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Na EJ, Kim YS, Kim YJ, Park JS, Oem JK. Genetic Characterization and Pathogenicity of H7N7 and H7N9 Avian Influenza Viruses Isolated from South Korea. Viruses 2021; 13:v13102057. [PMID: 34696486 PMCID: PMC8540337 DOI: 10.3390/v13102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
H7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (LPAIVs) can mutate into highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs). In addition to avian species, H7 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) also infect humans. In this study, two AIVs, H7N9 (20X-20) and H7N7 (34X-2), isolated from the feces of wild birds in South Korea in 2021, were genetically analyzed. The HA cleavage site of the two H7 Korean viruses was confirmed to be ELPKGR/GLF, indicating they are LPAIVs. There were no amino acid substitutions at the receptor-binding site of the HA gene of two H7 Korean viruses compared to that of A/Anhui/1/2013 (H7N9), which prefer human receptors. In the phylogenetic tree analysis, the HA gene of the two H7 Korean viruses shared the highest nucleotide similarity with the Korean H7 subtype AIVs. In addition, the HA gene of the two H7 Korean viruses showed high nucleotide similarity to that of the A/Jiangsu/1/2018(H7N4) virus, which is a human influenza virus originating from avian influenza virus. Most internal genes (PB2, PB1, PA, NP, NA, M, and NS) of the two H7 Korean viruses belonged to the Eurasian lineage, except for the M gene of 34X-2. This result suggests that active reassortment occurred among AIVs. In pathogenicity studies of mice, the two H7 Korean viruses replicated in the lungs of mice. In addition, the body weight of mice infected with 34X-2 decreased 7 days post-infection (dpi) and inflammation was observed in the peribronchiolar and perivascular regions of the lungs of mice. These results suggest that mammals can be infected with the two H7 Korean AIVs. Our data showed that even low pathogenic H7 AIVs may infect mammals, including humans, as confirmed by the A/Jiangsu/1/2018(H7N4) virus. Therefore, continuous monitoring and pathogenicity assessment of AIVs, even of LPAIVs, are required.
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Le KT, Okamatsu M, Nguyen LT, Matsuno K, Chu DH, Tien TN, Le TT, Kida H, Sakoda Y. Genetic and antigenic characterization of the first H7N7 low pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated in Vietnam. Infect Genet Evol 2019; 78:104117. [PMID: 31760087 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.104117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
During the annual surveillance of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in Vietnam in 2018, three H7N7 AIV isolates were identified in domestic ducks in a single flock in Vinh Long province. The present study is the first documented report of H7N7 virus isolates in Vietnam and aimed to characterize these viruses, both genetically and antigenically. Deduced amino acid sequences for the hemagglutinins (HAs) indicated a low pathogenicity of these viruses in chickens. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the H7 HA genes of these isolates were closely related to each other and belonged to the European-Asian sublineage, together with those of H7N3 viruses isolated from ducks in Cambodia during 2017. They were not genetically related to those of Chinese H7N9 or H7N1 viruses that were previously detected in Vietnam during 2012. Interestingly, the M genes of the two H7N7 virus isolates were phylogenetically classified into distinct groups, suggesting an ongoing reassortment event in domestic ducks because they were isolated from the same flock. These H7N7 viruses exhibited somewhat different antigenic characteristics compared with other representative H7 low pathogenic AIVs. Surprisingly, the antigenicity of Vietnamese H7N7 viruses is similar to Chinese H7N9 highly pathogenic AIV. The findings of this study suggest that H7N7 viruses may be undergoing reassortment and antigenic diversification in poultry flocks in Vietnam. The silent spread of Vietnamese H7N7 viruses in chickens may lead to acquire high pathogenicity in chickens although the zoonotic potential of the viruses seems to be low since these viruses retain typical avian-specific motifs in the receptor-binding site in the HA and there is no mutation related to mammalian adaptation in PB2 gene. Thus, these results highlight the need for continuous and intensive surveillance of avian influenza in Vietnam, targeting not only highly pathogenic AIVs but also low pathogenic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kien Trung Le
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kitaku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Okamatsu
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kitaku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan
| | - Lam Thanh Nguyen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kitaku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho 900000, Viet Nam
| | - Keita Matsuno
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kitaku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Duc-Huy Chu
- Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ha Noi 115-19, Viet Nam
| | - Tien Ngoc Tien
- Regional Animal Health Office VII, Department of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Can Tho 900000, Viet Nam
| | - Tung Thanh Le
- Sub-Departments of Animal Health, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Vinh Long 890000, Viet Nam
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan; Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-20 Nishi-10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Sakoda
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-18 Nishi-9, Kitaku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0818, Japan; Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0020, Japan.
