1
|
Abolnik C. Spillover of an endemic avian Influenza H6N2 chicken lineage to ostriches and reassortment with clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 high pathogenicity viruses in chickens. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:1233-1237. [PMID: 37966679 PMCID: PMC10998810 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-023-10258-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Prior to 2017, chicken production in South Africa had only ever been affected by an endemic strain of H6N2 low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI), but since 2017, an outbreak of Goose/Guangdong clade 2.3.4.4b H5N8 high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) introduced by wild birds, followed by clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAI (2021-present), affected the country. In the present study, the viruses from seven cases of H6N2 LPAI from commercial poultry between October 2019 and August 2020 were genome-sequenced along with an H5N2 HPAI virus, and phylogenetic analysis was performed. The H5N2 HPAI virus caused localized outbreaks in a small-scale chicken farm and a large commercial layer farm in the KwaZulu-Natal province between late October and early December 2022. The phylogenetic results confirmed the first incidence of the chicken-adapted H6N2 lineage in commercial ostriches in the Western Cape province, with a likely epidemiological origin in chickens from the KwaZulu Natal province. The results also showed that the H5N2 HPAI virus was a novel reassortant of PB2, PB1, PA, NP and NA genome segments derived from a parental H6N2 virus that circulated in region, whereas the HA, M and NS genome segments were derived from sub-genotype SA10 H5N1 HPAI parental virus that had circulated in the local wild bird reservoir since July 2021.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celia Abolnik
- Department of Production Animal Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kapczynski DR, Chrzastek K, Shanmugasundaram R, Zsak A, Segovia K, Sellers H, Suarez DL. Efficacy of recombinant H5 vaccines delivered in ovo or day of age in commercial broilers against the 2015 U.S. H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4c highly pathogenic avian Influenza virus. Virol J 2023; 20:298. [PMID: 38102683 PMCID: PMC10724940 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02254-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian influenza is a highly contagious, agriculturally relevant disease that can severely affect the poultry industry and food supply. Eurasian-origin H5Nx highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) (clade 2.3.4.4) have been circulating globally in wild birds with spill over into commercial poultry operations. The negative impact to commercial poultry renewed interest in the development of vaccines against these viruses to control outbreaks in the U.S. METHODS The efficacy of three recombinant H5 vaccines delivered in ovo or day of age were evaluated in commercial broilers challenged with the 2015 U.S. H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4c HPAIV. The recombinant vaccines included an alphavirus RNA particle vaccine (RP-H5), an inactivated reverse genetics-derived (RG-H5) and recombinant HVT vaccine (rHVT-AI) expressing H5 hemagglutinin (HA) genes. In the first experiment, in ovo vaccination with RP-H5 or rHVT-AI was tested against HPAI challenge at 3 or 6 weeks of age. In a second experiment, broilers were vaccinated at 1 day of age with a dose of either 107 or 108 RP-H5, or RG-H5 (512 HA units (HAU) per dose). RESULTS In experiment one, the RP-H5 provided no protection following in ovo application, and shedding titers were similar to sham vaccinated birds. However, when the RP-H5 was delivered in ovo with a boost at 3 weeks, 95% protection was demonstrated at 6 weeks of age. The rHVT-AI vaccine demonstrated 95 and 100% protection at 3 and 6 weeks of age, respectively, of challenged broilers with reduced virus shedding compared to sham vaccinated birds. Finally, when the RP-H5 and rHVT vaccines were co-administered at one day of age, 95% protection was demonstrated with challenge at either 3 or 6 weeks age. In the second experiment, the highest protection (92%) was observed in the 108 RP-H5 vaccinated group. Significant reductions (p < 0.05) in virus shedding were observed in groups of vaccinated birds that were protected from challenge. The RG-H5 provided 62% protection from challenge. In all groups of surviving birds, antibody titers increased following challenge. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these results demonstrated several strategies that could be considered to protected broiler chickens during a H5 HPAI challenge.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darrell R Kapczynski
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, 30605, Athens, GA, U.S
| | - Klaudia Chrzastek
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, 30605, Athens, GA, U.S
| | - Revathi Shanmugasundaram
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, 30605, Athens, GA, U.S
| | - Aniko Zsak
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, 30605, Athens, GA, U.S
| | - Karen Segovia
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, 30605, Athens, GA, U.S
| | - Holly Sellers
- Department of Population Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, 956 College Station Road, 30602, Athens, Athens, GA, U.S
| | - David L Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 934 College Station Road, 30605, Athens, GA, U.S..
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rizal FA, Ho KL, Omar AR, Tan WS, Mariatulqabtiah AR, Iqbal M. Sequence Analysis of the Malaysian Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Strain H5N2 from Duck. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1973. [PMID: 37895321 PMCID: PMC10606931 DOI: 10.3390/genes14101973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The avian influenza viruses (AIV) of the H5 subtype have the ability to mutate from low pathogenic (LPAI) to highly pathogenic (HPAI), which can cause high mortality in poultry. Little is known about the pathogenic switching apart from the mutations at the haemagglutinin cleavage site, which significantly contributes to the virus virulence switching phenomenon. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the molecular markers in the haemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and matrix (M) genes of a locally isolated LPAI AIV strain H5N2 from Malaysia with the reference HPAI strains using bioinformatics approaches, emphasising the pathogenic properties of the viral genes. First, the H5N2 strain A/Duck/Malaysia/8443/2004 was propagated in SPF eggs. The viral presence was verified by haemagglutination assay, RT-PCR, and sequencing. Results showed successful amplifications of HA (1695 bp), NA (1410 bp), and M (1019 bp) genes. The genes were sequenced and the deduced amino acid sequences were analysed computationally using MEGA 11 and NetNGlyc software. Analysis of the HA protein showed the absence of the polybasic cleavage motif, but presence of two amino acid residues that are known to affect pathogenicity. There were also two glycosylation sites (glycosites) compared to the reference HPAI viruses, which had three or more at the HA globular head domain. No NA stalk deletion was detected but the haemadsorbing and active centres of the studied NA protein were relatively similar to the reference HPAI H5N2 isolates of duck but not chicken origins. Six NA glycosites were also identified. Finally, we observed a consistent M1 and M2 amino acid sequences between our LPAI isolate with the other HPAI H5N1 or H5N2 reference proteins. These data demonstrate distinct characteristics of the Malaysian LPAI H5N2, compared to HPAI H5N2 or H5N1 from ducks or chickens, potentially aiding the epidemiological research on genetic dynamics of circulating AIV in poultry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fatin Ahmad Rizal
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Kok Lian Ho
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Rahman Omar
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wen Siang Tan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Razak Mariatulqabtiah
- Laboratory of Vaccine and Biomolecules, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Munir Iqbal
- Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Group, The Pirbright Institute, Woking GU24 0NF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Herfst S, Begeman L, Spronken MI, Poen MJ, Eggink D, de Meulder D, Lexmond P, Bestebroer TM, Koopmans MPG, Kuiken T, Richard M, Fouchier RAM. A Dutch highly pathogenic H5N6 avian influenza virus showed remarkable tropism for extra-respiratory organs and caused severe disease but was not transmissible via air in the ferret model. mSphere 2023; 8:e0020023. [PMID: 37428085 PMCID: PMC10449504 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00200-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Continued circulation of A/H5N1 influenza viruses of the A/goose/Guangdong/1/96 lineage in poultry has resulted in the diversification in multiple genetic and antigenic clades. Since 2009, clade 2.3.4.4 hemagglutinin (HA) containing viruses harboring the internal and neuraminidase (NA) genes of other avian influenza A viruses have been detected. As a result, various HA-NA combinations, such as A/H5N1, A/H5N2, A/H5N3, A/H5N5, A/H5N6, and A/H5N8 have been identified. As of January 2023, 83 humans have been infected with A/H5N6 viruses, thereby posing an apparent risk for public health. Here, as part of a risk assessment, the in vitro and in vivo characterization of A/H5N6 A/black-headed gull/Netherlands/29/2017 is described. This A/H5N6 virus was not transmitted between ferrets via the air but was of unexpectedly high pathogenicity compared to other described A/H5N6 viruses. The virus replicated and caused severe lesions not only in respiratory tissues but also in multiple extra-respiratory tissues, including brain, liver, pancreas, spleen, lymph nodes, and adrenal gland. Sequence analyses demonstrated that the well-known mammalian adaptation substitution D701N was positively selected in almost all ferrets. In the in vitro experiments, no other known viral phenotypic properties associated with mammalian adaptation or increased pathogenicity were identified. The lack of transmission via the air and the absence of mammalian adaptation markers suggest that the public health risk of this virus is low. The high pathogenicity of this virus in ferrets could not be explained by the known mammalian pathogenicity factors and should be further studied. IMPORTANCE Avian influenza A/H5 viruses can cross the species barrier and infect humans. These infections can have a fatal outcome, but fortunately these influenza A/H5 viruses do not spread between humans. However, the extensive circulation and reassortment of A/H5N6 viruses in poultry and wild birds warrant risk assessments of circulating strains. Here an in-depth characterization of the properties of an avian A/H5N6 influenza virus isolated from a black-headed gull in the Netherlands was performed in vitro and in vivo, in ferrets. The virus was not transmissible via the air but caused severe disease and spread to extra-respiratory organs. Apart from the detection in ferrets of a mutation that increased virus replication, no other mammalian adaptation phenotypes were identified. Our results suggest that the risk of this avian A/H5N6 virus for public health is low. The underlying reasons for the high pathogenicity of this virus are unexplained and should be further studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sander Herfst
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lineke Begeman
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Monique I. Spronken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein J. Poen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dirk Eggink
- Academic Medical Center Amsterdam, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Dennis de Meulder
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pascal Lexmond
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Theo M. Bestebroer
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marion P. G. Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thijs Kuiken
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Richard
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ron A. M. Fouchier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Youk S, Leyson CM, Parris DJ, Kariithi HM, Suarez DL, Pantin-Jackwood MJ. Phylogenetic analysis, molecular changes, and adaptation to chickens of Mexican lineage H5N2 low-pathogenic avian influenza viruses from 1994 to 2019. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e1445-e1459. [PMID: 35150205 PMCID: PMC9365891 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Mexican lineage H5N2 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) were first detected in 1994 and mutated to highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) in 1994-1995 causing widespread outbreaks in poultry. By using vaccination and other control measures, the HPAIVs were eradicated but the LPAIVs continued circulating in Mexico and spread to several other countries. To get better resolution of the phylogenetics of this virus, the full genome sequences of 44 H5N2 LPAIVs isolated from 1994 to 2011, and 6 detected in 2017 and 2019, were analysed. Phylogenetic incongruence demonstrated genetic reassortment between two separate groups of the Mexican lineage H5N2 viruses between 2005 and 2010. Moreover, the recent H5N2 viruses reassorted with previously unidentified avian influenza viruses. Bayesian phylogeographic results suggested that mechanical transmission involving human activity is the most probable cause of the virus spillover to Central American, Caribbean, and East Asian countries. Increased infectivity and transmission of a 2011 H5N2 LPAIV in chickens compared to a 1994 virus demonstrates improved adaptation to chickens, while low virus shedding, and limited contact transmission was observed in mallards with the same 2011 virus. The sporadic increase in basic amino acids in the HA cleavage site, changes in potential N-glycosylation sites in the HA, and truncations of PB1-F2 should be further examined in relation to the increased infectivity and transmission in poultry. The genetic changes that occur as this lineage of H5N2 LPAIVs continues circulating in poultry is concerning not only because of the effect of these changes on vaccination efficacy, but also because of the potential of the viruses to mutate to the highly pathogenic form. Continued vigilance and surveillance efforts, and the pathogenic and genetic characterization of circulating viruses, are required for the effective control of this virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sungsu Youk
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture
| | - Christina M. Leyson
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture
| | - Darren J. Parris
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture
| | - Henry M. Kariithi
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture
- Biotechnology Research Centre, Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - David L. Suarez
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture
| | - Mary J. Pantin-Jackwood
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Diseases Unit, Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, United States National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Okuya K, Mine J, Tokorozaki K, Kojima I, Esaki M, Miyazawa K, Tsunekuni R, Sakuma S, Kumagai A, Takadate Y, Kikutani Y, Matsui T, Uchida Y, Ozawa M. Genetically Diverse Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1/H5N8) Viruses among Wild Waterfowl and Domestic Poultry, Japan, 2021. Emerg Infect Dis 2022; 28:1451-1455. [PMID: 35609620 PMCID: PMC9239871 DOI: 10.3201/eid2807.212586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic analyses of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5 subtype viruses isolated from the Izumi Plain, Japan, revealed cocirculation of 2 genetic groups of clade 2.3.4.4b viruses among migratory waterfowl. Our findings demonstrate that both continuous surveillance and timely information sharing of avian influenza viruses are valuable for rapid risk assessment.
