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Fearnley L, Zheng Z. Live poultry markets beyond health risks: Understanding consumer preferences for live poultry in South China. Prev Vet Med 2023; 221:106060. [PMID: 37926060 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Live poultry markets (LPMs) are veterinary and public health risks because of potential for zoonotic spillover of pathogens from diseased animals to humans. To control these health risks, veterinary and public health authorities in Asia, including China, have closed or restricted LPMs. In south China, however, LPM closure has been opposed or rendered infeasible by consumers who prefer to purchase live poultry. Previous scholarship has suggested this preference is due to cultural values of freshness. In this study, we present results from detailed interviews with shoppers in south China, including those who prefer live poultry and those who prefer pre-slaughtered poultry. We argue that broader concerns about food safety and quality, rather than freshness alone, drive the demand for LPMs. Live poultry provide sensory information that enable shoppers to evaluate safety and quality in ways that are not possible with pre-slaughtered, refrigerated meat. Based on these findings, we suggest that hygienic interventions into LPMs should recognize that not only freshness, but also trust, must be constructed and maintained in any intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyle Fearnley
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore.
| | - Zhang Zheng
- Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore
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Guo J, Song W, Ni X, Liu W, Wu J, Xia W, Zhou X, Wang W, He F, Wang X, Fan G, Zhou K, Chen H, Chen S. Pathogen change of avian influenza virus in the live poultry market before and after vaccination of poultry in southern China. Virol J 2021; 18:213. [PMID: 34715890 PMCID: PMC8554751 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01683-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fifth wave of H7N9 avian influenza virus caused a large number of human infections and a large number of poultry deaths in China. Since September 2017, mainland China has begun to vaccinate poultry with H5 + H7 avian influenza vaccine. We investigated the avian influenza virus infections in different types of live poultry markets and samples before and after genotype H5 + H7 vaccination in Nanchang, and analyzed the changes of the HA subtypes of AIVs. METHODS From 2016 to 2019, we monitored different live poultry markets and collected specimens, using real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technology to detect the nucleic acid of type A avian influenza virus in the samples. The H5, H7 and H9 subtypes of influenza viruses were further classified for the positive results. The χ2 test was used to compare the differences in the separation rates of different avian influenza subtypes. RESULTS We analyzed 5,196 samples collected before and after vaccination and found that the infection rate of AIV in wholesale market (21.73%) was lower than that in retail market (24.74%) (P < 0.05). Among all the samples, the positive rate of sewage samples (33.90%) was the highest (P < 0.001). After vaccination, the positive rate of H5 and H7 subtypes decreased, and the positive rate of H9 subtype and untypable HA type increased significantly (P < 0.001). The positive rates of H9 subtype in different types of LPMs and different types of samples increased significantly (P < 0.01), and the positive rates of untypable HA type increased significantly in all environmental samples (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Since vaccination, the positive rates of H5 and H7 subtypes have decreased, but the positive rates of H9 subtypes have increased to varying degrees in different testing locations and all samples. This results show that the government should establish more complete measures to achieve long-term control of the avian influenza virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Guo
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal-Origin and Vector-Borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, 330038, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Song
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal-Origin and Vector-Borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, 330038, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiansheng Ni
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal-Origin and Vector-Borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, 330038, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal-Origin and Vector-Borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, 330038, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwen Wu
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal-Origin and Vector-Borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, 330038, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Xia
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal-Origin and Vector-Borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, 330038, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianfeng Zhou
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal-Origin and Vector-Borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, 330038, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Wang
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal-Origin and Vector-Borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, 330038, People's Republic of China
| | - Fenglan He
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal-Origin and Vector-Borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, 330038, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Wang
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal-Origin and Vector-Borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, 330038, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyin Fan
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal-Origin and Vector-Borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, 330038, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Zhou
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal-Origin and Vector-Borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, 330038, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiying Chen
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal-Origin and Vector-Borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, 330038, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengen Chen
- The Collaboration Unit for Field Epidemiology of State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal-Origin and Vector-Borne Diseases, Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, 330038, People's Republic of China.
