Yantai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 17 Fuhou Rd., Laishan District, Yantai, Shandong Province 264003, P. R. China (); Tao Liu, MM, Department of Infectious Disease Control, Yantai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 17 Fuhou Rd., Laishan District, Yantai, Shandong Province 264003, P. R. China (.)
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Safarov A, Ionică AM, Akramova F, Shakarbaev U, Briciu VT, Ieremia A, Berdibaev A, Azimov D. A case of recurrent human Dirofilaria repens infection in Uzbekistan. J Helminthol 2023; 97:e30. [PMID: 36949661 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x23000147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
Dirofilaria repens is a zoonotic mosquito-borne filarioid that parasitizes in the subcutaneous tissues of carnivores, that has been incriminated in the great majority of human dirofilariasis cases reported throughout the Old World. From the Republic of Uzbekistan, recent data showed that this parasite is endemic in domestic and wild carnivores. In contrast, information regarding human infection is scarce and mostly outdated, with a single case report being published during the last decades. The present paper reports a case of recurrent autochthonous infection with D. repens in a patient living in the rural area of the Sirdaryo Region of Uzbekistan and having no international travel history. The first diagnosis was in 2019, when the patient presented with what was suspected to be a tumour of the left breast. Three years later, in 2022, she presented for a consultation after experiencing redness, occasional swelling and persistent itching in the umbilical region of the abdomen. The ultrasound indicated the presence of a living, motile nematode. Following anthelmintic therapy, the parasite was surgically removed and identified as a female D. repens. The present report highlights the possibility of human re-infection with D. repens and further underlines the necessity of raising public awareness and implementing of solid control strategies in carnivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Safarov
- State Committee of Veterinary and Livestock Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 21 A Kichik khalka youli Street, 100123 Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - A M Ionică
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases of Cluj-Napoca, 23 Iuliu Moldovan Street, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - F Akramova
- Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 232 Bogishamol Street, 100053 Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - U Shakarbaev
- Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 232 Bogishamol Street, 100053 Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - V T Briciu
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases of Cluj-Napoca, 23 Iuliu Moldovan Street, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- 'Iuliu Hațieganu' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Victor Babeș, 400347 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - A Ieremia
- Clinical Hospital of Infectious Diseases of Cluj-Napoca, 23 Iuliu Moldovan Street, 400348 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - A Berdibaev
- Nukus State Pedagogical Institute named after Ajiniyaz Republic of Karakalpakstan, P. Seytov Street, City of Nukus 230105, Uzbekistan
| | - D Azimov
- Institute of Zoology of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 232 Bogishamol Street, 100053 Tashkent, Uzbekistan
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Abstract
Human and murine neutrophils differ with respect to representation in blood, receptors, nuclear morphology, signaling pathways, granule proteins, NADPH oxidase regulation, magnitude of oxidant and hypochlorous acid production, and their repertoire of secreted molecules. These differences often matter and can undermine extrapolations from murine studies to clinical care, as illustrated by several failed therapeutic interventions based on mouse models. Likewise, coevolution of host and pathogen undercuts fidelity of murine models of neutrophil-predominant human infections. However, murine systems that accurately model the human condition can yield insights into human biology difficult to obtain otherwise. The challenge for investigators who employ murine systems is to distinguish models from pretenders and to know when the mouse provides biologically accurate insights. Testing with human neutrophils observations made in murine systems would provide a safeguard but is not always possible. At a minimum, studies that use exclusively murine neutrophils should have accurate titles supported by data and restrict conclusions to murine neutrophils and not encompass all neutrophils. For now, the integration of evidence from studies of neutrophil biology performed using valid murine models coupled with testing in vitro of human neutrophils combines the best of both approaches to elucidate the mysteries of human neutrophil biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M Nauseef
- Inflammation Program, Department of Internal Medicine, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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12
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Dimmock NJ, Easton AJ. Understanding the SARS-CoV-2 Virus Neutralizing Antibody Response: Lessons to Be Learned from HIV and Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Viruses 2023; 15. [PMID: 36851717 DOI: 10.3390/v15020504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic commenced in 2019 and is still ongoing. Neither infection nor vaccination give long-lasting immunity and, here, in an attempt to understand why this might be, we have compared the neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 with those specific for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Currently, most of the antibodies specific for the SARS-CoV-2 S protein map to three broad antigenic sites, all at the distal end of the S trimer (receptor-binding site (RBD), sub-RBD and N-terminal domain), whereas the structurally similar HIV-1 and the RSV F envelope proteins have six antigenic sites. Thus, there may be several antigenic sites on the S trimer that have not yet been identified. The epitope mapping, quantitation and longevity of the SARS-CoV-2 S-protein-specific antibodies produced in response to infection and those elicited by vaccination are now being reported for specific groups of individuals, but much remains to be determined about these aspects of the host-virus interaction. Finally, there is a concern that the SARS-CoV-2 field may be reprising the HIV-1 experience, which, for many years, used a virus for neutralization studies that did not reflect the neutralizability of wild-type HIV-1. For example, the widely used VSV-SARS-CoV-2-S protein pseudotype has 10-fold more S trimers per virion and a different configuration of the trimers compared with the SARS-CoV-2 wild-type virus. Clarity in these areas would help in advancing understanding and aid countermeasures of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
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Müller S, von Bonin S, Schneider R, Krüger M, Quick S, Schröttner P. Shewanella putrefaciens, a rare human pathogen: A review from a clinical perspective. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 12:1033639. [PMID: 36817694 PMCID: PMC9933709 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1033639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Shewanella putrefaciens is a gramnegative, facultatively anaerobic, rod shaped bacterium. It belongs to the class of the Gammaproteobacteria and was first described in 1931. S. putrefaciens is part of the marine microflora and especially present in moderate and warm climates. The bacterium is a rare oppurtonistic human pathogen associated mainly with intra-abdominal as well as skin and soft tissue infections. However, it has also been reported in association with more severe diseases such as pneumonia, intracerebral and ocular infections and endocarditis. In these cases the clinical courses are often associated with underlying, predisposing diseases and risk factors. For successful treatment of S. putrefaciens, a combination of appropriate local therapy, e.g. surgical treatment or drainage, and antibiotic therapy should be performed. Since multiple resistances to antibiotics are described, the results of the antimicrobial susceptibility testing must be considered for effective therapy as well. Furthermore, a main challenge in clinical practice is the accurate microbiological identification, and especially the correct differentiation between S. putrefaciens and S. algae. Under certain circumstances, Shewanella-infections can have severe, sometimes even fatal consequences. Therefore, we decided to present the current state of knowledge as well as further aspects with regard to future diagnostics, therapy and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Müller
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany,*Correspondence: Stephanie Müller,
| | - Simone von Bonin
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ralph Schneider
- Department of Medicine I, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Martin Krüger
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Susanne Quick
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Percy Schröttner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Virology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
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Chen Z, Li J, Zheng J, Jin Y, Zhang Y, Tang F, Li J, Cheng H, Jiang L, Wen H, Hong C, Zeng X, Huang S, Lu B, Li L, Wang Z. Emerging Omicron subvariants evade neutralizing immunity elicited by vaccine or BA.1/BA.2 infection. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28539. [PMID: 36719034 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The newly emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron BA.2.75 and BA.2.76 subvariants contained 35 and 29 additional mutations in its spike (S) protein compared with the reference SARS-CoV-2 genome, respectively. Here, we measured the evasion degree of the BA.1, BA.2, BA.4, BA.5, BA.2.75, and BA.2.76 subvariants from neutralizing immunity in people previously infected with the Omicron BA.1 and BA.2, determined the effect of vaccination on immune evasion, and compared the titers of neutralizing antibodies in serums between acute infection and convalescence. Results showed that the neutralization effect of serums from patients with different vaccination statuses and BA.1/BA.2 breakthrough infection decreased with the Omicron evolution from BA.1 to BA.2, BA.4, BA.5, BA.2.75, and BA.2.76. This study also indicated that the existing vaccines could no longer provide effective protection, especially for the emerging BA.2.75 and BA.2.76 subvariants. Therefore, vaccines against emerging epidemic strains should be designed specifically. In the future, we can not only focus on the current strains, but also predict and design new vaccines against potential mutant strains. At the same time, we can combine the virus strains' infection characteristics to develop protective measures for virus colonization areas, such as nasal protection spray. Besides, further studies on the Y248N mutation of BA.2.76 subvariant were also necessary to explore its contribution to the enhanced immune evasion ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Chen
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Yifei Jin
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Yidun Zhang
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Fei Tang
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | | | - Lina Jiang
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Huixin Wen
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Chao Hong
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Xiaohong Zeng
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Shijie Huang
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Bing Lu
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhongyi Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, Beijing, China
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15
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Jin Y, Cui H, Jiang L, Zhang C, Li J, Cheng H, Chen Z, Zheng J, Zhang Y, Fu Y, Li J, Li L, Guo Z, Lu B, Wang Z. Evidence for human infection with avian influenza A(H9N2) virus via environmental transmission inside live poultry market in Xiamen, China. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28242. [PMID: 36261874 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) has become prevalent in the live poultry market (LPM) worldwide, and environmental transmission mode is an important way for AIVs to infect human beings in the LPM. To find evidence of human infection with the influenza A(H9N2) virus via environmental contamination, we evaluated one human isolate and three environmental isolates inside LPMs in Xiamen, China. The phylogeny, transmissibility, and pathogenicity of the four isolates were sorted out systematically. As for the H9N2 virus, which evolved alongside the "Avian-Environment-Human" spreading chain in LPMs from the summer of 2019 to the summer of 2020, its overall efficiency of contact and aerosol transmissibility improved, which might contribute to the increasing probability of human infection. This study indicated that environmental exposure might act as an important source of human infection in LPMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Jin
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huan Cui
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Lina Jiang
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Jingjing Li
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongliang Cheng
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zehui Chen
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Yidun Zhang
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Yingying Fu
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaming Li
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li Li
- Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen, China
| | - Zhendong Guo
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Bing Lu
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhongyi Wang
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, China
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16
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Juhász H, Thury G, Szécsényi M, Tóth-Molnár E, Burián K, Deim Z, Terhes G. Human Thelaziosis Caused by Thelazia callipaeda Eyeworm, Hungary. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:2559-2561. [PMID: 36418009 PMCID: PMC9707569 DOI: 10.3201/eid2812.220757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular infections with Thelazia callipaeda eyeworms in Europe have become more common. We report a case in Hungary caused by T. callipaeda eyeworms in a 45-year-old woman who had no travel history abroad.