Collapse
|
7
|
Nguyen ATV, Hoang VT, Sung HW, Yeo SJ, Park H. Genetic Characterization and Pathogenesis of Three Novel Reassortant H5N2 Viruses in South Korea, 2018. Viruses 2021; 13:v13112192. [PMID: 34834997 PMCID: PMC8619638 DOI: 10.3390/v13112192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The outbreaks of H5N2 avian influenza viruses have occasionally caused the death of thousands of birds in poultry farms. Surveillance during the 2018 winter season in South Korea revealed three H5N2 isolates in feces samples collected from wild birds (KNU18-28: A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-28/2018, KNU18-86: A/Bean Goose/South Korea/KNU18-86/2018, and KNU18-93: A/Wild duck/South Korea/KNU18-93/2018). Phylogenetic tree analysis revealed that these viruses arose from reassortment events among various virus subtypes circulating in South Korea and other countries in the East Asia–Australasian Flyway. The NS gene of the KNU18-28 and KNU18-86 isolates was closely related to that of China’s H10N3 strain, whereas the KNU18-93 strain originated from the H12N2 strain in Japan, showing two different reassortment events and different from a low pathogenic H5N3 (KNU18-91) virus which was isolated at the same day and same place with KNU18-86 and KNU18-93. These H5N2 isolates were characterized as low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. However, many amino acid changes in eight gene segments were identified to enhance polymerase activity and increase adaptation and virulence in mice and mammals. Experiments reveal that viral replication in MDCK cells was quite high after 12 hpi, showing the ability to replicate in mouse lungs. The hematoxylin and eosin-stained (H&E) lung sections indicated different degrees of pathogenicity of the three H5N2 isolates in mice compared with that of the control H1N1 strain. The continuing circulation of these H5N2 viruses may represent a potential threat to mammals and humans. Our findings highlight the need for intensive surveillance of avian influenza virus circulation in South Korea to prevent the risks posed by these reassortment viruses to animal and public health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anh Thi Viet Nguyen
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (A.T.V.N.); (V.T.H.)
| | - Vui Thi Hoang
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (A.T.V.N.); (V.T.H.)
| | - Haan Woo Sung
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | - Seon-Ju Yeo
- Department of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-J.Y.); (H.P.)
| | - Hyun Park
- Zoonosis Research Center, Department of Infection Biology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan 54538, Korea; (A.T.V.N.); (V.T.H.)
- Correspondence: (S.-J.Y.); (H.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zecchin B, Goujgoulova G, Monne I, Salviato A, Schivo A, Slavcheva I, Pastori A, Brown IH, Lewis NS, Terregino C, Fusaro A. Evolutionary Dynamics of H5 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses (Clade 2.3.4.4B) Circulating in Bulgaria in 2019-2021. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102086. [PMID: 34696516 PMCID: PMC8541051 DOI: 10.3390/v13102086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The first detection of a Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N8 virus in Bulgaria dates back to December 2016. Since then, many outbreaks caused by HPAI H5 viruses from clade 2.3.4.4B have been reported in both domestic and wild birds in different regions of the country. In this study, we characterized the complete genome of sixteen H5 viruses collected in Bulgaria between 2019 and 2021. Phylogenetic analyses revealed a persistent circulation of the H5N8 strain for four consecutive years (December 2016–June 2020) and the emergence in 2020 of a novel reassortant H5N2 subtype, likely in a duck farm. Estimation of the time to the most recent common ancestor indicates that this reassortment event may have occurred between May 2019 and January 2020. At the beginning of 2021, Bulgaria experienced a new virus introduction in the poultry sector, namely a HPAI H5N8 that had been circulating in Europe since October 2020. The periodical identification in domestic birds of H5 viruses related to the 2016 epidemic as well as a reassortant strain might indicate undetected circulation of the virus in resident wild birds or in the poultry sector. To avoid the concealed circulation and evolution of viruses, and the risk of emergence of strains with pandemic potential, the implementation of control measures is of utmost importance, particularly in duck farms where birds display no clinical signs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Zecchin
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (I.M.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (A.P.); (C.T.)
- Correspondence: (B.Z.); (A.F.); Tel.: +39-0498084368 (B.Z. & A.F.)
| | - Gabriela Goujgoulova
- National Reference Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medical Institute, 1231 Sofia, Bulgaria; (G.G.); (I.S.)
| | - Isabella Monne
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (I.M.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (A.P.); (C.T.)
| | - Annalisa Salviato
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (I.M.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (A.P.); (C.T.)
| | - Alessia Schivo
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (I.M.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (A.P.); (C.T.)
| | - Iskra Slavcheva
- National Reference Laboratory of Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, National Diagnostic and Research Veterinary Medical Institute, 1231 Sofia, Bulgaria; (G.G.); (I.S.)
| | - Ambra Pastori
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (I.M.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (A.P.); (C.T.)
| | - Ian H. Brown
- OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (I.H.B.); (N.S.L.)
| | - Nicola S. Lewis
- OIE/FAO International Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza, Swine Influenza and Newcastle Disease Virus, Animal and Plant Health Agency-Weybridge, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (I.H.B.); (N.S.L.)
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield, Hertfordshire AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Calogero Terregino
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (I.M.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (A.P.); (C.T.)
| | - Alice Fusaro
- EU/OIE/National Reference Laboratory for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease, FAO Reference Centre for Animal Influenza and Newcastle Disease, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (I.M.); (A.S.); (A.S.); (A.P.); (C.T.)
- Correspondence: (B.Z.); (A.F.); Tel.: +39-0498084368 (B.Z. & A.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Hassan KE, King J, El-Kady M, Afifi M, Abozeid HH, Pohlmann A, Beer M, Harder T. Novel Reassortant Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N2) Virus in Broiler Chickens, Egypt. Emerg Infect Dis 2021; 26:129-133. [PMID: 31855539 PMCID: PMC6924912 DOI: 10.3201/eid2601.190570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We detected a novel reassortant highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N2) virus in 3 poultry farms in Egypt. The virus carried genome segments of a pigeon H9N2 influenza virus detected in 2014, a nucleoprotein segment of contemporary chicken H9N2 viruses from Egypt, and hemagglutinin derived from the 2.3.4.4b H5N8 virus clade.