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Zhu G, Kang M, Wei X, Tang T, Liu T, Xiao J, Song T, Ma W. Different intervention strategies toward live poultry markets against avian influenza A (H7N9) virus: Model-based assessment. Environ Res 2021; 198:110465. [PMID: 33220247 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Different interventions targeting live poultry markets (LPMs) are applied in China for controlling avian influenza A (H7N9), including LPM closure and "1110" policy (i.e., daily cleaning, weekly disinfection, monthly rest day, zero poultry stock overnight). However, the interventions' effectiveness has not been comprehensively assessed. METHODS Based on the available data (including reported cases, domestic poultry volume, and climate) collected in Guangdong Province between October 2013 and June 2017, we developed a new compartmental model that enabled us to infer H7N9 transmission dynamics. The model incorporated the intrinsic interplay among humans and poultry as well as the impacts of absolute humidity and LPM intervention, in which intervention strategies were parameterized and estimated by Markov chain Monte Carlo method. RESULTS There were 258 confirmed human H7N9 cases in Guangdong during the study period. If without interventions, the number would reach 646 (95%CI, 575-718) cases. Temporal, seasonal and permanent closures of LPMs can substantially reduce transmission risk, which might respectively reduce human infections by 67.2% (95%CI, 64.3%-70.1%), 75.6% (95%CI, 73.8%-77.5%), 86.6% (95%CI, 85.7-87.6%) in total four epidemic seasons, and 81.9% (95%CI, 78.7%-85.2%), 91.5% (95%CI, 89.9%-93.1%), 99.0% (95%CI, 98.7%-99.3%) in the last two epidemic seasons. Moreover, implementing the "1110" policy from 2014 to 2017 would reduce the cases by 34.1% (95%CI, 20.1%-48.0%), suggesting its limited role in preventing H7N9 transmission. CONCLUSIONS Our study quantified the effects of different interventions and execution time toward LPMs for controlling H7N9 transmission. The results highlighted the importance of closing LPMs during epidemic period, and supported permanent closure as a long-term plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghu Zhu
- School of Mathematics and Computing Science, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Cryptography and Information Security, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Min Kang
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Xueli Wei
- School of Mathematics and Computing Science, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Tian Tang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Cryptography and Information Security, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Jianpeng Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China
| | - Tie Song
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China.
| | - Wenjun Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Institute of Public Health, Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guangzhou, 511430, China.
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Zhang R, Lei Z, Liu C, Zhu Y, Chen J, Yao D, Ou X, Ye W, Huang Z, Luo L, Sun B, Chen T. Live poultry feeding and trading network and the transmission of avian influenza A(H5N6) virus in a large city in China, 2014-2015. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 108:72-80. [PMID: 34000420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To understand the transmission mechanisms of the avian influenza A(H5N6) virus. METHODS This study explored the live poultry feeding and trading network (LPFTN) around Changsha city, China. Field epidemiological investigations were performed in Changsha to investigate the LPFTN with the environmental samples systematically collected during 2014-2015 to monitor and analyze the spread of the A(H5N6) virus. Two surveillance systems were also applied to find possible human cases of A(H5N6) infection. RESULT The information of all the 665 live poultry farming sites, five wholesale markets, and 223 retail markets in Changsha was collected to investigate the LPFTN. Moreover, about 840 environmental samples were systematically collected from the LPFTN during 2014-2015 to monitor the spread of the A(H5N6) virus, with 8.45% (71/840) positive for the N6 subtype. Furthermore, the full genome sequences of 10 A(H5N6) viruses detected from the environmental samples were obtained, which were then characterized and phylogenetically analyzed with the corresponding gene segments of the A(H5N6) virus obtained from GenBank, to determine the source of human infection. CONCLUSION It was demonstrated that the LPFTN provided a platform for the H5N6 transmission, and formed an infectious pool for the spread of the virus to humans.