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Li J, Fang Y, Qiu X, Yu X, Cheng S, Li N, Sun Z, Ni Z, Wang H. Human infection with avian-origin H5N6 influenza a virus after exposure to slaughtered poultry. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:807-810. [PMID: 35234570 PMCID: PMC8920390 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2048971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to poultry in live poultry markets is strongly associated with human infection with avian influenza virus. To effectively prevent the transmission of viruses from live poultry to humans, people have been forced to change their living habits from purchasing live poultry for consumption to purchasing freshly slaughtered poultry after the permanent closure of live poultry markets in China. In this study, we reported a case of human infection by the H5N6 virus in Hangzhou after exposure to a freshly slaughtered chicken, defying the traditional hypothesis that human infection requires a history of exposure to live poultry and indicating a novel route of infection. Rapid genomic characterization of H5N6 influenza A variants from the patient and the associated environment suggested that these viral variants were of avian origin, belonged to clade 2.3.4.4b H5 and were adapting to the human host after infection. Comparative analysis of the local H5N6 genomes showed that viral contamination in the associated environment and the poultry market was complex. Considering this case of H5N6 infection, conducting surveillance for any possible new avian influenza virus reassortment spillover to humans or other animal species is critical, and awareness of the risk of exposure to possible viral variants from infected slaughtered poultry or the associated environment must be seriously improved. HighlightsWe reported the first case of human infection with avian-origin influenza A (H5N6) virus in Zhejiang Province, southeastern China. Rapid genomic characterization of H5N6 influenza A variants from a patient and the associated environment suggested that these viral variants were of avian origin and were adapting to the human host after infection. Comparative analysis of the H5N6 genomes showed that viral contamination in the associated environment and poultry market was complex. Considering this case of H5N6 infection, the risk of exposure to possible viral variants from infected slaughtered poultry or the associated environment must be seriously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yezhen Fang
- Shangcheng District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Qiu
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinfen Yu
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi Cheng
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- Shangcheng District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhou Sun
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimin Ni
- Shangcheng District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoqiu Wang
- Hangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
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18
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Furtado RR, Alves AC, Lima LVR, Vasconcelos Dos Santos T, Campos MB, Ramos PKS, Gomes CMC, Laurenti MD, da Matta VL, Corbett CE, Silveira FT. Visceral Leishmaniasis Urbanization in the Brazilian Amazon Is Supported by Significantly Higher Infection Transmission Rates Than in Rural Area. Microorganisms 2022; 10. [PMID: 36363780 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10112188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This was an open cohort prospective study (2016−2018) that analyzed the prevalence and incidence rates of human Leishmania (L.) infantum chagasi-infection and the evolution of their clinical-immunological profiles in distinct urban and rural scenarios of American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) in Pará State, in the Brazilian Amazon. These infection profiles were based on species-specific DTH/IFAT-IgG assays and clinical evaluation of infected individuals, comprising five profiles: three asymptomatic, Asymptomatic Infection [AI], Subclinical Resistant Infection [SRI], and Indeterminate Initial Infection [III]; and two symptomatic, Subclinical Oligosymptomatic Infection [SOI] and Symptomatic Infection [SI = AVL]. The two distinct scenarios (900 km away) were the urban area of Conceição do Araguaia municipality and the rural area of Bujaru municipality in the southeast and northeast of Pará State. Human populations were chosen based on a simple convenience sampling design (5−10% in each setting), with 1723 individuals (5.3%) of the population (32,464) in the urban area and 1568 individuals (8.9%) of the population (17,596) in the rural one. A serological survey (IFAT-IgG) of canine infection was also performed in both scenarios: 195 dogs in the urban area and 381 in the rural one. Prevalence and incidence rates of human infection were higher in the urban area (20.3% and 13.6/100 person-years [py]) than in the rural setting (14.1% and 6.8/100-py). The AI profile was the most prevalent and incident in both urban (13.4% and 8.1/100-py) and rural (8.3% and 4.2/100-py) scenarios, but with higher rates in the former. An III profile case evolved to SOI profile after four weeks of incubation and another to SI (=AVL) after six. The prevalence of canine infection in an urban setting (39.2%) was also higher (p < 0.05) than that (32%) in the rural zone. AVL urbanization in Pará State, in the Brazilian Amazon, has led to infection rates significantly higher than those in rural sites, requiring more intense control measures.
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19
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Zhu W, Li X, Dong J, Bo H, Liu J, Yang J, Zhang Y, Wei H, Huang W, Zhao X, Chen T, Yang J, Li Z, Zeng X, Li C, Tang J, Xin L, Gao R, Liu L, Tan M, Shu Y, Yang L, Wang D. Epidemiologic, Clinical, and Genetic Characteristics of Human Infections with Influenza A(H5N6) Viruses, China. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1332-1344. [PMID: 35476714 PMCID: PMC9239879 DOI: 10.3201/eid2807.212482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent rise in the frequency of influenza A(H5N6) infections in China has raised serious concerns about whether the risk for human infection has increased. We surveyed epidemiologic, clinical, and genetic data of human infections with A(H5N6) viruses. Severe disease occurred in 93.8% of cases, and the fatality rate was 55.4%. Median patient age was 51 years. Most H5N6 hemagglutinin (HA) genes in human isolates in 2021 originated from subclade 2.3.4.4b; we estimated the time to most recent common ancestor as June 16, 2020. A total of 13 genotypes with HA genes from multiple subclades in clade 2.3.4.4 were identified in human isolates. Of note, 4 new genotypes detected in 2021 were the major causes of increased H5N6 virus infections. Mammalian-adapted mutations were found in HA and internal genes. Although we found no evidence of human-to-human transmission, continuous evolution of H5N6 viruses may increase the risk for human infections.