Collapse
|
10
|
Jerry C, Stallknecht D, Leyson C, Berghaus R, Jordan B, Pantin-Jackwood M, Hitchener G, França M. Recombinant hemagglutinin glycoproteins provide insight into binding to host cells by H5 influenza viruses in wild and domestic birds. Virology 2020; 550:8-20. [PMID: 32861143 PMCID: PMC7554162 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Clade 2.3.4.4, H5 subtype highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) have caused devastating effects across wild and domestic bird populations. We investigated differences in the intensity and distribution of the hemagglutinin (HA) glycoprotein binding of a clade 2.3.4.4 H5 HPAIV compared to a H5 low pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV). Recombinant HA from gene sequences from a HPAIV, A/Northern pintail/Washington/40964/2014(H5N2) and a LPAIV, A/mallard/MN/410/2000(H5N2) were generated and, via protein histochemistry, HA binding in respiratory, intestinal and cloacal bursal tissue was quantified as median area of binding (MAB). Poultry species, shorebirds, ducks and terrestrial birds were used. Differences in MAB were observed between the HPAIV and LPAIV H5 HAs. We demonstrate that clade 2.3.4.4 HPAIV H5 HA has a broader host cell binding across a variety of bird species compared to the LPAIV H5 HA. These findings support published results from experimental trials, and outcomes of natural disease outbreaks with these viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Jerry
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, 953 College, Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, USA; The Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - David Stallknecht
- Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, 589 D.W Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Christina Leyson
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - Roy Berghaus
- Food Animal Health and Management Program, Veterinary Medical Center, 2200 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Brian Jordan
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, 953 College, Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - Mary Pantin-Jackwood
- Southeast Poultry Research Laboratory, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 934 College Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, USA
| | - Gavin Hitchener
- Cornell University Duck Research Laboratory, 192 Old Country Road, Eastport, NY, 11941, USA
| | - Monique França
- Poultry Diagnostic and Research Center, 953 College, Station Road, Athens, GA, 30605, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hicks JT, Lee DH, Duvvuri VR, Kim Torchetti M, Swayne DE, Bahl J. Agricultural and geographic factors shaped the North American 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N2 outbreak. PLoS Pathog 2020; 16:e1007857. [PMID: 31961906 PMCID: PMC7004387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2014-2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5NX outbreak represents the largest and most expensive HPAI outbreak in the United States to date. Despite extensive traditional and molecular epidemiological studies, factors associated with the spread of HPAI among midwestern poultry premises remain unclear. To better understand the dynamics of this outbreak, 182 full genome HPAI H5N2 sequences isolated from commercial layer chicken and turkey production premises were analyzed using evolutionary models able to accommodate epidemiological and geographic information. Epidemiological compartmental models embedded in a phylogenetic framework provided evidence that poultry type acted as a barrier to the transmission of virus among midwestern poultry farms. Furthermore, after initial introduction, the propagation of HPAI cases was self-sustainable within the commercial poultry industries. Discrete trait diffusion models indicated that within state viral transitions occurred more frequently than inter-state transitions. Distance and sample size were very strongly supported as associated with viral transition between county groups (Bayes Factor > 30.0). Together these findings indicate that the different types of midwestern poultry industries were not a single homogenous population, but rather, the outbreak was shaped by poultry industries and geographic factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph T. Hicks
- Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Ecology and Biostatistics, Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Dong-Hun Lee
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Science, the University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Venkata R. Duvvuri
- Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Ecology and Biostatistics, Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mia Kim Torchetti
- U.S. Department of Agriculture, Ames, Iowa, United States of America
| | - David E. Swayne
- Exotic and Emerging Avian Viral Diseases Research Unit, U.S. National Poultry Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Justin Bahl
- Center for Ecology of Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, Department of Ecology and Biostatistics, Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen PL, Hu AYC, Lin CY, Weng TC, Lai CC, Tseng YF, Cheng MC, Chia MY, Lin WC, Yeh CT, Su IJ, Lee MS. Development of American-Lineage Influenza H5N2 Reassortant Vaccine Viruses for Pandemic Preparedness. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060543. [PMID: 31212631 PMCID: PMC6631248 DOI: 10.3390/v11060543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel low-pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H5N2 viruses hit poultry farms in Taiwan in 2003, and evolved into highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses in 2010. These viruses are reassortant viruses containing HA and NA genes from American-lineage H5N2 and six internal genes from local H6N1 viruses. According to a serological survey, the Taiwan H5N2 viruses can cause asymptomatic infections in poultry workers. Therefore, a development of influenza H5N2 vaccines is desirable for pandemic preparation. In this study, we employed reverse genetics to generate a vaccine virus having HA and NA genes from A/Chicken/CY/A2628/2012 (E7, LPAI) and six internal genes from a Vero cell-adapted high-growth H5N1 vaccine virus (Vero-15). The reassortant H5N2 vaccine virus, E7-V15, presented high-growth efficiency in Vero cells (512 HAU, 107.6 TCID50/mL), and passed all tests for qualification of candidate vaccine viruses. In ferret immunization, two doses of inactivated whole virus antigens (3 μg of HA protein) adjuvanted with alum could induce robust antibody response (HI titre 113.14). In conclusion, we have established reverse genetics to generate a qualified reassortant H5N2 vaccine virus for further development.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Ferrets
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/growth & development
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/isolation & purification
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Neuraminidase/immunology
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/growth & development
- Reassortant Viruses/immunology
- Reassortant Viruses/isolation & purification
- Reverse Genetics
- Taiwan
- Treatment Outcome
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Vero Cells
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Ling Chen
- National Institution of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Alan Yung-Chih Hu
- National Institution of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Yang Lin
- National Institution of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Tsai-Chuan Weng
- National Institution of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Chun Lai
- National Institution of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
- College of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Fen Tseng
- National Institution of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Chu Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan.
- Animal Health Research Institutes, Danshui, New Taipei City 25158, Taiwan.
| | - Min-Yuan Chia
- National Institution of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Chin Lin
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defence Medical Centre, Taipei 23742, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Tsui Yeh
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defence Medical Centre, Taipei 23742, Taiwan.
| | - Ih-Jen Su
- National Institution of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Min-Shi Lee
- National Institution of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes (NHRI), Zhunan, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lee DH, Torchetti MK, Killian ML, DeLiberto TJ, Swayne DE. Reoccurrence of Avian Influenza A(H5N2) Virus Clade 2.3.4.4 in Wild Birds, Alaska, USA, 2016. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 23:365-367. [PMID: 28098546 PMCID: PMC5324823 DOI: 10.3201/eid2302.161616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We report reoccurrence of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N2) virus clade 2.3.4.4 in a wild mallard in Alaska, USA, in August 2016. Identification of this virus in a migratory species confirms low-frequency persistence in North America and the potential for re-dissemination of the virus during the 2016 fall migration.
Collapse
|
14
|
Sun X, Belser JA, Pulit-Penaloza JA, Creager HM, Guo Z, Jefferson SN, Liu F, York IA, Stevens J, Maines TR, Jernigan DB, Katz JM, Levine MZ, Tumpey TM. Stockpiled pre-pandemic H5N1 influenza virus vaccines with AS03 adjuvant provide cross-protection from H5N2 clade 2.3.4.4 virus challenge in ferrets. Virology 2017; 508:164-169. [PMID: 28554058 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses, notably H5 subtype viruses, pose a continuous threat to public health due to their pandemic potential. In recent years, influenza virus H5 subtype split vaccines with novel oil-in-water emulsion based adjuvants (e.g. AS03, MF59) have been shown to be safe, immunogenic, and able to induce broad immune responses in clinical trials, providing strong scientific support for vaccine stockpiling. However, whether such vaccines can provide protection from infection with emerging, antigenically distinct clades of H5 viruses has not been adequately addressed. Here, we selected two AS03-adjuvanted H5N1 vaccines from the US national pre-pandemic influenza vaccine stockpile and assessed whether the 2004-05 vaccines could provide protection against a 2014 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N2 virus (A/northern pintail/Washington/40964/2014), a clade 2.3.4.4 virus responsible for mass culling of poultry in North America. Ferrets received two doses of adjuvanted vaccine containing 7.5µg of hemagglutinin (HA) from A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (clade 1) or A/Anhui/1/2005 (clade 2.3.4) virus either in a homologous or heterologous prime-boost vaccination regime. We found that both vaccination regimens elicited robust antibody responses against the 2004-05 vaccine viruses and could reduce virus-induced morbidity and viral replication in the lower respiratory tract upon heterologous challenge despite the low level of cross-reactive antibody titers to the challenge H5N2 virus. This study supports the value of existing stockpiled 2004-05 influenza H5N1 vaccines, combined with AS03-adjuvant for early use in the event of an emerging pandemic with H5N2-like clade 2.3.4.4 viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjie Sun
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jessica A Belser
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joanna A Pulit-Penaloza
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Hannah M Creager
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States; Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Zhu Guo
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Stacie N Jefferson
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Feng Liu
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Ian A York
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - James Stevens
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Taronna R Maines
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Daniel B Jernigan
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jacqueline M Katz
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Min Z Levine
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Terrence M Tumpey
- Influenza Division, National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shriner SA, Root JJ, Lutman MW, Kloft JM, VanDalen KK, Sullivan HJ, White TS, Milleson MP, Hairston JL, Chandler SC, Wolf PC, Turnage CT, McCluskey BJ, Vincent AL, Torchetti MK, Gidlewski T, DeLiberto TJ. Surveillance for highly pathogenic H5 avian influenza virus in synanthropic wildlife associated with poultry farms during an acute outbreak. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36237. [PMID: 27812044 PMCID: PMC5095889 DOI: 10.1038/srep36237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In November 2014, a Eurasian strain H5N8 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus was detected in poultry in Canada. Introduced viruses were soon detected in the United States and within six months had spread to 21 states with more than 48 million poultry affected. In an effort to study potential mechanisms of spread of the Eurasian H5 virus, the United States Department of Agriculture coordinated several epidemiologic investigations at poultry farms. As part of those efforts, we sampled synanthropic birds and mammals at five infected and five uninfected poultry farms in northwest Iowa for exposure to avian influenza viruses. Across all farms, we collected 2,627 samples from 648 individual birds and mammals. House mice were the most common mammal species captured while house sparrows, European starlings, rock pigeons, swallows, and American robins were the most commonly captured birds. A single European starling was positive for Eurasian H5 viral RNA and seropositive for antibodies reactive to the Eurasian H5 virus. Two American robins were also seropositive. No mammal species showed evidence of infection. These results indicate synanthropic species merit further scrutiny to better understand potential biosecurity risks. We propose a set of management practices aimed at reducing wildlife incursions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan A. Shriner
- National Wildlife Research Center, USDA-APHIS, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - J. Jeffrey Root
- National Wildlife Research Center, USDA-APHIS, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Mark W. Lutman
- National Wildlife Research Center, USDA-APHIS, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | - Kaci K. VanDalen
- National Wildlife Research Center, USDA-APHIS, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Paul C. Wolf
- Wildlife Services, USDA-APHIS, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | | | - Brian J. McCluskey
- Science, Technology and Analysis Services, Veterinary Services, USDA-APHIS, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Amy L. Vincent
- Virus and Prion Diseases of Livestock Research Unit, National Animal Disease Center, USDA-ARS, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Mia K. Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Science, Technology and Analysis Services, Veterinary Services, USDA-APHIS, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Thomas Gidlewski
- National Wildlife Research Center, USDA-APHIS, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yao Y, He B, Shao Z, Yang W, Liu W, Chen X, Ye S, Chen J. [Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis of a Highly Pathogenic H5N2 Avian Influenza Virus Isolated from Duck]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2016; 32:590-596. [PMID: 30001581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In 2016,routine influenza virus surveillance was conducted in the live poultry markets of Wuhan, Hubei Province. An H5N2 subtype avian influenza virus(AIV)was isolated from ducks in Wuhan. The entire genome of this virus isolate was sequenced,and molecular phylogenetic analysis performed. The results indicated that the HA gene belonged to clade 2.3.4.4and contained multiple basic amino acids at the cleavage site, which is characteristic of highly pathogenic AIV. Sequence alignment revealed that the isolate shared a high degree of homology with different H5 subtype AIVs isolated from waterfowl in southern China in recent years. This isolate was likely a natural reassortant from different subtype AIVs. This study provides epidemiological evidence of influenza evolution. Continuation of molecular epidemiology studies of H5 subtype influenza viruses in live poultry markets is important for understanding their role in the variation and evolution of highly pathogenic AIVs and their potential hazardous effects on human health. Furthermore, this information is important for strengthening comprehensive AIV surveillance and control measures.
