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Lempp FA, Volz T, Cameroni E, Benigni F, Zhou J, Rosen LE, Noack J, Zatta F, Kaiser H, Bianchi S, Lombardo G, Jaconi S, Vincenzetti L, Imam H, Soriaga LB, Passini N, Belnap DM, Schulze A, Lütgehetmann M, Telenti A, Cathcart AL, Snell G, Purcell LA, Hebner CM, Urban S, Dandri M, Corti D, Schmid MA. Potent broadly neutralizing antibody VIR-3434 controls hepatitis B and D virus infection and reduces HBsAg in humanized mice. J Hepatol 2023; 79:1129-1138. [PMID: 37459920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic hepatitis B is a global public health problem, and coinfection with hepatitis delta virus (HDV) worsens disease outcome. Here, we describe a hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen (HBsAg)-targeting monoclonal antibody (mAb) with the potential to treat chronic hepatitis B and chronic hepatitis D. METHODS HBsAg-specific mAbs were isolated from memory B cells of HBV vaccinated individuals. In vitro neutralization was determined against HBV and HDV enveloped with HBsAg representing eight HBV genotypes. Human liver-chimeric mice were treated twice weekly with a candidate mAb starting 3 weeks post HBV inoculation (spreading phase) or during stable HBV or HBV/HDV coinfection (chronic phase). RESULTS From a panel of human anti-HBs mAbs, VIR-3434 was selected and engineered for pre-clinical development. VIR-3434 targets a conserved, conformational epitope within the antigenic loop of HBsAg and neutralized HBV and HDV infection with higher potency than hepatitis B immunoglobulins in vitro. Neutralization was pan-genotypic against strains representative of HBV genotypes A-H. In the spreading phase of HBV infection in human liver-chimeric mice, a parental mAb of VIR-3434 (HBC34) prevented HBV dissemination and the increase in intrahepatic HBV RNA and covalently closed circular DNA. In the chronic phase of HBV infection or co-infection with HDV, HBC34 treatment decreased circulating HBsAg by >1 log and HDV RNA by >2 logs. CONCLUSIONS The potently neutralizing anti-HBs mAb VIR-3434 reduces circulating HBsAg and HBV/HDV viremia in human liver-chimeric mice. VIR-3434 is currently in clinical development for treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis B or D. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus and co-infection with hepatitis D virus place approximately 290 million individuals worldwide at risk of severe liver disease and cancer. Available treatments result in low rates of functional cure or require lifelong therapy that does not eliminate the risk of liver disease. We isolated and characterized a potent human antibody that neutralizes hepatitis B and D viruses and reduces infection in a mouse model. This antibody could provide a new treatment for patients with chronic hepatitis B and D.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tassilo Volz
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems and Heidelberg Sites, Germany
| | - Elisabetta Cameroni
- Humabs Biomed SA, A Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Benigni
- Humabs Biomed SA, A Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Jiayi Zhou
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Laura E Rosen
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Julia Noack
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Fabrizia Zatta
- Humabs Biomed SA, A Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Hannah Kaiser
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Siro Bianchi
- Humabs Biomed SA, A Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Gloria Lombardo
- Humabs Biomed SA, A Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Jaconi
- Humabs Biomed SA, A Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Vincenzetti
- Humabs Biomed SA, A Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Hasan Imam
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | | | - Nadia Passini
- Humabs Biomed SA, A Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - David M Belnap
- School of Biological Sciences and Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Andreas Schulze
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems and Heidelberg Sites, Germany; Department of Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Gyorgy Snell
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | | | | | - Stephan Urban
- German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems and Heidelberg Sites, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maura Dandri
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems and Heidelberg Sites, Germany
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, A Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Schmid
- Humabs Biomed SA, A Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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2
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Gane E, Lim YS, Kim JB, Jadhav V, Shen L, Bakardjiev AI, Huang SA, Cathcart AL, Lempp FA, Janas MM, Cloutier DJ, Kaittanis C, Sepp-Lorenzino L, Hinkle G, Taubel J, Haslett P, Milstein S, Anglero-Rodriguez YI, Hebner CM, Pang PS, Yuen MF. Evaluation of RNAi therapeutics VIR-2218 and ALN-HBV for chronic hepatitis B: Results from randomized clinical trials. J Hepatol 2023; 79:924-932. [PMID: 37290591 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2023.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Current therapy for chronic hepatitis B virus (cHBV) infection involves lifelong treatment. New treatments that enable HBV functional cure would represent a clinically meaningful advance. ALN-HBV and VIR-2218 are investigational RNA interference therapeutics that target all major HBV transcripts. METHODS We report on: i) the safety of single doses of VIR-2218 (modified from ALN-HBV by enhanced stabilization chemistry plus technology to reduce off-target, seed-mediated binding while maintaining on-target antiviral activity) and ALN-HBV in humanized mice; ii) a cross-study comparison of the safety of single doses of VIR-2218 and ALN-HBV in healthy human volunteers (n = 24 and n = 49, respectively); and iii) the antiviral activity of two doses of 20, 50, 100, 200 mg of VIR-2218 (total n = 24) vs. placebo (n = 8), given 4 weeks apart, in participants with cHBV infection. RESULTS In humanized mice, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were markedly lower following administration of VIR-2218 compared with ALN-HBV. In healthy volunteers, post-treatment ALT elevations occurred in 28% of participants receiving ALN-HBV compared with none in those receiving VIR-2218. In participants with cHBV infection, VIR-2218 was associated with dose-dependent reductions in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The greatest mean reduction of HBsAg at Week 20 in participants receiving 200 mg was 1.65 log IU/ml. The HBsAg reduction was maintained at 0.87 log IU/ml at Week 48. No participants had serum HBsAg loss or hepatitis B surface antibody seroconversion. CONCLUSIONS VIR-2218 demonstrated an encouraging hepatic safety profile in preclinical and clinical studies as well as dose-dependent HBsAg reductions in patients with cHBV infection. These data support future studies with VIR-2218 as part of combination regimens with a goal of HBV functional cure. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifiers: NCT02826018 and NCT03672188. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS A significant unmet need exists for therapies for chronic HBV (cHBV) infection that achieve functional cure. We report clinical and non-clinical data on two investigational small-interfering RNAs that target HBx, ALN-HBV and VIR-2218, demonstrating that incorporation of enhanced stabilization chemistry plus technology in VIR-2218 reduces its propensity to cause ALT elevations relative to its parent compound, ALN-HBV. We also show that VIR-2218 reduces hepatitis B surface antigen levels in a dose-dependent manner in participants with cHBV infection. These studies support the continued development of VIR-2218 as part of therapeutic regimens for cHBV infection, with the goal of a functional cure, and are important for HBV researchers and physicians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ed Gane
- University of Auckland and New Zealand Clinical Research, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Young-Suk Lim
- Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae B Kim
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Vasant Jadhav
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ling Shen
- Vir Biotechnology, Inc., San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Maja M Janas
- Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jorg Taubel
- Richmond Pharmacology Ltd., St George's University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Man-Fung Yuen
- Department of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Liver Research, Queen Mary Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Addetia A, Piccoli L, Case JB, Park YJ, Beltramello M, Guarino B, Dang H, de Melo GD, Pinto D, Sprouse K, Scheaffer SM, Bassi J, Silacci-Fregni C, Muoio F, Dini M, Vincenzetti L, Acosta R, Johnson D, Subramanian S, Saliba C, Giurdanella M, Lombardo G, Leoni G, Culap K, McAlister C, Rajesh A, Dellota E, Zhou J, Farhat N, Bohan D, Noack J, Chen A, Lempp FA, Quispe J, Kergoat L, Larrous F, Cameroni E, Whitener B, Giannini O, Cippà P, Ceschi A, Ferrari P, Franzetti-Pellanda A, Biggiogero M, Garzoni C, Zappi S, Bernasconi L, Kim MJ, Rosen LE, Schnell G, Czudnochowski N, Benigni F, Franko N, Logue JK, Yoshiyama C, Stewart C, Chu H, Bourhy H, Schmid MA, Purcell LA, Snell G, Lanzavecchia A, Diamond MS, Corti D, Veesler D. Neutralization, effector function and immune imprinting of Omicron variants. Nature 2023; 621:592-601. [PMID: 37648855 PMCID: PMC10511321 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06487-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants have acquired convergent mutations at hot spots in the receptor-binding domain1 (RBD) of the spike protein. The effects of these mutations on viral infection and transmission and the efficacy of vaccines and therapies remains poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that recently emerged BQ.1.1 and XBB.1.5 variants bind host ACE2 with high affinity and promote membrane fusion more efficiently than earlier Omicron variants. Structures of the BQ.1.1, XBB.1 and BN.1 RBDs bound to the fragment antigen-binding region of the S309 antibody (the parent antibody for sotrovimab) and human ACE2 explain the preservation of antibody binding through conformational selection, altered ACE2 recognition and immune evasion. We show that sotrovimab binds avidly to all Omicron variants, promotes Fc-dependent effector functions and protects mice challenged with BQ.1.1 and hamsters challenged with XBB.1.5. Vaccine-elicited human plasma antibodies cross-react with and trigger effector functions against current Omicron variants, despite a reduced neutralizing activity, suggesting a mechanism of protection against disease, exemplified by S309. Cross-reactive RBD-directed human memory B cells remained dominant even after two exposures to Omicron spikes, underscoring the role of persistent immune imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Addetia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - James Brett Case
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Ha Dang
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Guilherme Dias de Melo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Paris, France
| | | | - Kaitlin Sprouse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Suzanne M Scheaffer
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiayi Zhou
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Dana Bohan
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Alex Chen
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Joel Quispe
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lauriane Kergoat
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Paris, France
| | - Florence Larrous
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Paris, France
| | | | - Bradley Whitener
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Olivier Giannini
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Pietro Cippà
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Division of Nephrology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Ceschi
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Clinical Trial Unit, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacological Sciences of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Ferrari
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Division of Nephrology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
- Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Maira Biggiogero
- Clinical Research Unit, Clinica Luganese Moncucco, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Christian Garzoni
- Clinic of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Clinica Luganese Moncucco, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Stephanie Zappi
- Division of Nephrology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Luca Bernasconi
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | - Min Jeong Kim
- Division of Nephrology, Cantonal Hospital Aarau, Aarau, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicholas Franko
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer K Logue
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Cameron Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Helen Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
- Center for Vaccines and Immunity to Microbial Pathogens, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA.
| | | | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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4
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Addetia A, Piccoli L, Case JB, Park YJ, Beltramello M, Guarino B, Dang H, Pinto D, Scheaffer S, Sprouse K, Bassi J, Silacci-Fregni C, Muoio F, Dini M, Vincenzetti L, Acosta R, Johnson D, Subramanian S, Saliba C, Giurdanella M, Lombardo G, Leoni G, Culap K, McAlister C, Rajesh A, Dellota E, Zhou J, Farhat N, Bohan D, Noack J, Lempp FA, Cameroni E, Whitener B, Giannini O, Ceschi A, Ferrari P, Franzetti-Pellanda A, Biggiogero M, Garzoni C, Zappi S, Bernasconi L, Kim MJ, Schnell G, Czudnochowski N, Franko N, Logue JK, Yoshiyama C, Stewart C, Chu H, Schmid MA, Purcell LIA, Snell G, Lanzavecchia A, Diamond M, Corti D, Veesler D. Therapeutic and vaccine-induced cross-reactive antibodies with effector function against emerging Omicron variants. bioRxiv 2023:2023.01.17.523798. [PMID: 36711984 PMCID: PMC9882201 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.17.523798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Currently circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants acquired convergent mutations at receptor-binding domain (RBD) hot spots. Their impact on viral infection, transmission, and efficacy of vaccines and therapeutics remains poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that recently emerged BQ.1.1. and XBB.1 variants bind ACE2 with high affinity and promote membrane fusion more efficiently than earlier Omicron variants. Structures of the BQ.1.1 and XBB.1 RBDs bound to human ACE2 and S309 Fab (sotrovimab parent) explain the altered ACE2 recognition and preserved antibody binding through conformational selection. We show that sotrovimab binds avidly to all Omicron variants, promotes Fc-dependent effector functions and protects mice challenged with BQ.1.1, the variant displaying the greatest loss of neutralization. Moreover, in several donors vaccine-elicited plasma antibodies cross-react with and trigger effector functions against Omicron variants despite reduced neutralizing activity. Cross-reactive RBD-directed human memory B cells remained dominant even after two exposures to Omicron spikes, underscoring persistent immune imprinting. Our findings suggest that this previously overlooked class of cross-reactive antibodies, exemplified by S309, may contribute to protection against disease caused by emerging variants through elicitation of effector functions.