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20
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Sengkeopraseuth B, Co KC, Leuangvilay P, Mott JA, Khomgsamphanh B, Somoulay V, Tsuyuoka R, Chiew M, Ketmayoon P, Jones J, Pusch E, Jang Y, Barnes J, Davis CT, Phommachanh P, Khamphaphongphane B, Olsen SJ, Xangsayyarath P. First human infection of avian influenza A(H5N6) virus reported in Lao People's Democratic Republic, February-March 2021. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2021; 16:181-185. [PMID: 34761535 PMCID: PMC8818831 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
In March 2021, Lao People's Democratic Republic (Laos) reported an avian influenza A(H5N6) virus infection in a 5‐year‐old child identified through sentinel surveillance. This was the first human A(H5N6) infection reported outside of China. A multidisciplinary investigation undertook contact tracing and enhanced human and animal surveillance in surrounding villages and live bird markets. Seven Muscovy ducks tested positive for highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N6) viruses. Sequenced viruses belonged to clade 2.3.4.4h and were closely related to viruses detected in poultry in Vietnam and to previous viruses detected in Laos. Surveillance and coordinated outbreak response remain essential to global health security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bounthanom Sengkeopraseuth
- National Center for Laboratory and Epidemiology, Department of Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | | | | | - Joshua A Mott
- U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Virasack Somoulay
- National Center for Laboratory and Epidemiology, Department of Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | | | - May Chiew
- World Health Organization, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | | | - Joyce Jones
- U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Elizabeth Pusch
- U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Yunho Jang
- U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - John Barnes
- U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | | | - Phouvong Phommachanh
- National Animal Health Laboratory, Department of Livestock and Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Bouaphanh Khamphaphongphane
- National Center for Laboratory and Epidemiology, Department of Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR
| | - Sonja J Olsen
- U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Phonepadith Xangsayyarath
- National Center for Laboratory and Epidemiology, Department of Communicable Disease Control, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao PDR
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Bi F, Jiang L, Huang L, Wei J, Pan X, Ju Y, Mo J, Chen M, Kang N, Tan Y, Li Y, Wang J. Genetic Characterization of Two Human Cases Infected with the Avian Influenza A (H5N6) Viruses - Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China, 2021. China CDC Wkly 2021; 3:923-928. [PMID: 34745693 PMCID: PMC8563334 DOI: 10.46234/ccdcw2021.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
What is known about this topic? H5N6 has replaced H5N1 as a dominant avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype in southern China. The increasing genetic diversity and geographical distribution of H5N6 pose a serious threat to the poultry industry and human health. What is added by this report? A total of 2 cases of H5N6 that occurred from February 2021 to July 2021 in Guangxi, China were reported in this study. Phylogenetic analysis of gene was constructed, and some mutations of HA gene, PB2 gene, PA gene, M1 gene, NS1 gene, the receptor-binding site were detected. The evolutionary origins of the internal genes were different. What are the implications for public health practice? As a multi-source reassortant virus, the H5N6 highly pathogenic AIV is continuously evolving. There is an urgent need to strengthen the surveillance of drug-resistant strains and novel variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyin Bi
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and Biosafety Emergency Response, Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Lili Jiang
- Guilin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Lihua Huang
- Hechi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hechi, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jingguang Wei
- Hechi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hechi, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Xiaowen Pan
- Guilin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guilin, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yu Ju
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and Biosafety Emergency Response, Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jianjun Mo
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and Biosafety Emergency Response, Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Minmei Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and Biosafety Emergency Response, Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ning Kang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and Biosafety Emergency Response, Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yi Tan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and Biosafety Emergency Response, Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yonghong Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and Biosafety Emergency Response, Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Major Infectious Disease Prevention and Control and Biosafety Emergency Response, Guangxi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China
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22
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Bibby HL, Brown KL. Identification of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius Isolates from Wound Cultures by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry Improves Accuracy of Susceptibility Reporting at an Increase in Cost. J Clin Microbiol 2021; 59:e0097321. [PMID: 34379529 PMCID: PMC8525577 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00973-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus pseudintermedius can easily be mistaken for Staphylococcus aureus using phenotypic and rapid biochemical methods. We began confirming the identification of all coagulase-positive staphylococci isolated from human wound cultures at our centralized laboratory, servicing both community and inpatients, with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry instead of using phenotypic and rapid biochemical tests, and determined the prevalence of S. pseudintermedius since the change in identification procedure and at what cost. A retrospective review was performed on all wound swab cultures from which coagulase-positive staphylococci were isolated 7 months before and after the change in identification procedure. A total of 49 S. intermedius/pseudintermedius (SIP) isolates were identified, including 7 isolates from 14,401 wound cultures in the before period and 42 isolates from 14,147 wound cultures in the after period. The number of SIP isolates as a proportion of isolated coagulase-positive staphylococci increased significantly from the before, 7/6,351 (0.1%), to the after, 42/5,435 (0.7%), period (difference, 0.6% [95% confidence interval, 0.037 to 0.83%, P < 0.0001]). Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed in 42 isolates; none had an oxacillin MIC of 1.0 to 2.0 μg/ml, the range in which, if the isolate was misidentified as S. aureus, a very major error in susceptibility interpretation would occur. The increase in cost of the change in identification procedure was Can$17,558 per year in our laboratory, performing microbiology testing for community and acute-care patients in a zone servicing nearly 1.7 million people. While we will only continue to learn more about this emerging pathogen if we make attempts to properly identify it in clinical cultures, the additional time and cost involved may be unacceptably high in some laboratories. .
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen L. Bibby
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kristen L. Brown
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Dawson P, Duwell MM, Elrod MG, Thompson RJ, Crum DA, Jacobs RM, Gee JE, Kolton CB, Liu L, Blaney DD, Thomas LG, Sockwell D, Weiner Z, Bower WA, Hoffmaster AR, Salzer JS. Human Melioidosis Caused by Novel Transmission of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Freshwater Home Aquarium, United States 1. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 27:3030-3035. [PMID: 34570693 PMCID: PMC8632198 DOI: 10.3201/eid2712.211756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly all cases of melioidosis in the continental United States are related to international travel to areas to which Burkholderia pseudomallei, the bacterium that causes melioidosis, is endemic. We report the diagnosis and clinical course of melioidosis in a patient from the United States who had no international travel history and the public health investigation to determine the source of exposure. We tested environmental samples collected from the patient’s home for B. pseudomallei by PCR and culture. Whole-genome sequencing was conducted on PCR-positive environmental samples, and results were compared with sequences from the patient’s clinical specimen. Three PCR-positive environmental samples, all collected from a freshwater home aquarium that had contained imported tropical fish, were a genetic match to the clinical isolate from the patient. This finding suggests a novel route of exposure and a potential for importation of B. pseudomallei, a select agent, into the United States from disease-endemic areas.
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Lagneaux AS, Hénard S, Diancourt L, Stein E, Perez P, Mathieu P, Alauzet C, Lozniewski A. Clostridium haemolyticum Infection: A Cause of Hemolytic Anemia in a Patient with Bone Marrow Necrosis. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081568. [PMID: 34442646 PMCID: PMC8399981 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium haemolyticum is a sporulating Gram-positive anaerobic rod that is considered to be one of the most fastidious and oxygen-sensitive anaerobes. It is a well-known animal pathogen and the cause of bacillary hemoglobinuria primarily in cattle. To date, human infections caused by C. haemolyticum have been reported in three patients with malignant underlying diseases. We present herein the case of a 30-year-old obese woman with no significant past medical history who developed bacteremia caused by C. haemolyticum with massive intravascular hemolysis associated with bone marrow necrosis and acute renal failure. Because of subculture failure, the diagnosis was made on the basis of 16S rDNA sequencing and next-generation sequencing. The patient, who had been afebrile for 20 days after a 17-day-course of antibiotics, experienced a second bacteremic episode caused by C. haemolyticum. After having been successfully treated for 42 days with clindamycin and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, the patient developed acute myeloid leukemia as a result of bone marrow regeneration. Although uncommon in humans, infections caused by C. haemolyticum are severe and should be considered in a febrile patient who has severe hemolytic anemia. This case also highlights the importance of using molecular techniques for the identification of this fastidious anaerobic organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sophie Lagneaux
- Service de Microbiologie, CHRU de Nancy, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (A.S.L.); (C.A.)
| | - Sandrine Hénard
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, CHRU de Nancy, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France;
| | - Laure Diancourt
- CNR Bactéries Anaérobies et Botulisme, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France;
| | - Emmanuelle Stein
- Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, CH de Verdun–Saint Mihiel, 55100 Verdun, France; (E.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Pierre Perez
- Service de Médecine Intensive et Réanimation, Hôpitaux de Brabois, CHRU de Nancy, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France;
| | - Pierre Mathieu
- Laboratoire de Biologie Médicale, CH de Verdun–Saint Mihiel, 55100 Verdun, France; (E.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Corentine Alauzet
- Service de Microbiologie, CHRU de Nancy, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (A.S.L.); (C.A.)
- Laboratoire SIMPA Stress Immunité Pathogènes UR 7300, Service de Microbiologie, Université de Lorraine, CHRU de Nancy, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Alain Lozniewski
- Service de Microbiologie, CHRU de Nancy, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France; (A.S.L.); (C.A.)
