Effects of moderate ethanol exposure on risk factors for cardiovascular disease and colorectal cancer in adult Wistar rats

While past studies have provided evidence linking excessive alcohol consumption to increased risk for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and colorectal cancer (CRC), existing data on the effects of moderate alcohol use on these conditions have produced mixed results. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of moderate alcohol consumption on risk factors associated with the development of CVDs and CRC in adult rats. Twenty-four, 14-month-old, non-deprived male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to either an ethanol group, which consisted of voluntary access to a 20% (v/v) ethanol solution on alternate days, or a water control group (n = 12/group) for 13 weeks. Blood samples were collected to analyze levels of albumin, glucose, adiponectin, lipids, oxidized low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1), C-reactive protein (CRP), high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB-1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), thyroxine, thyroid-stimulating hormone, 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxo-dG), liver function enzymes, and antioxidant capacity. Colonic gene expression related to colon carcinogenesis was also assessed. Ethanol-treated rats were found to have significantly higher HDL-C and apoA1 levels compared to controls. Moderate alcohol consumption led to significantly lower CRP levels and a trend for decrease in HMGB-1, TNF-α, and 8-oxo-dG levels. In the ethanol-exposed group, colonic gene expression of superoxide dismutase was upregulated while aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 showed a trend for increase compared to the control group. These results indicate that adopting a moderate approach to alcohol consumption could potentially improve health biomarkers related to CVD and CRC by increasing HDL-C levels and antioxidant activity and reducing DNA damage and inflammatory activity.

Chronic almond nut snacking alleviates perceived muscle soreness following downhill running but does not improve indices of cardiometabolic health in mildly overweight, middle-aged, adults

Introduction

As a popular food snack rich in protein, fiber, unsaturated fatty acids, antioxidants and phytonutrients, almond nut consumption is widely associated with improvements in cardiometabolic health. However, limited data exists regarding the role of almond consumption in improving exercise recovery. Accordingly, we aimed to investigate the impact of chronic almond snacking on muscle damage and cardiometabolic health outcomes during acute eccentric exercise recovery in mildly overweight, middle-aged, adults.

Methods

Using a randomized cross-over design, 25 mildly overweight (BMI: 25.8 ± 3.6 kg/m2), middle-aged (35.1 ± 4.7 y) males (n = 11) and females (n = 14) performed a 30-min downhill treadmill run after 8-weeks of consuming either 57 g/day of whole almonds (ALMOND) or an isocaloric amount (86 g/day) of unsalted pretzels (CONTROL). Muscle soreness (visual analogue scale), muscle function (vertical jump and maximal isokinetic torque) and blood markers of muscle damage (creatine kinase (CK) concentration) and inflammation (c-reactive protein concentration) were measured pre and post (24, 48, and 72 h) exercise. Blood biomarkers of cardiometabolic health (total cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol), body composition and psycho-social assessments of mood (POMS-2 inventory), appetite and well-being were measured pre and post intervention.

Results

Downhill running successfully elicited muscle damage, as evidenced by a significant increase in plasma CK concentration, increased perception of muscle soreness, and impaired vertical jump performance (all p < 0.05) during acute recovery. No effect of trial order was observed for any outcome measurement. However, expressed as AUC over the cumulative 72 h recovery period, muscle soreness measured during a physical task (vertical jump) was reduced by ~24% in ALMOND vs. CONTROL (p < 0.05) and translated to an improved maintenance of vertical jump performance (p < 0.05). However, ALMOND did not ameliorate the CK response to exercise or isokinetic torque during leg extension and leg flexion (p > 0.05). No pre-post intervention changes in assessments of cardiometabolic health, body composition, mood state or appetite were observed in ALMOND or CONTROL (all p > 0.05).

Conclusion

Chronic almond supplementation alleviates task-specific perceived feelings of muscle soreness during acute recovery from muscle damaging exercise, resulting in the better maintenance of muscle functional capacity. These data suggest that almonds represent a functional food snack to improve exercise tolerance in mildly overweight, middle-aged adults.

The effects of mango consumption on vascular health and immune function

Objectives

Heart disease, caused by atherosclerosis, is the leading cause of death. Maintaining vascular integrity is crucial to reducing atherosclerosis risk. Mangos are rich in fiber, vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals that may offer cardioprotective and immune-boosting benefits. However, their effects on the vasculature and immune system in adults with overweight and obesity remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of mango consumption on vascular health and immune function in adults with overweight and obesity.