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Wedemeyer H, Schöneweis K, Bogomolov P, Blank A, Voronkova N, Stepanova T, Sagalova O, Chulanov V, Osipenko M, Morozov V, Geyvandova N, Sleptsova S, Bakulin IG, Khaertynova I, Rusanova M, Pathil A, Merle U, Bremer B, Allweiss L, Lempp FA, Port K, Haag M, Schwab M, Zur Wiesch JS, Cornberg M, Haefeli WE, Dandri M, Alexandrov A, Urban S. Safety and efficacy of bulevirtide in combination with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in patients with hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus coinfection (MYR202): a multicentre, randomised, parallel-group, open-label, phase 2 trial. Lancet Infect Dis 2023; 23:117-129. [PMID: 36113537 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(22)00318-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bulevirtide is a first-in-class peptidic entry inhibitor for hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus infection. In July, 2020, bulevirtide 2 mg received conditional marketing authorisation by the European Medical Agency for treatment of chronic hepatitis D virus infection. We investigated the antiviral activity of bulevirtide in patients chronically infected with HBV and hepatitis D virus. METHODS MYR202 (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03546621; EudraCT, 2016-000395-13) was a multicentre, parallel-group, randomised, open-label, phase 2 trial. Adults (aged 18-65 years) with chronic hepatitis D virus infection, including patients with cirrhosis and patients who had contraindications to PegIFNα treatment or for whom treatment did not work, were eligible and were enrolled from four hospitals in Germany and 12 hospitals in Russia. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1:1:1) to receive 2 mg (n=28), 5 mg (n=32), or 10 mg (n=30) subcutaneous bulevirtide once per day with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF; 245 mg once per day orally) or TDF alone (245 mg once per day orally; n=30) for 24 weeks. Randomisation was done using a digital block scheme with stratification, consisting of 480 randomisation numbers separated into 30 blocks. The primary endpoint was undetectable hepatitis D virus RNA or 2 log10 IU/mL or higher decline in hepatitis D virus RNA at week 24, which was analysed in the modified intention-to-treat population, including patients who received study medication at least once after randomisation. Hepatitis D virus RNA concentrations were monitored until week 48. Safety was assessed for all patients who received at least one dose of bulevirtide or TDF. FINDINGS Between Feb 16, 2016, and Dec 8, 2016, 171 patients with chronic hepatitis D virus infection were screened; 51 were ineligible based on the exclusion criteria and 120 patients (59 with cirrhosis) were enrolled. At week 24, 15 (54%, 95% CI 34-73) of 28 patients achieved undetectable hepatitis D virus RNA or a 2 log10 IU/mL or more decline in hepatitis D virus RNA (p<0·0001 vs TDF alone) with 2 mg bulevirtide, 16 (50%, 32-68) of 32 with 5 mg bulevirtide (p<0·0001), and 23 (77%, 58-90) of 30 with 10 mg bulevirtide (p<0·0001), versus one (4%, 0·1-18) of 28 with TDF alone. By week 48 (24 weeks after bulevirtide cessation), hepatitis D virus RNA concentrations had rebounded, with median changes from week 24 to week 48 of 1·923 log10 IU/mL (IQR 0·566-2·485) with 2 mg bulevirtide, 1·732 log10 (0·469-2·568) with 5 mg bulevirtide, and 2·030 log10 (1·262-2·903) with 10 mg bulevirtide. There were no deaths associated with treatment. Three (9%) patients in the bulevirtide 5 mg group, two (7%) patients in the bulevirtide 10 mg group, and one (4%) patient in the TDF group had serious adverse events. Common treatment-emergent adverse events included asymptomatic bile salt increases and increases in alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase. INTERPRETATION Bulevirtide induced a significant decline in hepatitis D virus RNA over 24 weeks. After cessation of bulevirtide, hepatitis D virus RNA concentrations rebounded. Longer treatment durations and combination therapies should be investigated. FUNDING Hepatera LLC, MYR GmbH, and the German Centre for Infection Research, TTU Hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover, Germany; Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) partner site, Hannover-Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Katrin Schöneweis
- MYR GmbH, Bad Homburg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pavel Bogomolov
- Hepatology Department, Moscow Regional Scientific Research, Clinic Institute MF Vladimirsky, Moscow, Russia
| | - Antje Blank
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Olga Sagalova
- Clinic of the South-Ural State Medical University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Vladimir Chulanov
- Reference Centre for Viral Hepatitis, Central Research Institute of Epidemiology, Moscow, Russia
| | | | | | - Natalia Geyvandova
- Stavropol State Medical University, Stavropol Regional Clinical Hospital, Stavropol, Russia
| | - Snezhana Sleptsova
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Physiology, Dermatology, and Venereology, Medical Institute of the North-Eastern Federal University MK Ammosov, Yakutsk, Russia
| | - Igor G Bakulin
- Gastroenterology and Dietology SM Riss, North-Western State Medical University, Mechnikov, Russia
| | - Ilsiyar Khaertynova
- Republican Clinical Infectious Diseases Hospital Professor AF Agafonov, Kazan, Russia
| | - Marina Rusanova
- Infectious Clinical Hospital Number 1, Moscow City Department, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anita Pathil
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Goethe University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Uta Merle
- Internal Medicine IV Gastroenterology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Lena Allweiss
- University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Centre for Internal Medicine, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Florian A Lempp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Mathias Haag
- Clinical Pharmacology, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute, Stuttgart, Germany; University of Tuübingen, Tuübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Clinical Pharmacology, Dr Margarete Fischer-Bosch-Institute, Stuttgart, Germany; Departments of Clinical Pharmacology, Biochemistry, and Pharmacy, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julian Schulze Zur Wiesch
- University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Centre for Internal Medicine, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | | | - Walter E Haefeli
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maura Dandri
- University Hospital Hamburg-Eppendorf, Centre for Internal Medicine, Medical Clinic and Polyclinic, Hamburg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Park YJ, Pinto D, Walls AC, Liu Z, De Marco A, Benigni F, Zatta F, Silacci-Fregni C, Bassi J, Sprouse KR, Addetia A, Bowen JE, Stewart C, Giurdanella M, Saliba C, Guarino B, Schmid MA, Franko NM, Logue JK, Dang HV, Hauser K, di Iulio J, Rivera W, Schnell G, Rajesh A, Zhou J, Farhat N, Kaiser H, Montiel-Ruiz M, Noack J, Lempp FA, Janer J, Abdelnabi R, Maes P, Ferrari P, Ceschi A, Giannini O, de Melo GD, Kergoat L, Bourhy H, Neyts J, Soriaga L, Purcell LA, Snell G, Whelan SPJ, Lanzavecchia A, Virgin HW, Piccoli L, Chu HY, Pizzuto MS, Corti D, Veesler D. Imprinted antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages. Science 2022; 378:619-627. [PMID: 36264829 DOI: 10.1126/science.adc9127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron sublineages carry distinct spike mutations resulting in escape from antibodies induced by previous infection or vaccination. We show that hybrid immunity or vaccine boosters elicit plasma-neutralizing antibodies against Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, and BA.4/5, and that breakthrough infections, but not vaccination alone, induce neutralizing antibodies in the nasal mucosa. Consistent with immunological imprinting, most antibodies derived from memory B cells or plasma cells of Omicron breakthrough cases cross-react with the Wuhan-Hu-1, BA.1, BA.2, and BA.4/5 receptor-binding domains, whereas Omicron primary infections elicit B cells of narrow specificity up to 6 months after infection. Although most clinical antibodies have reduced neutralization of Omicron, we identified an ultrapotent pan-variant-neutralizing antibody that is a strong candidate for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dora Pinto
- Humabs Biomed SA, Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra C Walls
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anna De Marco
- Humabs Biomed SA, Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Benigni
- Humabs Biomed SA, Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizia Zatta
- Humabs Biomed SA, Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Jessica Bassi
- Humabs Biomed SA, Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Kaitlin R Sprouse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amin Addetia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John E Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cameron Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Christian Saliba
- Humabs Biomed SA, Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Guarino
- Humabs Biomed SA, Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Schmid
- Humabs Biomed SA, Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas M Franko
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer K Logue
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ha V Dang
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiayi Zhou
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Javier Janer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Maes
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paolo Ferrari
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Division of Nephrology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
- Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alessandro Ceschi
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Clinical Trial Unit, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacological Sciences of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Giannini
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Guilherme Dias de Melo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Lauriane Kergoat
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Herbert W Virgin
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Luca Piccoli
- Humabs Biomed SA, Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Helen Y Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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7
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Park YJ, Pinto D, Walls AC, Liu Z, De Marco A, Benigni F, Zatta F, Silacci-Fregni C, Bassi J, Sprouse KR, Addetia A, Bowen JE, Stewart C, Giurdanella M, Saliba C, Guarino B, Schmid MA, Franko NM, Logue JK, Dang HV, Hauser K, di Iulio J, Rivera W, Schnell G, Rajesh A, Zhou J, Farhat N, Kaiser H, Montiel-Ruiz M, Noack J, Lempp FA, Janer J, Abdelnabi R, Maes P, Ferrari P, Ceschi A, Giannini O, de Melo GD, Kergoat L, Bourhy H, Neyts J, Soriaga L, Purcell LA, Snell G, Whelan SPJ, Lanzavecchia A, Virgin HW, Piccoli L, Chu HY, Pizzuto MS, Corti D, Veesler D. Imprinted antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages. Science 2022. [PMID: 36264829 DOI: 10.1101/2022.05.08.491108v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron sublineages carry distinct spike mutations resulting in escape from antibodies induced by previous infection or vaccination. We show that hybrid immunity or vaccine boosters elicit plasma-neutralizing antibodies against Omicron BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, and BA.4/5, and that breakthrough infections, but not vaccination alone, induce neutralizing antibodies in the nasal mucosa. Consistent with immunological imprinting, most antibodies derived from memory B cells or plasma cells of Omicron breakthrough cases cross-react with the Wuhan-Hu-1, BA.1, BA.2, and BA.4/5 receptor-binding domains, whereas Omicron primary infections elicit B cells of narrow specificity up to 6 months after infection. Although most clinical antibodies have reduced neutralization of Omicron, we identified an ultrapotent pan-variant-neutralizing antibody that is a strong candidate for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dora Pinto
- Humabs Biomed SA, Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra C Walls
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Anna De Marco
- Humabs Biomed SA, Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Benigni
- Humabs Biomed SA, Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizia Zatta
- Humabs Biomed SA, Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Jessica Bassi
- Humabs Biomed SA, Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Kaitlin R Sprouse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amin Addetia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John E Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cameron Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Christian Saliba
- Humabs Biomed SA, Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Guarino
- Humabs Biomed SA, Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Schmid
- Humabs Biomed SA, Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas M Franko
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jennifer K Logue
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ha V Dang
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiayi Zhou
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Javier Janer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Maes
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paolo Ferrari
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Division of Nephrology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
- Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alessandro Ceschi
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Clinical Trial Unit, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacological Sciences of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Giannini
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Guilherme Dias de Melo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Lauriane Kergoat
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Johan Neyts
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Herbert W Virgin
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Luca Piccoli
- Humabs Biomed SA, Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Helen Y Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, Subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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8
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Zhang Z, Ni Y, Lempp FA, Walter L, Mutz P, Bartenschlager R, Urban S. Hepatitis D virus-induced interferon response and administered interferons control cell division-mediated virus spread. J Hepatol 2022; 77:957-966. [PMID: 35636579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2022.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Besides HBV-dependent de novo infection, cell division-mediated spread contributes to HDV persistence and dampens the effect of antivirals that abrogate de novo infection. Nonetheless, the combination of these antivirals with interferons (IFNs) showed strong synergism in recent clinical trials, implying a complementary mode-of-action of IFNs. Therefore, we investigated the effect of IFN response on cell division-mediated HDV spread. METHODS Cells infected with HDV were passaged to undergo cell division. The effect of the IFN response was evaluated by blocking HDV-induced IFN activation, by applying different IFN treatment regimens, and by adjusting HDV infection doses. RESULTS Cell division-mediated HDV spread was highly efficient following infection of HuH7NTCP cells (defective in IFN production), but profoundly restricted in infected IFN-competent HepaRGNTCP cells. Treatment with IFN-α/-λ1 inhibited HDV spread in dividing HuH7NTCP cells, but exhibited a marginal effect on HDV replication in resting cells. Blocking the HDV-induced IFN response with the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib or knocking down MDA5 augmented HDV spread in dividing HepaRGNTCP cells. The virus-induced IFN response also destabilized HDV RNA in dividing cells. Moreover, the effect of exogenous IFNs on cell division-mediated HDV spread was more pronounced at low multiplicities of infection with weak virus-induced IFN responses. CONCLUSIONS Both HDV-induced IFN response and exogenous IFN treatment suppress cell division-mediated HDV spread, presumably through acceleration of HDV RNA decay. Our findings demonstrate a novel mode-of-action of IFN, explain the more pronounced effect of IFN therapy in patients with lower HDV serum RNA levels, and provide insights for the development of combination therapies. LAY SUMMARY Chronic hepatitis D is a major health problem. The causative pathogen hepatitis D virus (HDV) can propagate through viral particle-mediated infection and the division of infected cells. Although viral particle-dependent infection can be blocked by recently developed drugs, therapies addressing the cell division route have not been reported. Taking advantage of relevant cell culture models, we demonstrate that the widely used immune modulator interferon can efficiently suppress HDV spread through cell division. This work unveils a new function of interferon and sheds light on potentially curative combination therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfeng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yi Ni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian A Lempp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Walter
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pascal Mutz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) - Heidelberg Partner Site, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF) - Heidelberg Partner Site, Heidelberg, Germany.