- Laboratoire SIMPA Stress Immunité Pathogènes UR 7300, Service de Microbiologie, Université de Lorraine, CHRU de Nancy, 54500 Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Correspondence:
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25
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Wang J, Yi X, Liang P, Tao Y, Wang Y, Jin D, Luo B, Yang J, Zheng H. Investigation of the Genomic and Pathogenic Features of the Potentially Zoonotic Streptococcus parasuis. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070834. [PMID: 34357984 PMCID: PMC8308872 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, Streptococcus suis reference strains of serotype 20, 22, and 26 were reclassified as Streptococcus parasuis. The public health significance of S. parasuis is underestimated due to the lack of clinical isolates. In the present study, we first reported two sporadic S. parasuis infections in humans, after using full-length 16S rRNA and housekeeping genes' phylogeny and ANI values of genome sequence comparisons to determine the species of their isolates BS26 and BS27. Compared to highly pathogenic S. suis strain P1/7, S. parasuis strains BS26 and BS27 possessed a delayed capacity to initiate lethal infection, which may attribute to the later production of higher level of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Differed to S. suis strain P1/7, S. parasuis strains did not induce significant inflammatory response in the brain of mice. Histopathological changes in liver and lungs were widely present in mice infected with S. parasuis strains. Our data indicated that the pathogenic mechanism of S. parasuis may be different from that of S. suis. Three lineages in the core-genome phylogenetic tree and ten types of cps gene cluster were found in 13 S. parasuis genomes, indicating high heterogeneity of this species. The similarity of CPS structure and antibiotic-resistant genes relative to S. suis indicated the evolutionary affinity between the two species. Our data suggested S. parasuis is a potential zoonotic pathogen and poses severe threat to health of susceptible people. Further study on the epidemiology and public health significance of S. parasuis is urgently necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (P.L.); (Y.T.); (Y.W.); (D.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Xueli Yi
- The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Clinical College of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Youjiang 533000, China; (X.Y.); (B.L.)
| | - Pujun Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (P.L.); (Y.T.); (Y.W.); (D.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yuanmeihui Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (P.L.); (Y.T.); (Y.W.); (D.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (P.L.); (Y.T.); (Y.W.); (D.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Dong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (P.L.); (Y.T.); (Y.W.); (D.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Bin Luo
- The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Clinical College of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Youjiang 533000, China; (X.Y.); (B.L.)
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (P.L.); (Y.T.); (Y.W.); (D.J.); (J.Y.)
| | - Han Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changping, Beijing 102206, China; (J.W.); (P.L.); (Y.T.); (Y.W.); (D.J.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence:
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26
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Li H, Li XM, Du J, Zhang XA, Cui N, Yang ZD, Xue XJ, Zhang PH, Cao WC, Liu W. Candidatus Rickettsia xinyangensis as Cause of Spotted Fever Group Rickettsiosis, Xinyang, China, 2015. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:985-988. [PMID: 32310072 PMCID: PMC7181907 DOI: 10.3201/eid2605.170294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In 2015, we evaluated 221 patients with undifferentiated fever and tick bite or animal exposure in Xinyang, China, for Rickettsia infection. Three with mild disease were infected with Candidatus R. xinyangensis, which clustered with R. fournieri and R. vini in phylogenetic analyses. Field investigations suggest Haemaphysalis longicornis ticks might be involved in transmission.
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27
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de la Torre EP, Rodríguez-Franco A, Rodríguez-Ortega MJ. Comparative Exoproteome Analysis of Streptococcus suis Human Isolates. Microorganisms 2021; 9:1287. [PMID: 34204746 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The swine pathogen Streptococcus suis is a Gram-positive bacterium which causes infections in pigs, with an impact in animal health and in the livestock industry, and it is also an important zoonotic agent. During the infection process, surface and secreted proteins are essential in the interaction between microorganisms and their hosts. Here, we report a comparative proteomic analysis of the proteins released to the extracellular milieu in six human clinical isolates belonging to the highly prevalent and virulent serotype 2. The total secreted content was precipitated and analyzed by GeLC-MS/MS. In the six strains, 144 proteins assigned to each of the categories of extracellular or surface proteins were identified, as well as 680 predicted cytoplasmic proteins, many of which are putative moonlighting proteins. Of the nine predicted signal peptide-I secreted proteins, seven had relevant antigenic potential when they were analyzed through bioinformatic analysis. This is the first work comparing the exoproteome fraction of several human isolates of this important pathogen.
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28
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Eloi da Silva T, Barbosa FS, Magalhães LMD, Gazzinelli-Guimarães PH, Dos Santos AC, Nogueira DS, Resende NM, Amorim CC, Gazzinelli-Guimarães AC, Viana AG, Geiger SM, Bartholomeu DC, Fujiwara RT, Bueno LL. Unraveling Ascaris suum experimental infection in humans. Microbes Infect 2021; 23:104836. [PMID: 34020024 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2021.104836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ascaris lumbricoides and A. suum are two closely related parasites that infect humans and pigs. The zoonotic potential of A. suum has been a matter of debate for decades. Here we sought to investigate the potential human infection by A. suum and its immunological alterations. We orally infected five healthy human subjects with eggs embraced by A. suum. The infection was monitored for symptoms and possible respiratory changes, by an interdisciplinary health team. Parasitological, hematological analyses, serum immunoglobulin, cytokine profiles, and gene expression were evaluated during the infection. Our results show that A. suum is able to infect and complete the cycle in humans causing A. lumbricoides similar symptoms, including, cough, headache, diarrhea, respiratory discomfort and chest x-ray alterations coinciding with larvae migration in the lungs. We also observed activation of the immune system with production of IgM and IgG and a Th2/Th17 response with downregulation of genes related to Th1 and apoptosis. PCA (Principal componts analysis) show that infection with A. suum leads to a change in the immune landscape of the human host. Our data reinforce the zoonotic capacity of A. suum and bring a new perspective on the understanding of the immune response against this parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Eloi da Silva
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Fernando S Barbosa
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luisa M D Magalhães
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Pedro H Gazzinelli-Guimarães
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil; National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Anderson C Dos Santos
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Denise S Nogueira
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Nathalia M Resende
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Chiara C Amorim
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana Clara Gazzinelli-Guimarães
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Agostinho G Viana
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Stefan M Geiger
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Daniella C Bartholomeu
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ricardo T Fujiwara
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lilian L Bueno
- Parasitology Department, Institute of Biological Science, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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29
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Hattori N, Kuroda M, Katano H, Takuma T, Ito T, Arai N, Yanai R, Sekizuka T, Ishii S, Miura Y, Tokunaga T, Watanabe H, Nomura N, Eguchi J, Hasegawa H, Nakamaki T, Wakita T, Niki Y. Candidatus Mycoplasma haemohominis in Human, Japan. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:11-19. [PMID: 31855136 PMCID: PMC6924906 DOI: 10.3201/eid2601.190983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemotropic mycoplasmas are common pathogens in animals, but it remains unclear what role these pathogens play in human infections. We report clinical and biologic characterization of Candidatus Mycoplasma haemohominis infection in a 42-year-old man in Japan. The patient had severe hemophagocytic syndrome 1 month after an accidental needlestick injury. Metagenomic deep sequencing identified Candidatus M. haemohominis and determined its draft genome for an isolate from serum of the patient. A high copy number of the Candidatus M. haemohominis genome was detected in serum and bone marrow samples. Electron microscopy examination showed morphologic characteristics of Candidatus M. haemohominis. Levofloxacin monotherapy induced resistance caused by a gyrase A gene mutation in the quinolone resistance–determining region, but a combination treatment with moxifloxacin and minocycline was effective. We identified Candidatus M. haemohominis in a patient who had life-threatening symptoms related to multiple organ infection. Human infection with this mycoplasma might occur more frequently than has been generally recognized.
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30
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Blondeau LD, Sanche S, Sauder DJ, Deneer H, Kanthan R, Rubin JE, Morrison BJ, Blondeau JM. Recovery of borderline oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus pseudintermedius (BORSP) from bone and soft tissue of a rheumatoid arthritis patient with severe osteoporosis: transmission from the family dog. J Chemother 2021; 33:348-353. [PMID: 33517870 DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2021.1879581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We report a case of borderline oxacillin-resistant S. pseudintermedius (BORSP) in a rheumatoid arthritis patient with severe osteoporosis. The organism is also resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin. We also present clear evidence on transmission from the family dog.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephen Sanche
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Royal University Hospital and Saskatchewan Health Authority, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - David J Sauder
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Department of Surgery, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Harry Deneer
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Rani Kanthan
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Joseph E Rubin
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Beverly J Morrison
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Joseph M Blondeau
- University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Division of Clinical Microbiology, Royal University Hospital and Saskatchewan Health Authority, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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31
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Lozano C, Fernández-Fernández R, Ruiz-Ripa L, Gómez P, Zarazaga M, Torres C. Human mecC-Carrying MRSA: Clinical Implications and Risk Factors. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1615. [PMID: 33092294 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A new methicillin resistance gene, named mecC, was first described in 2011 in both humans and animals. Since then, this gene has been detected in different production and free-living animals and as an agent causing infections in some humans. The possible impact that these isolates can have in clinical settings remains unknown. The current available information about mecC-carrying methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) isolates obtained from human samples was analyzed in order to establish its possible clinical implications as well as to determine the infection types associated with this resistance mechanism, the characteristics of these mecC-carrying isolates, their possible relation with animals and the presence of other risk factors. Until now, most human mecC-MRSA infections have been reported in Europe and mecC-MRSA isolates have been identified belonging to a small number of clonal complexes. Although the prevalence of mecC-MRSA human infections is very low and isolates usually contain few resistance (except for beta-lactams) and virulence genes, first isolates harboring important virulence genes or that are resistant to non-beta lactams have already been described. Moreover, severe and even fatal human infection cases have been detected. mecC-carrying MRSA should be taken into consideration in hospital, veterinary and food safety laboratories and in prevention strategies in order to avoid possible emerging health problems.