Methods

In a 12-week, crossover study, 27 overweight and obese participants consumed either 100 kcals of mangos daily or isocaloric low-fat cookies daily. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline, week 4, and week 12 and analyzed for vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), P-selectin, E-selectin, sCD4, sCD8, sCD3E, and sCD45, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and superoxide dismutase (SOD).

Results

Mango consumption significantly decreased VCAM-1 between baseline and week 4 (P = 0.046) and week 12 (P = 0.004). CAT increased between baseline and week 12 (P = 0.035) with mango consumption. GPx increased at week 12 compared to baseline and week 4 (P < 0.05). At week 12, SOD was higher after mango consumption compared to low-fat cookie consumption (P = 0.046). There were no significant differences in ICAM-1, P-selectin, E-selectin, sCD4, sCD8, sCD3E, sCD45 or TNF-α concentrations (P > 0.05 for all non-significant results).

Conclusions

This study suggests that 100 kcals of mangos may benefit the integrity of the vasculature by reducing VCAM-1 and increasing SOD, CAT, and GPx levels. Mangos can be an alternative snack for improving atherosclerosis and oxidative stress risk factors.

Pistachios as a recovery food following downhill running exercise in recreational team-sport individuals

We aimed to investigate the impact of pistachio nut consumption on muscle soreness and function following exercise-induced muscle damage. Using a randomised cross-over design, male team-sport players (n = 18) performed a 40-minute downhill treadmill run to induce muscle damage, which was conducted after 2-wks of consuming either control (CON, water), a standard dose of daily pistachios (STD, 42.5 g/d) or a higher dose of daily pistachios (HIGH, 85 g/d). Lower limb muscle soreness (visual analogue scale), muscle function (maximal voluntary isokinetic torque and vertical jump), and blood markers of muscle damage/inflammation (creatine kinase, C-reactive protein, myoglobin, superoxide dismutase) were measured pre (baseline) and post (24, 48, and 72 h) exercise. No trial order effects were observed for any outcome measurement across trials. Mean quadriceps soreness (non-dominant leg) during exercise recovery was reduced (p < 0.05) in HIGH vs. CON (mean difference (95%CI): 13(1-25) mm). Change in soreness in the dominant quadriceps was not different between HIGH vs. CON (p = 0.06; mean difference (95%CI): 13(-1 to 26 mm)). No main effects of time or trial were observed for mean soreness of hamstrings, or on isokinetic torque of knee extensors or knee flexors, during recovery. Serum creatine kinase concentration peaked at 24 h post-damage (mean(SEM): 763(158)µg/L) from baseline (300(87)µg/L), but had returned to baseline by 72 h post (398(80)µg/L) exercise in all trials, with no trial or trial × time interaction evident. These data suggest that high dose pistachio nut ingestion may provide some alleviation of muscle soreness, but no effect on muscle function, following modest muscle damage.

Effects of fresh vs dried mango consumption on satiety and postprandial glucose in healthy adults

Mango is a widely favored fruit that offers high nutritional value. Mango has been studied to examine its influence on postprandial glucose, but few studies have used fresh mango compared to dried mango to measure blood glucose and satiety after consumption. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of fresh versus dried mango consumption on satiety and postprandial glucose. A crossover design was implemented where 34 healthy adults (29 females and 5 males; 25.0 ± 6.0 years; BMI 23.8 ± 4.3 kg/m²) consumed either 100 kcal of fresh mango, dried mango, or white bread on three separate occasions. Following consumption, satiety was assessed every 15 min for 90 min and blood glucose was assessed every 30 min for 90 min. Consumption of fresh mango results showed a significant increase in satiety (tendency of greater fullness (P = 0.073) and less desire to eat (P < 0.05)) in participants. Fresh mango exhibited a more efficient decrease in postprandial glucose levels (P < 0.05) compared to dried mango or white bread, and fresh mango promoted a greater stability in blood glucose. Dried mango consumption also significantly lowered postprandial glucose compared to white bread (P < 0.05). These results suggest that fresh mango consumption may be beneficial in improving satiety responses and postprandial glucose control when compared to its dried alternative or white bread. The results of the study may help guide individuals who are overweight or obese and/or have type 2 diabetes by altering their food choices that ultimately could improve their health. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03956602.

