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Woolsey C, Cross RW, Prasad AN, Agans KN, Borisevich V, Deer DJ, Dobias NS, Fears AC, Harrison MB, Heinrich ML, Fenton KA, Garry RF, Branco LM, Geisbert TW. Monoclonal antibody therapy demonstrates increased virulence of a lineage VII strain of Lassa virus in nonhuman primates. Emerg Microbes Infect 2024; 13:2301061. [PMID: 38164768 PMCID: PMC10810630 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2023.2301061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) is a World Health Organization (WHO) priority pathogen that causes high morbidity and mortality. Recently, we showed that a combination of three broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies known as Arevirumab-3 (8.9F, 12.1F, 37.2D) based on the lineage IV Josiah strain protected 100% of cynomolgus macaques against heterologous challenge with lineage II and III strains of LASV when therapy was initiated beginning at day 8 after challenge. LASV strains from Benin and Togo represent a new lineage VII that are more genetically diverse from lineage IV than strains from lineages II and III. Here, we tested the ability of Arevirumab-3 to protect macaques against a LASV lineage VII Togo isolate when treatment was administered beginning 8 days after exposure. Unexpectedly, only 40% of treated animals survived challenge. In a subsequent study we showed that Arevirumab-3 protected 100% of macaques from lethal challenge when treatment was initiated 7 days after LASV Togo exposure. Based on our transcriptomics data, successful Arevirumab-3 treatment correlated with diminished neutrophil signatures and the predicted development of T cell responses. As the in vitro antiviral activity of Arevirumab-3 against LASV Togo was equivalent to lineage II and III strains, the reduced protection in macaques against Togo likely reflects the faster disease course of LASV Togo in macaques than other strains. This data causes concern regarding the ability of heterologous vaccines and treatments to provide cross protection against lineage VII LASV isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Woolsey
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Robert W. Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Abhishek N. Prasad
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Krystle N. Agans
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel J. Deer
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Natalie S. Dobias
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Alyssa C. Fears
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mack B. Harrison
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Karla A. Fenton
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Frederick, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Thomas W. Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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2
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Cross RW, Fenton KA, Woolsey C, Prasad AN, Borisevich V, Agans KN, Deer DJ, Dobias NS, Fears AC, Heinrich ML, Geisbert JB, Garry RF, Branco LM, Geisbert TW. Monoclonal antibody therapy protects nonhuman primates against mucosal exposure to Lassa virus. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101392. [PMID: 38280377 PMCID: PMC10897540 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Lassa fever (LF) is an acute viral illness that causes thousands of deaths annually in West Africa. There are currently no Lassa virus (LASV) vaccines or antivirals approved for human use. Recently, we showed that combinations of broadly neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (BNhuMAbs) known as Arevirumab-2 or Arevirumab-3 protected up to 100% of cynomolgus macaques against challenge with diverse lineages of LASV when treatment was initiated at advanced stages of disease. This previous work assessed efficacy against parenteral exposure. However, transmission of LASV to humans occurs primarily by mucosal exposure to virus shed from Mastomys rodents. Here, we describe the development of a lethal intranasal exposure macaque model of LF. This model is employed to show that Arevirumab cocktails rescue 100% of macaques from lethal LASV infection when treatment is initiated 8 days after LASV exposure. Our work demonstrates BNhuMAbs have utility in treating LASV infection acquired through mucosal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Karla A Fenton
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Courtney Woolsey
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Abhishek N Prasad
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Krystle N Agans
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Daniel J Deer
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Natalie S Dobias
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Alyssa C Fears
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Joan B Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Robert F Garry
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Frederick, MD, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
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3
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Cross RW, Heinrich ML, Fenton KA, Borisevich V, Agans KN, Prasad AN, Woolsey C, Deer DJ, Dobias NS, Rowland MM, Lathigra R, Borrega R, Geisbert JB, Garry RF, Branco LM, Geisbert TW. A human monoclonal antibody combination rescues nonhuman primates from advanced disease caused by the major lineages of Lassa virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2304876120. [PMID: 37590417 PMCID: PMC10450431 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2304876120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There are no approved treatments for Lassa fever (LF), which is responsible for thousands of deaths each year in West Africa. A major challenge in developing effective medical countermeasures against LF is the high diversity of circulating Lassa virus (LASV) strains with four recognized lineages and four proposed lineages. The recent resurgence of LASV in Nigeria caused by genetically distinct strains underscores this concern. Two LASV lineages (II and III) are dominant in Nigeria. Here, we show that combinations of two or three pan-lineage neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies (8.9F, 12.1F, 37.D) known as Arevirumab-2 or Arevirumab-3 can protect up to 100% of cynomolgus macaques against challenge with both lineage II and III LASV isolates when treatment is initiated at advanced stages of disease on day 8 after LASV exposure. This work demonstrates that it may be possible to develop postexposure interventions that can broadly protect against most strains of LASV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W. Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX77555
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX77555
| | | | - Karla A. Fenton
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX77555
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX77555
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX77555
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX77555
| | - Krystle N. Agans
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX77555
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX77555
| | - Abhishek N. Prasad
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX77555
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX77555
| | - Courtney Woolsey
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX77555
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX77555
| | - Daniel J. Deer
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX77555
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX77555
| | - Natalie S. Dobias
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX77555
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX77555
| | | | - Raju Lathigra
- Zalgen Labs, Limited Liability Company, Frederick, MD21703
| | | | - Joan B. Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX77555
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX77555
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Zalgen Labs, Limited Liability Company, Frederick, MD21703
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA70112
| | - Luis M. Branco
- Zalgen Labs, Limited Liability Company, Frederick, MD21703