Collapse
|
17
|
Okamatsu M, Motohashi Y, Hiono T, Tamura T, Nagaya K, Matsuno K, Sakoda Y, Kida H. Is the optimal pH for membrane fusion in host cells by avian influenza viruses related to host range and pathogenicity? Arch Virol 2016; 161:2235-42. [PMID: 27231009 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-016-2902-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Influenza viruses isolated from wild ducks do not replicate in chickens. This fact is not explained solely by the receptor specificity of the hemagglutinin (HA) from such viruses for target host cells. To investigate this restriction in host range, the fusion activities of HA molecules from duck and chicken influenza viruses were examined. Influenza viruses A/duck/Mongolia/54/2001 (H5N2) (Dk/MNG) and A/chicken/Ibaraki/1/2005 (H5N2) (Ck/IBR), which replicate only in their primary hosts, were used. The optimal pH for membrane fusion of Ck/IBR was 5.9, higher than that of Dk/MNG at 4.9. To assess the relationship between the optimal pH for fusion and the host range of avian influenza viruses, the optimal pH for fusion of 55 influenza virus strains isolated from ducks and chickens was examined. No correlation was found between the host range and optimal pH for membrane fusion by the viruses, and this finding applied also to the H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses. The optimal pH for membrane fusion for avian influenza viruses was shown to not necessarily be correlated with their host range or pathogenicity in ducks and chickens.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Chickens
- Ducks
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Host Specificity
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/chemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/chemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza in Birds/physiopathology
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Membrane Fusion
- Phylogeny
- Poultry Diseases/physiopathology
- Poultry Diseases/virology
- Virulence
- Virus Replication
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Yurie Motohashi
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hiono
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Tamura
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Kazuki Nagaya
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Disease Control, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.
- Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Japan.
- Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 001-0020, Hokkaido, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Yang S, Chen G, Sun J, Li F, Hua HCY. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses of five low pathogenic avian influenza H5N2 viruses isolated in China. Acta Virol 2015; 59:140-7. [PMID: 26104330 DOI: 10.4149/av_2015_02_140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Five H5N2 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) were isolated in Xianghai National Nature Reserve, Jilin Province, China in October 2011. They were all identified as low pathogenic AIVs (LPAIVs) based on their deduced amino acid sequences at the cleavage site of HA protein. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all gene segments clustered in the Eurasian lineage and that the nucleotide homology of the five isolates was greater for HA and NA genes than for the genes for internal proteins PB2, PB1, PA, M, NP and NS.
Collapse
|
19
|
Ignatieva AV, Timofeeva TA, Rudneva IA, Shilov AA, Masalova OV, Klimova RR, Kushch AA, Ilyushina NA, Kaverin NV. [Effect of amino acid substitutions in small subunit of avian H5N2 influenza virus hemagglutinin on selection of the mutants resistant to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies]. Mol Biol (Mosk) 2015; 49:342-350. [PMID: 26065262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Changes associated with the resistance to physical and chemical factors in the hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza A viruses may play an important role in the selection of different influenza variants during circulation in nature. Here, we studied the escape mutants of influenza virus A/mallard/Pennsylvania/10218/84 (H5N2) that were selected by the monoclonal antibody. The escape mutant m4F11(4) carried a single amino acid substitution in large subunit (HA1) of the HA, S145P1, and two ones, m4G10(10) and m4G10(6), had additional amino acid changes in the small subunit (HA2), namely: L124F2 and L124F2 + N79D2, respectively. As it has been found the substitutions appeared in the HA2 of m4G(10) and m4G(6) viruses compensated negative effect of the S145P1 mutation and provided a significant increase in the viral replication ability at the early stage of infection in embryonated chicken eggs as well as in HA thermostability in comparison with m4F11(4) mutant. Phenotypic properties that provide advantages in the process of virus replication can play a role of the positive selection factor in viral population.
Collapse
|
20
|
Xu H, Meng F, Huang D, Sheng X, Wang Y, Zhang W, Chang W, Wang L, Qin Z. Genomic and phylogenetic characterization of novel, recombinant H5N2 avian influenza virus strains isolated from vaccinated chickens with clinical symptoms in China. Viruses 2015; 7:887-98. [PMID: 25723387 PMCID: PMC4379553 DOI: 10.3390/v7030887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection of poultry with diverse lineages of H5N2 avian influenza viruses has been documented for over three decades in different parts of the world, with limited outbreaks caused by this highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. In the present study, three avian H5N2 influenza viruses, A/chicken/Shijiazhuang/1209/2013, A/chicken/Chiping/0321/2014, and A/chicken/Laiwu/0313/2014, were isolated from chickens with clinical symptoms of avian influenza. Complete genomic and phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that all three isolates are novel recombinant viruses with hemagglutinin (HA) and matrix (M) genes derived from H5N1, and remaining genes derived from H9N2-like viruses. The HA cleavage motif in all three strains (PQIEGRRRKR/GL) is characteristic of a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus strain. These results indicate the occurrence of H5N2 recombination and highlight the importance of continued surveillance of the H5N2 subtype virus and reformulation of vaccine strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huaiying Xu
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
| | - Fang Meng
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Dihai Huang
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
- Shandong Jianmu Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
| | - Xiaodan Sheng
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
- Shandong Jianmu Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
| | - Youling Wang
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
| | - Weishan Chang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Leyi Wang
- Animal Diseases Diagnostic Laboratory, Ohio Department of Agriculture, Reynoldsburg, OH 43068, USA.
| | - Zhuoming Qin
- Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
- Shandong Jianmu Biological Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Jinan, Shandong 250100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Negri P, Choi JY, Jones C, Tompkins SM, Tripp R, Dluhy RA. Identification of virulence determinants in influenza viruses. Anal Chem 2014; 86:6911-7. [PMID: 24937567 PMCID: PMC4116746 DOI: 10.1021/ac500659f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
To date there is no rapid method to screen for highly pathogenic avian influenza strains that may be indicators of future pandemics. We report here the first development of an oligonucleotide-based spectroscopic assay to rapidly and sensitively detect a N66S mutation in the gene coding for the PB1-F2 protein associated with increased virulence in highly pathogenic pandemic influenza viruses. 5'-Thiolated ssDNA oligonucleotides were employed as probes to capture RNA isolated from six influenza viruses, three having N66S mutations, two without the N66S mutation, and one deletion mutant not encoding the PB1-F2 protein. Hybridization was detected without amplification or labeling using the intrinsic surfaced-enhanced Raman spectrum of the DNA-RNA complex. Multivariate analysis identified target RNA binding from noncomplementary sequences with 100% sensitivity, 100% selectivity, and 100% correct classification in the test data set. These results establish that optical-based diagnostic methods are able to directly identify diagnostic indicators of virulence linked to highly pathogenic pandemic influenza viruses without amplification or labeling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Negri
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 United States
| | - Joo Young Choi
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 United States
| | - Cheryl Jones
- Department
of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 United States
| | - S. Mark Tompkins
- Department
of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 United States
| | - Ralph
A. Tripp
- Department
of Infectious Disease, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 United States
| | - Richard A. Dluhy
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602 United States
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mughini-Gras L, Bonfanti L, Mulatti P, Monne I, Guberti V, Cordioli P, Marangon S. Environmental correlates of H5N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza outbreak heterogeneity in domestic poultry in Italy. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86788. [PMID: 24466241 PMCID: PMC3899360 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Italy has experienced recurrent incursions of H5N2 avian influenza (AI) viruses in different geographical areas and varying sectors of the domestic poultry industry. Considering outbreak heterogeneity rather than treating all outbreaks of low pathogenicity AI (LPAI) viruses equally is important given their interactions with the environment and potential to spread, evolve and increase pathogenicity. This study aims at identifying potential environmental drivers of H5N2 LPAI outbreak occurrence in time, space and poultry populations. Thirty-four environmental variables were tested for association with the characteristics of 27 H5N2 LPAI outbreaks (i.e. time, place, flock type, number and species of birds affected) occurred among domestic poultry flocks in Italy in 2010-2012. This was done by applying a recently proposed analytical approach based on a combined non-metric multidimensional scaling, clustering and regression analysis. Results indicated that the pattern of (dis)similarities among the outbreaks entailed an underlying structure that may be the outcome of large-scale, environmental interactions in ecological dimension. Increased densities of poultry breeders, and increased land coverage by industrial, commercial and transport units were associated with increased heterogeneity in outbreak characteristics. In areas with high breeder densities and with many infrastructures, outbreaks affected mainly industrial turkey/layer flocks. Outbreaks affecting ornamental, commercial and rural multi-species flocks occurred mainly in lowly infrastructured areas of northern Italy. Outbreaks affecting rural layer flocks occurred mainly in areas with low breeder densities in south-central Italy. In savannah-like environments, outbreaks affected mainly commercial flocks of galliformes. Suggestive evidence that ecological ordination makes sense genetically was also provided, as virus strains showing high genetic similarity clustered into ecologically similar outbreaks. Findings were informed by hypotheses about how ecological interactions among poultry populations, viruses and their environments can be related to the observed patterns of H5N2 LPAI occurrence. This may prove useful in enhancing future interventions by developing site-specific, ecologically-grounded strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lapo Mughini-Gras
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Lebana Bonfanti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Mulatti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Isabella Monne
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| | - Vittorio Guberti
- Institute for Environmental Protection and Research (ISPRA), Ozzano dell’Emilia, Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Cordioli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna (IZLER), Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Marangon
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie (IZSVe), Legnaro, Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Smolonogina TA, Desheva IA, Rekstin AR, Mironov AN, Rudenko LG. [Evaluation of the anti-neuraminidase antibodies in clinical trials of the live influenza vaccine of the A(H5N2) subtype]. Vopr Virusol 2013; 58:31-35. [PMID: 24772644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In the current study, we evaluated the neuraminidase-inhibition (NI) antibodies among volunteers during the phase I and phase II of the clinical trials of a monovalent live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) A/17/duck/ Potsdam/86/92(H5N2). The reassortant influenza virus RN2/57-human A(H7N2) containing neuraminidase (NA) from the A/Leningrad/134/17/57(H2N2) was used in NI test. It was shown that two doses of the monovalent LAIV A(H5N2) led to a statistically significant increase in the NI antibodies to vaccine strain NA. More than twofold increase in antibodies was obtained among 19.5-33.3% of vaccinated. The microneutralization test and NI assay results coincidence in the same pairs of sera of the vaccinated volunteers was 73.2%, suggesting thus a statistically significant interdependence between the values of increase in antibodies revealed in both tests (p = 0.04).