Effects of mixed nut consumption on LDL cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), and other cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese adults

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

Elevated LDL-C, lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)], and inflammation are associated with greater risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular events. Consumption of individual nut types decreases these risk factors but knowledge about the effect of mixed nuts on Lp(a) is limited. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of consuming 42.5 g/day of mixed nuts on LDL-C, Lp(a), and inflammatory markers in individuals with overweight or obesity.

METHODS AND RESULTS

In a 16-week randomized control trial, 29 participants with overweight or obesity (BMI 25-40 kg/m²) consumed either 42.5 g/day of mixed nuts (cashews, almonds, macadamia nuts, Brazil nuts, pecans, pistachios, walnuts, and peanuts) or 69 g/day isocaloric pretzels. Blood samples were collected at baseline, week 8, and week 16 for analysis on total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, Lp(a), inflammation markers, glucose, insulin, adiponectin and liver function enzymes. No significant differences were seen in TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, Lp(a), or liver function enzymes between the two groups. Participants consuming mixed nuts had significantly lower body fat percentage and diastolic blood pressure, and higher adiponectin (all P ≤ 0.05). C-reactive protein (CRP) and 8-oxo-deoxyguanosis (8-oxodG) showed non-significant decreasing trends and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) had a non-significant increasing trend in the mixed nut group.

CONCLUSION

Consumption of mixed nuts had no evidence of an effect on LDL-C or Lp(a) throughout the intervention. Notably, mixed nut consumption lowered body fat percentage without significant changes in body weight or BMI. Future studies with larger sample sizes investigating the changing trends of CRP, 8-oxodG, and TAC are warranted.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTER

NCT03375866.

Effects of Mixed Nut Consumption on Blood Glucose, Insulin, Satiety, and the Microbiome in a Healthy Population: A Pilot Study

Nuts contain many health-promoting nutrients, fiber, and phytochemicals. Nut consumption has been reported to improve several chronic disease risk factors. Most studies to date have investigated single variety nut consumption. A nut mixture may offer a more diverse array of nutrients over single variety nuts. The primary outcome of this study was to examine the effects of mixed nut consumption on postprandial glucose, insulin, and satiety in healthy young adults. Exploratory outcomes include the effects of daily nut consumption on stool microbiome and bowel movement patterns. Twenty participants were randomized to consume either 42 g of mixed nuts or 46 g of potato chips daily for 3 weeks. Mixed nut consumption did not alter postprandial blood glucose and insulin, while potato chip consumption increased glucose and insulin (P < .05). There were no significant differences in fasting blood glucose or insulin for either snack after 3 weeks of daily consumption. Both snacks increased satiety while there were no significant differences in body weight, body fat, blood pressure, waist-to-hip ratio, or anxiety. After 3 weeks of snack consumption, both groups significantly reduced straining during bowel movements while the mixed nut group slightly increased stool amount. There were no significant changes in microbiome composition for either group; however, there was a nonsignificant trend toward increased Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio in the potato chip group and an opposite trend in the mixed nut group. The results of this study suggest that mixed nuts are a healthy alternative for blood sugar control. The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, Number: NCT03375866.

Blenderized watermelon consumption decreases body mass index, body mass index percentile, body fat and HbA1c in children with overweight or obesity

OBJECTIVES

Childhood obesity increases risk factors related to metabolic diseases. Watermelon's bioactive components can help reduce these risk factors. However, no study has investigated the effects of whole watermelon including both the flesh and rind or have assessed the impacts of any form of watermelon on children with overweight or obesity. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of whole-blenderized watermelon (BWM) consumption on cardiometabolic risk factors.

METHODS

A randomized, cross-over clinical design was implemented. Boys and girls ages 10-17 years with overweight or obesity (BMI ≥ 85th percentile) consumed one cup of BWM or an isocaloric sugar-sweetened beverage (control) every day for 8 weeks with a 4-week washout between trials. Anthropometrics, dietary, biochemical and clinical measures were obtained before and at the end of each trial.