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Chen L, Ruan F, Sun Y, Chen H, Liu M, Zhou J, Qin K. Establishment of sandwich ELISA for detecting the H7 subtype influenza A virus. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1168-1171. [PMID: 30680746 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Avian H7N9 subtype influenza virus infects human with high case-fatality rate since it emerged in 2013. Although the vaccination has been rapidly used in poultry due to the emergence of highly pathogenic strain, this virus remains prevalent in this region. Thus, rapid diagnosis both in poultry and human clinic is critically important for the control and prevention of H7N9 infection. In this study, a batch of H7 subtype-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were developed and a pair of mAb, 2B6, and 5E9 were used to establish a double-antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to quantify H7 protein and detect influenza A virus baring H7 subtype HA. The lowest detection limit for the recombinant H7 protein was 10 ng/mL and 0.5 HAU/50 μL of A/Guangdong/17SF003/2016(H7N9), 2 HAU/50 μL of A/Netherlands/219/2003(H7N7) and A/Anhui/1/2013(H7N9) for live virus, respectively. The ELISA could not only detect the prevailing H7N9 virus, but also antigenic drift H7 subtype viruses, showing excellent sensitivity and high specificity. Hence, it could serve as a valuable approach to diagnose H7 subtype virus which showed great potential to cause pandemic, as well as antigen quantification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Chen
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R. China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, P. R. China
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Feier Ruan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, P. R. China
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, P. R. China
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Ying Sun
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Haiying Chen
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Mingbin Liu
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Jianfang Zhou
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Kun Qin
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health Commission, Beijing, P. R. China
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te Beest DE, de Bruin E, Imholz S, Koopmans M, van Boven M. Heterosubtypic cross-reactivity of HA1 antibodies to influenza A, with emphasis on nonhuman subtypes (H5N1, H7N7, H9N2). PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181093. [PMID: 28715468 PMCID: PMC5513445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemics of influenza A vary greatly in size and age distribution of cases, and this variation is attributed to varying levels of pre-existing immunity. Recent studies have shown that antibody-mediated immune responses are more cross-reactive than previously believed, and shape patterns of humoral immunity to influenza A viruses over long periods. Here we quantify antibody responses to the hemagglutinin subunit 1 (HA1) across a range of subtypes using protein microarray analysis of cross-sectional serological surveys carried out in the Netherlands before and after the A/2009 (H1N1) pandemic. We find significant associations of responses, both within and between subtypes. Interestingly, substantial overall reactivity is observed to HA1 of avian H7N7 and H9N2 viruses. Seroprevalence of H7N7 correlates with antibody titers to A/1968 (H3N2), and is highest in persons born between 1954 and 1969. Seroprevalence of H9N2 is high across all ages, and correlates strongly with A/1957 (H2N2). This correlation is most pronounced in A/2009 (H1N1) infected persons born after 1968 who have never encountered A/1957 (H2N2)-like viruses. We conclude that heterosubtypic antibody cross-reactivity, both between human subtypes and between human and nonhuman subtypes, is common in the human population.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Birds
- Child
- Child, Preschool
- Cross Reactions
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H9N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza in Birds/pathology
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/pathology
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Middle Aged
- Young Adult
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis E. te Beest
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Erwin de Bruin
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sandra Imholz
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Marion Koopmans
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michiel van Boven
- Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Kim YI, Park SJ, Kwon HI, Kim EH, Si YJ, Jeong JH, Lee IW, Nguyen HD, Kwon JJ, Choi WS, Song MS, Kim CJ, Choi YK. Genetic and phylogenetic characterizations of a novel genotype of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 viruses in 2016/2017 in South Korea. Infect Genet Evol 2017; 53:56-67. [PMID: 28477974 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
During the outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N6 viruses in 2016 in South Korea, novel H5N8 viruses were also isolated from migratory birds. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the HA gene of these H5N8 viruses belonged to clade 2.3.4.4, similarly to recent H5Nx viruses, and originated from A/Brk/Korea/Gochang1/14(H5N8), a minor lineage of H5N8 that appeared in 2014 and then disappeared. At least four reassortment events occurred with different subtypes (H5N8, H7N7, H3N8 and H10N7) and a chicken challenge study revealed that they were classified as HPAI viruses according to OIE criteria.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Wild
- Birds/virology
- Chickens
- Disease Outbreaks/veterinary
- Genotype
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H10N7 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H10N7 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H10N7 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H5N8 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H5N8 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N8 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza in Birds/epidemiology
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Phylogeny
- Phylogeography
- Reassortant Viruses/classification
- Reassortant Viruses/genetics
- Reassortant Viruses/isolation & purification
- Republic of Korea/epidemiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Il Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok-Il Kwon
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Ha Kim
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jae Si
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Hwan Jeong
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Won Lee
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiep Dinh Nguyen
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Jung Kwon
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Suk Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Song
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Joong Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 220 Gung-Dong, Yuseoung-Gu, DaeJeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Ki Choi
- College of Medicine and Medical Research Institute, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 361-763, Republic of Korea.