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Bo H, Zhang Y, Dong LB, Dong J, Li XY, Zhao X, Li Z, Shu YL, Wang DY. Distribution of avian influenza viruses according to environmental surveillance during 2014-2018, China. Infect Dis Poverty 2021; 10:60. [PMID: 33957986 PMCID: PMC8101199 DOI: 10.1186/s40249-021-00850-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recurrent infections of animal hosts with avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have posted a persistent threat. It is very important to understand the avian influenza virus distribution and characteristics in environment associated with poultry and wild bird. The aim of this study was to analyze the geographic and seasonal distributions of AIVs in the 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous region (PMA) of China, compare the AIVs prevalence in different collecting sites and sampling types, analyze the diversity of AIVs subtypes in environment. Methods A total of 742 005 environmental samples were collected from environmental samples related to poultry and wild birds in different locations in the mainland of China during 2014–2018. Viral RNA was extracted from the environmental samples. Real-time RT-PCR assays for influenza A, H5, H7 and H9 subtypes were performed on all the samples to identify subtypes of influenza virus. The nucleic acid of influenza A-positive samples were inoculated into embryonated chicken eggs for virus isolation. Whole-genome sequencing was then performed on Illumina platform. SPSS software was used to paired t test for the statistical analysis. ArcGIS was used for drawing map. Graphpad Prism was used to make graph. Results The nucleic acid positivity rate of influenza A, H5, H7 and H9 subtypes displayed the different characteristics of geographic distribution. The nucleic acid positivity rates of influenza A were particularly high (25.96%–45.51%) in eleven provinces covered the Central, Eastern, Southern, Southwest and Northwest of China. The nucleic acid positivity rates of H5 were significantly high (11.42%–13.79%) in two provinces and one municipality covered the Southwest and Central of China. The nucleic acid positivity rates of H7 were up to 4% in five provinces covered the Eastern and Central of China. The nucleic acid positivity rates of H9 were higher (13.07%–2.07%) in eleven PMA covered the Southern, Eastern, Central, Southwest and Northwest of China. The nucleic acid positivity rate of influenza A, H5, H7 and H9 showed the same seasonality. The highest nucleic acid positivity rates of influenza A, H5, H7, H9 subtypes were detected in December and January and lowest from May to September. Significant higher nucleic acid positivity rate of influenza A, H5, H7 and H9 were detected in samples collected from live poultry markets (LPM) (30.42%, 5.59%, 4.26%, 17.78%) and poultry slaughterhouses (22.96%, 4.2%, 2.08%, 12.63%). Environmental samples that were collected from sewage and chopping boards had significantly higher nucleic acid positivity rates for influenza A (36.58% and 33.1%), H5 (10.22% and 7.29%), H7(4.24% and 5.69%)and H9(21.62% and 18.75%). Multiple subtypes of AIVs including nine hemagglutinin (HA) and seven neuraminidase (NA) subtypes were isolated form the environmental samples. The H5, H7, and H9 subtypes accounted for the majority of AIVs in environment. Conclusions In this study, we found the avian influenza viruses characteristics of geographic distribution, seasonality, location, samples types, proved that multiple subtypes of AIVs continuously coexisted in the environment associated with poultry and wild bird, highlighted the need for environmental surveillance in China. Graphic Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40249-021-00850-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Bo
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research On Influenza; Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research On Influenza; Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Bo Dong
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research On Influenza; Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Dong
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research On Influenza; Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Xi-Yan Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research On Influenza; Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Xiang Zhao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research On Influenza; Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Zi Li
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research On Influenza; Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Health Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Yue-Long Shu
- Public Health School (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Da-Yan Wang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research On Influenza; Key Laboratory for Biosafety, National Health Commission, Beijing, China.