| | - Thomas W. Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX77555
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX77555
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4
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Li H, Buck T, Zandonatti M, Yin J, Moon-Walker A, Fang J, Koval A, Heinrich ML, Rowland MM, Avalos RD, Schendel SL, Parekh D, Zyla D, Enriquez A, Harkins S, Sullivan B, Smith V, Chukwudozie O, Watanabe R, Robinson JE, Garry RF, Branco LM, Hastie KM, Saphire EO. A cocktail of protective antibodies subverts the dense glycan shield of Lassa virus. Sci Transl Med 2022; 14:eabq0991. [PMID: 36288283 PMCID: PMC10084740 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abq0991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Developing potent therapeutics and effective vaccines are the ultimate goals in controlling infectious diseases. Lassa virus (LASV), the causative pathogen of Lassa fever (LF), infects hundreds of thousands annually, but effective antivirals or vaccines against LASV infection are still lacking. Furthermore, neutralizing antibodies against LASV are rare. Here, we describe biochemical analyses and high-resolution cryo-electron microscopy structures of a therapeutic cocktail of three broadly protective antibodies that target the LASV glycoprotein complex (GPC), previously identified from survivors of multiple LASV infections. Structural and mechanistic analyses reveal compatible neutralizing epitopes and complementary neutralization mechanisms that offer high potency, broad range, and resistance to escape. These antibodies either circumvent or exploit specific glycans comprising the extensive glycan shield of GPC. Further, they require mammalian glycosylation, native GPC cleavage, and proper GPC trimerization. These findings guided engineering of a next-generation GPC antigen suitable for future neutralizing antibody and vaccine discovery. Together, these results explain protective mechanisms of rare, broad, and potent antibodies and identify a strategy for the rational design of therapeutic modalities against LF and related infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Li
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Tierra Buck
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Michelle Zandonatti
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Jieyun Yin
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Alex Moon-Walker
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Jingru Fang
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Anatoliy Koval
- Zalgen Labs LLC, 7495 New Horizon Way, Suite 120, Frederick, MD 21703 USA
| | - Megan L. Heinrich
- Zalgen Labs LLC, 7495 New Horizon Way, Suite 120, Frederick, MD 21703 USA
| | - Megan M. Rowland
- Zalgen Labs LLC, 7495 New Horizon Way, Suite 120, Frederick, MD 21703 USA
| | - Ruben Diaz Avalos
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Sharon L. Schendel
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Diptiben Parekh
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Dawid Zyla
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Adrian Enriquez
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Stephanie Harkins
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Brian Sullivan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Victoria Smith
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Onyeka Chukwudozie
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Reika Watanabe
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - James E. Robinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Zalgen Labs LLC, 7495 New Horizon Way, Suite 120, Frederick, MD 21703 USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA
| | - Luis M. Branco
- Zalgen Labs LLC, 7495 New Horizon Way, Suite 120, Frederick, MD 21703 USA
| | - Kathryn M. Hastie
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
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5
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Milligan JC, Davis CW, Yu X, Ilinykh PA, Huang K, Halfmann PJ, Cross RW, Borisevich V, Agans KN, Geisbert JB, Chennareddy C, Goff AJ, Piper AE, Hui S, Shaffer KCL, Buck T, Heinrich ML, Branco LM, Crozier I, Holbrook MR, Kuhn JH, Kawaoka Y, Glass PJ, Bukreyev A, Geisbert TW, Worwa G, Ahmed R, Saphire EO. Asymmetric and non-stoichiometric glycoprotein recognition by two distinct antibodies results in broad protection against ebolaviruses. Cell 2022; 185:995-1007.e18. [PMID: 35303429 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Several ebolaviruses cause outbreaks of severe disease. Vaccines and monoclonal antibody cocktails are available to treat Ebola virus (EBOV) infections, but not Sudan virus (SUDV) or other ebolaviruses. Current cocktails contain antibodies that cross-react with the secreted soluble glycoprotein (sGP) that absorbs virus-neutralizing antibodies. By sorting memory B cells from EBOV infection survivors, we isolated two broadly reactive anti-GP monoclonal antibodies, 1C3 and 1C11, that potently neutralize, protect rodents from disease, and lack sGP cross-reactivity. Both antibodies recognize quaternary epitopes in trimeric ebolavirus GP. 1C11 bridges adjacent protomers via the fusion loop. 1C3 has a tripartite epitope in the center of the trimer apex. One 1C3 antigen-binding fragment anchors simultaneously to the three receptor-binding sites in the GP trimer, and separate 1C3 paratope regions interact differently with identical residues on the three protomers. A cocktail of both antibodies completely protected nonhuman primates from EBOV and SUDV infections, indicating their potential clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob C Milligan
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Carl W Davis
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Xiaoying Yu
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Philipp A Ilinykh
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA
| | - Peter J Halfmann
- Division of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Krystle N Agans
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Chakravarthy Chennareddy
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Arthur J Goff
- Virology Division, United States Army Research Institute for Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Ashley E Piper
- Virology Division, United States Army Research Institute for Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Sean Hui
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kelly C L Shaffer
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tierra Buck
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | - Ian Crozier
- Clinical Monitoring Research Program Directorate, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jens H Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Kawaoka
- Division of Pathobiological Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Virology, Institute of Medical Science, Department of Special Pathogens, International Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Pamela J Glass
- Virology Division, United States Army Research Institute for Infectious Disease, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Alexander Bukreyev
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, 77550, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Gabriella Worwa
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Rafi Ahmed
- Emory Vaccine Center and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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6