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Cui P, Deng G, Shi J, Kong H, Liu L, Guan Y, Suzuki Y, Chen H. New influenza A(H7N7) viruses detected in live poultry markets in China. Virology 2016; 499:165-169. [PMID: 27661735 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
H7N7 avian influenza viruses have been widely detected in wild birds and domestic poultry since they were first detected in chickens in Italy in 1902. They can occasionally transmit to humans. Here, we isolated six H7N7 viruses in live poultry markets during routine surveillance from 2010 to 2013. Sequences analysis revealed that these viruses are reassortants bearing genes of H3N8, H7N3, H7N7, and H10N7 influenza viruses detected in wild birds and ducks, and can be categorized into three genotypes (A, B, and C). All six viruses bound to both human-type and avian-type receptors. The viruses in genotype B and C could replicate efficiently in the lungs and nasal turbinates of mice without prior adaptation, and the genotype C virus also replicated in the brain of two of three mice tested. It is important to continue to monitor the evolution of H7N7 viruses and to evaluate their potential to cause human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guohua Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Jianzhong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Huihui Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Liling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuntao Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yasuo Suzuki
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hualan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
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Wei K, Tang X, Li Y. Genome-scale phylodynamics and evolution analysis of global H7N7 influenza viruses. Vet Microbiol 2016; 193:83-92. [PMID: 27599934 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2016.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies lacked of comprehensive analysis about the evolutionary history and phylogeography of global H7N7 viruses. In this study, it is essential to undertake a genome-scale analysis to investigate the evolutionary processes in a global perspective. There was local phylogenetic divergence among eight trees based on individual segments of 132 strains. We detected four reassortments between four distinct groups of viruses divided by HA gene, suggesting intrasubtype reassortment could accelerate the emergence of highly pathogenic virus. The molecular clock estimated that H7N7 virus evolved at a slower evolutionary rate ranged from 1.03E-03 to 2.81E-03subs/site/year. And we also showed that all gene segments of the virus were under strong purifying selection. A total of 11 positively selected sites were detected by at least two out of three methods. We reconstructed the population dynamics of global H7N7 viruses spanning over a century, revealing that temporal trends of the effective population size were consistent with the major epidemics previously reported. Our study adopt a Bayesian phylogeographic approach to investigate the geographic spread of H7N7 viruses, which combined with temporal and spatial information of all sequences. We have confirmed several migration events between different geographic locations supported by higher values of Bayes factor. The diffusion patterns of H7N7 viruses reveal that the virus is more likely to evolve to expand their host ranges even cross the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaifa Wei
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China.