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Cross Protection
- Healthy Volunteers
- Humans
- Immunization, Secondary
- Influenza A Virus, H2N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H2N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Middle Aged
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Neuraminidase/immunology
- Neutralization Tests
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/immunology
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Attenuated
Collapse
|
24
|
Tillib SV, Ivanova TI, Vasilev LA, Rutovskaya MV, Saakyan SA, Gribova IY, Tutykhina IL, Sedova ES, Lysenko AA, Shmarov MM, Logunov DY, Naroditsky BS, Gintsburg AL. Formatted single-domain antibodies can protect mice against infection with influenza virus (H5N2). Antiviral Res 2012; 97:245-54. [PMID: 23274623 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 11/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This work continues a series of recently published studies that employ recombinant single-domain antibody (sdAb, or nanobody®) generation technologies to battle viruses by a passive immunization approach. As a proof of principle, we describe a modified technique to efficiently generate protective molecules against a particular strain of influenza virus within a reasonably short period of time. This approach starts with the immunization of a camel (Camelus bactrianus) with the specified antigen-enriched material presented in as natural a form as possible. An avian influenza virus A/Mallard/Pennsylvania/10218/84 (H5N2) adapted for mice was used as a model source of antigens for both the immunization and phage display-based selection procedures. To significantly increase activities of initially selected monovalent single-domain antibodies, we propose a new type of sdAb formatting that involves the addition of a special type of coiled-coil sequence, the isoleucine zipper domain (ILZ). Presumably, the ILZ-containing peptides adopt trimeric parallel conformations. After the formatting, the biological activities (virus neutralization) of the initially selected anti-influenza virus (H5N2) sdAbs were significantly increased. Intraperitoneal or intranasal administration of the formatted sdAb at 2h before or 24h after viral challenge specifically protects mice from lethal infection with influenza virus. We hope that the described approach combined with the selection focused on particular conservative epitopes will lead to the generation of sdAb-based molecules protective against a broad spectrum of influenza virus subtypes.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Camelus/genetics
- Camelus/immunology
- Female
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Immunologic Techniques/methods
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/drug effects
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/physiology
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Single-Domain Antibodies/administration & dosage
- Single-Domain Antibodies/chemistry
- Single-Domain Antibodies/genetics
- Single-Domain Antibodies/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergei V Tillib
- Institute of Gene Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wise HM, Hutchinson EC, Jagger BW, Stuart AD, Kang ZH, Robb N, Schwartzman LM, Kash JC, Fodor E, Firth AE, Gog JR, Taubenberger JK, Digard P. Identification of a novel splice variant form of the influenza A virus M2 ion channel with an antigenically distinct ectodomain. PLoS Pathog 2012; 8:e1002998. [PMID: 23133386 PMCID: PMC3486900 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Segment 7 of influenza A virus produces up to four mRNAs. Unspliced transcripts encode M1, spliced mRNA2 encodes the M2 ion channel, while protein products from spliced mRNAs 3 and 4 have not previously been identified. The M2 protein plays important roles in virus entry and assembly, and is a target for antiviral drugs and vaccination. Surprisingly, M2 is not essential for virus replication in a laboratory setting, although its loss attenuates the virus. To better understand how IAV might replicate without M2, we studied the reversion mechanism of an M2-null virus. Serial passage of a virus lacking the mRNA2 splice donor site identified a single nucleotide pseudoreverting mutation, which restored growth in cell culture and virulence in mice by upregulating mRNA4 synthesis rather than by reinstating mRNA2 production. We show that mRNA4 encodes a novel M2-related protein (designated M42) with an antigenically distinct ectodomain that can functionally replace M2 despite showing clear differences in intracellular localisation, being largely retained in the Golgi compartment. We also show that the expression of two distinct ion channel proteins is not unique to laboratory-adapted viruses but, most notably, was also a feature of the 1983 North American outbreak of H5N2 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus. In identifying a 14th influenza A polypeptide, our data reinforce the unexpectedly high coding capacity of the viral genome and have implications for virus evolution, as well as for understanding the role of M2 in the virus life cycle. Influenza A virus is a pathogen capable of infecting a wide range of avian and mammalian hosts, causing seasonal epidemics and pandemics in humans. In recent years, the unexpected coding capacity of the virus has begun to be unravelled, with the identification of three more protein products (PB1-F2, PB1-N40 and PA-X) on top of the 10 viral proteins originally identified 30 years ago. Here, we identify a 14th primary translation product, made from segment 7. Previously established protein products from segment 7 include the matrix (M1) and ion channel (M2) proteins. M2, made from a spliced transcript, has multiple roles in the virus lifecycle including in entry and budding. In a laboratory setting, it is possible to generate M2 deficient viruses, but these are highly attenuated. However, upon serial passage a virus lacking the M2 splice donor site quickly recovered wild type growth properties, without reverting the original mutation. Instead we found a compensatory single nucleotide mutation had upregulated another segment 7 mRNA. This mRNA encoded a novel M2-like protein with a variant extracellular domain, which we called M42. M42 compensated for loss of M2 in tissue culture cells and animals, although it displayed some differences in subcellular localisation. Our study therefore identifies a further novel influenza protein and gives insights into the evolution of the virus.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Alternative Splicing
- Animals
- Birds
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Outbreaks
- Dogs
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/metabolism
- Influenza in Birds/epidemiology
- Influenza in Birds/genetics
- Influenza in Birds/metabolism
- Influenza, Human/epidemiology
- Influenza, Human/genetics
- Influenza, Human/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- North America/epidemiology
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Viral Matrix Proteins/biosynthesis
- Viral Matrix Proteins/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen M. Wise
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Edward C. Hutchinson
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Brett W. Jagger
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amanda D. Stuart
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Zi H. Kang
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Robb
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Louis M. Schwartzman
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John C. Kash
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ervin Fodor
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew E. Firth
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julia R. Gog
- DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffery K. Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul Digard
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Sutejo R, Yeo DS, Myaing MZ, Hui C, Xia J, Ko D, Cheung PCF, Tan BH, Sugrue RJ. Activation of type I and III interferon signalling pathways occurs in lung epithelial cells infected with low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33732. [PMID: 22470468 PMCID: PMC3312346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The host response to the low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) H5N2, H5N3 and H9N2 viruses were examined in A549, MDCK, and CEF cells using a systems-based approach. The H5N2 and H5N3 viruses replicated efficiently in A549 and MDCK cells, while the H9N2 virus replicated least efficiently in these cell types. However, all LPAI viruses exhibited similar and higher replication efficiencies in CEF cells. A comparison of the host responses of these viruses and the H1N1/WSN virus and low passage pH1N1 clinical isolates was performed in A549 cells. The H9N2 and H5N2 virus subtypes exhibited a robust induction of Type I and Type III interferon (IFN) expression, sustained STAT1 activation from between 3 and 6 hpi, which correlated with large increases in IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression by 10 hpi. In contrast, cells infected with the pH1N1 or H1N1/WSN virus showed only small increases in Type III IFN signalling, low levels of ISG expression, and down-regulated expression of the IFN type I receptor. JNK activation and increased expression of the pro-apoptotic XAF1 protein was observed in A549 cells infected with all viruses except the H1N1/WSN virus, while MAPK p38 activation was only observed in cells infected with the pH1N1 and the H5 virus subtypes. No IFN expression and low ISG expression levels were generally observed in CEF cells infected with either AIV, while increased IFN and ISG expression was observed in response to the H1N1/WSN infection. These data suggest differences in the replication characteristics and antivirus signalling responses both among the different LPAI viruses, and between these viruses and the H1N1 viruses examined. These virus-specific differences in host cell signalling highlight the importance of examining the host response to avian influenza viruses that have not been extensively adapted to mammalian tissue culture.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Animals
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins
- Birds
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/growth & development
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/growth & development
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/growth & development
- Influenza in Birds/genetics
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/enzymology
- Influenza, Human/pathology
- Interferon Type I/genetics
- Interferon Type I/metabolism
- Interferons
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/metabolism
- Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism
- RNA, Viral/metabolism
- Receptor, Interferon alpha-beta/metabolism
- STAT1 Transcription Factor/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Virus Replication
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Sutejo
- Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dawn S. Yeo
- Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Detection and Diagnostics Laboratory, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Myint Zu Myaing
- Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chen Hui
- Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jiajia Xia
- Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Debbie Ko
- Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Peter C. F. Cheung
- Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon-Huan Tan
- Detection and Diagnostics Laboratory, DSO National Laboratories, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Richard J. Sugrue
- Division of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Boravleva EI, Lomakina NF, Kropotkina EA, Rudneva IA, Iamnikova SS, Rudenko LG, Drygin VV, Gambarian AS. [The generation and characteristics of reassortant influenza A virus with H5 hemagglutinin and other genes from the apathogenic virus H6N2]. Vopr Virusol 2011; 56:9-14. [PMID: 22359942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The experimental reassortant vaccine strain VN-gull (H5N2) containing H5 hemagglutinin (HA) with a removed polybasic site in the connecting peptide and other genes from the apathogenic H6N2 virus A/gull/Moscow/3100/2006 (gull/M) was obtained using a two-step protocol. At Step 1, the reassortant with HA of A/Vietnam/1203/04-PR8/ CDC-RG and other genes from cold-adapted A/Leningrad/17/47 (VN-Len) viruses was generated due to selection with antibody to H2N2 at 26 degrees C. At Step 2, the reassortant VN-gull was obtained by replacing all genes from Len with those from gull/M due to selection with antibody to H6N2 at 39 degrees C. The reassortant VN-Len was apathogenic and the reassortant VN-gull was weakly virulent in mice. Both gave rise to specific antibodies and 4 weeks after single inoculation they provided complete protection against further challenge with highly pathogenic HSN1 virus A/chicken/Kurgan/3/05 (H5N1) (Ku-Len). The chickens infected with live VN-gull virus showed neither clinical symptoms, nor fecal virus excretion; nevertheless, they gave rise to antibodies and were protected from the further challenge with A/chicken/Kurgan/3/2005. The high yield, safety, and protectivity of VN-Len and Ku-Len made them promising strains for the production of inactivated and live vaccines against H5N1 viruses.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Charadriiformes/immunology