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Ma HX, Wang RL, Nie YF, Su J, Li DX, Li Y, DU YH, Wei HY, Li XL, Wang Z, Xu BL, Huang XY. Distribution of Avian Influenza A Viruses in Poultry-Related Environment and Its Association with Human Infection in Henan, 2016 to 2017. Biomed Environ Sci 2019; 32:797-803. [PMID: 31910937 DOI: 10.3967/bes2019.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To survey avian influenza A viruses (AIVs) in the environment and explore the reasons for the surge in human H7N9 cases. METHODS A total of 1,045 samples were collected from routine surveillance on poultry-related environments and 307 samples from human H7N9 cases-exposed environments in Henan from 2016 to 2017. The nucleic acids of influenza A (Flu A), H5, H7, and H9 subtypes were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS A total of 27 H7N9 cases were confirmed in Henan from 2016 to 2017, 24 had a history of live poultry exposure, and 15 had H7N9 virus detected in the related live poultry markets (LPMs). About 96% (264/275) Flu A positive-environmental samples were from LPMs. H9 was the main AIV subtype (10.05%) from routine surveillance sites with only 1 H7-positive sample, whereas 21.17% samples were H7-positive in H7N9 cases-exposed environments. Samples from H7N9 cases-exposed LPMs (47.56%) had much higher AIVs positive rates than those from routine surveillance sites (12.34%). The H7+H9 combination of mixed infection was 78.18% (43/55) of H7-positive samples and 41.34% (43/104) of H9-positive samples. CONCLUSION The contamination status of AIVs in poultry-related environments is closely associated with the incidence of human infection caused by AIVs. Therefore, systematic surveillance of AIVs in LPMs in China is essential for the detection of novel reassortant viruses and their potential for interspecies transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xia Ma
- Henan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, Henan, China; Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganisms of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450016, Henan, China
| | - Ruo Lin Wang
- Henan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, Henan, China
| | - Yi Fei Nie
- Henan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, Henan, China
| | - Jia Su
- Henan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, Henan, China
| | - Dong Xiao Li
- Henan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, Henan, China; Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganisms of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450016, Henan, China
| | - Yi Li
- Henan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, Henan, China; Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganisms of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450016, Henan, China
| | - Yan Hua DU
- Henan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, Henan, China; Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganisms of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450016, Henan, China
| | - Hai Yan Wei
- Henan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, Henan, China; Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganisms of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450016, Henan, China
| | - Xing Le Li
- Henan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, Henan, China; Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganisms of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450016, Henan, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Henan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, Henan, China
| | - Bian Li Xu
- Henan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, Henan, China; Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganisms of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450016, Henan, China
| | - Xue Yong Huang
- Henan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou 450016, Henan, China; Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microorganisms of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450016, Henan, China
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Ma J, Yang N, Gu H, Bai L, Sun J, Gu S, Gu J. Effect of closure of live poultry markets in China on prevention and control of human infection with H7N9 avian influenza: a case study of four cities in Jiangsu Province. J Public Health Policy 2019; 40:436-47. [PMID: 31527787 DOI: 10.1057/s41271-019-00185-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As of August 2017, China had encountered five seasonal epidemics of H7N9 avian influenza. To prevent people from contracting H7N9 avian influenza, most cities closed live poultry markets (LPMs) to cut off the source of H7N9 virus. The objective of this study is to assess the impact of LPMs closure on reducing zoonotic transmission of avian influenza A (H7N9) virus and to make specific recommendations on the duration of closing the LPMs. Results show that the closure of LPMs can effectively control the spread of H7N9 avian influenza and reduce the incidence of human infection with H7N9. If cases of H7N9 avian influenza continue to occur, LPMs should close for at least 3-4 weeks in susceptible areas to control the spread of infection.
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Zhang Y, Dong J, Bo H, Dong L, Zou S, Li X, Shu Y, Wang D. Genetic and biological characteristics of avian influenza virus subtype H1N8 in environments related to live poultry markets in China. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:458. [PMID: 31117981 PMCID: PMC6532177 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-4079-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Since 2008, avian influenza surveillance in poultry-related environments has been conducted annually in China. Samples have been collected from environments including live poultry markets, wild bird habitats, slaughterhouses, and poultry farms. Multiple subtypes of avian influenza virus have been identified based on environmental surveillance, and an H1N8 virus was isolated from the drinking water of a live poultry market. Methods Virus isolation was performed by inoculating influenza A-positive specimens into embryonated chicken eggs. Next-generation sequencing was used for whole-genome sequencing. A solid-phase binding assay was performed to test the virus receptor binding specificity. Trypsin dependence plaque formation assays and intravenous pathogenicity index tests were used to evaluate virus pathogenicity in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Different cell lines were chosen for comparison of virus replication capacity. Results According to the phylogenetic trees, the whole gene segments of the virus named A/Environment/Fujian/85144/2014(H1N8) were of Eurasian lineage. The HA, NA, PB1, and M genes showed the highest homology with those of H1N8 or H1N2 subtype viruses isolated from local domestic ducks, while the PB2, PA, NP and NS genes showed high similarity with the genes of H7N9 viruses detected in 2017 and 2018 in the same province. This virus presented an avian receptor binding preference. The plaque formation assay showed that it was a trypsin-dependent virus. The intravenous pathogenicity index (IVPI) in chickens was 0.02. The growth kinetics of the A/Environment/Fujian/85144/2014(H1N8) virus in different cell lines were similar to those of a human-origin virus, A/Brisbane/59/2007(H1N1), but lower than those of the control avian-origin and swine-origin viruses. Conclusions The H1N8 virus was identified in avian influenza-related environments in China for the first time and may have served as a gene carrier involved in the evolution of the H7N9 virus in poultry. This work further emphasizes the importance of avian influenza virus surveillance, especially in live poultry markets (LPMs). Active surveillance of avian influenza in LPMs is a major pillar supporting avian influenza control and response. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-4079-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- Chinese National Influenza Centre, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Dong
- Chinese National Influenza Centre, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Bo
- Chinese National Influenza Centre, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Libo Dong
- Chinese National Influenza Centre, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Shumei Zou
- Chinese National Influenza Centre, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Xiyan Li
- Chinese National Influenza Centre, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Yuelong Shu
- Chinese National Influenza Centre, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China.,Present Address: Public Health School (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dayan Wang
- Chinese National Influenza Centre, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Influenza; Key Laboratory for Medical Virology, National Health and Family Planning Commission, Beijing, China.