| | - Xiaoping Tang
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
| | - Yuhan Li
- School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
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Boliar S, Stanislawek W, Chambers TM. Inability of Kaolin Treatment to Remove Nonspecific Inhibitors from Equine Serum for the Hemagglutination Inhibition Test Against Equine H7N7 Influenza Virus. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 18:264-7. [PMID: 16789714 DOI: 10.1177/104063870601800305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hemagglutination inhibition test is used by many diagnostic and surveillance laboratories for detection of antibodies to influenza viruses. It is well known that the hemagglutination inhibition test is affected by nonspecific inhibitors present in equine serum. Several serum treatments are in use to remove these inhibitors, including treatment with kaolin. Discrepant results were observed in the authors' laboratories when using kaolin treatment before testing equine sera for antibodies against equine influenza virus (EIV) subtype-1 (H7N7). It is demonstrated here that kaolin treatment leads to false positive results when testing for antibodies against EIV subtype-1, as compared to other standard serum treatments (trypsin-periodate, receptor-destroying enzyme). Against EIV subtype-2 (H3N8), however, false positive results were not evident. Trypsin-periodate and receptor-destroying enzyme (RDE) treatments appear to be superior to kaolin for removal of nonspecific inhibitors from equine serum and should be used for serological diagnosis and surveillance of equine influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikat Boliar
- Gluck Equine Research Center, Department of Veterinary Science, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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Hushegyi A, Pihíková D, Bertok T, Adam V, Kizek R, Tkac J. Ultrasensitive detection of influenza viruses with a glycan-based impedimetric biosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 79:644-9. [PMID: 26765527 PMCID: PMC4883649 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.12.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 12/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
An ultrasensitive impedimetric glycan-based biosensor for reliable and selective detection of inactivated, but intact influenza viruses H3N2 was developed. Such glycan-based approach has a distinct advantage over antibody-based detection of influenza viruses since glycans are natural viral receptors with a possibility to selectively distinguish between potentially pathogenic influenza subtypes by the glycan-based biosensors. Build-up of the biosensor was carefully optimized with atomic force microscopy applied for visualization of the biosensor surface after binding of viruses with the topology of an individual viral particle H3N2 analyzed. The glycan biosensor could detect a glycan binding lectin with a limit of detection (LOD) of 5 aM. The biosensor was finally applied for analysis of influenza viruses H3N2 with LOD of 13 viral particles in 1 μl, what is the lowest LOD for analysis of influenza viral particles by the glycan-based device achieved so far. The biosensor could detect H3N2 viruses selectively with a sensitivity ratio of 30 over influenza viruses H7N7. The impedimetric biosensor presented here is the most sensitive glycan-based device for detection of influenza viruses and among the most sensitive antibody or aptamer based biosensor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- András Hushegyi
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Dominika Pihíková
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomas Bertok
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vojtech Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - René Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tkac
- Department of Glycobiotechnology, Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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Yao Y, Xu CL, Shi JH, Zhu Y, Li YF, Bai T, Li FC, Cai T, Yuan F, Chen T, Yang H, Li WC, Zhang HJ, Zhang H, Shu YL. Phylogenetic and Molecular Analysis of an H7N7 Avian Influenza Virus Isolated in East Dongting Lake in 2012. Biomed Environ Sci 2015; 28:518-526. [PMID: 26248736 DOI: 10.3967/bes2015.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In March 2012, an H7N7 subtype avian influenza virus (AIV) named A/wild goose/Dongting/PC0360/2012 (H7N7) (DT/PC0360) was recovered from a wild goose in East Dongting Lake. We performed whole-genome sequencing of the isolate, and analyzed the phylogenetic and molecular characterization. METHODS RNA was extracted from environment samples (including fecal samples from wild bird or domestic ducks, and water samples) for detecting the presence of Influenza A Virus targeting Matrix gene, using realtime RT-PCR assay. The positive samples were performed virus isolation with embryonated eggs. The subtype of the isolates were identified by RT-PCR assay with the H1-H16 and N1-N9 primer set. The whole-genome sequencing of isolates were performed. Phylogenetic and molecular characterizations of the eight genes of the isolates were analyzed. RESULTS Our results suggested that all the eight gene segments of DT/PC0360 belonged to the Eurasian gene pool, and the HA gene were belonged to distinct sublineage with H7N9 AIV which caused outbreaks in Mainland China in 2013. The hemagglutinin cleavage site of HA of DT/PC0360 showed characterization of low pathogenic avian influenza virus. CONCLUSION Strengthening the surveillance of AIVs of wild waterfowl and poultry in this region is vital for our knowledge of the ecology and mechanism of transmission to prevent an influenza pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yao
- Hunan East Dongting Lake National Nature Reserve, Yueyang 414018, Hunan, China