- Chick Embryo
- Chickens/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/genetics
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/prevention & control
- Influenza, Human/immunology
- Influenza, Human/prevention & control
- Mice
- Models, Animal
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/immunology
- Temperature
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, Attenuated/genetics
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Virus Replication
Collapse
|
28
|
Shan F, Wei LM, Wei YM, Xu CG, Luo KJ, Ren T, Xin CA, Jiao PR, Liao M. [Molecular analysis of an avian influenza virus isolate of H5N2 subtype from parrot]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2010; 26:183-188. [PMID: 20572338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
In 2005, an avian influenza virus stain was isolated from Parrot in Guangdong, which was then genotyped as H5N2 subtype and designated as A/Parrot/Guangdong/268/2005. According to the current OIE definition on the low-pathogenicity of avian influenza virus, the strain was recognized as a low pathogenic avian influenza virus due to the presence of one basic amino acid residue at the HA cleavage site. Some molecular characteristics of the virus, such as potential glycosylation sites in HA and NA, receptor binding sites of HA, and drug resistance site of NA, showed no variations. To analyze molecular evolution of this strain, we selected the sequences of H5N2 subtype AIVs from GenBank and established the phylogenetic trees. Our results indicated that this strain shared the highest homologies with the H5N2 LPAI isolate A/Pheasant/NJ/1355/1998-like. Phylogenic analysis revealed the isolate, together with A/Chicken/Pennsylvania/1/1983 (H5N2), belonged to America lineages and clustered with A/Pheasant/NJ/1355/1998-like.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fen Shan
- Key Lab of Animal Disease Control and Prevention of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Lab of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Abolnik C, Londt BZ, Manvell RJ, Shell W, Banks J, Gerdes GH, Akol G, Brown IH. Characterisation of a highly pathogenic influenza A virus of subtype H5N2 isolated from ostriches in South Africa in 2004. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2009; 3:63-8. [PMID: 19496843 PMCID: PMC4634522 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-2659.2009.00074.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The HPAI H5N2 strain that caused an outbreak in ostriches of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa in 2004 was characterized. DESIGN Haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) were performed on sera from ostrich farms in the outbreak region, and intravenous pathogenicity (IVPI) tests, reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain reaction (RT-PCR), nucleic acid sequencing and phylogenetic comparisons were performed on the HPAI H5N2 virus isolated during the outbreak. RESULTS The deduced amino acid sequence at the HA0 cleavage site determined by RT-PCR and nucleotide sequencing was PQREKRRKKRGLF and thus the virus fell within the definition of a highly pathogenic virus, but in an IVPI test in chickens on the virus isolated from the index case and a value of 0.63 was recorded, which is below the criterion for highly pathogenic viruses in this in vivo test. After a further passage in embryonated eggs a second IVPI was carried out and an elevated value of 1.19 was obtained. Cloacal swabs were taken from the initial IVPI birds, inoculated into embryonated chickens eggs and a third IVPI was then performed on the resulting haemagglutinating, infective allantoic fluid. An index of 2.73 was recorded. CONCLUSIONS HI tests appeared to be the more sensitive test compared to AGID when testing for antibodies to avian influenza in sera. An ostrich-derived virus with a virulent HA0 cleavage site was not initially virulent in chickens but after passage in the latter the virulence increased. Phylogenetic analyses demonstrated the link between AI viruses carried by wild ducks and those infecting ostriches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celia Abolnik
- ARC-Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Private Bag x5, Onderstepoort, South Africa.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Gaidet N, Cattoli G, Hammoumi S, Newman SH, Hagemeijer W, Takekawa JY, Cappelle J, Dodman T, Joannis T, Gil P, Monne I, Fusaro A, Capua I, Manu S, Micheloni P, Ottosson U, Mshelbwala JH, Lubroth J, Domenech J, Monicat F. Evidence of infection by H5N2 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses in healthy wild waterfowl. PLoS Pathog 2008; 4:e1000127. [PMID: 18704172 PMCID: PMC2503949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential existence of a wild bird reservoir for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) has been recently questioned by the spread and the persisting circulation of H5N1 HPAI viruses, responsible for concurrent outbreaks in migratory and domestic birds over Asia, Europe, and Africa. During a large-scale surveillance programme over Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Africa, we detected avian influenza viruses of H5N2 subtype with a highly pathogenic (HP) viral genotype in healthy birds of two wild waterfowl species sampled in Nigeria. We monitored the survival and regional movements of one of the infected birds through satellite telemetry, providing a rare evidence of a non-lethal natural infection by an HP viral genotype in wild birds. Phylogenetic analysis of the H5N2 viruses revealed close genetic relationships with H5 viruses of low pathogenicity circulating in Eurasian wild and domestic ducks. In addition, genetic analysis did not reveal known gallinaceous poultry adaptive mutations, suggesting that the emergence of HP strains could have taken place in either wild or domestic ducks or in non-gallinaceous species. The presence of coexisting but genetically distinguishable avian influenza viruses with an HP viral genotype in two cohabiting species of wild waterfowl, with evidence of non-lethal infection at least in one species and without evidence of prior extensive circulation of the virus in domestic poultry, suggest that some strains with a potential high pathogenicity for poultry could be maintained in a community of wild waterfowl. Until recently, the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses responsible for high mortality in some domestic poultry were considered not to have a wild bird reservoir, but to emerge in domestic poultry populations from low pathogenic viruses perpetuated in wild waterbirds. The rapid spread of H5N1 HPAI virus in 2005–2006, with concurrent outbreaks reported in both domestic and wild birds over Asia, Europe, and Africa, has raised concerns about the potential role of migratory birds in the epidemiology of the HPAI infection. Wild birds were sampled in Africa and tested by molecular and virological methods in an attempt to trace the circulation of HPAI viruses. In addition, some of these wild birds were equipped with satellite transmitters to track their local and migratory movements in relation to the potential spread of avian diseases. Avian influenza viruses (H5N2) were detected in wild waterfowl in Nigeria, and were subsequently characterized as highly pathogenic by molecular sequencing (HPAI viral genotype). Movements of one infected bird tracked by satellite telemetry revealed that it survived infection by an HP viral genotype. This result constitutes a rare finding of infection by an AIV with an HPAI viral genotype in healthy wild birds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Gaidet
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement, Montpellier, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Xiu WQ, Nakajima K, Nobusawa E. [Analysis of the amino acid changes of the hemagglutinin of H5 avian influenza virus]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2008; 24:34-40. [PMID: 18320820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We introduced 38 single-point amino acid changes into the hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the reassortmented A/Duck/Mongolia/54/01 (H5N2) strain by a PCR random mutation method. The percentage of amino acid changes on the HA domain that did not abrogate hemadsorption activity was calculated to be 89%. Changes in the amino acids of the HA2 domain were observed to be about half of those in the HA1 domain of these mutants. We assumed that amino acid changes in the HA1 domain afforded more flexibility in maintaining the functions of the HA protein than did those in the HA2 domain. Changes at two positions allowed the mutants to have same characteristics with respect to HA function despite the difference in the substituted amino acid. The results suggested that the effect on hemadsorption activity of an amino acid change on the HA protein primarily depends on the position rather than the species of substituted amino acid. An amino acid change at residue 122 from Trp to Arg and 179 from His to Arg resulted in the loss of hemadsorption activity of the HA protein. Site 122 is near the antibody binding site A, and site 179 is in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of HSHA. So that we suggest residue position 179 or 122 is very important to maintain the structure of RBD or antigenic site of H5HA. Position 4 in HA1 changed from Cys to Arg and position 148 in HA2 changed from Cys to Tyr also resulted in the loss of hemadsorption activity of the HA protein. Cys plays an important role in maintaining the structure of HA protein by means of S-S bonds. 3 potential glycosylation sites (Asn-X-Ser/Thr) were lost in our experiment that did not lose the hemadsorption activity of HA. Some interesting positions need to be analyzed more finely. Some amino acid changes identified in vitro experiment may serve as molecular markers for assessing the pandemic potential of H5N1 field isolates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Qiong Xiu
- Department of Viral Diseases, Fujian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Fuzhou 350001, China.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rudneva IA, Timofeeva TA, Ilyushina NA, Varich NL, Kochergin-Nikitsky KS, Kaverin NV. Post-reassortment amino acid change in the hemagglutinin of a human-avian influenza H5N1 reassortant virus alters its antigenic specificity. Acta Virol 2008; 52:181-184. [PMID: 18999893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
It was shown earlier that the reassortant influenza virus having hemagglutinin (HA) gene of A/Duck/Primorie/2621/2001 (H5N2) virus and 7 genes of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) virus produced low yields in embryonated chicken eggs. We found that a variant reassortant selected by serial passages in eggs produced higher yields than the initial reassortant. The variant reassortant had an amino acid substitution in the hemagglutinin N244D (H3 numbering). In this report we demonstrated that the post-reassortment amino acid substitution N244D altered the antigenic specificity of HA as revealed by the loss of reactivity with an anti-H5 monoclonal antibody in hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test. The results are discussed in association with the evolution of H5 hemagglutinin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I A Rudneva
- D.I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rudneva IA, Kaverin NV, Timofeeva TA, Shilov AA, Varich NL, Kochergin-Nikitskiĭ KS, Krylov PS, L'vov DK. [Optimization of the gene composition of influenza H5 virus hemagglutinin-containing reassortants and their efficacy in immune cross-protection experiments]. Vopr Virusol 2008; 53:24-27. [PMID: 18318131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The reassortant described in the authors' previous paper contained 6 genes originating from the high-yield virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) and the genes of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of the low-pathogenic avian influenza A/Duck/Primorie/2621/2001 (H5N2) (6:2 reassortant). The reassortant was used for the backcrossing with the parent avian virus in order to optimize the gene composition. Genotyping of the highest-yield second-generation reassortment indicated that it had obtained the PB1, HA, and NA genes from the virus A/Duck/Primorie/ 2621/2001 and the other genes received the genes from the virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (5:3 reassortant). The yield produced in the embryonated chicken eggs by the 5:3 reassortant was higher than that produced by the 6:2 reassortant although it did not achieve the reproduction of the parent virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34. Murine immunization with the inactivated reassortant containing the HA and NA genes of the virus A/Duck/Primorie/2621/2001 (H5N2) provided an efficient protection against the virus containing HA and NA of a recent H5N1 strain.