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32
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Pérez-Cantero A, Guarro J. Current knowledge on the etiology and epidemiology of Scopulariopsis infections. Med Mycol 2020; 58:145-155. [PMID: 31329937 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myz036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scopulariopsis is a common fungus in the environment, characterized by its intrinsic resistance to the available antifungal drugs. Around 70 cases of infection by this fungus have been described in the literature. Pulmonary and disseminated infections are the most common and their treatment is difficult; therefore, very diverse approaches have been taken, with varied results. A successful outcome has been reported in only a few cases, generally attributed to a multitreatment strategy combining medical and surgical procedures that ultimately led to the resection of the infected tissue if possible, identification of the mould, and an aggressive long-term antifungal therapy. Although most of the infections are caused by Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, a few other species have also been linked to these cases, although molecular evidence has not been proven for all of them. On this basis, more knowledge on the epidemiology, presentation, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of these unusual infections would improve their management. This review aims to compile the current data on Scopulariopsis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Josep Guarro
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Rovira i Virgili and Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili (IISPV). Reus, Tarragona, Spain
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33
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Chen LL, Huo X, Qi X, Liu C, Huang H, Yu H, Dong Z, Deng F, Peng J, Hang H, Wang S, Fan H, Pang Y, Bao C. A fatal paediatric case infected with reassortant avian influenza A(H5N6) virus in Eastern China. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:2118-2125. [PMID: 32248624 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza A(H5N6) keeps evolving, causing outbreaks in birds and sporadic infections in human. Here, we report a fatal paediatric infection caused by a novel reassortant H5N6 virus. The patient was an obese 9-year-old girl. She initiated with fever and cough, then developed pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and respiratory failure. Lower respiratory tract aspirates and anal swabs were serially taken till the patient's death. Viral isolation, genome sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were conducted. A novel reassortant H5N6 virus was isolated from the patient. Except the PA gene, all other 7 genes of the virus belonged to H5N6 genotype A (S4-like virus). The PA gene was probably obtained from Eurasian waterfowl influenza viruses. The H5N6 virus was consistently detected from the patient's respiratory samples till the 17th day after symptom onset, but not from anal swabs or urine sample by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Significantly elevated (32-fold) serum antibodies to H5N6 virus were observed during the patient's course of disease. Aside from the identified novel reassortant H5N6 viral strain, obesity, delayed confirmation of aetiology and specific antiviral treatment, and prolonged virus shedding could have contributed to the poor clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ling Chen
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases, Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiang Huo
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Acute Infectious Diseases, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Xian Qi
- Section of Virology, Department of Acute Infectious Diseases, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases, Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, China
| | - Haodi Huang
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Acute Infectious Diseases, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiyan Yu
- Section of Virology, Department of Acute Infectious Diseases, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Zefeng Dong
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases, Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, China
| | - Fei Deng
- Section of Virology, Department of Acute Infectious Diseases, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiefu Peng
- Section of Virology, Department of Acute Infectious Diseases, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Hang
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases, Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, China
| | - Shenjiao Wang
- Section of Virology, Department of Acute Infectious Diseases, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Huan Fan
- Section of Virology, Department of Acute Infectious Diseases, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanyuan Pang
- Department of Acute Infectious Diseases, Suzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou, China
| | - Changjun Bao
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Acute Infectious Diseases, Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing, China
- National Health Commission Key laboratory of Enteric Pathogenic Microbiology, Nanjing, China
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34
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Frick-Cheng AE, Sintsova A, Smith SN, Krauthammer M, Eaton KA, Mobley HLT. The Gene Expression Profile of Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in Women with Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infections Is Recapitulated in the Mouse Model. mBio 2020; 11:e01412-20. [PMID: 32788379 DOI: 10.1128/mBio.01412-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Different experimental models have been used to study UPEC pathogenesis, including in vitro cultures in different media, tissue culture, and mouse models of infection. The last is especially important since it allows evaluation of mechanisms of pathogenesis and potential therapeutic strategies against UPEC. Bacterial physiology is greatly shaped by environment, and it is therefore critical to understand how closely bacterial physiology in any experimental model relates to human infection. In this study, we found strong correlation in bacterial gene expression between the mouse model and human UTI using identical strains, suggesting that the mouse model accurately mimics human infection, definitively supporting its continued use in UTI research. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the primary causative agent of uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs). UPEC fitness and virulence determinants have been evaluated in a variety of laboratory settings, including a well-established mouse model of UTI. However, the extent to which bacterial physiologies differ between experimental models and human infections remains largely understudied. To address this important issue, we compared the transcriptomes of three different UPEC isolates in human infection and under a variety of laboratory conditions, including LB culture, filter-sterilized urine culture, and the UTI mouse model. We observed high correlation in gene expression between the mouse model and human infection in all three strains examined (Pearson correlation coefficients of 0.86 to 0.87). Only 175 of 3,266 (5.4%) genes shared by all three strains had significantly different expression levels, with the majority of them (145 genes) downregulated in patients. Importantly, gene expression levels of both canonical virulence factors and metabolic machinery were highly similar between the mouse model and human infection, while the in vitro conditions displayed more substantial differences. Interestingly, comparison of gene expression between the mouse model and human infection hinted at differences in bladder oxygenation as well as nutrient composition. In summary, our work strongly validates the continued use of this mouse model for the study of the pathogenesis of human UTI.
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Pacenti M, Sinigaglia A, Martello T, De Rui ME, Franchin E, Pagni S, Peta E, Riccetti S, Milani A, Montarsi F, Capelli G, Doroldi CG, Bigolin F, Santelli L, Nardetto L, Zoccarato M, Barzon L. Clinical and virological findings in patients with Usutu virus infection, northern Italy, 2018. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 31771697 PMCID: PMC6885746 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.47.1900180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundUsutu virus (USUV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus, which shares its transmission cycle with the phylogenetically related West Nile virus (WNV). USUV circulates in several European countries and its activity has increased over the last 5 years.AimTo describe human cases of USUV infection identified by surveillance for WNV and USUV infection in the Veneto Region of northern Italy in 2018.MethodsFrom 1 June to 30 November 2018, all cases of suspected autochthonous arbovirus infection and blood donors who had a reactive WNV nucleic acid test were investigated for both WNV and USUV infection by in-house molecular methods. Anti-WNV and anti-USUV IgM and IgG antibodies were detected by ELISA and in-house immunofluorescence assay, respectively; positive serum samples were further tested by WNV and USUV neutralisation assays run in parallel.ResultsEight cases of USUV infection (one with neuroinvasive disease, six with fever and one viraemic blood donor who developed arthralgia and myalgia) and 427 cases of WNV infection were identified. A remarkable finding of this study was the persistence of USUV RNA in the blood and urine of three patients during follow-up. USUV genome sequences from two patients shared over 99% nt identity with USUV sequences detected in mosquito pools from the same area and clustered within lineage Europe 2.ConclusionsClinical presentation and laboratory findings in patients with USUV infection were similar to those found in patients with WNV infection. Cross-reactivity of serology and molecular tests challenged the differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monia Pacenti
- These authors contributed equally as first authors.,Microbiology and Virology Unit, Padua University Hospital, Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Sinigaglia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,These authors contributed equally as first authors
| | | | | | - Elisa Franchin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,These authors contributed equally as first authors