| | - Cui Ling Xu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jing Hong Shi
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Yun Fei Li
- Hunan East Dongting Lake National Nature Reserve, Yueyang 414018, Hunan, China
| | - Tian Bai
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Fang Cai Li
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410005, Hunan, China
| | - Tao Cai
- Hunan East Dongting Lake National Nature Reserve, Yueyang 414018, Hunan, China
| | - Fan Yuan
- National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Hunan East Dongting Lake National Nature Reserve, Yueyang 414018, Hunan, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410005, Hunan, China
| | - Wen Chao Li
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410005, Hunan, China
| | - Heng Jiao Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410005, Hunan, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Hunan Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changsha 410005, Hunan, China
| | - Yue Long Shu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing 102206, China
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12
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13
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Ye WW, Tsang MK, Liu X, Yang M, Hao J. Upconversion luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET)-based biosensor for rapid and ultrasensitive detection of avian influenza virus H7 subtype. Small 2014; 10:2390-7. [PMID: 24599581 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201303766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2013] [Revised: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses (AIV) with good adaptation and various mutations have threatened both human and animals' health. The H7 subtypes have the potential to cause pandemic threats to human health due to the highly pathogenic characteristics. Therefore, it is quite urgent to develop a novel biosensor for rapid and sensitive detection of H7 subtypes. In this work, a biosensor based on luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET) from BaGdF5:Yb/Er upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) to gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has been developed for rapid and sensitive H7 subtypes detection. The amino modified capture oligonucleotide probes are covalently linked to poly(ethylenimine) (PEI) modified BaGdF5:Yb/Er UCNPs. The thiol modified oligonucleotides with H7 hemagglutinin gene sequence are conjugated to surfaces of AuNPs. The hybridization process between complementary strands of H7 Hemagglutinin gene and its probe brings the energy donor and acceptor into close proximity, leading to the quenching of fluorescence of UCNPs. A linear response is obtained ranging from 10 pm to 10 nm and the limit of detection (LOD) is around 7 pm with detection time around 2 hours. This biosensor is expected to be a valuable diagnostic tool for rapid and sensitive detection of AIV.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biosensing Techniques/instrumentation
- Biosensing Techniques/methods
- Birds
- Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer/instrumentation
- Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer/methods
- Gold
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H7N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H7N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H7N3 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N3 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N9 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A virus/classification
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/isolation & purification
- Influenza in Birds/diagnosis
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/diagnosis
- Influenza, Human/genetics
- Limit of Detection
- Luminescence
- Metal Nanoparticles/chemistry
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei Ye
- Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P. R. China
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14
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Abstract
Respiratory infections are the third highest cause of death worldwide and influenza has the highest mortality rate among lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). Diagnosis of LRTIs relies mostly on clinical symptoms and is not fully satisfactory. Influenza laboratory diagnosis improves the efficiency of prophylaxis or treatment of influenza by antiviral molecules and has a strong impact on the cost-effectiveness of curative treatment. Inappropriate treatment of patients may result in spreading of resistant strains. Molecular diagnostics play a central role in the surveillance and response of pandemic influenza due to highly pathogenic strains. Real-time assays can be used for diagnosis or surveillance purposes in humans and animals, and microarrays can be used to identify and monitor the spread of dangerous variants. Molecular assays are also useful to identify and distinguish influenza, other respiratory viruses and bacteria, although their cost-effectiveness must be proven on a large scale. As new antiviral options will be available to clinicians, a better treatment choice will benefit the patient and community. Recent progress in molecular techniques will be reviewed. Examples of real-time assays for the detection of influenza viruses, including the highly pathogenic influenza A strains H5N1 and H7N7, will be discussed. Promising new techniques that allow detailed genotyping of viruses or multiplex detection of several respiratory pathogens from a unique specimen will also be discussed. These techniques will, in the near future, significantly improve the quality of diagnosis and surveillance of respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy Vernet
- BioMérieux, Emerging Pathogens R&D Department, Marcy-l'Etoile, 69280, France.