RESULTS

A total of 17 participants completed the study. Eight weeks of BWM intake significantly decreased BMI (p = 0.032), BMI percentile (BMIP) (p = 0.038), body fat percentage (p = 0.036), and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (p = 0.012) compared to the sugar-sweetened beverage. Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption increased BMIP (p = 0.014) compared to baseline. No significant differences were observed for inflammation, blood glucose, insulin, lipids, liver function enzymes, and satiety hormones.

CONCLUSIONS

The results support that BWM consumption improved some cardiometabolic risk factors including BMI, BMIP, body fat, and HbA1c. Watermelon is a potential alternative to unhealthful snacks for improving anthropometry and some risk factors related to obesity in children.

The effects of fresh mango consumption on gut health and microbiome – Randomized controlled trial

Some individual fruits have been widely researched for their effects on overall health and correlations with chronic diseases. The beneficial effects of mango supplementation on metabolic diseases have been detected. However, research into mango consumption on gut health, including the microbiome, is limited to processed mango preparations or peels. Our goal was to examine the effects of fresh mango consumption on the gut microbiome, gut permeability proteins, and bowel movement habits in overweight/obese individuals. In a 12-week crossover design study, 27 participants consumed 100 kcal/day of either mangos or low-fat cookies with a washout period of 4 weeks. The mango intervention showed higher Shannon-Wiener and Simpson alpha diversity indices of the microbiome than the low-fat cookie intervention in week 4. Significant differences in beta diversity of the microbiome were found between diet interventions at week 12. Mango consumption increased the abundance of Prevotella maculosa, Corynebacterium pyruviciproducens, and Mogibacterium timidum while it decreased Prevotella copri. Low-fat cookie intake increased Cyanobacterium aponinum and Desulfovibrio butyratiphilus and reduced Alloscardovia omnicolens. There were no significant differences in circulating gut permeability protein (ZO-1, claudin-2, and occludin) levels. There was a slight increase in the amount of bowel movement with mango consumption, but no significant findings for frequency, consistency, strain, pain, and constipation in bowel movement between trials. Given these results, it can be concluded that consumption of mango may have positive effects on the gut health, which may yield possible health benefits for chronic disease that deserve further study.

Influence of pistachios on force production, subjective ratings of pain, and oxidative stress following exercise-induced muscle damage in moderately trained athletes: A randomized, crossover trial

Although previous studies have focused on the role of pistachios on metabolic health, the ergogenic effects of the nut must be elucidated. This study evaluated the impact of ingesting raw, shelled, unsalted pistachios on subjective pain ratings, force production, vertical jump, and biochemical indices of recovery from eccentrically biased exercise. Using a crossover design, 27 moderately trained, male athletes completed 3 trials in a randomized counterbalanced fashion. Control received water only, low dose (1.5 oz/d; PL) and high dose (3.0 oz/d; PH) consumed pistachios for 2 weeks with a 3-4-week washout between trials. PH had lower pain ratings in most muscles after 72 h of recovery (p < 0.05). PH prevented a decrease in force production at 120°/s of knee flexion (p > 0.05); whereas force was diminished in the other trials. Creatine kinase, myoglobin, and C-reactive protein increased over time following exercise (p < 0.05); however, there were no advantages following pistachio consumption. No significant changes in vertical jump or superoxide dismutase were elicited during any trial. This study demonstrates that 3.0 oz/d of pistachios can reduce delayed onset of muscle soreness and maintain muscle strength, potentially promoting exercise tolerance and training adaptations.

ClinicalTrialsgov Identifier

NCT03698032.

Effects of Mango Consumption on Total Antioxidant Capacity, Gut Permeability Proteins (ZO-1, Claudin-2, and Occludin), and Bowel Movement Habits

Objectives

The gut represents the largest compartment of the immune system. Tight junction proteins play a pivotal role to the integrity of the gut barrier which can affect immune function. Mangos are good sources of vitamins and many bioactive phytochemicals which help promote a more regulated function. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of fresh mango consumption on total antioxidant capacity, gut permeability proteins, and bowel movement habits.

Methods

In a 12-week randomized, crossover design, 27 participants (11females/16 males, age 26.2 ± 8.1 years, BMI 31.8 ± 4.1 kg/m2) consumed 100 Kcals/day of fresh mango or isocaloric low-fat cookie for 12 weeks each with a 4-week washout period. Blood antioxidant capacity and permeability proteins (zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1), claudin-2, and occludin) were measured as well as bowel movement habit was assessed by a 5-item questionnaire at baseline, week 4, and week 12.