| | - Silvana Pagni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,These authors contributed equally as first authors
| | - Elektra Peta
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Silvia Riccetti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Adelaide Milani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Montarsi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Gioia Capelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro PD, Italy
| | | | - Francesco Bigolin
- Medicine Unit, Camposampiero Hospital, Azienda ULSS 6 Euganea, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Santelli
- Neurology Department, Ospedale S. Antonio, Azienda ULSS 6 Euganea, Padova, Italy
| | - Lucia Nardetto
- Neurology Department, Ospedale S. Antonio, Azienda ULSS 6 Euganea, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Zoccarato
- Neurology Department, Ospedale S. Antonio, Azienda ULSS 6 Euganea, Padova, Italy
| | - Luisa Barzon
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,These authors contributed equally as first authors
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Nagy A, Mezei E, Nagy O, Bakonyi T, Csonka N, Kaposi M, Koroknai A, Szomor K, Rigó Z, Molnár Z, Dánielisz Á, Takács M. Extraordinary increase in West Nile virus cases and first confirmed human Usutu virus infection in Hungary, 2018. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 24. [PMID: 31311619 PMCID: PMC6636212 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2019.24.28.1900038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundDuring the 2018 WNV transmission season, similarly to other endemic areas in Europe, a large number of human West Nile virus (WNV) infections were reported in Hungary.AimsWe summarise the epidemiological and laboratory findings of the 2018 transmission season and expand experiences in flavivirus differential diagnostics.MethodsEvery patient with clinical suspicion of acute WNV infection was in parallel tested for WNV, tick-borne encephalitis virus and Usutu virus (USUV) by serological methods. Sera, whole blood and urine samples were also tested for the presence of viral nucleic acid.ResultsUntil the end of December 2018, 215 locally acquired and 10 imported human WNV infections were notified in Hungary. All reported cases were symptomatic; most of them exhibited neurological symptoms. In a large proportion of tested individuals, whole blood was the most appropriate sample type for viral nucleic acid detection, but because whole blood samples were not always available, testing of urine samples also extended diagnostic possibilities. In addition, the first human USUV infection was confirmed in 2018 in a patient with aseptic meningitis. Serological cross-reactions with WNV in different serological assays were experienced, but subsequent molecular biological testing and sequence analysis identified Europe lineage 2 USUV infection.ConclusionCareful interpretation and simultaneous application of different laboratory methods are necessary to avoid misdiagnosis of human USUV cases. Expansion of the laboratory-confirmed case definition criteria for detection of viral RNA in any clinical specimens to include urine samples could increase diagnostic sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nagy
- These authors contributed equally to this work.,National Reference Laboratory for Viral Zoonoses; National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Mezei
- Department of Communicable Diseases Epidemiology and Infection Control; National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Orsolya Nagy
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,National Reference Laboratory for Viral Zoonoses; National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Bakonyi
- Viral Zoonoses, Emerging and Vector-borne Infections Group, Institute of Virology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Csonka
- National Reference Laboratory for Viral Zoonoses; National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Magdolna Kaposi
- National Reference Laboratory for Viral Zoonoses; National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anita Koroknai
- National Reference Laboratory for Viral Zoonoses; National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Szomor
- National Reference Laboratory for Viral Exanthematous Diseases; National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zita Rigó
- National Reference Laboratory for Viral Exanthematous Diseases; National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Molnár
- Department of Communicable Diseases Epidemiology and Infection Control; National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ágnes Dánielisz
- Department of Communicable Diseases Epidemiology and Infection Control; National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mária Takács
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.,National Reference Laboratory for Viral Zoonoses; National Public Health Center, Budapest, Hungary
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Hartmeyer GN, Stensvold CR, Fabricius T, Marmolin ES, Hoegh SV, Nielsen HV, Kemp M, Vestergaard LS. Plasmodium cynomolgi as Cause of Malaria in Tourist to Southeast Asia, 2018. Emerg Infect Dis 2020; 25:1936-1939. [PMID: 31538931 PMCID: PMC6759256 DOI: 10.3201/eid2510.190448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We report human infection with simian Plasmodium cynomolgi in a tourist from Denmark who had visited forested areas in peninsular Malaysia and Thailand in August and September 2018. Because P. cynomolgi may go unnoticed by standard malaria diagnostics, this malaria species may be more common in humans than was previously thought.
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Šoba B, Gašperšič Š, Keše D, Kotar T. Molecular Characterization of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato from Humans in Slovenia. Pathogens 2020; 9:E562. [PMID: 32664693 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The larval form of tapeworms of the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato species cluster cause an important zoonotic infection, cystic echinococcosis (CE). Molecular characterization of the cluster’s isolates from different hosts greatly contributes to a better understanding of its transmission dynamics. To date, no genetic information is available on CE in Slovenia. In this work, we characterized isolates from human CE cases. Parasite samples from 18 patients were collected, together with the patients’ demographic and clinical data. Genomic DNA was analyzed by conventional PCR and sequencing at four mitochondrial loci (cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1, cox1; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1, nad1; NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5, nad5; and small ribosomal RNA, rrnS). Thirteen isolates were successfully amplified and sequenced. Seven (58.8%) patients were infected with E. granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.) G1, five (38.5%) with E. canadensis G7 and one (7.7%) with E. granulosus s.s. G3. Echinococcus canadensis G7, the pig genotype, was identified exclusively in autochthonous Slovenes, while the patients originating from the Western Balkans were all infected with E. granulosus s.s. Our findings suggest that pigs are important intermediate hosts for human CE in Slovenia.
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Sosa-Ochoa W, Zúniga C, Chaves LF, Araujo Flores GV, Sandoval Pacheco CM, Ribeiro da Matta VL, Pereira Corbett CE, Tobias Silveira F, Dalastra Laurenti M. Clinical and Immunological Features of Human Leishmania (L.) infantum-Infection, Novel Insights Honduras, Central America. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9070554. [PMID: 32664223 PMCID: PMC7399949 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9070554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum is the etiological agent of both American visceral leishmaniasis (AVL) and non-ulcerated cutaneous leishmaniasis (NUCL) in Honduras. Although AVL is the most severe clinical form of infection, recent studies have shown that human immune response to parasite infection can result in a clinical-immunological spectrum. The overall prevalence rate of infection and clinical-immunological profiles of the L. (L.) infantum infection in Amapala municipality, South Honduras was determined. We examined 576 individuals with diagnosis based on combined ELISA (IgG/IgM) and DTH assays. We also used genus-specific kDNA PCR and Hsp70 PCR-RFLP for NUCL cases. Clinical evaluation found 82% asymptomatic and 18% symptomatic individuals. All symptomatic cases (n = 104) showing NUCL were positive for parasites. We identified L. (L.) infantum species in 100% of the skin lesion scrapings and in 90% of the blood samples from NUCL cases studied. A total of 320 asymptomatic individuals were exposed (ELISA+ and/or DTH+), providing an overall L. (L.) infantum prevalence of 73.6%. Clinical, parasitological, and immunological evaluations suggest seven infection profiles, three asymptomatic and four symptomatic. This represents the first report on clinical and immunological features of human L. (L.) infantum-infection in Amapala municipality, Honduras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfredo Sosa-Ochoa
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, São Paulo University, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (W.S.-O.); (G.V.A.F.); (C.M.S.P.); (V.L.R.d.M.); (C.E.P.C.)
- Microbiology Research Institute, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras
| | - Concepción Zúniga
- Department of Health Surveillance, University School Hospital, Tegucigalpa 11101, Honduras;
| | - Luis Fernando Chaves
- Instituto Costarricense de Investigación y Enseñanza en Nutrición y Salud (INCIENSA), Tres Ríos 4-2250, Cartago, Costa Rica;
| | - Gabriela Venicia Araujo Flores
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, São Paulo University, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (W.S.-O.); (G.V.A.F.); (C.M.S.P.); (V.L.R.d.M.); (C.E.P.C.)
| | - Carmen Maria Sandoval Pacheco
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, São Paulo University, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (W.S.-O.); (G.V.A.F.); (C.M.S.P.); (V.L.R.d.M.); (C.E.P.C.)
| | - Vania Lúcia Ribeiro da Matta
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, São Paulo University, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (W.S.-O.); (G.V.A.F.); (C.M.S.P.); (V.L.R.d.M.); (C.E.P.C.)
| | - Carlos Eduardo Pereira Corbett
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, São Paulo University, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (W.S.-O.); (G.V.A.F.); (C.M.S.P.); (V.L.R.d.M.); (C.E.P.C.)