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15
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Jonges M, Meijer A, Fouchier RA, Koch G, Li J, Pan JC, Chen H, Shu YL, Koopmans MP. Guiding outbreak management by the use of influenza A(H7Nx) virus sequence analysis. Euro Surveill 2013; 18:20460. [PMID: 23611030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The recently identified human infections with avian influenza A(H7N9) viruses in China raise important questions regarding possible source and risk to humans. Sequence comparison with an influenza A(H7N7) outbreak in the Netherlands in 2003 and an A(H7N1) epidemic in Italy in 1999–2000 suggests that widespread circulation of A(H7N9) viruses must have occurred in China. The emergence of human adaptation marker PB2 E627K in human A(H7N9) cases parallels that of the fatal A(H7N7) human case in the Netherlands.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jonges
- Department of Virology, Centre for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
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16
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Diaz-Mendez A, Viel L, Hewson J, Doig P, Carman S, Chambers T, Tiwari A, Dewey C. Surveillance of equine respiratory viruses in Ontario. Can J Vet Res 2010; 74:271-278. [PMID: 21197227 PMCID: PMC2949340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this project was to develop and implement an active surveillance program for the early and rapid detection of equine influenza viruses in Ontario. For this purpose, from October 2003 to October 2005, nasopharyngeal swabs and acute and convalescent serum samples were collected from 115 client-owned horses in 23 outbreaks of respiratory disease in Ontario. Sera were paired and tested for antibody to equine influenza 1 (AE1-H7N7), equine influenza 2 (AE2-H3N8), equine herpesvirus 1 and 4 (EHV1 and EHV4), and equine rhinitis A and B (ERAV and ERBV). Overall, the cause-specific morbidity rate of equine influenza virus in the respiratory outbreaks was 56.5% as determined by the single radial hemolysis (SRH) test. The AE2-H3N8 was isolated from 15 horses in 5 outbreaks. A 4-fold increase in antibody levels or the presence of a high titer against ERAV or ERBV was observed in 10 out of 13 outbreaks in which AE2-H3N8 was diagnosed as the primary cause of disease. In conclusion, AE2-H3N8 was found to be an important contributor to equine respiratory viral disease. Equine rhinitis A and B (ERAV and ERBV) represented an important component in the equine respiratory disease of performing horses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Chi-Square Distribution
- Disease Outbreaks/veterinary
- Herpesvirus 1, Equid/genetics
- Herpesvirus 1, Equid/isolation & purification
- Herpesvirus 4, Equid/genetics
- Herpesvirus 4, Equid/isolation & purification
- Horse Diseases/epidemiology
- Horse Diseases/virology
- Horses
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H3N8 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Ontario/epidemiology
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Viral/chemistry
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Respiratory Tract Infections/epidemiology
- Respiratory Tract Infections/veterinary
- Respiratory Tract Infections/virology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary
- Rhinovirus/genetics
- Rhinovirus/isolation & purification
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Serotyping/veterinary
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurent Viel
- Address all correspondence to Dr. Laurent Viel; telephone: (519) 824-4120, ext. 54067; fax: (519) 767-0311; e-mail:
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17
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Nagatake T. [Avian influenza virus]. Nihon Rinsho 2010; 68 Suppl 6:380-384. [PMID: 20942084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Biomarkers/blood
- Birds
- Humans
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H5N1 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/immunology
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza in Birds/diagnosis
- Influenza in Birds/transmission
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Influenza, Human/diagnosis
- Influenza, Human/transmission
- Influenza, Human/virology
- Reference Values
- Serologic Tests/methods
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18
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Kochs G, Koerner I, Thiel L, Kothlow S, Kaspers B, Ruggli N, Summerfield A, Pavlovic J, Stech J, Staeheli P. Properties of H7N7 influenza A virus strain SC35M lacking interferon antagonist NS1 in mice and chickens. J Gen Virol 2007; 88:1403-1409. [PMID: 17412966 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.82764-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-structural protein NS1 of influenza A virus counteracts the host immune response by blocking the synthesis of type I interferon (IFN). As deletion of the complete NS1 gene has to date been reported only in the human H1N1 strain A/PR/8/34, it remained unclear whether NS1 is a non-essential virulence factor in other influenza A virus strains as well. In this report, the properties of NS1-deficient mutants derived from strain SC35M (H7N7) are described. A mutant of SC35M that completely lacks the NS1 gene was an excellent inducer of IFN in mammalian and avian cells in culture and, consequently, was able to multiply efficiently only in cell lines with defects in the type I IFN system. Virus mutants carrying C-terminally truncated versions of NS1 were less powerful inducers of IFN and were attenuated less strongly in human A549 cells. Although attenuated in wild-type mice, these mutants remained highly pathogenic for mice lacking the IFN-regulated antiviral factor Mx1. In contrast, the NS1-deficient SC35M mutant was completely non-pathogenic for wild-type mice, but remained pathogenic for mice lacking Mx1 and double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR). Wild-type SC35M, but not the NS1-deficient mutant virus, was able to replicate in the upper respiratory tract of birds, but neither virus induced severe disease in adult chickens. Altogether, this study supports the view that NS1 represents a non-essential virulence factor of different influenza A viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Kochs