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Borrega R, Nelson DKS, Koval AP, Bond NG, Heinrich ML, Rowland MM, Lathigra R, Bush DJ, Aimukanova I, Phinney WN, Koval SA, Hoffmann AR, Smither AR, Bell-Kareem AR, Melnik LI, Genemaras KJ, Chao K, Snarski P, Melton AB, Harrell JE, Smira AA, Elliott DH, Rouelle JA, Sabino-Santos G, Drouin AC, Momoh M, Sandi JD, Goba A, Samuels RJ, Kanneh L, Gbakie M, Branco ZL, Shaffer JG, Schieffelin JS, Robinson JE, Fusco DN, Sabeti PC, Andersen KG, Grant DS, Boisen ML, Branco LM, Garry RF. Cross-Reactive Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV in Pre-COVID-19 Blood Samples from Sierra Leoneans. Viruses 2021; 13:2325. [PMID: 34835131 PMCID: PMC8625389 DOI: 10.3390/v13112325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many countries in sub-Saharan Africa have experienced lower COVID-19 caseloads and fewer deaths than countries in other regions worldwide. Under-reporting of cases and a younger population could partly account for these differences, but pre-existing immunity to coronaviruses is another potential factor. Blood samples from Sierra Leonean Lassa fever and Ebola survivors and their contacts collected before the first reported COVID-19 cases were assessed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for the presence of antibodies binding to proteins of coronaviruses that infect humans. Results were compared to COVID-19 subjects and healthy blood donors from the United States. Prior to the pandemic, Sierra Leoneans had more frequent exposures than Americans to coronaviruses with epitopes that cross-react with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), SARS-CoV, and Middle Eastern respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). The percentage of Sierra Leoneans with antibodies reacting to seasonal coronaviruses was also higher than for American blood donors. Serological responses to coronaviruses by Sierra Leoneans did not differ by age or sex. Approximately a quarter of Sierra Leonian pre-pandemic blood samples had neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus, while about a third neutralized MERS-CoV pseudovirus. Prior exposures to coronaviruses that induce cross-protective immunity may contribute to reduced COVID-19 cases and deaths in Sierra Leone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Borrega
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Diana K. S. Nelson
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
| | - Anatoliy P. Koval
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Nell G. Bond
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Megan L. Heinrich
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Megan M. Rowland
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Raju Lathigra
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Duane J. Bush
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
| | - Irina Aimukanova
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
| | - Whitney N. Phinney
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
| | - Sophia A. Koval
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Andrew R. Hoffmann
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Allison R. Smither
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Antoinette R. Bell-Kareem
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Lilia I. Melnik
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Kaylynn J. Genemaras
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
- Bioinnovation Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Karissa Chao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
- Bioinnovation Program, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Patricia Snarski
- Heart and Vascular Institute, John W. Deming Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Alexandra B. Melton
- Department of Microbiology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, LA 70433, USA;
| | - Jaikin E. Harrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
| | - Ashley A. Smira
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.A.S.); (D.H.E.); (J.A.R.); (J.S.S.); (J.E.R.)
| | - Debra H. Elliott
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.A.S.); (D.H.E.); (J.A.R.); (J.S.S.); (J.E.R.)
| | - Julie A. Rouelle
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.A.S.); (D.H.E.); (J.A.R.); (J.S.S.); (J.E.R.)
| | - Gilberto Sabino-Santos
- Department of Tropical Medicine, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
- Centre for Virology Research, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Arnaud C. Drouin
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.C.D.); (D.N.F.)
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Eastern Polytechnic Institute, Kenema, Sierra Leone;
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - John Demby Sandi
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Augustine Goba
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Robert J. Samuels
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Lansana Kanneh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Michael Gbakie
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Zoe L. Branco
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Jeffrey G. Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA;
| | - John S. Schieffelin
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.A.S.); (D.H.E.); (J.A.R.); (J.S.S.); (J.E.R.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - James E. Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.A.S.); (D.H.E.); (J.A.R.); (J.S.S.); (J.E.R.)
| | - Dahlene N. Fusco
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (A.C.D.); (D.N.F.)
| | - Pardis C. Sabeti
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA;
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Massachusetts Consortium on Pathogen Readiness, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kristian G. Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Donald S. Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (J.D.S.); (A.G.); (R.J.S.); (L.K.); (M.G.)
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Matthew L. Boisen
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
| | - Luis M. Branco
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (R.B.); (A.P.K.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (R.L.); (S.A.K.); (Z.L.B.)
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Broomfield, CO 80045, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (I.A.); (W.N.P.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (N.G.B.); (A.R.H.); (A.R.S.); (A.R.B.-K.); (L.I.M.); (K.J.G.); (K.C.); (J.E.H.)
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7
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Shaffer JG, Schieffelin JS, Momoh M, Goba A, Kanneh L, Alhasan F, Gbakie M, Engel EJ, Bond NG, Hartnett JN, Nelson DKS, Bush DJ, Boisen ML, Heinrich ML, Rowland MM, Branco LM, Samuels RJ, Garry RF, Grant DS. Space-Time Trends in Lassa Fever in Sierra Leone by ELISA Serostatus, 2012-2019. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030586. [PMID: 33809204 PMCID: PMC8000031 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lassa fever (LF) is a viral hemorrhagic disease found in Sub-Saharan Africa and is responsible for up to 300,000 cases and 5000 deaths annually. LF is highly endemic in Sierra Leone, particularly in its Eastern Province. Kenema Government Hospital (KGH) maintains one of only a few LF isolation facilities in the world with year-round diagnostic testing. Here we focus on space-time trends for LF occurring in Sierra Leone between 2012 and 2019 to provide a current account of LF in the wake of the 2014–2016 Ebola epidemic. Data were analyzed for 3277 suspected LF cases and classified as acute, recent, and non-LF or prior LF exposure using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). Presentation rates for acute, recent, and non-LF or prior LF exposure were 6.0% (195/3277), 25.6% (838/3277), and 68.4% (2244/3277), respectively. Among 2051 non-LF or prior LF exposures, 33.2% (682/2051) tested positive for convalescent LF exposure. The overall LF case-fatality rate (CFR) was 78.5% (106/135). Both clinical presentations and confirmed LF cases declined following the Ebola epidemic. These declines coincided with an increased duration between illness onset and clinical presentation, perhaps suggesting more severe disease or presentation at later stages of illness. Acute LF cases and their corresponding CFRs peaked during the dry season (November to April). Subjects with recent (but not acute) LF exposure were more likely to present during the rainy season (May to October) than the dry season (p < 0.001). The findings here suggest that LF remains endemic in Sierra Leone and that caseloads are likely to resume at levels observed prior to the Ebola epidemic. The results provide insight on the current epidemiological profile of LF in Sierra Leone to facilitate LF vaccine studies and accentuate the need for LF cohort studies and continued advancements in LF diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey G. Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Correspondence: (J.G.S.); (J.S.S.); (D.S.G.); Tel.: +1-504-988-1142 (J.G.S.); +1-504-988-5117 (D.S.G.)