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Su K, Ye S, Li Q, Xie W, Yu H, Qi L, Xiong Y, Zhao H, Li B, Ling H, Tang Y, Xiao B, Rong R, Tang W, Li Y. Influenza A(H7N9) virus emerged and resulted in human infections in Chongqing, southwestern China since 2017. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 81:244-250. [PMID: 30797966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Influenza A(H7N9) virus has emerged and resulted in human infections in Chongqing, southwestern China since 2017. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological characteristics of the first epidemic in this region. METHODS The epidemiological data of patients were collected. Live poultry markets (LPMs), commercial poultry farms (CPFs) and backyard poultry farms (BPFs) were monitored, and poultry sources were registered. Samples derived from the patients, their close contacts, and the environments were tested for influenza A(H7N9) virus by real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Genetic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis were also conducted. RESULTS Since the confirmation of the first patient infected with influenza A(H7N9) virus on March 5, 2017, nine patients had been identified within four months in Chongqing. Their mean age was 45 years, 77.8% were male, 66.7% were urban residents and 55.6% were of poultry related occupation. All patients became infected after exposure to live chickens. The median time interval from initial detection of influenza A(H7N9) virus in Chongqing to the patients' onset was 75 days. Since initial detection in February 2017, influenza A(H7N9) virus was detected in 21 (53.8%) counties within four months. The proportion of positive samples was 2.94% (337/11,451) from February 2017 to May 2018, and was higher (χ2=75.78, P<0.001) in LPMs (3.66%, 329/8979) than that in CPFs (0.41%, 5/1229) and BPFs (0.24%, 3/1243). The proportion of positive samples (34.4%, 22/64) at the premises to which the patients were exposed was significantly higher than that (5.7%, 257/4474) in premises with no patients. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the viruses isolated in Chongqing belonged to the Yangtze River Delta lineage and resembled those circulated in Jiangsu and Anhui provinces between late 2016 and early 2017. CONCLUSION Influenza A(H7N9) virus was newly introduced into Chongqing most likely between late 2016 and early 2017, which swept across half of Chongqing territory and resulted in human infections within months. The most impacted premises and population were LPMs and poultry related workers respectively in the epidemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Su
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China; Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Sheng Ye
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Li
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijia Xie
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongyue Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Qi
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Xiong
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Han Zhao
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Baisong Li
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Ling
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Tang
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Bangzhong Xiao
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Rong
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenge Tang
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing 400042, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yafei Li
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Preventive Medicine, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China.
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Cui P, Deng G, Shi J, Kong H, Liu L, Guan Y, Suzuki Y, Chen H. New influenza A(H7N7) viruses detected in live poultry markets in China. Virology 2016; 499:165-169. [PMID: 27661735 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
H7N7 avian influenza viruses have been widely detected in wild birds and domestic poultry since they were first detected in chickens in Italy in 1902. They can occasionally transmit to humans. Here, we isolated six H7N7 viruses in live poultry markets during routine surveillance from 2010 to 2013. Sequences analysis revealed that these viruses are reassortants bearing genes of H3N8, H7N3, H7N7, and H10N7 influenza viruses detected in wild birds and ducks, and can be categorized into three genotypes (A, B, and C). All six viruses bound to both human-type and avian-type receptors. The viruses in genotype B and C could replicate efficiently in the lungs and nasal turbinates of mice without prior adaptation, and the genotype C virus also replicated in the brain of two of three mice tested. It is important to continue to monitor the evolution of H7N7 viruses and to evaluate their potential to cause human infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Guohua Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
| | - Jianzhong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Huihui Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Liling Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yuntao Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yasuo Suzuki
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hualan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China.