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9
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Park YJ, Pinto D, Walls AC, Liu Z, Marco AD, Benigni F, Zatta F, Silacci-Fregni C, Bassi J, Sprouse KR, Addetia A, Bowen JE, Stewart C, Giurdanella M, Saliba C, Guarino B, Schmid MA, Franko N, Logue J, Dang HV, Hauser K, Iulio JD, Rivera W, Schnell G, Rajesh A, Zhou J, Farhat N, Kaiser H, Montiel-Ruiz M, Noack J, Lempp FA, Janer J, Abdelnabi R, Maes P, Ferrari P, Ceschi A, Giannini O, de Melo GD, Kergoat L, Bourhy H, Neyts J, Soriaga L, Purcell LA, Snell G, Whelan SPJ, Lanzavecchia A, Virgin HW, Piccoli L, Chu H, Pizzuto MS, Corti D, Veesler D. Imprinted antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages. bioRxiv 2022:2022.05.08.491108. [PMID: 35677069 PMCID: PMC9176643 DOI: 10.1101/2022.05.08.491108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages carry distinct spike mutations and represent an antigenic shift resulting in escape from antibodies induced by previous infection or vaccination. We show that hybrid immunity or vaccine boosters result in potent plasma neutralizing activity against Omicron BA.1 and BA.2 and that breakthrough infections, but not vaccination-only, induce neutralizing activity in the nasal mucosa. Consistent with immunological imprinting, most antibodies derived from memory B cells or plasma cells of Omicron breakthrough cases cross-react with the Wuhan-Hu-1, BA.1 and BA.2 receptor-binding domains whereas Omicron primary infections elicit B cells of narrow specificity. While most clinical antibodies have reduced neutralization of Omicron, we identified an ultrapotent pan-variant antibody, that is unaffected by any Omicron lineage spike mutations and is a strong candidate for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Dora Pinto
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra C Walls
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Anna De Marco
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Benigni
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizia Zatta
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Jessica Bassi
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Kaitlin R Sprouse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Amin Addetia
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John E Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Cameron Stewart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Martina Giurdanella
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Christian Saliba
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Guarino
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Michael A Schmid
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Nicholas Franko
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jennifer Logue
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Ha V Dang
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiayi Zhou
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | | | | | - Julia Noack
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Javier Janer
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Piet Maes
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paolo Ferrari
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Division of Nephrology, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
- Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alessandro Ceschi
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Clinical Trial Unit, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacological Sciences of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Giannini
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Guilherme Dias de Melo
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Lauriane Kergoat
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Hervé Bourhy
- Institut Pasteur, Université de Paris Cité, Lyssavirus Epidemiology and Neuropathology Unit, Paris, F-75015, France
| | - Johan Neyts
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Luca Piccoli
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Helen Chu
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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10
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Maher MC, Bartha I, Weaver S, di Iulio J, Ferri E, Soriaga L, Lempp FA, Hie BL, Bryson B, Berger B, Robertson DL, Snell G, Corti D, Virgin HW, Kosakovsky Pond SL, Telenti A. Predicting the mutational drivers of future SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabk3445. [PMID: 35014856 PMCID: PMC8939770 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abk3445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 evolution threatens vaccine- and natural infection-derived immunity as well as the efficacy of therapeutic antibodies. To improve public health preparedness, we sought to predict which existing amino acid mutations in SARS-CoV-2 might contribute to future variants of concern. We tested the predictive value of features comprising epidemiology, evolution, immunology, and neural network-based protein sequence modeling, and identified primary biological drivers of SARS-CoV-2 intra-pandemic evolution. We found evidence that ACE2-mediated transmissibility and resistance to population-level host immunity has waxed and waned as a primary driver of SARS-CoV-2 evolution over time. We retroactively identified with high accuracy (area under the receiver operator characteristic curve, AUROC=0.92-0.97) mutations that will spread, at up to four months in advance, across different phases of the pandemic. The behavior of the model was consistent with a plausible causal structure wherein epidemiological covariates combine the effects of diverse and shifting drivers of viral fitness. We applied our model to forecast mutations that will spread in the future and characterize how these mutations affect the binding of therapeutic antibodies. These findings demonstrate that it is possible to forecast the driver mutations that could appear in emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. We validate this result against Omicron, showing elevated predictive scores for its component mutations prior to emergence, and rapid score increase across daily forecasts during emergence. This modeling approach may be applied to any rapidly evolving pathogens with sufficiently dense genomic surveillance data, such as influenza, and unknown future pandemic viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Istvan Bartha
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Steven Weaver
- Department of Biology Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122
| | | | - Elena Ferri
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Leah Soriaga
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | | | - Brian L. Hie
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bryan Bryson
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Bonnie Berger
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David L. Robertson
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, University of Glasgow, Glasgow GS1 1QH, UK
| | - Gyorgy Snell
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Davide Corti
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | - Herbert W. Virgin
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Sergei L. Kosakovsky Pond
- Department of Biology Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122
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11
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Park YJ, De Marco A, Starr TN, Liu Z, Pinto D, Walls AC, Zatta F, Zepeda SK, Bowen JE, Sprouse KR, Joshi A, Giurdanella M, Guarino B, Noack J, Abdelnabi R, Foo SYC, Rosen LE, Lempp FA, Benigni F, Snell G, Neyts J, Whelan SPJ, Virgin HW, Bloom JD, Corti D, Pizzuto MS, Veesler D. Antibody-mediated broad sarbecovirus neutralization through ACE2 molecular mimicry. Science 2022; 375:449-454. [PMID: 34990214 PMCID: PMC9400459 DOI: 10.1126/science.abm8143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Understanding broadly neutralizing sarbecovirus antibody responses is key to developing countermeasures against SARS-CoV-2 variants and future zoonotic sarbecoviruses. We describe the isolation and characterization of a human monoclonal antibody, designated S2K146, that broadly neutralizes viruses belonging to SARS-CoV- and SARS-CoV-2-related sarbecovirus clades which use ACE2 as an entry receptor. Structural and functional studies show that most of the virus residues that directly bind S2K146 are also involved in binding to ACE2. This allows the antibody to potently inhibit receptor attachment. S2K146 protects against SARS-CoV-2 Beta challenge in hamsters and viral passaging experiments reveal a high barrier for emergence of escape mutants, making it a good candidate for clinical development. The conserved ACE2-binding residues present a site of vulnerability that might be leveraged for developing vaccines eliciting broad sarbecovirus immunity.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/chemistry
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/metabolism
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/metabolism
- Antibody Affinity
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/chemistry
- Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/immunology
- Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/metabolism
- Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/therapeutic use
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/therapy
- Cross Reactions
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- Epitopes
- Humans
- Immune Evasion
- Mesocricetus
- Models, Molecular
- Molecular Mimicry
- Mutation
- Protein Conformation
- Protein Domains
- Receptors, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Receptors, Coronavirus/metabolism
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anna De Marco
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Tyler N. Starr
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dora Pinto
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra C. Walls
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Fabrizia Zatta
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Samantha K. Zepeda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John E. Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kaitlin R. Sprouse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anshu Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Martina Giurdanella
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Guarino
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Julia Noack
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shi-Yan Caroline Foo
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Fabio Benigni
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Johan Neyts
- Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sean P. J. Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Herbert W. Virgin
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Jesse D. Bloom
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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12
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Lempp FA, Roggenbach I, Nkongolo S, Sakin V, Schlund F, Schnitzler P, Wedemeyer H, Le Gal F, Gordien E, Yurdaydin C, Urban S. A Rapid Point-of-Care Test for the Serodiagnosis of Hepatitis Delta Virus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:2371. [PMID: 34960640 PMCID: PMC8703323 DOI: 10.3390/v13122371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) is a satellite of the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and causes severe liver disease. The estimated prevalence of 15-20 million infected people worldwide may be underestimated as international diagnostic guidelines are not routinely followed. Possible reasons for this include the limited awareness among healthcare providers, the requirement for costly equipment and specialized training, and a lack of access to reliable tests in regions with poor medical infrastructure. In this study, we developed an HDV rapid test for the detection of antibodies against the hepatitis delta antigen (anti-HDV) in serum and plasma. The test is based on a novel recombinant large hepatitis delta antigen that can detect anti-HDV in a concentration-dependent manner with pan-genotypic activity across all known HDV genotypes. We evaluated the performance of this test on a cohort of 474 patient samples and found that it has a sensitivity of 94.6% (314/332) and a specificity of 100% (142/142) when compared to a diagnostic gold-standard ELISA. It also works robustly for a broad range of anti-HDV titers. We anticipate this novel HDV rapid test to be an important tool for epidemiological studies and clinical diagnostics, especially in regions that currently lack access to reliable HDV testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Lempp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Imme Roggenbach
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shirin Nkongolo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Toronto Centre for Liver Disease, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Volkan Sakin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Schlund
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul Schnitzler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Clinic for Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital Essen, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Frédéric Le Gal
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Clinique, Hôpital Avicenne, APHP, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Emmanuel Gordien
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Clinique, Hôpital Avicenne, APHP, 93000 Bobigny, France
| | - Cihan Yurdaydin
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ankara, Ankara 06560, Turkey
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Koç University Medical School, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Park YJ, De Marco A, Starr TN, Liu Z, Pinto D, Walls AC, Zatta F, Zepeda SK, Bowen J, Sprouse KS, Joshi A, Giurdanella M, Guarino B, Noack J, Abdelnabi R, Foo SYC, Lempp FA, Benigni F, Snell G, Neyts J, Whelan SPJ, Virgin HW, Bloom JD, Corti D, Pizzuto MS, Veesler D. Antibody-mediated broad sarbecovirus neutralization through ACE2 molecular mimicry. bioRxiv 2021:2021.10.13.464254. [PMID: 34671770 PMCID: PMC8528076 DOI: 10.1101/2021.10.13.464254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Understanding broadly neutralizing sarbecovirus antibody responses is key to developing countermeasures effective against SARS-CoV-2 variants and future spillovers of other sarbecoviruses. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of a human monoclonal antibody, designated S2K146, broadly neutralizing viruses belonging to all three sarbecovirus clades known to utilize ACE2 as entry receptor and protecting therapeutically against SARS-CoV-2 beta challenge in hamsters. Structural and functional studies show that most of the S2K146 epitope residues are shared with the ACE2 binding site and that the antibody inhibits receptor attachment competitively. Viral passaging experiments underscore an unusually high barrier for emergence of escape mutants making it an ideal candidate for clinical development. These findings unveil a key site of vulnerability for the development of a next generation of vaccines eliciting broad sarbecovirus immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anna De Marco
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Tyler N Starr
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Dora Pinto
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra C. Walls
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Fabrizia Zatta
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Samantha K. Zepeda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Kaitlin S Sprouse
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anshu Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Martina Giurdanella
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Guarino
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Rana Abdelnabi
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shi-Yan Caroline Foo
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Fabio Benigni
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sean PJ Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | | | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98109
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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14
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Roggenbach I, Chi X, Lempp FA, Qu B, Walter L, Wu R, Gao X, Schnitzler P, Ding Y, Urban S, Niu J. HDV Seroprevalence in HBsAg-Positive Patients in China Occurs in Hotspots and Is Not Associated with HCV Mono-Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:1799. [PMID: 34578380 PMCID: PMC8473203 DOI: 10.3390/v13091799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
HDV infection causes severe liver disease, the global health burden of which may be underestimated due to limited epidemiological data. HDV depends on HBV for infection, but recent studies indicated that dissemination can also be supported by other helper viruses such as HCV. We used a rapid point-of-care test and an ELISA to retrospectively test for antibodies against the Hepatitis Delta antigen (anti-HDV-Ab) in 4103 HBsAg-positive and 1661 HBsAg-negative, anti-HCV-positive sera from China and Germany. We found that the HDV seroprevalence in HBsAg-positive patients in China is limited to geographic hotspots (Inner Mongolia: 35/251, 13.9%; Xinjiang: 7/180, 3.9%) and high-risk intravenous drug users (HBV mono-infected: 23/247, 9.3%; HBV-HCV co-infected: 34/107, 31.8%), while none of the 2634 HBsAg carriers from other metropolitan regions were anti-HDV-Ab-positive. In Germany, we recorded an HDV seroprevalence of 5.3% in a university hospital environment. In a cohort of HBsAg-negative, anti-HCV-positive patients that were not exposed to HBV before (anti-HBc-negative), HDV was not associated with HCV mono-infection (Chinese high-risk cohort: 0/365, 0.0%; German mixed cohort: 0/263, 0.0%). However, 21/1033 (2.0%) high-risk HCV patients in China with markers of a previously cleared HBV infection (anti-HBc-positive) were positive for anti-HDV-Ab, with two of them being positive for both HDV and HCV RNA but negative for HBV DNA. The absence of anti-HDV-Ab in HCV mono-infected patients shows that HCV cannot promote HDV transmission in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imme Roggenbach
- Department of Hepatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (I.R.); (X.C.); (R.W.); (X.G.)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (F.A.L.); (B.Q.); (L.W.)