| | - John S. Schieffelin
- Sections of Infectious Disease, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (E.J.E.); (N.G.B.)
- Correspondence: (J.G.S.); (J.S.S.); (D.S.G.); Tel.: +1-504-988-1142 (J.G.S.); +1-504-988-5117 (D.S.G.)
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (M.M.); (A.G.); (L.K.); (F.A.); (M.G.); (R.J.S.)
| | - Augustine Goba
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (M.M.); (A.G.); (L.K.); (F.A.); (M.G.); (R.J.S.)
| | - Lansana Kanneh
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (M.M.); (A.G.); (L.K.); (F.A.); (M.G.); (R.J.S.)
| | - Foday Alhasan
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (M.M.); (A.G.); (L.K.); (F.A.); (M.G.); (R.J.S.)
| | - Michael Gbakie
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (M.M.); (A.G.); (L.K.); (F.A.); (M.G.); (R.J.S.)
| | - Emily J. Engel
- Sections of Infectious Disease, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (E.J.E.); (N.G.B.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (J.N.H.); (R.F.G.)
| | - Nell G. Bond
- Sections of Infectious Disease, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (E.J.E.); (N.G.B.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (J.N.H.); (R.F.G.)
| | - Jessica N. Hartnett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (J.N.H.); (R.F.G.)
| | - Diana K. S. Nelson
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (M.L.B.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Duane J. Bush
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (M.L.B.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Matthew L. Boisen
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (M.L.B.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Megan L. Heinrich
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (M.L.B.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Megan M. Rowland
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (M.L.B.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Luis M. Branco
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (M.L.B.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Robert J. Samuels
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (M.M.); (A.G.); (L.K.); (F.A.); (M.G.); (R.J.S.)
- Vanderbilt Institute for Global Health, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TE 37203, USA
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; (J.N.H.); (R.F.G.)
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, MD 20876, USA; (D.K.S.N.); (D.J.B.); (M.L.B.); (M.L.H.); (M.M.R.); (L.M.B.)
| | - Donald S. Grant
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone; (M.M.); (A.G.); (L.K.); (F.A.); (M.G.); (R.J.S.)
- Correspondence: (J.G.S.); (J.S.S.); (D.S.G.); Tel.: +1-504-988-1142 (J.G.S.); +1-504-988-5117 (D.S.G.)
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8
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Boisen ML, Uyigue E, Aiyepada J, Siddle KJ, Oestereich L, Nelson DKS, Bush DJ, Rowland MM, Heinrich ML, Eromon P, Kayode AT, Odia I, Adomeh DI, Muoebonam EB, Akhilomen P, Okonofua G, Osiemi B, Omoregie O, Airende M, Agbukor J, Ehikhametalor S, Aire CO, Duraffour S, Pahlmann M, Böhm W, Barnes KG, Mehta S, Momoh M, Sandi JD, Goba A, Folarin OA, Ogbaini-Emovan E, Asogun DA, Tobin EA, Akpede GO, Okogbenin SA, Okokhere PO, Grant DS, Schieffelin JS, Sabeti PC, Günther S, Happi CT, Branco LM, Garry RF. Field evaluation of a Pan-Lassa rapid diagnostic test during the 2018 Nigerian Lassa fever outbreak. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8724. [PMID: 32457420 PMCID: PMC7250850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65736-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) is the causative agent of Lassa fever (LF), an often-fatal hemorrhagic disease. LF is endemic in Nigeria, Sierra Leone and other West African countries. Diagnosis of LASV infection is challenged by the genetic diversity of the virus, which is greatest in Nigeria. The ReLASV Pan-Lassa Antigen Rapid Test (Pan-Lassa RDT) is a point-of-care, in vitro diagnostic test that utilizes a mixture of polyclonal antibodies raised against recombinant nucleoproteins of representative strains from the three most prevalent LASV lineages (II, III and IV). We compared the performance of the Pan-LASV RDT to available quantitative PCR (qPCR) assays during the 2018 LF outbreak in Nigeria. For patients with acute LF (RDT positive, IgG/IgM negative) during initial screening, RDT performance was 83.3% sensitivity and 92.8% specificity when compared to composite results of two qPCR assays. 100% of samples that gave Ct values below 22 on both qPCR assays were positive on the Pan-Lassa RDT. There were significantly elevated case fatality rates and elevated liver transaminase levels in subjects whose samples were RDT positive compared to RDT negative.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eghosa Uyigue
- The African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - John Aiyepada
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Katherine J Siddle
- The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lisa Oestereich
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Philomena Eromon
- The African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Adeyemi T Kayode
- The African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Ikponmwosa Odia
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Donatus I Adomeh
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Ekene B Muoebonam
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Patience Akhilomen
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Grace Okonofua
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Blessing Osiemi
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Omigie Omoregie
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Michael Airende
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Jacqueline Agbukor
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Solomon Ehikhametalor
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Chris Okafi Aire
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Sophie Duraffour
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Meike Pahlmann
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wiebke Böhm
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kayla G Barnes
- The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samar Mehta
- The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Eastern Polytechnic Institute, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - John Demby Sandi
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Augustine Goba
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Onikepe A Folarin
- The African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Ephraim Ogbaini-Emovan
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Danny A Asogun
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Ekaete A Tobin
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - George O Akpede
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Sylvanus A Okogbenin
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Peter O Okokhere
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
- The Department of Medicine, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria
- The Department of Medicine, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria
| | - Donald S Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
- College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - John S Schieffelin
- Sections of Infectious Disease, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Pardis C Sabeti
- The Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- The Center for Systems Biology, Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Stephan Günther
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian T Happi
- The African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Diseases, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Ede, Osun State, Nigeria.
- Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Irrua, Edo State, Nigeria.
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | | | - Robert F Garry
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, MD, USA.
- Tulane Health Sciences Center, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- Tulane University, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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9
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Hastie KM, Cross RW, Harkins SS, Zandonatti MA, Koval AP, Heinrich ML, Rowland MM, Robinson JE, Geisbert TW, Garry RF, Branco LM, Saphire EO. Convergent Structures Illuminate Features for Germline Antibody Binding and Pan-Lassa Virus Neutralization. Cell 2020; 178:1004-1015.e14. [PMID: 31398326 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2019.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Lassa virus (LASV) causes hemorrhagic fever and is endemic in West Africa. Protective antibody responses primarily target the LASV surface glycoprotein (GPC), and GPC-B competition group antibodies often show potent neutralizing activity in humans. However, which features confer potent and broadly neutralizing antibody responses is unclear. Here, we compared three crystal structures of LASV GPC complexed with GPC-B antibodies of varying neutralization potency. Each GPC-B antibody recognized an overlapping epitope involved in binding of two adjacent GPC monomers and preserved the prefusion trimeric conformation. Differences among GPC-antibody interactions highlighted specific residues that enhance neutralization. Using structure-guided amino acid substitutions, we increased the neutralization potency and breadth of these antibodies to include all major LASV lineages. The ability to define antibody residues that allow potent and broad neutralizing activity, together with findings from analyses of inferred germline precursors, is critical to develop potent therapeutics and for vaccine design and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Hastie
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Stephanie S Harkins
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michelle A Zandonatti
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - James E Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston National Laboratory, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Robert F Garry
- Zalgen Labs, Germantown, MD, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | | | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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10
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Mire CE, Cross RW, Geisbert JB, Borisevich V, Agans KN, Deer DJ, Heinrich ML, Rowland MM, Goba A, Momoh M, Boisen ML, Grant DS, Fullah M, Khan SH, Fenton KA, Robinson JE, Branco LM, Garry RF, Geisbert TW. Human-monoclonal-antibody therapy protects nonhuman primates against advanced Lassa fever. Nat Med 2017; 23:1146-1149. [PMID: 28869611 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There are no approved treatments for Lassa fever, which is endemic to the same regions of West Africa that were recently devastated by Ebola. Here we show that a combination of human monoclonal antibodies that cross-react with the glycoproteins of all four clades of Lassa virus is able to rescue 100% of cynomolgus macaques when treatment is initiated at advanced stages of disease, including up to 8 d after challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad E Mire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Viktoriya Borisevich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Krystle N Agans
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel J Deer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Augustine Goba
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone.,Polytechnic College, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Donald S Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mohamed Fullah
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Sheik Humarr Khan
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Karla A Fenton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - James E Robinson
- Sections of Infectious Disease, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | | | - Robert F Garry
- Zalgen Labs, Germantown, Maryland, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA.,Tulane Center of Excellence, Global Viral Network, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
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11
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Hastie KM, Zandonatti MA, Kleinfelter LM, Heinrich ML, Rowland MM, Chandran K, Branco LM, Robinson JE, Garry RF, Saphire EO. Structural basis for antibody-mediated neutralization of Lassa virus. Science 2017; 356:923-928. [PMID: 28572385 PMCID: PMC6007842 DOI: 10.1126/science.aam7260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The arenavirus Lassa causes severe hemorrhagic fever and a significant disease burden in West Africa every year. The glycoprotein, GPC, is the sole antigen expressed on the viral surface and the critical target for antibody-mediated neutralization. Here we present the crystal structure of the trimeric, prefusion ectodomain of Lassa GP bound to a neutralizing antibody from a human survivor at 3.2-angstrom resolution. The antibody extensively anchors two monomers together at the base of the trimer, and biochemical analysis suggests that it neutralizes by inhibiting conformational changes required for entry. This work illuminates pH-driven conformational changes in both receptor-binding and fusion subunits of Lassa virus, illustrates the unique assembly of the arenavirus glycoprotein spike, and provides a much-needed template for vaccine design against these threats to global health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn M Hastie
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michelle A Zandonatti
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Lara M Kleinfelter
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Kartik Chandran
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - James E Robinson
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Robert F Garry
- Zalgen Labs, Germantown, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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12