| | - Fernando Tobias Silveira
- Parasitology Department, Evandro Chagas Institute (Surveillance Secretary of Health, Ministry of Health), Belém 66090-000, PA, Brazil;
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Pará Federal University, Belém 66075-110, PA, Brazil
| | - Marcia Dalastra Laurenti
- Laboratory of Pathology of Infectious Diseases, Medical School, São Paulo University, São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil; (W.S.-O.); (G.V.A.F.); (C.M.S.P.); (V.L.R.d.M.); (C.E.P.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Julia da Silva Pessoa Vieira C, José Ferreira da Silva D, Rigotti Kubiszeski J, Ceschini Machado L, Pena LJ, Vieira de Morais Bronzoni R, da Luz Wallau G. The Emergence of Chikungunya ECSA Lineage in a Mayaro Endemic Region on the Southern Border of the Amazon Forest. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:E105. [PMID: 32604785 PMCID: PMC7345197 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5020105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropic changes on the edges of the tropical forests may facilitate the emergence of new viruses from the sylvatic environment and the simultaneous circulation of sylvatic and urban viruses in the human population. In this study, we investigated the presence of arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) in the sera of 354 patients, sampled from February 2014 to October 2018 in Sinop city. We sequenced the complete genomes of one chikungunya virus (CHIKV)-positive and one out of the 33 Mayaro virus (MAYV)-positive samples. The CHIKV genome obtained here belongs to the East/Central/South African (ECSA) genotype and the MAYV genome belongs to the L genotype. These genomes clustered with other viral strains from different Brazilian states, but the CHIKV strain circulating in Sinop did not cluster with other genomes from the Mato Grosso state, suggesting that at least two independent introductions of this virus occurred in Mato Grosso. Interestingly, the arrival of CHIKV in Sinop seems to not have caused a surge in human cases in the following years, as observed in the rest of the state, suggesting that cross immunity from MAYV infection might be protecting the population from CHIKV infection. These findings reinforce the need for continued genomic surveillance in order to evaluate how simultaneously circulating alphaviruses infecting the human population will unfold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Julia da Silva Pessoa Vieira
- Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78550-728, MT, Brazil; (C.J.d.S.P.V.); (D.J.F.d.S.); (J.R.K.); (R.V.d.M.B.)
| | - David José Ferreira da Silva
- Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78550-728, MT, Brazil; (C.J.d.S.P.V.); (D.J.F.d.S.); (J.R.K.); (R.V.d.M.B.)
| | - Janaína Rigotti Kubiszeski
- Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78550-728, MT, Brazil; (C.J.d.S.P.V.); (D.J.F.d.S.); (J.R.K.); (R.V.d.M.B.)
| | - Laís Ceschini Machado
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife 50670-420, PE, Brazil; (L.C.M.); (L.J.P.)
| | - Lindomar José Pena
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife 50670-420, PE, Brazil; (L.C.M.); (L.J.P.)
| | - Roberta Vieira de Morais Bronzoni
- Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Sinop 78550-728, MT, Brazil; (C.J.d.S.P.V.); (D.J.F.d.S.); (J.R.K.); (R.V.d.M.B.)
| | - Gabriel da Luz Wallau
- Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Recife 50670-420, PE, Brazil; (L.C.M.); (L.J.P.)
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Sévellec Y, Granier SA, Le Hello S, Weill FX, Guillier L, Mistou MY, Cadel-Six S. Source Attribution Study of Sporadic Salmonella Derby Cases in France. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:889. [PMID: 32477304 PMCID: PMC7240076 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Derby is one of the most frequent causes of gastroenteritis in humans. In Europe, this pathogen is one of the top five most commonly reported serovars in human cases. In France, S. Derby has been among the ten most frequently isolated serovars in humans since the year 2000. The main animal hosts of this serovar are pigs and poultry, and white meat is the main source of human contamination. We have previously shown that this serovar is polyphyletic and that three distinct genetic lineages of S. Derby cohabit in France. Two of them are associated with pork and one with poultry. In this study, we conducted a source attribution study based on single nucleotide polymorphism analysis of a large collection of 440 S. Derby human and non-human isolates collected in 2014-2015, to determine the contribution of each lineage to human contamination. In France, the two lineages associated with pork strains, and corresponding to the multilocus sequence typing (MLST) profiles ST39-ST40 and ST682 were responsible for 94% of human contaminations. Interestingly, the ST40 profile is responsible for the majority of human cases (71%). An analysis of epidemiologic data and the structure of the pork sector in France allowed us to explain the spread and the sporadic pattern of human cases that occurred in the studied period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Sévellec
- Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Université PARIS-EST, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sophie A. Granier
- Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Université PARIS-EST, Maisons-Alfort, France
- Laboratoire de Fougères, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Fougères, France
| | - Simon Le Hello
- Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - François-Xavier Weill
- Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Guillier
- Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Université PARIS-EST, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Michel-Yves Mistou
- Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Université PARIS-EST, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Sabrina Cadel-Six
- Laboratoire de Sécurité des Aliments, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’Alimentation, de l’Environnement et du Travail, Université PARIS-EST, Maisons-Alfort, France
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Tran TLQ, Anani H, Trinh HT, Pham TPT, Dang VK, Ho VM, Bui NHL, Nguyen NH, Raoult D, Trinh TT, Fournier PE. Chitinophaga vietnamensis sp. nov. , a multi-drug resistant bacterium infecting humans. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2020; 70:1758-1768. [PMID: 32228771 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.003968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We describe a new multidrug resistant Chitinophaga species that was isolated from patients with type 2 diabetes in Vietnam. Strain BD 01T was cultivated in 2017 from a blood sample of a patient suffering from bacteremia. Strain VP 7442 was isolated in 2018 from a pleural fluid sample of a patient who had presented with lung abscess and pleural effusion. Both strains are aerobic, Gram-negative, non-motile and non-spore-forming. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of both strains are 100 % similar and share a highest 16S sequence identity with Chitinophaga polysaccharea MRP-15T of 97.42 %. Their predominant fatty acid is iso-C15 : 0 (73.8 % for strain BD 01T and 79.8 % for strain VP 7442). The draft genome sizes of strains BD 01T and VP 7442 are 6 308 408 and 6 308 579 bp, respectively. They are resistant to beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, metronidazole, fosfomycin, vancomycin and macrolides, and exhibit 20 and 18 antimicrobial resistance-related genes, respectively. Using the multiphasic taxonogenomic approach, we propose that strains BD 01T (=CSUR P9622=VTCC 70981) and VP 7442 (=CSUR P9623=VTCC 70982) represent a new species, for which we propose the name Chitinophaga vietnamensis sp. nov. Strain BD 01T was chosen as type strain of C. vietnamensis sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Le Quyen Tran
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology (IMBT), Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hussein Anani
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Ho Tinh Trinh
- Binh Dinh General Hospital, Binh Dinh Province, Vietnam
| | - Thi Phuong Thao Pham
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology (IMBT), Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Viet My Ho
- Binh Dinh General Hospital, Binh Dinh Province, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hai Linh Bui
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology (IMBT), Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Thanh Trung Trinh
- Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology (IMBT), Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Pierre Edouard Fournier
- Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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Guo L, Li N, Li W, Zhou J, Ning R, Hou M, Liu L. New hemagglutinin dual-receptor-binding pattern of a human-infecting influenza A (H7N9) virus isolated after fifth epidemic wave. Virus Evol 2020; 6:veaa021. [PMID: 32337071 PMCID: PMC7169767 DOI: 10.1093/ve/veaa021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Since 2013, influenza H7N9 virus has caused five epidemic waves of human infection. The virus evolved from low pathogenic to highly pathogenic in wave 5, 2017, while the prevalence of host receptor-binding tropism in human-infecting viruses maintained dual-receptor-binding property with preference for avian receptor. A human-infecting H7N9 virus was isolated after the fifth epidemic wave and possessed an avian and human dual-receptor specificity, with a moderately higher affinity for human receptor binding. A V186I (H3 numbering) substitution in the receptor-binding site of the hemagglutinin (HA) molecule is responsible for the alteration of the dual-receptor-binding tropism. Viral strains which contain I186 amino acid of avian- and human-infecting H7N9 viruses were all isolated during or after wave 5, and their HA genes clustered in a same phylogenetic clade together with 2018–9 H7N9 isolates, highlights a new evolutionary path for human adaption of natural H7N9 viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Guo
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 935# Jiaoling Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Nan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 935# Jiaoling Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Wenlong Li
- Kunming City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 4# Ziyun Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650228, China
| | - Jienan Zhou
- Yunan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 158# Dongsi Street, Kunming, Yunnan 650022, China
| | - Ruotong Ning
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 935# Jiaoling Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
| | - Min Hou
- Kunming City Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 4# Ziyun Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650228, China
| | - Longding Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, 935# Jiaoling Road, Kunming, Yunnan 650118, China
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Prados de la Torre E, Rodríguez-Franco A, Rodríguez-Ortega MJ. Proteomic and Bioinformatic Analysis of Streptococcus suis Human Isolates: Combined Prediction of Potential Vaccine Candidates. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E188. [PMID: 32325736 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus suis is a Gram-positive bacterium responsible for major infections in pigs and economic losses in the livestock industry, but also an emerging zoonotic pathogen causing serious diseases in humans. No vaccine is available so far against this microorganism. Conserved surface proteins are among the most promising candidates for new and effective vaccines. Until now, research on this pathogen has focused on swine isolates, but there is a lack of studies to identify and characterize surface proteins from human clinical isolates. In this work, we performed a comparative proteomic analysis of six clinical isolates from human patients, all belonging to the major serotype 2, by “shaving” the live bacterial cells with trypsin, followed by LC-MS/MS analysis. We identified 131 predicted surface proteins and carried out a label-free semi-quantitative analysis of protein abundances within the six strains. Then, we combined our proteomics results with bioinformatic tools to help improving the selection of novel antigens that can enter the pipeline of vaccine candidate testing. Our work is then a complement to the reverse vaccinology concept.