| | - Xiumei Chi
- Department of Hepatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (I.R.); (X.C.); (R.W.); (X.G.)
- Phase I Clinical Trials Unit, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
| | - Florian A. Lempp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (F.A.L.); (B.Q.); (L.W.)
| | - Bingqian Qu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (F.A.L.); (B.Q.); (L.W.)
| | - Lisa Walter
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (F.A.L.); (B.Q.); (L.W.)
| | - Ruihong Wu
- Department of Hepatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (I.R.); (X.C.); (R.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Xiuzhu Gao
- Department of Hepatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (I.R.); (X.C.); (R.W.); (X.G.)
| | - Paul Schnitzler
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, University Hospital, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
| | - Yanhua Ding
- Phase I Clinical Trials Unit, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China;
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (F.A.L.); (B.Q.); (L.W.)
| | - Junqi Niu
- Department of Hepatology, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China; (I.R.); (X.C.); (R.W.); (X.G.)
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15
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Pinto D, Sauer MM, Czudnochowski N, Low JS, Tortorici MA, Housley MP, Noack J, Walls AC, Bowen JE, Guarino B, Rosen LE, di Iulio J, Jerak J, Kaiser H, Islam S, Jaconi S, Sprugasci N, Culap K, Abdelnabi R, Foo C, Coelmont L, Bartha I, Bianchi S, Silacci-Fregni C, Bassi J, Marzi R, Vetti E, Cassotta A, Ceschi A, Ferrari P, Cippà PE, Giannini O, Ceruti S, Garzoni C, Riva A, Benigni F, Cameroni E, Piccoli L, Pizzuto MS, Smithey M, Hong D, Telenti A, Lempp FA, Neyts J, Havenar-Daughton C, Lanzavecchia A, Sallusto F, Snell G, Virgin HW, Beltramello M, Corti D, Veesler D. Broad betacoronavirus neutralization by a stem helix-specific human antibody. Science 2021; 373:1109-1116. [PMID: 34344823 PMCID: PMC9268357 DOI: 10.1126/science.abj3321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 77.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The spillovers of betacoronaviruses in humans and the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants highlight the need for broad coronavirus countermeasures. We describe five monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) cross-reacting with the stem helix of multiple betacoronavirus spike glycoproteins isolated from COVID-19 convalescent individuals. Using structural and functional studies, we show that the mAb with the greatest breadth (S2P6) neutralizes pseudotyped viruses from three different subgenera through the inhibition of membrane fusion, and we delineate the molecular basis for its cross-reactivity. S2P6 reduces viral burden in hamsters challenged with SARS-CoV-2 through viral neutralization and Fc-mediated effector functions. Stem helix antibodies are rare, oftentimes of narrow specificity, and can acquire neutralization breadth through somatic mutations. These data provide a framework for structure-guided design of pan-betacoronavirus vaccines eliciting broad protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dora Pinto
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Maximilian M. Sauer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Jun Siong Low
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Julia Noack
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alexandra C. Walls
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John E. Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Barbara Guarino
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Josipa Jerak
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Stefano Jaconi
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Sprugasci
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Katja Culap
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Caroline Foo
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lotte Coelmont
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Istvan Bartha
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Siro Bianchi
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Jessica Bassi
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Marzi
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Eneida Vetti
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Antonino Cassotta
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Ceschi
- Clinical Trial Unit, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacological Sciences of Southern Switzerland, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Paolo Ferrari
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Pietro E. Cippà
- Department of Medicine, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Olivier Giannini
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
- Department of Medicine, Ente Ospedaliero Cantonale, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Samuele Ceruti
- Intensive Care Unit, Clinica Luganese Moncucco, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Christian Garzoni
- Clinic of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Clinica Luganese Moncucco, 6900 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Agostino Riva
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, ASST Fatebenefratelli Sacco, Luigi Sacco Hospital, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | - Fabio Benigni
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Elisabetta Cameroni
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Luca Piccoli
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Matteo S. Pizzuto
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - David Hong
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | | | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Antonio Lanzavecchia
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Herbert W. Virgin
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Martina Beltramello
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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16
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Tortorici MA, Czudnochowski N, Starr TN, Marzi R, Walls AC, Zatta F, Bowen JE, Jaconi S, Di Iulio J, Wang Z, De Marco A, Zepeda SK, Pinto D, Liu Z, Beltramello M, Bartha I, Housley MP, Lempp FA, Rosen LE, Dellota E, Kaiser H, Montiel-Ruiz M, Zhou J, Addetia A, Guarino B, Culap K, Sprugasci N, Saliba C, Vetti E, Giacchetto-Sasselli I, Fregni CS, Abdelnabi R, Foo SYC, Havenar-Daughton C, Schmid MA, Benigni F, Cameroni E, Neyts J, Telenti A, Virgin HW, Whelan SPJ, Snell G, Bloom JD, Corti D, Veesler D, Pizzuto MS. Broad sarbecovirus neutralization by a human monoclonal antibody. Nature 2021; 597:103-108. [PMID: 34280951 PMCID: PMC9341430 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03817-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern1-10 and the recurrent spillovers of coronaviruses11,12 into the human population highlight the need for broadly neutralizing antibodies that are not affected by the ongoing antigenic drift and that can prevent or treat future zoonotic infections. Here we describe a human monoclonal antibody designated S2X259, which recognizes a highly conserved cryptic epitope of the receptor-binding domain and cross-reacts with spikes from all clades of sarbecovirus. S2X259 broadly neutralizes spike-mediated cell entry of SARS-CoV-2, including variants of concern (B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, and B.1.427/B.1.429), as well as a wide spectrum of human and potentially zoonotic sarbecoviruses through inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding to the receptor-binding domain. Furthermore, deep-mutational scanning and in vitro escape selection experiments demonstrate that S2X259 possesses an escape profile that is limited to a single substitution, G504D. We show that prophylactic and therapeutic administration of S2X259 protects Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) against challenge with the prototypic SARS-CoV-2 and the B.1.351 variant of concern, which suggests that this monoclonal antibody is a promising candidate for the prevention and treatment of emergent variants and zoonotic infections. Our data reveal a key antigenic site that is targeted by broadly neutralizing antibodies and will guide the design of vaccines that are effective against all sarbecoviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alejandra Tortorici
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institut Pasteur and CNRS UMR 3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | | | - Tyler N Starr
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Roberta Marzi
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra C Walls
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Fabrizia Zatta
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - John E Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stefano Jaconi
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Zhaoqian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anna De Marco
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Samantha K Zepeda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dora Pinto
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Martina Beltramello
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Istvan Bartha
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiayi Zhou
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amin Addetia
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Katja Culap
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Sprugasci
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Christian Saliba
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Eneida Vetti
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Rana Abdelnabi
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shi-Yan Caroline Foo
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Michael A Schmid
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Benigni
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Elisabetta Cameroni
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
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17
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Lempp FA, Soriaga LB, Montiel-Ruiz M, Benigni F, Noack J, Park YJ, Bianchi S, Walls AC, Bowen JE, Zhou J, Kaiser H, Joshi A, Agostini M, Meury M, Dellota E, Jaconi S, Cameroni E, Martinez-Picado J, Vergara-Alert J, Izquierdo-Useros N, Virgin HW, Lanzavecchia A, Veesler D, Purcell LA, Telenti A, Corti D. Lectins enhance SARS-CoV-2 infection and influence neutralizing antibodies. Nature 2021; 598:342-347. [PMID: 34464958 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03925-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 infection-which involves both cell attachment and membrane fusion-relies on the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, which is paradoxically found at low levels in the respiratory tract1-3, suggesting that there may be additional mechanisms facilitating infection. Here we show that C-type lectin receptors, DC-SIGN, L-SIGN and the sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin 1 (SIGLEC1) function as attachment receptors by enhancing ACE2-mediated infection and modulating the neutralizing activity of different classes of spike-specific antibodies. Antibodies to the amino-terminal domain or to the conserved site at the base of the receptor-binding domain, while poorly neutralizing infection of ACE2-overexpressing cells, effectively block lectin-facilitated infection. Conversely, antibodies to the receptor binding motif, while potently neutralizing infection of ACE2-overexpressing cells, poorly neutralize infection of cells expressing DC-SIGN or L-SIGN and trigger fusogenic rearrangement of the spike, promoting cell-to-cell fusion. Collectively, these findings identify a lectin-dependent pathway that enhances ACE2-dependent infection by SARS-CoV-2 and reveal distinct mechanisms of neutralization by different classes of spike-specific antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Fabio Benigni
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Young-Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Siro Bianchi
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra C Walls
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John E Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jiayi Zhou
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Anshu Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Stefano Jaconi
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Elisabetta Cameroni
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.,University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), Vic, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Júlia Vergara-Alert
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la UAB, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Nuria Izquierdo-Useros
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain.,Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, Badalona, Spain
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
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18
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Starr TN, Czudnochowski N, Liu Z, Zatta F, Park YJ, Addetia A, Pinto D, Beltramello M, Hernandez P, Greaney AJ, Marzi R, Glass WG, Zhang I, Dingens AS, Bowen JE, Tortorici MA, Walls AC, Wojcechowskyj JA, De Marco A, Rosen LE, Zhou J, Montiel-Ruiz M, Kaiser H, Dillen JR, Tucker H, Bassi J, Silacci-Fregni C, Housley MP, di Iulio J, Lombardo G, Agostini M, Sprugasci N, Culap K, Jaconi S, Meury M, Dellota E, Abdelnabi R, Foo SYC, Cameroni E, Stumpf S, Croll TI, Nix JC, Havenar-Daughton C, Piccoli L, Benigni F, Neyts J, Telenti A, Lempp FA, Pizzuto MS, Chodera JD, Hebner CM, Virgin HW, Whelan SPJ, Veesler D, Corti D, Bloom JD, Snell G. SARS-CoV-2 RBD antibodies that maximize breadth and resistance to escape. Nature 2021; 597:97-102. [PMID: 34261126 PMCID: PMC9282883 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03807-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 97.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An ideal therapeutic anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody would resist viral escape1-3, have activity against diverse sarbecoviruses4-7, and be highly protective through viral neutralization8-11 and effector functions12,13. Understanding how these properties relate to each other and vary across epitopes would aid the development of therapeutic antibodies and guide vaccine design. Here we comprehensively characterize escape, breadth and potency across a panel of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies targeting the receptor-binding domain (RBD). Despite a trade-off between in vitro neutralization potency and breadth of sarbecovirus binding, we identify neutralizing antibodies with exceptional sarbecovirus breadth and a corresponding resistance to SARS-CoV-2 escape. One of these antibodies, S2H97, binds with high affinity across all sarbecovirus clades to a cryptic epitope and prophylactically protects hamsters from viral challenge. Antibodies that target the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor-binding motif (RBM) typically have poor breadth and are readily escaped by mutations despite high neutralization potency. Nevertheless, we also characterize a potent RBM antibody (S2E128) with breadth across sarbecoviruses related to SARS-CoV-2 and a high barrier to viral escape. These data highlight principles underlying variation in escape, breadth and potency among antibodies that target the RBD, and identify epitopes and features to prioritize for therapeutic development against the current and potential future pandemics.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibody Affinity
- Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/chemistry
- Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies/immunology
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/virology
- COVID-19 Vaccines/chemistry
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- Cell Line
- Cricetinae
- Cross Reactions/immunology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Humans
- Immune Evasion/genetics
- Immune Evasion/immunology
- Male
- Mesocricetus
- Middle Aged
- Models, Molecular
- SARS-CoV-2/chemistry
- SARS-CoV-2/classification
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Vaccinology
- COVID-19 Drug Treatment
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler N Starr
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Fabrizia Zatta
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Amin Addetia
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Dora Pinto
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Martina Beltramello
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Allison J Greaney
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Roberta Marzi
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - William G Glass
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ivy Zhang
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adam S Dingens
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John E Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Alexandra C Walls
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Anna De Marco
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Jiayi Zhou
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jessica Bassi
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Gloria Lombardo
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicole Sprugasci
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Katja Culap
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Jaconi
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Rana Abdelnabi
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shi-Yan Caroline Foo
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Elisabetta Cameroni
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Spencer Stumpf
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Tristan I Croll
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jay C Nix
- Molecular Biology Consortium, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Luca Piccoli
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Benigni
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | - Matteo S Pizzuto
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - John D Chodera
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Herbert W Virgin
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
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19
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Wang W, Lempp FA, Schlund F, Walter L, Decker CC, Zhang Z, Ni Y, Urban S. Assembly and infection efficacy of hepatitis B virus surface protein exchanges in 8 hepatitis D virus genotype isolates. J Hepatol 2021; 75:311-323. [PMID: 33845061 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic HDV infections cause the most severe form of viral hepatitis. HDV requires HBV envelope proteins for hepatocyte entry, particle assembly and release. Eight HDV and 8 HBV genotypes have been identified. However, there are limited data on the replication competence of different genotypes and the effect that different HBV envelopes have on virion assembly and infectivity. METHODS We subcloned complementary DNAs (cDNAs) of all HDV and HBV genotypes and systematically studied HDV replication, assembly and infectivity using northern blot, western blot, reverse-transcription quantitative PCR, and in-cell ELISA. RESULTS The 8 HDV cDNA clones initiated HDV replication with noticeable differences regarding replication efficacy. The 8 HBV-HBsAg-encoding constructs all supported secretion of subviral particles, however variations in envelope protein stoichiometry and secretion efficacy were observed. Co-transfection of all HDV/HBV combinations supported particle assembly, however, the respective pseudo-typed HDVs differed with respect to assembly kinetics. The most productive combinations did not correlate with the natural geographic distribution, arguing against an evolutionary adaptation of HDV ribonucleoprotein complexes to HBV envelopes. All HDVs elicited robust and comparable innate immune responses. HBV envelope-dependent differences in the activity of the EMA-approved entry inhibitor bulevirtide were observed, however efficient inhibition could be achieved at therapeutically applied doses. Lonafarnib also showed pan-genotypic activity. CONCLUSIONS HDVs from different genotypes replicate with variable efficacies. Variations in HDV genomes and HBV envelope proteins are both major determinants of HDV egress and entry efficacy, and consequently assembly inhibition by lonafarnib or entry inhibition by bulevirtide. These differences possibly influence HDV pathogenicity, immune responses and the efficacy of novel drug regimens. LAY SUMMARY HDV requires the envelope protein of HBV for assembly and to infect human cells. We investigated the ability of different HDV genotypes to infect cells and replicate. We also assessed the effect that envelope proteins from different HBV genotypes had on HDV infectivity and replication. Herein, we confirmed that genotypic differences in HDV and HBV envelope proteins are major determinants of HDV assembly, de novo cell entry and consequently the efficacy of novel antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenshi Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Florian A Lempp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Franziska Schlund
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Walter
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Charlotte C Decker
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yi Ni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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20
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McCallum M, De Marco A, Lempp FA, Tortorici MA, Pinto D, Walls AC, Beltramello M, Chen A, Liu Z, Zatta F, Zepeda S, di Iulio J, Bowen JE, Montiel-Ruiz M, Zhou J, Rosen LE, Bianchi S, Guarino B, Fregni CS, Abdelnabi R, Foo SYC, Rothlauf PW, Bloyet LM, Benigni F, Cameroni E, Neyts J, Riva A, Snell G, Telenti A, Whelan SPJ, Virgin HW, Corti D, Pizzuto MS, Veesler D. N-terminal domain antigenic mapping reveals a site of vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2. Cell 2021; 184:2332-2347.e16. [PMID: 33761326 PMCID: PMC7962585 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 601] [Impact Index Per Article: 200.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein contains an immunodominant receptor-binding domain (RBD) targeted by most neutralizing antibodies (Abs) in COVID-19 patient plasma. Little is known about neutralizing Abs binding to epitopes outside the RBD and their contribution to protection. Here, we describe 41 human monoclonal Abs (mAbs) derived from memory B cells, which recognize the SARS-CoV-2 S N-terminal domain (NTD) and show that a subset of them neutralize SARS-CoV-2 ultrapotently. We define an antigenic map of the SARS-CoV-2 NTD and identify a supersite (designated site i) recognized by all known NTD-specific neutralizing mAbs. These mAbs inhibit cell-to-cell fusion, activate effector functions, and protect Syrian hamsters from SARS-CoV-2 challenge, albeit selecting escape mutants in some animals. Indeed, several SARS-CoV-2 variants, including the B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1 lineages, harbor frequent mutations within the NTD supersite, suggesting ongoing selective pressure and the importance of NTD-specific neutralizing mAbs for protective immunity and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew McCallum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Anna De Marco
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - M Alejandra Tortorici
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institut Pasteur and CNRS UMR 3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | - Dora Pinto
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra C Walls
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Martina Beltramello
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Alex Chen
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Fabrizia Zatta
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Samantha Zepeda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - John E Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Jiayi Zhou
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Siro Bianchi
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Guarino
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Rana Abdelnabi
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shi-Yan Caroline Foo
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul W Rothlauf
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Louis-Marie Bloyet
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Fabio Benigni
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Elisabetta Cameroni
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Agostino Riva
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco Hospital, University of Milan, 20157 Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Sean P J Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | | | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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21
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Starr TN, Czudnochowski N, Zatta F, Park YJ, Liu Z, Addetia A, Pinto D, Beltramello M, Hernandez P, Greaney AJ, Marzi R, Glass WG, Zhang I, Dingens AS, Bowen JE, Wojcechowskyj JA, De Marco A, Rosen LE, Zhou J, Montiel-Ruiz M, Kaiser H, Tucker H, Housley MP, di Iulio J, Lombardo G, Agostini M, Sprugasci N, Culap K, Jaconi S, Meury M, Dellota E, Cameroni E, Croll TI, Nix JC, Havenar-Daughton C, Telenti A, Lempp FA, Pizzuto MS, Chodera JD, Hebner CM, Whelan SP, Virgin HW, Veesler D, Corti D, Bloom JD, Snell G. Antibodies to the SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain that maximize breadth and resistance to viral escape. bioRxiv 2021:2021.04.06.438709. [PMID: 33851154 PMCID: PMC8043444 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.06.438709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An ideal anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody would resist viral escape 1-3 , have activity against diverse SARS-related coronaviruses 4-7 , and be highly protective through viral neutralization 8-11 and effector functions 12,13 . Understanding how these properties relate to each other and vary across epitopes would aid development of antibody therapeutics and guide vaccine design. Here, we comprehensively characterize escape, breadth, and potency across a panel of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies targeting the receptor-binding domain (RBD), including S309 4 , the parental antibody of the late-stage clinical antibody VIR-7831. We observe a tradeoff between SARS-CoV-2 in vitro neutralization potency and breadth of binding across SARS-related coronaviruses. Nevertheless, we identify several neutralizing antibodies with exceptional breadth and resistance to escape, including a new antibody (S2H97) that binds with high affinity to all SARS-related coronavirus clades via a unique RBD epitope centered on residue E516. S2H97 and other escape-resistant antibodies have high binding affinity and target functionally constrained RBD residues. We find that antibodies targeting the ACE2 receptor binding motif (RBM) typically have poor breadth and are readily escaped by mutations despite high neutralization potency, but we identify one potent RBM antibody (S2E12) with breadth across sarbecoviruses closely related to SARS-CoV-2 and with a high barrier to viral escape. These data highlight functional diversity among antibodies targeting the RBD and identify epitopes and features to prioritize for antibody and vaccine development against the current and potential future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler N. Starr
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Fabrizia Zatta
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Young-Jun Park
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Amin Addetia
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Dora Pinto
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Martina Beltramello
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Allison J. Greaney
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Roberta Marzi
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - William G. Glass
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ivy Zhang
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Computational Biology and Medicine, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Adam S. Dingens
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - John E. Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Anna De Marco
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Jiayi Zhou
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gloria Lombardo
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicole Sprugasci
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Katja Culap
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Jaconi
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Elisabetta Cameroni
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Tristan I. Croll
- Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Jay C. Nix
- Molecular Biology Consortium, Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | | | | | | | - Matteo S. Pizzuto
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - John D. Chodera
- Computational and Systems Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Sean P.J. Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Herbert W. Virgin
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Jesse D. Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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22
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Tortorici MA, Czudnochowski N, Starr TN, Marzi R, Walls AC, Zatta F, Bowen JE, Jaconi S, di iulio J, Wang Z, De Marco A, Zepeda SK, Pinto D, Liu Z, Beltramello M, Bartha I, Housley MP, Lempp FA, Rosen LE, Dellota E, Kaiser H, Montiel-Ruiz M, Zhou J, Addetia A, Guarino B, Culap K, Sprugasci N, Saliba C, Vetti E, Giacchetto-Sasselli I, Silacci Fregni C, Abdelnabi R, Caroline Foo SY, Havenar-Daughton C, Schmid MA, Benigni F, Cameroni E, Neyts J, Telenti A, Snell G, Virgin HW, Whelan SP, Bloom JD, Corti D, Veesler D, Pizzuto MS. Structural basis for broad sarbecovirus neutralization by a human monoclonal antibody. bioRxiv 2021:2021.04.07.438818. [PMID: 33851169 PMCID: PMC8043460 DOI: 10.1101/2021.04.07.438818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The recent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) and the recurrent spillovers of coronaviruses in the human population highlight the need for broadly neutralizing antibodies that are not affected by the ongoing antigenic drift and that can prevent or treat future zoonotic infections. Here, we describe a human monoclonal antibody (mAb), designated S2X259, recognizing a highly conserved cryptic receptor-binding domain (RBD) epitope and cross-reacting with spikes from all sarbecovirus clades. S2X259 broadly neutralizes spike-mediated entry of SARS-CoV-2 including the B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1 and B.1.427/B.1.429 VOC, as well as a wide spectrum of human and zoonotic sarbecoviruses through inhibition of ACE2 binding to the RBD. Furthermore, deep-mutational scanning and in vitro escape selection experiments demonstrate that S2X259 possesses a remarkably high barrier to the emergence of resistance mutants. We show that prophylactic administration of S2X259 protects Syrian hamsters against challenges with the prototypic SARS-CoV-2 and the B.1.351 variant, suggesting this mAb is a promising candidate for the prevention and treatment of emergent VOC and zoonotic infections. Our data unveil a key antigenic site targeted by broadly-neutralizing antibodies and will guide the design of pan-sarbecovirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Alejandra Tortorici