Collapse
|
34
|
Wang CY, Luo YL, Chen YT, Li SK, Lin CH, Hsieh YC, Liu HJ. The cleavage of the hemagglutinin protein of H5N2 avian influenza virus in yeast. J Virol Methods 2007; 146:293-7. [PMID: 17727967 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2007.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2007] [Revised: 07/08/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Influenza viruses belonging to the Orthomyxoviridae family are enveloped viruses with segmented negative sense RNA genome surrounded by a helical symmetry shell. Influenza viruses, especially the highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAI) such as H5 or H7 subtype are important pathogens for the poultry industry. Due to genetic reassortments between avian and human influenza viruses, global pandemics may emerge and the naive human immunity could not be ready for them. The full-length HA-encoding gene of H5N2 AIV was inserted into a secretory pPICZalphaA vector and integrated into the genome of Pichia pastoris by heterologous recombination. The HA protein secretion into the medium was induced with methanol. Besides the expected 69kDa protein, another smaller fragment about 47kDa was recognized by an anti-AIV-HA monoclonal antibody in Western blot assay. This is the first report on the cleavage of HA(0) into HA(1) and HA(2) in the methylotrophic yeast P. pastoris. This possibly was due to digestion by proteases from P. pastoris based on the amino acid sequences at the predicted cleavage site, (326)R-X-K-R(329). With similar modifications to the eukaryotes, large quantity, proper antigenicity, and low cost, this expression system may provide a simple tool to produce HA proteins for further use in preparation of ELISA kits and subunit vaccines.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Blotting, Western
- Epitopes
- Genes, Viral
- Genetic Vectors
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/immunology
- Peptide Hydrolases/metabolism
- Pichia/genetics
- Pichia/metabolism
- Plasmids
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Recombination, Genetic
- Transformation, Genetic
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi Y Wang
- Department of Life Science, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 912, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
A low pathogenic avian influenza virus of the H5N2 subtype was isolated for the first time from layer chickens in Japan in 2005. Surveillance in trading restriction zones and epidemiologically related farms revealed 41 seropositive farms, and 16 H5N2 viruses were isolated and characterized from nine of these farms. That these viruses were genetically and antigenically similar to each other suggested that these isolates were derived from a common origin. Complete genomic characterization of all eight gene segments showed that these H5N2 isolates in Japan had high homology to the H5N2 strains prevalent in Central America since 1994. The virus was reisolated from tracheal and cloacal swabs of experimentally inoculated chickens and efficiently transmitted to sentinel chickens in adjacent cages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Research Team for Zoonotic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba 305-0856, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Pasick J, Handel K, Robinson J, Bowes V, Li Y, Leighton T, Kehler H, Ridd D, Cottam-Birt C. Relationship between H5N2 avian influenza viruses isolated from wild and domestic ducks in British Columbia, Canada. Avian Dis 2007; 51:429-31. [PMID: 17494600 DOI: 10.1637/7570-033106r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In the summer of 2005 a Canadian national surveillance program for influenza A viruses in wild aquatic birds was initiated. The program involved collaboration between federal and provincial levels of government and was coordinated by the Canadian Cooperative Wildlife Health Centre. The surveillance plan targeted young-of-the-year Mallards along with other duck species at six sampling locations along the major migratory flyways across Canada. Beginning in early August, cloacal swabs were taken from 704 ducks on two lakes adjacent to one another near Kamloops, British Columbia. The swabs were screened for the presence of influenza A RNA using a real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR) assay that targets the M1 gene. Swab samples that gave positive results underwent further testing using H5- and H7-specific RRT-PCR assays. One hundred and seventy-four cloacal swab specimens gave positive or suspicious results for the presence of an H5 virus. A portion of these (28/35) were confirmed using an H5-specific conventional reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay and an H5 virus was eventually isolated from 24/127 swab specimens. Neuraminidase typing revealed the presence of H5N2 and H5N9 viruses. In mid-November of 2005 an H5N2 virus was detected in a commercial duck operation in the lower mainland of British Columbia, approximately 120 km from where the H5N2-positive wild ducks were sampled. Molecular genetic analysis of the H5N2 viruses isolated from wild and domestic ducks was carried out to determine their kinship.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Pasick
- National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Canadian Food Inspection Agency, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3E 3M4
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Okamatsu M, Saito T, Yamamoto Y, Mase M, Tsuduku S, Nakamura K, Tsukamoto K, Yamaguchi S. Low pathogenicity H5N2 avian influenza outbreak in Japan during the 2005-2006. Vet Microbiol 2007; 124:35-46. [PMID: 17524576 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 03/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
At the end of May 2005, a low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) virus of subtype H5N2 was isolated for the first time from chickens in Japan. Through active and epidemiological surveillance, 5.78 million chickens on 41 farms were found to be affected and 16 H5N2 viruses were isolated. Antigenic analysis revealed antigenic similarity of these isolates. Phylogenetic analysis showed that they originated from a common ancestor and clustered with the H5N2 strains prevalent in Central America that have been circulating since 1994. Experimental infection of chickens with the index isolate (A/chicken/Ibaraki/1/05) demonstrated that this virus replicated efficiently in the respiratory tract without clinical signs, and dust-borne and/or droplet-borne transmission was considered as a possible mode of transmission. These results suggested that the H5N2 LPAI viruses isolated in Japan were highly adapted to chickens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Research Team for Zoonotic Diseases, National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Philippa J, Baas C, Beyer W, Bestebroer T, Fouchier R, Smith D, Schaftenaar W, Osterhaus A. Vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus in zoos using an adjuvanted inactivated H5N2 vaccine. Vaccine 2007; 25:3800-8. [PMID: 17403559 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.01.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Revised: 01/23/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus infections have recently caused unprecedented morbidity and mortality in a wide range of avian species. European Commission directive 2005/744/EC allowed vaccination in zoos under strict conditions, while reducing confinement measures. Vaccination with a commercial H5N2 vaccine with vaccine doses adapted to mean body weight per species was safe, and proved immunogenic throughout the range of species tested, with some variations between and within taxonomic orders. After booster vaccination the overall homologous geometric mean titre (GMT) to the vaccine strain, measured in 334 birds, was 190 (95% CI: 152-236), and 80.5% of vaccinated birds developed a titre of >or=40. Titres to the HPAI H5N1 virus followed a similar trend, but were lower (GMT: 61 (95% CI: 49-76); 61%>or=40). The breadth of the immune response was further demonstrated by measuring antibody titres against prototype strains of four antigenic clades of currently circulating H5N1 viruses. These data indicate that vaccination should be regarded as a beneficial component of the preventive measures (including increased bio-security and monitoring) that can be undertaken in zoos to prevent an outbreak of and decrease environmental contamination by HPAI H5N1 virus, while alleviating confinement measures.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic
- Animals
- Animals, Zoo
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Birds/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Influenza Vaccines/adverse effects
- Influenza Vaccines/immunology
- Influenza Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Influenza in Birds/immunology
- Influenza in Birds/prevention & control
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Vaccination/veterinary
- Vaccines, Inactivated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Inactivated/adverse effects
- Vaccines, Inactivated/immunology
- Vaccines, Inactivated/therapeutic use
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joost Philippa
- Institute of Virology, Erasmus MC, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Rudneva IA, Timofeeva TA, Shilov AA, Kochergin-Nikitsky KS, Varich NL, Ilyushina NA, Gambaryan AS, Krylov PS, Kaverin NV. Effect of gene constellation and postreassortment amino acid change on the phenotypic features of H5 influenza virus reassortants. Arch Virol 2007; 152:1139-45. [PMID: 17294090 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-006-0931-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reassortants between a low-pathogenic avian influenza virus strain A/Duck/Primorie/2621/2001 (H5N2) and a high-yield human influenza virus strain A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) were generated, genotyped and analyzed with respect to their yield in embryonated chicken eggs, pathogenicity for mice, and immunogenicity. A reassortant having HA and NA genes from A/Duck/Primorie/2621/2001 virus and 6 genes from A/Puerto Rico/8/34 virus (6:2 reassortant) replicated efficiently in embryonated chicken eggs, the yields being intermediate between the yields of the avian parent virus and those of the A/Puerto Rico/8/34 parent strain. The reassortant having the HA gene from A/Duck/Primorie/2621/2001 virus and 7 genes from A/Puerto Rico/8/34 virus (7:1 reassortant) produced low yields. A variant of the 7:1 reassortant selected by serial passages in eggs had an amino acid substitution in the hemagglutinin (N244D, H3 numbering). The variant produced yields similar to those of the 6:2 reassortant. A 5:3 reassortant generated by a back-cross of the 6:2 reassortant with the avian parent and having PB1, HA and NA genes of A/Duck/Primorie/2621/2001 virus produced higher yields than the 7:1 or 6:2 reassortants, although still lower than the yields of A/Puerto Rico/8/34 virus. The 7:1, 6:2 and 5:3 reassortants were pathogenic for mice, with the level of virulence close to A/Puerto Rico/8/34 virus, in contrast to the extremely low pathogenicity of the A/Duck/Primorie/2621/2001 parent strain. Immunization of mice with an inactivated 6:2 H5N2 reassortant provided efficient immune protection against a reassortant virus containing the HA and NA genes of a recent H5N1 isolate. The results are discussed in connection with the problem of the improvement of vaccine strains against the threatening H5N1 pandemic.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Chick Embryo
- Female
- Genes, Viral
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Mice
- Phenotype
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/immunology
- Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity
- Recombination, Genetic
- Virulence/genetics
- Virulence/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I A Rudneva
- The D. I. Ivanovsky Institute of Virology RAMS, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kochergin-Nikitskiĭ KS, Rudneva IA, Timofeeva TA, Il'iushina NA, Varich NL, Vlasova AN, Kaverin NV, L'vov DK. [Reassortment and gene interactions in the crossing of low-pathogenic avian influenza H5 virus with human influenza virus]. Vopr Virusol 2007; 52:23-8. [PMID: 17338230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The reassortants obtained via the crossing of highly productive influenza virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) strain and the low pathogenic avian influenza virus A/Duck/Primorie/2621/2001 (H5N2) strain were genotyped and characterized. The H5N2 reassortant having 6 genes from A/Puerto Rico/8/34 virus has the high level of reproduction in chick embryos, while slightly more moderate than in the parent A/Puerto Rico/8/34 strain. The reproduction of the H5N1 reassortant that had 7 genes from A/Puerto Rico/8134 virus was very low. The serial passage selection allowed the investigators to obtain the H5N1 strain that was reproductively close to the H5N2 reassortant. This variant had one amino acid substitution in hemagglutinin (N244D, H3 numbering) and a lower affinity for fetuin. By the level of virulence to mice, the H5N1 and H5N2 reassortants were close to A/Puerto Rico/8/34 virus and greatly differed in this respect from low virulent A/Duck/Primorie/2621/2001 (H5N2). The results are discussed in connection with the problem of vaccination when there is a threat for H5N1 virus subtype-caused pandemic.