Results

There was a significant increase (P = 0.021) in total antioxidant capacity in mango consumption. No differences were found in the levels of ZO-1, claudin-2, and occludin. There was a slight increasing trend in the frequency of bowel movement (P = 0.076) and fecal bulk in mango consumption (P = 0.080). The increased tendencies are considered normal due to subjects having normal bowel movement habits per baseline values. There were no significant findings for frequency, consistency, strain, pain, and constipation in bowel movement.

Conclusions

Although there was no significance found in gut permeability, this is the first study examining mango fruit consumption on tight junction proteins. Our population was relatively healthy resulting in non-significant results. Future direction should include examining the effects of mango consumption on gut permeability in patients with gut inflammation.

Funding Sources

The National Mango Board [#603,024].

Sensory Evaluation of Blenderized Watermelon Juice With and Without the Rind by Children

Objectives

Watermelon is high in fiber, vitamins, minerals, electrolytes, water and phytochemicals. The rind from watermelon is also rich in such nutrients. Among these health-promoting nutrients is L-citrulline, a non-essential amino acid, generally found in greater concentrations in the rind than in the flesh of the fruit. Watermelon rind also contains polyphenolic compounds including coumaric acid, vanillin, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid. Despite its nutrient density, watermelon rind is often discarded. The purpose of the study was to examine the consumer acceptability of blenderized watermelon (WM) juice with rind. This study also compared the sensory characteristics of blenderized WM juice made with and without rind.

Methods

Twenty overweight and obese children (age 12.8 ± 1.96 y, BMI 26.26 ± 4.51 kg/m², 11 females and 9 males) completed a sensory evaluation of blenderized WM juice with and without the rind. Each sample was provided in a clear plastic portion cup with a randomly assigned number. Participants were instructed to rinse their mouth with water before beginning and between samples. For a triangle test, participants were asked to identify a different sample from three samples presented. Additionally, participants were asked to rate the color, smell, flavor, sweetness, mouthfeel, aftertaste, and acceptance of the two blenderized WM juice samples, with and without rind, using a 7-point hedonic scale.

Results

Fourteen out of twenty participants (70%) identified the odd sample from the other two samples in the triangle test (P = 0.010). This indicates the majority of participants could correctly differentiate between the blenderized WM juice with rind and the one without it. Participants preferred the flavor (P = 0.031) and sweetness (P = 0.009) of the blenderized WM juice without the rind compared to the WM juice made with the rind. Regarding overall acceptance, the WM juice without rind had a greater acceptance score (5.05 ± 1.32) than that of the WM juice with rind (4.00 ± 1.30) (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The blenderized WM juice without rind displayed significantly greater flavor, sweetness, and overall acceptance than the WM juice with rind. Thus, it is necessary to improve the sensory attributes of the WM juice with rind in order to make it more appealing as a nutrient-dense option for children.

Funding Sources

National Watermelon Promotion Board [#NWPB 19–20].

Effects of Fresh Mango and Dried Mango Consumption on Satiety and Postprandial Glucose

Objectives

Mangos are a nutrient-dense fruit containing high levels of various vitamins, minerals, dietary fiber, and bioactive phytochemicals (mangiferin, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and carotenoids). Many studies have investigated the beneficial effects of mango consumption through powders and extracts; however, few studies have examined fresh mango, specifically in contrast to the dried variety. The objective of the study was to determine the effects of fresh versus dried mango consumption on satiety levels and postprandial glucose.

Methods

In a randomized crossover design, 34 adults (29 females/5 males, age 25.0 ± 6.0 years, BMI 23. 8 ± 4.3 kg/m2) consumed 100 Kcal of fresh mangos, dried mango or white bread (control) on three separate occasions. Satiety was measured via a VAS (visual analogue scale) questionnaire at baseline and every 15 minutes for 90 minutes after snack consumption. Blood glucose measured via finger pricks was assessed at baseline and every 30 minutes for 90 minutes post snack consumption.