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Cross RW, Boisen ML, Millett MM, Nelson DS, Oottamasathien D, Hartnett JN, Jones AB, Goba A, Momoh M, Fullah M, Bornholdt ZA, Fusco ML, Abelson DM, Oda S, Brown BL, Pham H, Rowland MM, Agans KN, Geisbert JB, Heinrich ML, Kulakosky PC, Shaffer JG, Schieffelin JS, Kargbo B, Gbetuwa M, Gevao SM, Wilson RB, Saphire EO, Pitts KR, Khan SH, Grant DS, Geisbert TW, Branco LM, Garry RF. Analytical Validation of the ReEBOV Antigen Rapid Test for Point-of-Care Diagnosis of Ebola Virus Infection. J Infect Dis 2016; 214:S210-S217. [PMID: 27587634 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a severe viral illness caused by Ebola virus (EBOV). The 2013-2016 EVD outbreak in West Africa is the largest recorded, with >11 000 deaths. Development of the ReEBOV Antigen Rapid Test (ReEBOV RDT) was expedited to provide a point-of-care test for suspected EVD cases. METHODS Recombinant EBOV viral protein 40 antigen was used to derive polyclonal antibodies for RDT and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay development. ReEBOV RDT limits of detection (LOD), specificity, and interference were analytically validated on the basis of Food and Drug Administration (FDA) guidance. RESULTS The ReEBOV RDT specificity estimate was 95% for donor serum panels and 97% for donor whole-blood specimens. The RDT demonstrated sensitivity to 3 species of Ebolavirus (Zaire ebolavirus, Sudan ebolavirus, and Bundibugyo ebolavirus) associated with human disease, with no cross-reactivity by pathogens associated with non-EBOV febrile illness, including malaria parasites. Interference testing exhibited no reactivity by medications in common use. The LOD for antigen was 4.7 ng/test in serum and 9.4 ng/test in whole blood. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction testing of nonhuman primate samples determined the range to be equivalent to 3.0 × 105-9.0 × 108 genomes/mL. CONCLUSIONS The analytical validation presented here contributed to the ReEBOV RDT being the first antigen-based assay to receive FDA and World Health Organization emergency use authorization for this EVD outbreak, in February 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Cross
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Matthew L Boisen
- Corgenix, Broomfield, Colorado Department of Microbiology and Immunology Zalgen Labs, Germantown, Maryland
| | | | - Diana S Nelson
- Corgenix, Broomfield, Colorado Zalgen Labs, Germantown, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Augustine Goba
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital Ministry of Health and Sanitation
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital Ministry of Health and Sanitation Eastern Polytechnic Institute, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Mohamed Fullah
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital Ministry of Health and Sanitation Eastern Polytechnic Institute, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Ha Pham
- Corgenix, Broomfield, Colorado
| | | | - Krystle N Agans
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch
| | | | | | | | - John S Schieffelin
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine
| | | | - Momoh Gbetuwa
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital Ministry of Health and Sanitation
| | - Sahr M Gevao
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital University of Sierra Leone, Freetown
| | | | | | | | - Sheik Humarr Khan
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital Ministry of Health and Sanitation
| | - Donald S Grant
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital Ministry of Health and Sanitation
| | | | | | - Robert F Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology Zalgen Labs, Germantown, Maryland
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13
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Cross RW, Mire CE, Branco LM, Geisbert JB, Rowland MM, Heinrich ML, Goba A, Momoh M, Grant DS, Fullah M, Khan SH, Robinson JE, Geisbert TW, Garry RF. Treatment of Lassa virus infection in outbred guinea pigs with first-in-class human monoclonal antibodies. Antiviral Res 2016; 133:218-222. [PMID: 27531367 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Lassa fever is a significant health threat to West African human populations with hundreds of thousands of annual cases. There are no approved medical countermeasures currently available. Compassionate use of the antiviral drug ribavirin or transfusion of convalescent serum has resulted in mixed success depending on when administered or the donor source, respectively. We previously identified several recombinant human monoclonal antibodies targeting the glycoprotein of Lassa virus with strong neutralization profiles in vitro. Here, we demonstrate remarkable therapeutic efficacy using first-in-class human antibodies in a guinea pig model of Lassa infection thereby presenting a promising treatment alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Chad E Mire
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Joan B Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Augustine Goba
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone.,Polytechnic College, Kenema Sierra Leone
| | - Donald S Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mohamed Fullah
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Sheik Humarr Khan
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - James E Robinson
- Sections of Infectious Disease, Departments of Pediatrics and Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Texas, USA.,Galveston National Laboratory, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert F Garry
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, Germantown, MD.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
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14
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Robinson JE, Hastie KM, Cross RW, Yenni RE, Elliott DH, Rouelle JA, Kannadka CB, Smira AA, Garry CE, Bradley BT, Yu H, Shaffer JG, Boisen ML, Hartnett JN, Zandonatti MA, Rowland MM, Heinrich ML, Martínez-Sobrido L, Cheng B, de la Torre JC, Andersen KG, Goba A, Momoh M, Fullah M, Gbakie M, Kanneh L, Koroma VJ, Fonnie R, Jalloh SC, Kargbo B, Vandi MA, Gbetuwa M, Ikponmwosa O, Asogun DA, Okokhere PO, Follarin OA, Schieffelin JS, Pitts KR, Geisbert JB, Kulakoski PC, Wilson RB, Happi CT, Sabeti PC, Gevao SM, Khan SH, Grant DS, Geisbert TW, Saphire EO, Branco LM, Garry RF. Most neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies target novel epitopes requiring both Lassa virus glycoprotein subunits. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11544. [PMID: 27161536 PMCID: PMC4866400 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lassa fever is a severe multisystem disease that often has haemorrhagic manifestations. The epitopes of the Lassa virus (LASV) surface glycoproteins recognized by naturally infected human hosts have not been identified or characterized. Here we have cloned 113 human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for LASV glycoproteins from memory B cells of Lassa fever survivors from West Africa. One-half bind the GP2 fusion subunit, one-fourth recognize the GP1 receptor-binding subunit and the remaining fourth are specific for the assembled glycoprotein complex, requiring both GP1 and GP2 subunits for recognition. Notably, of the 16 mAbs that neutralize LASV, 13 require the assembled glycoprotein complex for binding, while the remaining 3 require GP1 only. Compared with non-neutralizing mAbs, neutralizing mAbs have higher binding affinities and greater divergence from germline progenitors. Some mAbs potently neutralize all four LASV lineages. These insights from LASV human mAb characterization will guide strategies for immunotherapeutic development and vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Robinson
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Kathryn M Hastie
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Rachael E Yenni
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Deborah H Elliott
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Julie A Rouelle
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Chandrika B Kannadka
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Ashley A Smira
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Courtney E Garry