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
- Institut Pasteur and CNRS UMR 3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | | | - Tyler N. Starr
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Roberta Marzi
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra C. Walls
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Fabrizia Zatta
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - John E. Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Stefano Jaconi
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Zhaoqian Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Anna De Marco
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Samantha K. Zepeda
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
| | - Dora Pinto
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Zhuoming Liu
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Martina Beltramello
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Istvan Bartha
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiayi Zhou
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Amin Addetia
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Katja Culap
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Sprugasci
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Christian Saliba
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Eneida Vetti
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Rana Abdelnabi
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shi-Yan Caroline Foo
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Michael A. Schmid
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Benigni
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Elisabetta Cameroni
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Sean P.J. Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Jesse D. Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Davide Corti
- Humabs Biomed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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23
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Sholukh AM, Fiore-Gartland A, Ford ES, Hou Y, Tse LV, Lempp FA, Kaiser H, Saint Germain R, Bossard E, Kee JJ, Diem K, Stuart AB, Rupert PB, Brock C, Buerger M, Doll MK, Randhawa AK, Stamatatos L, Strong RK, McLaughlin C, Jerome KR, Baric RS, Montefiori D, Corey L. Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assays for antibody monitoring in natural infection and vaccine trials. medRxiv 2020. [PMID: 33330875 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.07.20245431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Determinants of protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection require the development of well-standardized, reproducible antibody assays to be utilized in concert with clinical trials to establish correlates of risk and protection. This need has led to the appearance of a variety of neutralization assays used by different laboratories and companies. Using plasma samples from COVID-19 convalescent individuals with mild-to-moderate disease from a localized outbreak in a single region of the western US, we compared three platforms for SARS-CoV-2 neutralization: assay with live SARS-CoV-2, pseudovirus assay utilizing lentiviral (LV) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) packaging, and a surrogate ELISA test. Vero, Vero E6, HEK293T cells expressing human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (hACE2), and TZM-bl cells expressing hACE2 and transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) were evaluated. Live-virus and LV-pseudovirus assay with HEK293T cells showed similar geometric mean titers (GMTs) ranging 141-178, but VSV-pseudovirus assay yielded significantly higher GMT (310 95%CI 211-454; p < 0.001). Fifty percent neutralizing dilution (ND50) titers from live-virus and all pseudovirus assay readouts were highly correlated (Pearson r = 0.81-0.89). ND50 titers positively correlated with plasma concentration of IgG against SARS-CoV-2 spike and receptor binding domain (RBD) ( r = 0.63-0.89), but moderately correlated with nucleoprotein IgG ( r = 0.46-0.73). There was a moderate positive correlation between age and spike (Spearman's rho=0.37, p=0.02), RBD (rho=0.39, p=0.013) and nucleoprotein IgG (rho=0.45, p=0.003). ND80 showed stronger correlation with age than ND50 (ND80 rho=0.51 (p=0.001), ND50 rho=0.28 (p=0.075)). Our data demonstrate high concordance between cell-based assays with live and pseudotyped virions.
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24
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Tortorici MA, Beltramello M, Lempp FA, Pinto D, Dang HV, Rosen LE, McCallum M, Bowen J, Minola A, Jaconi S, Zatta F, De Marco A, Guarino B, Bianchi S, Lauron EJ, Tucker H, Zhou J, Peter A, Havenar-Daughton C, Wojcechowskyj JA, Case JB, Chen RE, Kaiser H, Montiel-Ruiz M, Meury M, Czudnochowski N, Spreafico R, Dillen J, Ng C, Sprugasci N, Culap K, Benigni F, Abdelnabi R, Foo SYC, Schmid MA, Cameroni E, Riva A, Gabrieli A, Galli M, Pizzuto MS, Neyts J, Diamond MS, Virgin HW, Snell G, Corti D, Fink K, Veesler D. Ultrapotent human antibodies protect against SARS-CoV-2 challenge via multiple mechanisms. Science 2020; 370:950-957. [PMID: 32972994 PMCID: PMC7857395 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe3354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Efficient therapeutic options are needed to control the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that has caused more than 922,000 fatalities as of 13 September 2020. We report the isolation and characterization of two ultrapotent SARS-CoV-2 human neutralizing antibodies (S2E12 and S2M11) that protect hamsters against SARS-CoV-2 challenge. Cryo-electron microscopy structures show that S2E12 and S2M11 competitively block angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) attachment and that S2M11 also locks the spike in a closed conformation by recognition of a quaternary epitope spanning two adjacent receptor-binding domains. Antibody cocktails that include S2M11, S2E12, or the previously identified S309 antibody broadly neutralize a panel of circulating SARS-CoV-2 isolates and activate effector functions. Our results pave the way to implement antibody cocktails for prophylaxis or therapy, circumventing or limiting the emergence of viral escape mutants.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Motifs/immunology
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/isolation & purification
- Antibodies, Viral/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/isolation & purification
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- CHO Cells
- COVID-19
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Coronavirus Infections/therapy
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Cryoelectron Microscopy
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunodominant Epitopes/chemistry
- Immunodominant Epitopes/immunology
- Microscopy, Electron
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/therapy
- Protein Domains/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/antagonists & inhibitors
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alejandra Tortorici
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Institut Pasteur and CNRS UMR 3569, Unité de Virologie Structurale, Paris, France
| | - Martina Beltramello
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | - Dora Pinto
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Ha V Dang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | - Matthew McCallum
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John Bowen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Andrea Minola
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Jaconi
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizia Zatta
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Anna De Marco
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Guarino
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Siro Bianchi
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jiayi Zhou
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alessia Peter
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | | | | | - James Brett Case
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Rita E Chen
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Josh Dillen
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Cindy Ng
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nicole Sprugasci
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Katja Culap
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Fabio Benigni
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Rana Abdelnabi
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Shi-Yan Caroline Foo
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael A Schmid
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Elisabetta Cameroni
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Agostino Riva
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Arianna Gabrieli
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Massimo Galli
- III Division of Infectious Diseases, Luigi Sacco University Hospital, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo S Pizzuto
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Johan Neyts
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Departments of Medicine, Molecular Microbiology, Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Herbert W Virgin
- Vir Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- UTSouthwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | | | - Davide Corti
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Katja Fink
- Humabs BioMed SA, a subsidiary of Vir Biotechnology, Bellinzona, Switzerland.
| | - David Veesler
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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25
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Lempp FA, Schlund F, Rieble L, Nussbaum L, Link C, Zhang Z, Ni Y, Urban S. Recapitulation of HDV infection in a fully permissive hepatoma cell line allows efficient drug evaluation. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2265. [PMID: 31118422 PMCID: PMC6531471 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) depends on the helper function of hepatitis B virus (HBV), which provides the envelope proteins for progeny virus secretion. Current infection-competent cell culture models do not support assembly and secretion of HDV. By stably transducing HepG2 cells with genes encoding the NTCP-receptor and the HBV envelope proteins we produce a cell line (HepNB2.7) that allows continuous secretion of infectious progeny HDV following primary infection. Evaluation of antiviral drugs shows that the entry inhibitor Myrcludex B (IC50: 1.4 nM) and interferon-α (IC50: 28 IU/ml, but max. 60–80% inhibition) interfere with primary infection. Lonafarnib inhibits virus secretion (IC50: 36 nM) but leads to a substantial intracellular accumulation of large hepatitis delta antigen and replicative intermediates, accompanied by the induction of innate immune responses. This work provides a cell line that supports the complete HDV replication cycle and presents a convenient tool for antiviral drug evaluation. Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) depends on the envelope proteins of hepatitis B virus (HBV) for virion production. Here, Lempp et al. produce a cell line expressing HBV envelope proteins and their receptor, which allows continuous secretion of infectious progeny HDV and testing of antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Lempp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Franziska Schlund
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Lisa Rieble
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Lea Nussbaum
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Corinna Link
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Zhenfeng Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Yi Ni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany. .,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.
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26
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Nkongolo S, Nußbaum L, Lempp FA, Wodrich H, Urban S, Ni Y. The retinoic acid receptor (RAR) α-specific agonist Am80 (tamibarotene) and other RAR agonists potently inhibit hepatitis B virus transcription from cccDNA. Antiviral Res 2019; 168:146-155. [PMID: 31018112 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic infection with the human Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major global health problem. Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a satellite of HBV that uses HBV envelope proteins for cell egress and entry. Using infection systems encoding the HBV/HDV receptor human sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP), we screened 1181 FDA-approved drugs applying markers for interference for HBV and HDV infection. As one primary hit we identified Acitretin, a retinoid, as an inhibitor of HBV replication and HDV release. Based on this, other retinoic acid receptor (RAR) agonists with different specificities were found to interfere with HBV replication, verifying that the retinoic acid receptor pathway regulates replication. Of the eight agonists investigated, RARα-specific agonist Am80 (tamibarotene) was most active. Am80 reduced secretion of HBeAg and HBsAg with IC50s < 10 nM in differentiated HepaRG-NTCP cells. Similar effects were observed in primary human hepatocytes. In HepG2-NTCP cells, profound Am80-mediated inhibition required prolonged treatment of up to 35 days. Am80 treatment of cells with an established HBV cccDNA pool resulted in a reduction of secreted HBsAg and HBeAg, which correlated with reduced intracellular viral RNA levels, but not cccDNA copy numbers. The effect lasted for >12 days after removal of the drug. HBV genotypes B, D, and E were equally inhibited. By contrast, Am80 did not affect HBV replication in transfected cells or HepG2.2.15 cells, which carry an integrated HBV genome. In conclusion, our results indicate a persistent inhibition of HBV transcription by Am80, which might be used for drug repositioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Nkongolo
- University Hospital Heidelberg (Germany), Center for Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, TTU Hepatitis, Germany.
| | - Lea Nußbaum
- University Hospital Heidelberg (Germany), Center for Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Germany.
| | - Florian A Lempp
- University Hospital Heidelberg (Germany), Center for Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, TTU Hepatitis, Germany.
| | - Harald Wodrich
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie Fondamentale et Pathogénicité, University of Bordeaux, France.
| | - Stephan Urban
- University Hospital Heidelberg (Germany), Center for Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, TTU Hepatitis, Germany.
| | - Yi Ni
- University Hospital Heidelberg (Germany), Center for Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, TTU Hepatitis, Germany.