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Andreani J, Barrassi L, Davoust B, La Scola B. Evidence of an environmental reservoir for emergent Mycobacterium colombiense. New Microbes New Infect 2020; 35:100666. [PMID: 32280480 PMCID: PMC7139152 DOI: 10.1016/j.nmni.2020.100666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium colombiense, which belongs to the M. avium complex, is reported to have been isolated from cases of disseminated infection in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent patients. During the isolation of protists from water samples in French Guyana, we co-isolated a flagellated green alga (Polytoma sp.) and a mycobacterium identified as M. colombiense.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andreani
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - L Barrassi
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - B Davoust
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - B La Scola
- Aix-Marseille Université, IRD, APHM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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He J, Tao H, Yan Y, Huang SY, Xiao Y. Molecular Mechanism of Evolution and Human Infection with SARS-CoV-2. Viruses 2020; 12:v12040428. [PMID: 32290077 PMCID: PMC7232534 DOI: 10.3390/v12040428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreak of a novel coronavirus, which was later formally named the severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a worldwide public health crisis. Previous studies showed that SARS-CoV-2 is highly homologous to SARS-CoV and infects humans through the binding of the spike protein to ACE2. Here, we have systematically studied the molecular mechanisms of human infection with SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV by protein-protein docking and MD simulations. It was found that SARS-CoV-2 binds ACE2 with a higher affinity than SARS-CoV, which may partly explain that SARS-CoV-2 is much more infectious than SARS-CoV. In addition, the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 has a significantly lower free energy than that of SARS-CoV, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 is more stable and may survive a higher temperature than SARS-CoV. This provides insights into the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 because SARS-like coronaviruses have originated in bats. Our computation also suggested that the RBD-ACE2 binding for SARS-CoV-2 is much more temperature-sensitive than that for SARS-CoV. Thus, it is expected that SARS-CoV-2 would decrease its infection ability much faster than SARS-CoV when the temperature rises. These findings would be beneficial for the disease prevention and drug/vaccine development of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yi Xiao
- Correspondence: (S.-Y.H.); (Y.X.)
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Affiliation(s)
- Siraj A Khan
- Medical Entomology, Arbovirology and Rickettsial Disease Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region Assam, India
| | - Trishna Bora
- Medical Entomology, Arbovirology and Rickettsial Disease Division, ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Northeast Region Assam, India
| | - Allen L Richards
- Rickettsial Disease Research Unit, Naval Medical Research Center, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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48
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Hong G, Yong HJ, Lee D, Kim DH, Kim YS, Park JS, Jee YK. Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of patients with pneumonia caused by Raoultella planticola. J Thorac Dis 2020; 12:1305-1311. [PMID: 32395267 PMCID: PMC7212158 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2020.02.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Background Raoultella planticola, considered to be an environmental organism, is a rare cause of human infections. Although in recent years the frequency of R. planticola infections reported in the literature has increased, few cases of pneumonia caused by R. planticola have been described. Here, we investigate the clinical characteristics, management, and clinical outcomes of pneumonia caused by R. planticola. Methods Consecutive patients with pneumonia caused by R. planticola were included. The medical records of patients with R. planticola pneumonia treated at Dankook University Hospital from January 2011 to December 2017 were collected. Results A total of 11 adult patients with R. planticola pneumonia were diagnosed and treated [10 males and 1 female; median age, 70 years (range: 51-79 years)]; 5 patients had underlying malignant conditions (45.5%). Antibacterial susceptibility testing showed that all isolates of R. planticola were susceptible to cephalosporins, carbapenems, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, and beta-lactams/beta-lactamase inhibitors. Chest imaging revealed consolidation (8/11, 72.7%), ground-glass opacity (5/11, 45.5%), pleural effusion (5/11, 45.5%), and micronodules (3/11, 27.3%). Four patients (36.4%) required mechanical ventilation; three survived but one died of multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (principally pneumonia and septic shock). Conclusions R. planticola pneumonia occurred mainly in patients with underlying risk factors such as malignant disease, cerebral infarction or hemorrhage, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The organism was sensitive to most antibiotics, and the clinical outcomes were favorable after empirical antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goohyeon Hong
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University Hospital, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Ho Jin Yong
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University Hospital, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Dabee Lee
- Department of Chest Radiology, Dankook University Hospital, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Doh Hyung Kim
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University Hospital, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Youn Seup Kim
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University Hospital, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Jae-Suk Park
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University Hospital, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Young Koo Jee
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Dankook University Hospital, Dankook University College of Medicine, Cheonan, South Korea
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49
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Kim YS, Kim J, Choi YJ, Park HJ, Jang WJ. Molecular genetic analysis and clinical characterization of Rickettsia species isolated from the Republic of Korea in 2017. Transbound Emerg Dis 2020; 67:1447-1452. [PMID: 32090496 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Rickettsia sp. CNH17-7 was isolated from patients' blood and identified by gene analysis as a species distinct from Rickettsia japonica. In addition, similar rickettsial infection was confirmed in two species (Haemaphysalis longicornis and Ixodes nipponensis) of ticks and rodents in northeastern and southwestern provinces, Republic of Korea. Subsequently, the analysis of 16S rRNA, ompA, ompB and sca4 genes of isolate CNH17-7 revealed 100%, 99.68%, 99.57% and 99.44% sequence similarity with Rickettsia sp. HlR/D91 and Candidatus R. longicornii ROK-HL727. In this study, we report the isolation of a new Rickettsia sp. CNH17-7 and infection of different types of ticks with the same rickettsial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon-Sook Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jeoungyeon Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon-Joo Choi
- Department of Microbiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye-Jin Park
- Department of Microbiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Jong Jang
- Department of Microbiology, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Research Institute of Medical Science, Konkuk University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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50
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McClure R, Sunkavalli A, Balzano PM, Massari P, Cho C, Nauseef WM, Apicella MA, Genco CA. Global Network Analysis of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Identifies Coordination between Pathways, Processes, and Regulators Expressed during Human Infection. mSystems 2020; 5:e00729-19. [PMID: 32019834 PMCID: PMC7002116 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00729-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a Gram-negative diplococcus that is responsible for the sexually transmitted infection gonorrhea, a high-morbidity disease in the United States and worldwide. Over the past several years, N. gonorrhoeae strains resistant to antibiotics used to treat this infection have begun to emerge across the globe. Thus, new treatment strategies are needed to combat this organism. Here, we utilized N. gonorrhoeae transcriptomic data sets, including those obtained from natural infection of the human genital tract, to infer the first global gene coexpression network of this pathogen. Interrogation of this network revealed genes central to the network that are likely critical for gonococcal growth, metabolism, and virulence, including genes encoding hypothetical proteins expressed during mucosal infection. In addition, network analysis revealed overlap in the response of N. gonorrhoeae to incubation with neutrophils and exposure to hydrogen peroxide stress in vitro Network analysis also identified new targets of the gonococcal global regulatory protein Fur, while examination of the network neighborhood of genes allowed us to assign additional putative categories to several proteins. Collectively, the characterization of the first gene coexpression network for N. gonorrhoeae described here has revealed new regulatory pathways and new categories for proteins and has shown how processes important to gonococcal infection in both men and women are linked. This information fills a critical gap in our understanding of virulence strategies of this obligate human pathogen and will aid in the development of new treatment strategies for gonorrhea.IMPORTANCE Neisseria gonorrhoeae is the causative agent of the sexually transmitted infection (STI) gonorrhea, a disease with high morbidity worldwide with an estimated 87 million cases annually. Current therapeutic and pharmacologic approaches to treat gonorrhea have been compromised by increased antibiotic resistance worldwide, including to the most recent FDA-approved antibiotic. New treatment strategies are urgently needed to combat this organism. In this study, we used network analysis to interrogate and define the coordination of pathways and processes in N. gonorrhoeae An analysis of the gonococcal network was also used to assign categories to genes and to expand our understanding of regulatory strategies. Network analysis provides important insights into pathogenic mechanisms of this organism that will guide the design of new strategies for disease treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan McClure
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, USA
| | - Ashwini Sunkavalli
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Phillip M Balzano
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Paola Massari
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christine Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - William M Nauseef
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Michael A Apicella
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Caroline A Genco
- Department of Immunology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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