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Iris Koerner
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lena Thiel
- Institute for Virology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Kothlow
- Institute for Animal Physiology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Bernd Kaspers
- Institute for Animal Physiology, University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolas Ruggli
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Artur Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis, Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - Jovan Pavlovic
- Institute for Medical Virology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jürgen Stech
- Institute for Virology, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Peter Staeheli
- Department of Virology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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19
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Thontiravong A, Payungporn S, Keawcharoen J, Chutinimitkul S, Wattanodorn S, Damrongwatanapokin S, Chaisingh A, Theamboonlers A, Poovorawan Y, Oraveerakul K. The Single-Step Multiplex Reverse Transcription- Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for Detecting H5 and H7 Avian Influenza A Viruses. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2007; 211:75-9. [PMID: 17202774 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.211.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza (AI) A virus subtypes H5 and H7 cause severe disease in domestic poultry, including chickens and turkeys. Moreover, H5 and H7 AI A viruses can cross the species barrier from poultry to humans. In the present study, we have developed a single-step multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay (RT-PCR) for detecting H5 and H7 AI A viruses. This assay was applied to the poultry isolates with the aim of establishing a surveillance method to monitor possible transmission to humans. Two subtype-specific primer sets capable of producing PCR products of 157 and 326 base pairs corresponding to AI A virus H5 and H7 subtypes, respectively, were utilized in a one-step and one-tube reaction. The single-step multiplex RT-PCR assay developed in this study was found to be specific for detecting H5 and H7 AI A viruses. No specific amplification bands were detected with total nucleic acids extracted from other influenza hemagglutinin subtypes and other viral pathogens. The sensitivity of this assay was about 10(3) RNA copies/microl. In conclusion, this novel single-step multiplex RT-PCR is a simple assay with high potential for rapid, specific and cost effective laboratory diagnosis of H5 and H7 AI A virus isolates from clinical specimens of poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aunyaratana Thontiravong
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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20
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Agarwal SP, Ishhpujani RL, Khare S, Harip AK. Avian influenza (bird flu). J Indian Med Assoc 2006; 104:298, 300, 302-9. [PMID: 17058546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
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21
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Dundon WG, Milani A, Cattoli G, Capua I. Progressive truncation of the Non-Structural 1 gene of H7N1 avian influenza viruses following extensive circulation in poultry. Virus Res 2006; 119:171-6. [PMID: 16464514 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2005] [Revised: 01/03/2006] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to support eradication efforts of avian influenza (AI) infections in poultry, the implementation of "DIVA" vaccination strategies, enabling the Differentiation of Infected from Vaccinated Animals have been recommended by international organisations. A system, based on the detection of antibodies to the Non-Structural 1 (NS1) protein of AI has been proposed but the success of such a system lies in the conservation of the NS1 protein among different AI isolates. With this in mind, the ns1 gene of 40 influenza A viruses isolated from a spectrum of avian species was sequenced and compared phylogenetically. The isolates included both low pathogenicity (LPAI) (n=22) and highly pathogenic (HPAI) (n=18) viruses of the H7 subtype and were representative of the avian influenza viruses that circulated in Northern Italy from 1999 to 2003. Size variation in the predicted amino acid sequence of each NS1 was revealed with two different levels of carboxy-terminal truncation being observed. Of the 40 isolates analysed, 16 had a full-length NS1 protein of 230 aa, 6 had a truncated protein of 220 aa and 18 had an intermediate truncation resulting in a protein of 224 aa. All of the H7N1 HPAI isolates possessed the intermediate carboxy-terminal truncation. In addition, all of the H7N1 LPAI viruses circulating at the beginning of the epidemic had a full length NS1 while those circulating towards the end of the period had a truncated protein. To determine whether modifications to NS1 could be a result of laboratory manipulation, two strains (A/ty/Italy/977/99 and A/ck/Italy/1082/99) with a full length NS1 were inoculated into 10-day-old embryonated chicken and 12-day-old embryonated turkey eggs via the allantoic route for 20 blind passages and sequenced at passages 3, 10, and 20. No truncation was observed following these serial passages. To determine whether the truncation involved an immunogenic region of the NS1 protein a peptide spanning residues 219 aa to 230 aa was synthesized and tested in an indirect ELISA against sera obtained from turkeys experimentally infected with a virus strain known to have a full length NS1 protein. The peptide proved to be immunogenic highlighting the fact that the variations of the NS1 protein presented in this work must to be taken into consideration when developing a diagnostic test based on the identification of antibodies to the NS1 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Dundon
- OIE, FAO and National Reference Laboratory for Newcastle Disease and Avian Influenza, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, 10, Legnaro 35020 (PD), Italy.