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.,Autoimmune Technologies, LLC, 1010 Common St #1705, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Benjamin T Bradley
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Haini Yu
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Jeffrey G Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Matt L Boisen
- Corgenix, Inc., 11575 Main Street #400, Broomfield, Colorado 80020, USA
| | - Jessica N Hartnett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Michelle A Zandonatti
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Megan M Rowland
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, 20271 Goldenrod Lane, Suite 2083, Germantown, Maryland 20876, USA
| | - Megan L Heinrich
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, 20271 Goldenrod Lane, Suite 2083, Germantown, Maryland 20876, USA
| | - Luis Martínez-Sobrido
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Benson Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
| | - Juan C de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Kristian G Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Augustine Goba
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Mambu Momoh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Department of Laboratory Sciences Polytechnic College, 2 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Mohamed Fullah
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Department of Laboratory Sciences Polytechnic College, 2 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Michael Gbakie
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Lansana Kanneh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Veronica J Koroma
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Richard Fonnie
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Simbirie C Jalloh
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone
| | - Brima Kargbo
- Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Mohamed A Vandi
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Momoh Gbetuwa
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Odia Ikponmwosa
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Km. 87, Benin/Auchi Road, Irrua, Nigeria
| | - Danny A Asogun
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Km. 87, Benin/Auchi Road, Irrua, Nigeria
| | - Peter O Okokhere
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Km. 87, Benin/Auchi Road, Irrua, Nigeria
| | - Onikepe A Follarin
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Km. 87, Benin/Auchi Road, Irrua, Nigeria.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Off Gbongan-Oshogbo Road, Ede, Nigeria.,African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Off Gbongan-Oshogbo Road, Ede, Nigeria
| | - John S Schieffelin
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.,Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Kelly R Pitts
- Corgenix, Inc., 11575 Main Street #400, Broomfield, Colorado 80020, USA
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Peter C Kulakoski
- Autoimmune Technologies, LLC, 1010 Common St #1705, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Russell B Wilson
- Autoimmune Technologies, LLC, 1010 Common St #1705, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
| | - Christian T Happi
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Lassa Fever Research and Control, Irrua Specialist Teaching Hospital, Km. 87, Benin/Auchi Road, Irrua, Nigeria.,Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Redeemer's University, Off Gbongan-Oshogbo Road, Ede, Nigeria.,African Center of Excellence for Genomics of Infectious Disease (ACEGID), Redeemer's University, Off Gbongan-Oshogbo Road, Ede, Nigeria
| | - Pardis C Sabeti
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, 1350 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.,Center for Systems Biology, Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.,Department of Immunology and Infectious Disease, Harvard School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Sahr M Gevao
- Department of Medicine, University of Sierra Leone, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - S Humarr Khan
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Donald S Grant
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, 1 Combema Road, Kenema, Sierra Leone.,Ministry of Health and Sanitation, 4th Floor Youyi Building, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.,The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Luis M Branco
- Zalgen Labs, LLC, 20271 Goldenrod Lane, Suite 2083, Germantown, Maryland 20876, USA
| | - Robert F Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA.,Zalgen Labs, LLC, 20271 Goldenrod Lane, Suite 2083, Germantown, Maryland 20876, USA
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15
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Hartman LJ, Heinrich ML, Zovanyi AM, Ingram MF, Hobson JP, Kulesh DA, Craw PD, Jaissle JG, Norwood DA, Minogue TD. Demonstration of the Pre-Emergency Use Authorization Path Using 3 Minor Groove Binder-Hydrolysis Probe Assays to Detect Escherichia coli O104:H4. Clin Chem 2015; 61:1391-8. [PMID: 26384353 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2015.242750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Department of Defense (DoD) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have collaboratively worked on a pre-Emergency Use Authorization (pre-EUA) process for in vitro diagnostic (IVD) devices, using FDA's regulatory flexibilities under the EUA authorities. The pre-EUA process enables FDA review of data in anticipation of a request for an EUA, advancing US government public health emergency preparedness efforts. METHODS The IVD device developed to detect Escherichia coli O104:H4, for which an EUA has not been issued, serves as an example to illustrate that process. Specifically, DoD designed real-time PCR assays to target the virulent E. coli strain O104:H4 (etiological agent of the 2011 German outbreak) including: fliC (flagellin), Agg3C (AAF), and rfb (wbwC) on the basis of the published sequences. RESULTS After development and optimization of these 3 specific assays, a defined protocol was followed to determine and document the sensitivity and specificity of each assay analytically. CONCLUSIONS FDA reviewed these data and returned commentary on additional required experiments to complete the pre-EUA process and expedite the use of the device should there be an emergency need for an IVD device to detect this virulent E. coli strain before such a test is cleared by FDA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie J Hartman
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD; Clinical RM, Hinckley, OH
| | - Megan L Heinrich
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Ashley M Zovanyi
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Michael F Ingram
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD
| | | | - David A Kulesh
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Philip D Craw
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - James G Jaissle
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - David A Norwood
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD
| | - Timothy D Minogue
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD;