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
We full genome characterised the newly discovered avian influenza virus H5N7 subtype combination isolated from a stock of Danish game ducks to investigate the composition of the genome and possible features of high pathogenicity. It was found that the haemagglutinin and the acidic polymerase genes were closely related to a low pathogenic H5 strain (A/Duck/Denmark/65047/04 H5N2). The neuraminidase and the non-structural genes were closely related to the highly pathogenic H7N7 strains from The Netherlands 2003. The basic polymerase genes 1 and 2 were shared between the Danish H5N7 and H5N2 and the H7N7 from The Netherlands. The nucleoprotein and the matrix genes were closely related to H6 strains. Thus, the new H5N7 subtype share genes with H5, H7 and H6 subtypes and possesses internal genes originating from highly pathogenic strains. The findings emphasize the need for surveillance presumed low pathogenic avian influenza A viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Bragstad
- Department of Virology, Statens Serum Institut, 5 Artillerivej, DK-2300 Copenhagen S, Denmark.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ma HC, Chen JM, Chen JW, Sun YX, Li JM, Wang ZL. The panorama of the diversity of H5 subtype influenza viruses. Virus Genes 2006; 34:283-7. [PMID: 16924425 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-006-0018-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2006] [Accepted: 05/10/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the global diversity of H5 influenza viruses from a dynamic view, haemagglutinin (HA) sequences of 170 isolates were selected and analyzed in this study. Our results showed that H5 influenza isolates could be divided into two distinct lineages that circulated in the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere, respectively. This may be due to the separate migration routes and habitats of birds in the two hemispheres. The two distinct lineages, having existed at least for decades, possibly began divergence in 1850s. Each of the two distinct HA lineages could be further divided into some sublineages, but there was little correlation between the minor lineages and their isolation places, isolation time, neuraminidase subtypes, host species or virulence. The panorama of the diversity of H5 influenza viruses presented here integrated all known H5 epidemics including the current severe H5N1 avian epidemics in the Eastern Hemisphere and suggested that H5 virulent viruses could originate from multiple sublineages and associate with multiple NA subtypes. Our study provided a framework for the studies on the evolution and epidemiology of H5 influenza viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Chao Ma
- Chinese Center for Animal Health and Epidemiology, Nanjing Road 369#, Qingdao 266032, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hu YC, Luo YL, Ji WT, Chulu JLC, Chang PC, Shieh H, Wang CY, Liu HJ. Dual expression of the HA protein of H5N2 avian influenza virus in a baculovirus system. J Virol Methods 2006; 135:43-8. [PMID: 16530857 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2006.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2005] [Revised: 01/19/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Baculovirus/insect cell system is used widely for recombinant protein production. The hemagglutinin (HA) gene of H5N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) 1209 strain and the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene were cloned into pFastBac DUAL vector that has two promoters and cloning sites, allowing simultaneous expression of these two genes. The HA protein of AIV was fused with a hexahistidine (His6) tag for purification. The coexpression of EGFP allowed identification of the recombinant baculoviruses in Sf-9 insect cells, eliminating cumbersome and time-consuming assays. A recombinant baculovirus, Bac-HA, was generated by transfecting pBac-HA to bacmid inside DH10B(AC)Escherichia coli by site-specific transposition, followed by transfection into the Sf-9 cells. Fluorescence in the insect cells was observed from 3 days post-infection. The expressed HA protein was confirmed by Western blot using an anti-HA monoclonal antibody. Also, different detergents and incubation times on ice were tested. The two-stage extraction with Triton X-100 or Tween 20 and incubation on ice for 2h exhibited high efficiency. Since purification of HA with ConA resin resulted in low protein recovery, lentil lectin affinity column was used and was useful for HA purification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu C Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Obenauer JC, Denson J, Mehta PK, Su X, Mukatira S, Finkelstein DB, Xu X, Wang J, Ma J, Fan Y, Rakestraw KM, Webster RG, Hoffmann E, Krauss S, Zheng J, Zhang Z, Naeve CW. Large-scale sequence analysis of avian influenza isolates. Science 2006; 311:1576-80. [PMID: 16439620 DOI: 10.1126/science.1121586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 461] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The spread of H5N1 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) from China to Europe has raised global concern about their potential to infect humans and cause a pandemic. In spite of their substantial threat to human health, remarkably little AIV whole-genome information is available. We report here a preliminary analysis of the first large-scale sequencing of AIVs, including 2196 AIV genes and 169 complete genomes. We combine this new information with public AIV data to identify new gene alleles, persistent genotypes, compensatory mutations, and a potential virulence determinant.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Birds/virology
- Computational Biology
- Genes, Viral
- Genome, Viral
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H2N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/chemistry
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A virus/chemistry
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/isolation & purification
- Influenza A virus/pathogenicity
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Nonstructural Proteins/genetics
- Viral Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Virulence Factors/chemistry
- Virulence Factors/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John C Obenauer
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Munster VJ, Wallensten A, Baas C, Rimmelzwaan GF, Schutten M, Olsen B, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA. Mallards and highly pathogenic avian influenza ancestral viruses, northern Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 11:1545-51. [PMID: 16318694 PMCID: PMC3366752 DOI: 10.3201/eid1110.050546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveillance studies in wild birds help generate prototypic vaccine candidates and diagnostic tests. Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), which originate in poultry upon transmission of low pathogenic viruses from wild birds, have occurred relatively frequently in the last decade. During our ongoing surveillance studies in wild birds, we isolated several influenza A viruses of hemagglutinin subtype H5 and H7 that contain various neuraminidase subtypes. For each of the recorded H5 and H7 HPAI outbreaks in Europe since 1997, our collection contained closely related virus isolates recovered from wild birds, as determined by sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of the hemagglutinin gene and antigenic characterization of the hemagglutinin glycoprotein. The minor genetic and antigenic diversity between the viruses recovered from wild birds and those causing HPAI outbreaks indicates that influenza A virus surveillance studies in wild birds can help generate prototypic vaccine candidates and design and evaluate diagnostic tests, before outbreaks occur in animals and humans.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Wild/virology
- Disease Outbreaks
- Ducks/virology
- Europe/epidemiology
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/classification
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A virus/classification
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/isolation & purification
- Influenza A virus/pathogenicity
- Influenza in Birds/epidemiology
- Influenza in Birds/transmission
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neuraminidase/classification
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Phylogeny
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anders Wallensten
- Smedby Health Center, Kalmar, Sweden
- Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Chantal Baas
- Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Björn Olsen
- Umea University, Umea, Sweden
- Kalmar University, Kalmar, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Lu JH, Long JX, Jia LJ, Liu YL, Shao WX, Zhang YM, Liu XF. Reassortment and modification of hemagglutinin cleavage motif of avian/WSN influenza viruses generated by reverse genetics that correlate with attenuation. Acta Virol 2006; 50:243-9. [PMID: 17177609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza associated with H9N2 and H5N1 subtypes of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) has raised great concerns in China. To study this problem, reverse genetics has been employed. Three reassortants, rgH9N2, rgH5N1 and rgH5N2, were prepared and compared. Their hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) genes originated from Chinese AIV isolates of H9N2 or H5N1 subtype, while the rest of their genes were derived from A/WSN/33(H1N1) virus (WSN). In the H5 HA reassortants, the multibasic cleavage site was converted to a monobasic one. The results demonstrated that the reassortants did not produce CPE on MDCK cells in the absence of trypsin, showed egg-adaptation phenotype and stability of HA and NA during consecutive egg passages, and were not lethal to chickens and mice. However, the rgH5N1 reassortant exhibited a residual virulence in terms of lethality to chick embryos and pathogenesis in chickens. It can be concluded that (i) the genetic modification of H5 HA attenuated the H5 reassortants, (ii) the presence of internal WSN proteins contributed to the attenuated properties of the reassortants independently on H5 HA, and (iii) also the overall genome composition contributed to virulence differences. This report provides further contribution of reverse genetics to the knowledge of virulence of influenza viruses.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Chick Embryo
- Chickens
- Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dogs
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/chemistry
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/growth & development
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/growth & development
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/pathogenicity
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- Virulence/genetics
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J-H Lu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, Jiangsu Province, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lu JH, Long JX, Shao WX, Wei DP, Liu XF. [Generation of attenuated H5N1 and H5N2 subtypes of influenza virus recombinants by reverse genetics system]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2005; 45:53-7. [PMID: 15847163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The HA connecting peptide at cleavage site, PQRERRKKR / GL, of an H5N1 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) was replaced with PQRESR / GL, and then the modified HA gene was cloned into the transcription/expression vector, pHW2000, constructing a plasmid named pHW524-HA. The NA (N1) gene from the H5N1 virus and the NA (N2) gene from an H9N2 AIV were also cloned into pHW2000 separately, resulting in plasmids pHW506-NA and pHW206-NA. With the organization of pHW524-HA, pHW506-NA or pHW206-NA, and six plasmids containing internal genes from A/WSN/33 backbone virus, two transfectants, H5N1/WSN and H5N2/WSN, were subsequently generated by eight-plasmid system. After 15 consecutive passages in embryonated eggs, the two recombinants grew up to high titers of 1:2(9) in hemagglutination test with no changes in nucleotide sequences of the surface genes detected. Both the recombinant viruses belonged to mildly pathogen when evaluated by the pathogenicity test in six-week-old SPF chickens. H5N2/WSN recombinant virus was obviously less pathogenic than H5N1/WSN virus for embryonated chicken eggs. This presentation showed that the reverse genetics system is a very useful tool for studying the construction and function of individual genes and for the generation of virus as vaccine candidate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-hong Lu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|