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27
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Mutz P, Metz P, Lempp FA, Bender S, Qu B, Schöneweis K, Seitz S, Tu T, Restuccia A, Frankish J, Dächert C, Schusser B, Koschny R, Polychronidis G, Schemmer P, Hoffmann K, Baumert TF, Binder M, Urban S, Bartenschlager R. HBV Bypasses the Innate Immune Response and Does Not Protect HCV From Antiviral Activity of Interferon. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:1791-1804.e22. [PMID: 29410097 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is sensitive to interferon (IFN)-based therapy, whereas hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is not. It is unclear whether HBV escapes detection by the IFN-mediated immune response or actively suppresses it. Moreover, little is known on how HBV and HCV influence each other in coinfected cells. We investigated interactions between HBV and the IFN-mediated immune response using HepaRG cells and primary human hepatocytes (PHHs). We analyzed the effects of HBV on HCV replication, and vice versa, at the single-cell level. METHODS PHHs were isolated from liver resection tissues from HBV-, HCV-, and human immunodeficiency virus-negative patients. Differentiated HepaRG cells overexpressing the HBV receptor sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (dHepaRGNTCP) and PHHs were infected with HBV. Huh7.5 cells were transfected with circular HBV DNA genomes resembling viral covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), and subsequently infected with HCV; this served as a model of HBV and HCV coinfection. Cells were incubated with IFN inducers, or IFNs, and antiviral response and viral replication were analyzed by immune fluorescence, reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and flow cytometry. RESULTS HBV infection of dHepaRGNTCP cells and PHHs neither activated nor inhibited signaling via pattern recognition receptors. Incubation of dHepaRGNTCP cells and PHHs with IFN had little effect on HBV replication or levels of cccDNA. HBV infection of these cells did not inhibit JAK-STAT signaling or up-regulation of IFN-stimulated genes. In coinfected cells, HBV did not prevent IFN-induced suppression of HCV replication. CONCLUSIONS In dHepaRGNTCP cells and PHHs, HBV evades the induction of IFN and IFN-induced antiviral effects. HBV infection does not rescue HCV from the IFN-mediated response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Mutz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; HBIGS graduate school, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philippe Metz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian A Lempp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Silke Bender
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bingqian Qu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Schöneweis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Seitz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Tu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Agnese Restuccia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jamie Frankish
- Research Group "Dynamics of early viral infection and the innate antiviral response", Division Virus-associated carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Dächert
- Research Group "Dynamics of early viral infection and the innate antiviral response", Division Virus-associated carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Benjamin Schusser
- Reproductive Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ronald Koschny
- Department of Gastroenterology, Infection and Intoxication, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Georgios Polychronidis
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter Schemmer
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Katrin Hoffmann
- Department of General-, Visceral- and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- Inserm, U1110, Institut de Recherche sur les Maladies Virales et Hépatiques, Université de Strasbourg, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire, Pôle Hépato-digestif, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Strasbourg, France
| | - Marco Binder
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Research Group "Dynamics of early viral infection and the innate antiviral response", Division Virus-associated carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Bartenschlager
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Virus-Associated Carcinogenesis (F170), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany; HBIGS graduate school, Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Lempp FA, Wiedtke E, Qu B, Roques P, Chemin I, Vondran FWR, Le Grand R, Grimm D, Urban S. Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide is the limiting host factor of hepatitis B virus infection in macaque and pig hepatocytes. Hepatology 2017; 66:703-716. [PMID: 28195359 DOI: 10.1002/hep.29112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Infections with the human hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) depend on species-specific host factors like the receptor human sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (hNTCP). Complementation of mouse hepatocytes with hNTCP confers susceptibility to HDV but not HBV, indicating the requirement of additional HBV-specific factors. As an essential premise toward the establishment of an HBV-susceptible animal model, we investigated the role of hNTCP as a limiting factor of hepatocytes in commonly used laboratory animals. Primary hepatocytes from mice, rats, dogs, pigs, rhesus macaques, and cynomolgus macaques were transduced with adeno-associated viral vectors encoding hNTCP and subsequently infected with HBV. Cells were analyzed for Myrcludex B binding, taurocholate uptake, HBV covalently closed circular DNA formation, and expression of all HBV markers. Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (Ntcp) from the respective species was cloned and analyzed for HBV and HDV receptor activity in a permissive hepatoma cell line. Expression of hNTCP in mouse, rat, and dog hepatocytes permits HDV infection but does not allow establishment of HBV infection. Contrarily, hepatocytes from cynomolgus macaques, rhesus macaques, and pigs became fully susceptible to HBV upon hNTCP expression with efficiencies comparable to human hepatocytes. Analysis of cloned Ntcp from all species revealed a pronounced role of the human homologue to support HBV and HDV infection. CONCLUSION Ntcp is the key host factor limiting HBV infection in cynomolgus and rhesus macaques and in pigs. In rodents (mouse, rat) and dogs, transfer of hNTCP supports viral entry but additional host factors are required for the establishment of HBV infection. This finding paves the way for the development of macaques and pigs as immunocompetent animal models to study HBV infection in vivo, immunological responses against the virus and viral pathogenesis. (Hepatology 2017;66:703-716).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Lempp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ellen Wiedtke
- Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, BioQuant, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bingqian Qu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Pierre Roques
- Division of ImmunoVirology, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Centre d'Energie Atomique, Fontenay aux Roses, Paris, France.,UMRE01, UMR1184, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Isabelle Chemin
- Université de Lyon, INSERM U1052, CNRS UMR5286, Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Florian W R Vondran
- Regenerative Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hannover-Braunschweig, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Division of ImmunoVirology, Institute of Emerging Diseases and Innovative Therapies, Centre d'Energie Atomique, Fontenay aux Roses, Paris, France.,UMRE01, UMR1184, Université Paris Sud, Orsay, France
| | - Dirk Grimm
- Cluster of Excellence CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, BioQuant, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Centre for Infection Research, partner site Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Lempp FA, Urban S. Hepatitis Delta Virus: Replication Strategy and Upcoming Therapeutic Options for a Neglected Human Pathogen. Viruses 2017; 9:E172. [PMID: 28677645 PMCID: PMC5537664 DOI: 10.3390/v9070172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The human Hepatitis Delta Virus (HDV) is unique among all viral pathogens. Encoding only one protein (Hepatitis Delta Antigen; HDAg) within its viroid-like self-complementary RNA, HDV constitutes the smallest known virus in the animal kingdom. To disseminate in its host, HDV depends on a helper virus, the human Hepatitis B virus (HBV), which provides the envelope proteins required for HDV assembly. HDV affects an estimated 15-20 million out of the 240 million chronic HBV-carriers and disperses unequally in disparate geographical regions of the world. The disease it causes (chronic Hepatitis D) presents as the most severe form of viral hepatitis, leading to accelerated progression of liver dysfunction including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma and a high mortality rate. The lack of approved drugs interfering with specific steps of HDV replication poses a high burden for gaining insights into the molecular biology of the virus and, consequently, the development of specific novel medications that resiliently control HDV replication or, in the best case, functionally cure HDV infection or HBV/HDV co-infection. This review summarizes our current knowledge of HBV molecular biology, presents an update on novel cell culture and animal models to study the virus and provides updates on the clinical development of the three developmental drugs Lonafarnib, REP2139-Ca and Myrcludex B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Lempp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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Abstract
Chronic hepatitis D is the most severe form of viral hepatitis, affecting ∼20 million HBV-infected people worldwide. The causative agent, hepatitis delta virus (HDV), is a unique human pathogen: it is the smallest known virus; it depends on HBV to disseminate its viroid-like RNA; it encodes only one protein (HDAg), which has both structural and regulatory functions; and it replicates using predominantly host proteins. The failure of HBV-specific nucleoside analogues to suppress the HBV helper function, and the limitations of experimental systems to study the HDV life cycle, have impeded the development of HDV-specific drugs. Thus, the only clinical regimen for HDV is IFNα, which shows some efficacy but long-term virological responses are rare. Insights into the receptor-mediated entry of HDV, and the observation that HDV assembly requires farnesyltransferase, have enabled novel therapeutic strategies to be developed. Interference with entry, for example through blockade of the HBV-HDV-specific receptor sodium/taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide NTCP by Myrcludex B, and inhibition of assembly by blockade of farnesyltransferase using lonafarnib or nucleic acid polymers such as REP 2139-Ca, have shown promising results in phase II studies. In this Review, we summarize our knowledge of HDV epidemiology, pathogenesis and molecular biology, with a particular emphasis on possible future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Lempp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yi Ni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Bogomolov P, Alexandrov A, Voronkova N, Macievich M, Kokina K, Petrachenkova M, Lehr T, Lempp FA, Wedemeyer H, Haag M, Schwab M, Haefeli WE, Blank A, Urban S. Treatment of chronic hepatitis D with the entry inhibitor myrcludex B: First results of a phase Ib/IIa study. J Hepatol 2016; 65:490-8. [PMID: 27132170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The therapeutic option for patients with chronic hepatitis delta virus infection (CHD) is limited to interferon alpha with rare curative outcome. Myrcludex B is a first-in-class entry inhibitor inactivating the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) receptor sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide. We report the interim results of a pilot trial on chronically infected HDV patients treated with myrcludex B, or pegylated interferon alpha (PegIFNα-2a) or their combination. METHODS Twenty-four patients with CHD infection were equally randomized (1:1:1) to receive myrcludex B, or PegIFNα-2a or their combination. Patients were evaluated for virological and biochemical response and tolerability of the study drugs at weeks 12 and 24. RESULTS Myrcludex B was well tolerated and no serious adverse event occurred. Although hepatitis B surface antigen levels remained unchanged, HDV RNA significantly declined at week 24 in all cohorts. HDV RNA became negative in two patients each in the Myrcludex B and PegIFNα-2a cohorts, and in five patients of the Myrcludex B+PegIFNα-2a cohort. ALT decreased significantly in the Myrcludex B cohort (six of eight patients), and HBV DNA was significantly reduced at week 24 in the Myrcludex B+PegIFNα-2a cohort. Virus kinetic modeling suggested a strong synergistic effect of myrcludex B and PegIFNα-2a on both HDV and HBV. CONCLUSIONS Myrcludex B showed a strong effect on HDV RNA serum levels and induced ALT normalization under monotherapy. Synergistic antiviral effects on HDV RNA and HBV DNA in the Myr-IFN cohort indicated a benefit of the combination of entry inhibition with PegIFNα-2a to treat CHD patients. LAY SUMMARY Myrcludex B is a new drug to treat hepatitis B and D infection. After 24weeks of treatment with myrcludex B and/or pegylated interferon α-2a, HDV R NA, a relevant marker for hepatitis D infection, decreased in all patients with chronic hepatitis B and D. Two of eight patients which received either myrcludex B or pegylated interferon α-2a, became negative for HDV RNA, and five of seven patients who received both drugs at the same time became negative. The drug was well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Bogomolov
- Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute named after M.F. Vladimirsky, 61/2 Schepkina str., 129110 Moscow, Russia; Centrosoyuz Clinical Hospital, 57 Gilyarovskogo str., Moscow 129110, Russia
| | | | - Natalia Voronkova
- Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute named after M.F. Vladimirsky, 61/2 Schepkina str., 129110 Moscow, Russia; Centrosoyuz Clinical Hospital, 57 Gilyarovskogo str., Moscow 129110, Russia
| | - Maria Macievich
- Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute named after M.F. Vladimirsky, 61/2 Schepkina str., 129110 Moscow, Russia; Centrosoyuz Clinical Hospital, 57 Gilyarovskogo str., Moscow 129110, Russia
| | - Ksenia Kokina
- Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute named after M.F. Vladimirsky, 61/2 Schepkina str., 129110 Moscow, Russia; Centrosoyuz Clinical Hospital, 57 Gilyarovskogo str., Moscow 129110, Russia
| | - Maria Petrachenkova
- Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute named after M.F. Vladimirsky, 61/2 Schepkina str., 129110 Moscow, Russia; Centrosoyuz Clinical Hospital, 57 Gilyarovskogo str., Moscow 129110, Russia
| | - Thorsten Lehr
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus C2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Florian A Lempp
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mathias Haag
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Auerbachstraße 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany; University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen Partner Site, E.-Aulhorn-Str. 6, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Auerbachstraße 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany; University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen Partner Site, E.-Aulhorn-Str. 6, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Walter E Haefeli
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antje Blank
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Stephan Urban