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Boisen ML, Oottamasathien D, Jones AB, Millett MM, Nelson DS, Bornholdt ZA, Fusco ML, Abelson DM, Oda SI, Hartnett JN, Rowland MM, Heinrich ML, Akdag M, Goba A, Momoh M, Fullah M, Baimba F, Gbakie M, Safa S, Fonnie R, Kanneh L, Cross RW, Geisbert JB, Geisbert TW, Kulakosky PC, Grant DS, Shaffer JG, Schieffelin JS, Wilson RB, Saphire EO, Branco LM, Garry RF, Khan SH, Pitts KR. Development of Prototype Filovirus Recombinant Antigen Immunoassays. J Infect Dis 2015; 212 Suppl 2:S359-67. [PMID: 26232440 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Throughout the 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa, major gaps were exposed in the availability of validated rapid diagnostic platforms, protective vaccines, and effective therapeutic agents. These gaps potentiated the development of prototype rapid lateral flow immunodiagnostic (LFI) assays that are true point-of-contact platforms, for the detection of active Ebola infections in small blood samples. METHODS Recombinant Ebola and Marburg virus matrix VP40 and glycoprotein (GP) antigens were used to derive a panel of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. Antibodies were tested using a multivariate approach to identify antibody-antigen combinations suitable for enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and LFI assay development. RESULTS Polyclonal antibodies generated in goats were superior reagents for capture and detection of recombinant VP40 in test sample matrices. These antibodies were optimized for use in antigen-capture ELISA and LFI assay platforms. Prototype immunoglobulin M (IgM)/immunoglobulin G (IgG) ELISAs were similarly developed that specifically detect Ebola virus-specific antibodies in the serum of experimentally infected nonhuman primates and in blood samples obtained from patients with Ebola from Sierra Leone. CONCLUSIONS The prototype recombinant Ebola LFI assays developed in these studies have sensitivities that are useful for clinical diagnosis of acute ebolavirus infections. The antigen-capture and IgM/IgG ELISAs provide additional confirmatory assay platforms for detecting VP40 and other ebolavirus-specific immunoglobulins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matt L Boisen
- Corgenix, Broomfield, Colorado Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | - Zachary A Bornholdt
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Marnie L Fusco
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Dafna M Abelson
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Shun-Ichiro Oda
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mambu Momoh
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital Eastern Polytechnic College, Kenema
| | | | | | - Michael Gbakie
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University
| | - Sadiki Safa
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital
| | | | | | - Robert W Cross
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
| | - Joan B Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
| | - Thomas W Geisbert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
| | | | - Donald S Grant
- Zalgen Labs, Germantown, Maryland Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
| | - Jeffery G Shaffer
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine
| | - John S Schieffelin
- Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics Section of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University
| | | | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Robert F Garry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine Zalgen Labs, Germantown, Maryland
| | - S Humarr Khan
- Lassa Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Freetown, Sierra Leone
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17
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Rossi CA, Kearney BJ, Olschner SP, Williams PL, Robinson CG, Heinrich ML, Zovanyi AM, Ingram MF, Norwood DA, Schoepp RJ. Evaluation of ViroCyt® Virus Counter for rapid filovirus quantitation. Viruses 2015; 7:857-72. [PMID: 25710889 PMCID: PMC4379551 DOI: 10.3390/v7030857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Development and evaluation of medical countermeasures for diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics requires production of standardized, reproducible, and well characterized virus preparations. For filoviruses this includes plaque assay for quantitation of infectious virus, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for morphology and quantitation of virus particles, and real-time reverse transcription PCR for quantitation of viral RNA (qRT-PCR). The ViroCyt® Virus Counter (VC) 2100 (ViroCyt, Boulder, CO, USA) is a flow-based instrument capable of quantifying virus particles in solution. Using a proprietary combination of fluorescent dyes that stain both nucleic acid and protein in a single 30 min step, rapid, reproducible, and cost-effective quantification of filovirus particles was demonstrated. Using a seed stock of Ebola virus variant Kikwit, the linear range of the instrument was determined to be 2.8E+06 to 1.0E+09 virus particles per mL with coefficient of variation ranging from 9.4% to 31.5% for samples tested in triplicate. VC particle counts for various filovirus stocks were within one log of TEM particle counts. A linear relationship was established between the plaque assay, qRT-PCR, and the VC. VC results significantly correlated with both plaque assay and qRT-PCR. These results demonstrated that the VC is an easy, fast, and consistent method to quantify filoviruses in stock preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia A Rossi
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Brian J Kearney
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Scott P Olschner
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Priscilla L Williams
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Camenzind G Robinson
- Pathology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Megan L Heinrich
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Ashley M Zovanyi
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Michael F Ingram
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - David A Norwood
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
| | - Randal J Schoepp
- Diagnostic Systems Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD 21702, USA.
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Heinrich ML, Athale RA, Haney MW. Numerical optical computing in the residue number system with outer-product lookup tables. Opt Lett 1989; 14:847-849. [PMID: 19752988 DOI: 10.1364/ol.14.000847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An optical outer-product architecture is presented that performs residue arithmetic operations with position-coded lookup tables. The architecture can implement arbitrary integer-valued functions of two independent variables in a single gate delay. The outer-product configuration possesses spatial complexity (a gate count) that grows linearly with the size of the modulus, and therefore with the system's dynamic range, in contrast to traditional residue lookup tables, which have quadratic growth in spatial complexity. The use of linear arrays of sources and modulators leads to power requirements that also grow linearly with the size of the modulus.
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