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22
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Munster VJ, Wallensten A, Baas C, Rimmelzwaan GF, Schutten M, Olsen B, Osterhaus AD, Fouchier RA. Mallards and highly pathogenic avian influenza ancestral viruses, northern Europe. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 11:1545-51. [PMID: 16318694 PMCID: PMC3366752 DOI: 10.3201/eid1110.050546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Surveillance studies in wild birds help generate prototypic vaccine candidates and diagnostic tests. Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), which originate in poultry upon transmission of low pathogenic viruses from wild birds, have occurred relatively frequently in the last decade. During our ongoing surveillance studies in wild birds, we isolated several influenza A viruses of hemagglutinin subtype H5 and H7 that contain various neuraminidase subtypes. For each of the recorded H5 and H7 HPAI outbreaks in Europe since 1997, our collection contained closely related virus isolates recovered from wild birds, as determined by sequencing and phylogenetic analyses of the hemagglutinin gene and antigenic characterization of the hemagglutinin glycoprotein. The minor genetic and antigenic diversity between the viruses recovered from wild birds and those causing HPAI outbreaks indicates that influenza A virus surveillance studies in wild birds can help generate prototypic vaccine candidates and design and evaluate diagnostic tests, before outbreaks occur in animals and humans.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Wild/virology
- Disease Outbreaks
- Ducks/virology
- Europe/epidemiology
- Hemagglutination Inhibition Tests
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/classification
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H5N2 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/classification
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/genetics
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/isolation & purification
- Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype/pathogenicity
- Influenza A virus/classification
- Influenza A virus/genetics
- Influenza A virus/isolation & purification
- Influenza A virus/pathogenicity
- Influenza in Birds/epidemiology
- Influenza in Birds/transmission
- Influenza in Birds/virology
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neuraminidase/classification
- Neuraminidase/genetics
- Phylogeny
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anders Wallensten
- Smedby Health Center, Kalmar, Sweden
- Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Chantal Baas
- Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Björn Olsen
- Umea University, Umea, Sweden
- Kalmar University, Kalmar, Sweden
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23
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Schnebel B, Dierschke V, Rautenschlein S, Ryll M. No detection of avian influenza A viruses of the subtypes H5 and H7 and isolation of lentogenic avian paramyxovirus serotype 1 in passerine birds during stopover in the year 2001 on the island Helgoland (North Sea). Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr 2005; 112:456-60. [PMID: 16425631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
A total of 543 migrating passerines were captured during their stopover on the island of Helgoland (North Sea) in spring and autumn 2001. They were sampled for the detection of avian influenza A viruses (AIV) subtypes H5 and H7, and for avian paramyxoviruses serotype 1 (APMV-1). The goal of the study was to examine the role of migrating birds as potential vectors for these zoonotic viral diseases. For virus detection samples were taken from a) short-distance migrants such as chaffinches (Fringilla coelebs, n = 131) and song trushes (Turdus philomelos, n = 169), and b) long-distance migrants such as garden warbler (Sylvia borin, n = 142) and common redstarts (Phoenicurus phoenicurus, n = 101). Virus detection was done on conjunctival, choanal cleft and cloacal swabs. Embryonated SPF chicken eggs were used to isolate and propagate virus followed by virus identification in a hemagglutination test, hemagglutination inhibition test and in an agar gel diffusion test. In none of the tested samples AIV was detected. Therefore, we conclude that the tested four species of passerines were infected by these pathogens. Six out of 543 birds (1.1 %) were found to carry non-pathogenic and lentogenic strains of APMV-1. This indicates that the passerine species examined in this study may play only a minor role as potential vectors of APMV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schnebel
- Klinik für Geflügel, Stiftung Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover
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24
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Puzelli S, Di Trani L, Fabiani C, Campitelli L, De Marco MA, Capua I, Aguilera JF, Zambon M, Donatelli I. Serological analysis of serum samples from humans exposed to avian H7 influenza viruses in Italy between 1999 and 2003. J Infect Dis 2005; 192:1318-22. [PMID: 16170747 DOI: 10.1086/444390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 05/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the potential for avian-to-human transmission of low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N1 and LPAI H7N3 viruses that were responsible for several outbreaks of influenza in poultry in Italy between 1999 and 2003. A serological survey of poultry workers was conducted by use of a combination of methods. Evidence of anti-H7 antibodies was observed in 3.8% of serum samples collected from poultry workers during the period in 2003 when LPAI H7N3 virus was circulating. These findings highlight the need for surveillance in people occupationally exposed to avian influenza viruses, so that they can be monitored for the risk of avian-to-human transmission during outbreaks of avian influenza caused by both LPAI and HPAI viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Puzelli
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immuno-Mediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Rome, Italy
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