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Bogomolov P, Alexandrov A, Voronkova N, Macievich M, Kokina K, Petrachenkova M, Lehr T, Lempp FA, Wedemeyer H, Haag M, Schwab M, Haefeli WE, Blank A, Urban S. Treatment of chronic hepatitis D with the entry inhibitor myrcludex B: First results of a phase Ib/IIa study. J Hepatol 2016. [PMID: 27132170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.04.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The therapeutic option for patients with chronic hepatitis delta virus infection (CHD) is limited to interferon alpha with rare curative outcome. Myrcludex B is a first-in-class entry inhibitor inactivating the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis D virus (HDV) receptor sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide. We report the interim results of a pilot trial on chronically infected HDV patients treated with myrcludex B, or pegylated interferon alpha (PegIFNα-2a) or their combination. METHODS Twenty-four patients with CHD infection were equally randomized (1:1:1) to receive myrcludex B, or PegIFNα-2a or their combination. Patients were evaluated for virological and biochemical response and tolerability of the study drugs at weeks 12 and 24. RESULTS Myrcludex B was well tolerated and no serious adverse event occurred. Although hepatitis B surface antigen levels remained unchanged, HDV RNA significantly declined at week 24 in all cohorts. HDV RNA became negative in two patients each in the Myrcludex B and PegIFNα-2a cohorts, and in five patients of the Myrcludex B+PegIFNα-2a cohort. ALT decreased significantly in the Myrcludex B cohort (six of eight patients), and HBV DNA was significantly reduced at week 24 in the Myrcludex B+PegIFNα-2a cohort. Virus kinetic modeling suggested a strong synergistic effect of myrcludex B and PegIFNα-2a on both HDV and HBV. CONCLUSIONS Myrcludex B showed a strong effect on HDV RNA serum levels and induced ALT normalization under monotherapy. Synergistic antiviral effects on HDV RNA and HBV DNA in the Myr-IFN cohort indicated a benefit of the combination of entry inhibition with PegIFNα-2a to treat CHD patients. LAY SUMMARY Myrcludex B is a new drug to treat hepatitis B and D infection. After 24weeks of treatment with myrcludex B and/or pegylated interferon α-2a, HDV R NA, a relevant marker for hepatitis D infection, decreased in all patients with chronic hepatitis B and D. Two of eight patients which received either myrcludex B or pegylated interferon α-2a, became negative for HDV RNA, and five of seven patients who received both drugs at the same time became negative. The drug was well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Bogomolov
- Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute named after M.F. Vladimirsky, 61/2 Schepkina str., 129110 Moscow, Russia; Centrosoyuz Clinical Hospital, 57 Gilyarovskogo str., Moscow 129110, Russia
| | | | - Natalia Voronkova
- Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute named after M.F. Vladimirsky, 61/2 Schepkina str., 129110 Moscow, Russia; Centrosoyuz Clinical Hospital, 57 Gilyarovskogo str., Moscow 129110, Russia
| | - Maria Macievich
- Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute named after M.F. Vladimirsky, 61/2 Schepkina str., 129110 Moscow, Russia; Centrosoyuz Clinical Hospital, 57 Gilyarovskogo str., Moscow 129110, Russia
| | - Ksenia Kokina
- Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute named after M.F. Vladimirsky, 61/2 Schepkina str., 129110 Moscow, Russia; Centrosoyuz Clinical Hospital, 57 Gilyarovskogo str., Moscow 129110, Russia
| | - Maria Petrachenkova
- Moscow Regional Research Clinical Institute named after M.F. Vladimirsky, 61/2 Schepkina str., 129110 Moscow, Russia; Centrosoyuz Clinical Hospital, 57 Gilyarovskogo str., Moscow 129110, Russia
| | - Thorsten Lehr
- Clinical Pharmacy, Saarland University, Campus C2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Florian A Lempp
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Mathias Haag
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Auerbachstraße 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany; University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen Partner Site, E.-Aulhorn-Str. 6, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Matthias Schwab
- Dr. Margarete Fischer-Bosch Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Auerbachstraße 112, 70376 Stuttgart, Germany; University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Tübingen Partner Site, E.-Aulhorn-Str. 6, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Walter E Haefeli
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Antje Blank
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacoepidemiology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Stephan Urban
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg Partner Site, Im Neuenheimer Feld 324, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 345, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Slijepcevic D, Kaufman C, Wichers CGK, Gilglioni EH, Lempp FA, Duijst S, de Waart DR, Oude Elferink RPJ, Mier W, Stieger B, Beuers U, Urban S, van de Graaf SFJ. Impaired uptake of conjugated bile acids and hepatitis b virus pres1-binding in na(+) -taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide knockout mice. Hepatology 2015; 62:207-19. [PMID: 25641256 PMCID: PMC4657468 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Na(+) -taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) mediates uptake of conjugated bile acids (BAs) and is localized at the basolateral membrane of hepatocytes. It has recently been recognized as the receptor mediating hepatocyte-specific entry of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis delta virus. Myrcludex B, a peptide inhibitor of hepatitis B virus entry, is assumed to specifically target NTCP. Here, we investigated BA transport and Myrcludex B binding in the first Slc10a1-knockout mouse model (Slc10a1 encodes NTCP). Primary Slc10a1(-/-) hepatocytes showed absence of sodium-dependent taurocholic acid uptake, whereas sodium-independent taurocholic acid uptake was unchanged. In vivo, this was manifested as a decreased serum BA clearance in all knockout mice. In a subset of mice, NTCP deficiency resulted in markedly elevated total serum BA concentrations, mainly composed of conjugated BAs. The hypercholanemic phenotype was rapidly triggered by a diet supplemented with ursodeoxycholic acid. Biliary BA output remained intact, while fecal BA excretion was reduced in hypercholanemic Slc10a1(-/-) mice, explained by increased Asbt and Ostα/β expression. These mice further showed reduced Asbt expression in the kidney and increased renal BA excretion. Hepatic uptake of conjugated BAs was potentially affected by down-regulation of OATP1A1 and up-regulation of OATP1A4. Furthermore, sodium-dependent taurocholic acid uptake was inhibited by Myrcludex B in wild-type hepatocytes, while Slc10a1(-/-) hepatocytes were insensitive to Myrcludex B. Finally, positron emission tomography showed a complete abrogation of hepatic binding of labeled Myrcludex B in Slc10a1(-/-) mice. CONCLUSION The Slc10a1-knockout mouse model supports the central role of NTCP in hepatic uptake of conjugated BAs and hepatitis B virus preS1/Myrcludex B binding in vivo; the NTCP-independent hepatic BA uptake machinery maintains a (slower) enterohepatic circulation of BAs, although it is occasionally insufficient to clear BAs from the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Slijepcevic
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AMCAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christina Kaufman
- Department of Infectious Diseases and of Molecular Virology, University Hospital HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany,Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Catharina GK Wichers
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Section of Metabolic Diseases, University Medical Center UtrechtUtrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eduardo H Gilglioni
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AMCAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Florian A Lempp
- Department of Infectious Diseases and of Molecular Virology, University Hospital HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Suzanne Duijst
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AMCAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk R de Waart
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AMCAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald PJ Oude Elferink
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AMCAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Walter Mier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Bruno Stieger
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Beuers
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AMCAmsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Infectious Diseases and of Molecular Virology, University Hospital HeidelbergHeidelberg, Germany,German Center for Infection Research, Heidelberg UniversityHeidelberg, Germany
| | - Stan FJ van de Graaf
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research and Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, AMCAmsterdam, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Inhibition of virus entry has become a major concept in the development of new antiviral drugs. Entry inhibitors can either neutralize activities of viral surface proteins or target essential host factors such as (co)receptors. Due to its distinct tissue tropism and the highly specific viral and cellular factors involved in its entry, hepatitis B virus (HBV) is an ideal candidate for entry inhibition. Hepatitis B immunoglobulins neutralize infection by binding to the S-domain of HBV surface proteins and are used to prevent reinfection of the graft after liver transplantation. Novel S or preS-specific monoclonal antibodies are currently in development. The identification of sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) as a bona fide receptor has revealed a suitable target for HBV entry inhibition. NTCP receptor function is blocked by a variety of different agents including Myrcludex B, a synthetic N-acylated preS1-derived lipopeptide that inhibits HBV entry in vitro and in vivo with high efficacy. Current antiviral treatment for chronic HBV-infected patients focuses on the inhibition of the viral polymerase via nucleos(t)ide analogues (NA). Entry inhibitors in combination with NAs could block reinfection and shield naive hepatocytes that emerge from natural liver turnover, opening up new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian A Lempp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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35
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Ni Y, Lempp FA, Mehrle S, Nkongolo S, Kaufman C, Fälth M, Stindt J, Königer C, Nassal M, Kubitz R, Sültmann H, Urban S. Hepatitis B and D viruses exploit sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide for species-specific entry into hepatocytes. Gastroenterology 2014; 146:1070-83. [PMID: 24361467 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 548] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Hepatitis B and D viruses (HBV and HDV) are human pathogens with restricted host ranges and high selectivity for hepatocytes; the HBV L-envelope protein interacts specifically with a receptor on these cells. We aimed to identify this receptor and analyze whether it is the recently described sodium-taurocholate co-transporter polypeptide (NTCP), encoded by the SLC10A1 gene. METHODS To identify receptor candidates, we compared gene expression patterns between differentiated HepaRG cells, which express the receptor, and naïve cells, which do not. Receptor candidates were evaluated by small hairpin RNA silencing in HepaRG cells; the ability of receptor expression to confer binding and infection were tested in transduced hepatoma cell lines. We used interspecies domain swapping to identify motifs for receptor-mediated host discrimination of HBV and HDV binding and infection. RESULTS Bioinformatic analyses of comparative expression arrays confirmed that NTCP, which was previously identified through a biochemical approach is a bona fide receptor for HBV and HDV. NTCPs from rat, mouse, and human bound Myrcludex B, a peptide ligand derived from the HBV L-protein. Myrcludex B blocked NTCP transport of bile salts; small hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of NTCP in HepaRG cells prevented their infection by HBV or HDV. Expression of human but not mouse NTCP in HepG2 and HuH7 cells conferred a limited cell-type-related and virus-dependent susceptibility to infection; these limitations were overcome when cells were cultured with dimethyl sulfoxide. We identified 2 short-sequence motifs in human NTCP that were required for species-specific binding and infection by HBV and HDV. CONCLUSIONS Human NTCP is a specific receptor for HBV and HDV. NTCP-expressing cell lines can be efficiently infected with these viruses, and might be used in basic research and high-throughput screening studies. Mapping of motifs in NTCPs have increased our understanding of the species specificities of HBV and HDV, and could lead to small animal models for studies of viral infection and replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian A Lempp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Mehrle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Shirin Nkongolo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina Kaufman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Fälth
- German Cancer Research Center and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Unit Cancer Genome Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jan Stindt
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christian Königer
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael Nassal
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kubitz
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectiology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Holger Sültmann
- German Cancer Research Center and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Unit Cancer Genome Research, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
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Nkongolo S, Ni Y, Lempp FA, Kaufman C, Lindner T, Esser-Nobis K, Lohmann V, Mier W, Mehrle S, Urban S. Cyclosporin A inhibits hepatitis B and hepatitis D virus entry by cyclophilin-independent interference with the NTCP receptor. J Hepatol 2014; 60:723-31. [PMID: 24295872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis D are global health problems caused by the human hepatitis B and hepatitis D virus. The myristoylated preS1 domain of the large envelope protein mediates specific binding to hepatocytes by sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP). NTCP is a bile salt transporter known to be inhibited by cyclosporin A. This study aimed to characterize the effect of cyclosporin A on HBV/HDV infection. METHODS HepaRG cells, primary human hepatocytes, and susceptible NTCP-expressing hepatoma cell lines were applied for infection experiments. The mode of action of cyclosporin A was studied by comparing the effect of different inhibitors, cyclophilin A/B/C-silenced cell lines as well as NTCP variants and mutants. Bile salt transporter and HBV receptor functions were investigated by taurocholate uptake and quantification of HBVpreS binding. RESULTS Cyclosporin A inhibited hepatitis B and D virus infections during and--less pronounced--prior to virus inoculation. Binding of HBVpreS to NTCP was blocked by cyclosporin A concentrations at 8 μM. An NTCP variant deficient in HBVpreS binding but competent for bile salt transport showed resistance to cyclosporin A. Silencing of cyclophilins A/B/C did not abrogate transporter and receptor inhibition. In contrast, tacrolimus, a cyclophilin-independent calcineurin inhibitor, was inactive. CONCLUSIONS HBV and HDV entry via sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide is inhibited by cyclosporin A. The interaction between the drug and the viral receptor is direct and overlaps with a functional binding site of the preS1 domain, which mediates viral entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Nkongolo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Yi Ni
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Florian A Lempp
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christina Kaufman
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Lindner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Esser-Nobis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Volker Lohmann
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Walter Mier
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Heidelberg, D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Mehrle
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Urban
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Molecular Virology, University Hospital Heidelberg, D 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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