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11
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Sun Y, Wang H, Lou X, Mao H, Yan Y, Chen E, Wang X, Li Z, Gao J, Fu X, Chen Z, Feng Y, Chen Z, Zhang Y. Living poultry markets in rural area: Human infection with H7N9 virus re-emerges in Zhejiang Province, China, in winter 2014. J Clin Virol 2015; 70:16-22. [PMID: 26305813 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.06.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Avian influenza A H7N9 virus, previously undetected in humans, has caused infections in many areas in China since February 2013. Here we report the re-emergence of a case of H7N9 in rural Jiaxing city, Zhejiang Province, in the winter of 2014. OBJECTIVES To understand (1) the clinical syndrome, epidemiological and virological characteristics of this case; (2) the importance of controlling live poultry markets (LPMs) in rural areas. STUDY DESIGN There is one patient and 16 contacts, including 4 family members living in the same household, and 12 medical personnel. Pharyngeal swabs and serum samples were collected from the patient and her contacts. Environment samples were also obtained from the local LPMs. We conducted detailed clinical and epidemiological investigations and laboratory work, including viral RNA extraction, RT-PCR detection and sequencing. Characteristic and phylogenetic analyses were performed using the obtained sequences. RESULTS H7N9s were detected in environmental samples collected in LPMs in Jiaxing, Zhejiang. Unknown mutations were discovered in amino acids in the sample from the patient. The strain from the patient was in a clade different from isolates obtained in 2013 in phylogenetic trees of HA, NA and PB2. CONCLUSIONS A severe case of H7N9 was identified in early winter, 2014. Epidemiological and clinical tests were consistent with patterns reported previously, while laboratory findings showed the virus to be different. Live poultry markets in rural Zhejiang Province are in need of closer supervision and enhanced management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Henghui Wang
- Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dongyang, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiuyu Lou
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Haiyan Mao
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yong Yan
- Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dongyang, Zhejiang, China
| | - Enfu Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xinying Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofei Fu
- Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dongyang, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhongwen Chen
- Jiaxing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Dongyang, Zhejiang, China
| | - Youjun Feng
- Center for Infection & Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Zhiping Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yanjun Zhang
- Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Center for Infection & Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
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Xu Y, Cao H, Liu H, Sun H, Martin B, Zhao Y, Wang Q, Deng G, Xue J, Zong Y, Zhu J, Wen F, Long LP, Wong SS, Zhao N, Fu X, Liao M, Hu G, Webby R, Gao GF, Wan XF. Identification of the source of A (H10N8) virus causing human infection. Infect Genet Evol 2014; 30:159-163. [PMID: 25550151 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A novel H10N8 influenza A virus has been detected in three humans in China since December 2013. Although this virus was hypothesized to be a novel reassortant among influenza viruses from wild birds and domestic poultry, its evolutionary path leading to human infection is unknown. Sporadic surveillance at the live poultry market (LPM) suspected to be the source of infection for the first H10N8 patient has shown a gradual increase in influenza virus prevalence culminating with a predominance of H10N8 viruses. Influenza viruses detected in the LPM up to 8 months prior to human infection contributed genetic components to the zoonotic virus. These H10N8 viruses have continued to evolve within this LPM subsequent to the human infection, and continuous assessments of these H10N8 viruses will be necessary. Serological surveillance showed that the virus appears to have been present throughout the LPM system in Nanchang, China. Reduction of the influenza virus burden in LPMs is essential in preventing future emergence of novel influenza viruses with zoonotic and pandemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China; Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Huabin Cao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Hongyan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Hailiang Sun
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Brigitte Martin
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Yulong Zhao
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Guangfu Deng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Jianli Xue
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Yibo Zong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Jing Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China
| | - Feng Wen
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Li-Ping Long
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Sook-San Wong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Nan Zhao
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA
| | - Xiaoshan Fu
- Jiangxi Provincial Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi 300006, China
| | - Ming Liao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Guoliang Hu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China.
| | - Richard Webby
- Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, China Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Office of Director-General, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330045, China; Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA; Institute for Genomics, Biocomputing and Biotechnology, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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