Results

Fresh mango consumption resulted in the greatest satiety increase (more fullness, less desire to eat) in participants. When compared to the dried mango and the bread, the fresh mango also significantly reduced the participants’ level of thirst. Furthermore, fresh mango promoted greater stability in blood glucose levels by exhibiting a more efficient decrease in postprandial glucose levels than dried mango or white bread (P &lt; 0.05). Dried mango consumption also significantly lowered postprandial glucose compared to white bread (P &lt; 0.05).

Conclusions

These results suggest that fresh mango consumption may be beneficial in reducing the risk of obesity and diabetes by improving satiety responses and postprandial glucose control, reducing food intake, and preventing weight gain.

Funding Sources

NUTR 302L Advanced Nutrition Laboratory, San Diego State University and The National Mango Board [#603,024].

Effects of Red Meat Consumption With Proton Pump Inhibitors on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Rats

Objectives

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the United States. Many studies showed that high consumption of red meat contributes to the risk of CVDs due to its negative effects on cholesterol and blood pressure. In addition, long-term use of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) has been reported to have an adverse impact on vascular functions. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of red meat consumption with PPIs on cardiometabolic risk factors in rats.

Methods

Twenty eight 9-month-old Sprague Dawley male rats were divided into four groups in a 2 diets (white meat powder or red meat powder) × 2 treatments (with or without PPI) factorial design. The diets consisted of 70% rat chow and 30% meat powder while PPI treatment was included in 0.05 g/kg diet. After 8 weeks of feeding, tissues were harvested and blood was collected for analysis of glucose, lipid profiles, total antioxidant capacity, and liver function enzymes.

Results

There were no significant differences in initial weight and final body weight among groups. However, rats fed with red meat powder exhibited lower weight gain (P = 0.049) and lower epididymal fat (P = 0.046). PPI administration increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST, P = 0.003), creatine kinase (CK, P = 0.049), and resulted in an increasing trend in alkaline phosphatase (AP, P = 0.063) but no significant differences were found between red meat vs. white meat. There were no significant differences in glucose, HbA1C, lipid profiles, total antioxidant capacity, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and gamma glutamyl transferase (rGT) between meat types or PPI treatments.

Conclusions

The results suggest that red meat consumption might have some positive effects on body composition by lowering weight gain and epididymal fat compared to white meat consumption while not significantly impacting other cardiometabolic risk factors. Nevertheless, increasing trends in some liver function enzymes indicate that the use of PPIs may cause some hepatic damage. Further research is needed to determine the underlying mechanisms of the current findings.

Funding Sources

San Diego State University College of Health and Human Services faculty Jump Start Grant (PI: Tianying Wu, Co-PI: Mee-Young Hong).

Effects of Red Meat and Proton Pump Inhibitors on Rat Gut pH and Claudin-2

Objectives

Prolonged use of Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) may alter the gut pH and integrity of the gut barrier which play significant roles in health and the aging process. High consumption of red meat may lead to inflammatory gastrointestinal (GI) conditions, including colorectal cancer; however, research results have been inconsistent. There is limited research evaluating the effects of red meat vs white meat and the interaction with PPI treatment, focusing on the integrity of the gut. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of white meat vs red meat on GI organ pH, and claudin-2 levels in rats treated with and without PPI.

Methods

In a 2 (diet) × 2 (treatment) factorial design, 28 nine-month-old Sprague Dawley male rats were arranged into four groups: white meat, white meat with PPI, red meat, red meat with PPI. Diets consisted of 70% rat chow and 30% meat powder with or without PPI administered at 0.05 g/kg in the feed. After an 8-week feeding intervention, blood samples were collected to examine claudin- 2 levels. Gut pH levels were taken in the stomach, duodenum, ileum, cecum, proximal colon, distal colon, and anus.

Results

PPI administration increased pH in the stomach (P = 0.026). Red meat diets exhibited a decreased pH in the cecum (P = 0.005) and the proximal colon (P = 0.013). Red meat with PPI increased pH in the proximal colon (P = 0.009). Red meat groups showed greater claudin-2 levels (P = 0.007), especially with PPI (P = 0.026).

Conclusions

Increased levels of claudin-2 are associated with leaky gut and inflammation in the digestive system. Our study demonstrated that red meat with PPI may disturb gut integrity as compared to non-PPI, or to white meat groups. Elevated pH by PPI may reduce symptoms in patients with acid reflux but also increase their chance of leaky guts, especially with red meat. Further studies are needed to investigate the association of lowering gut pH in red meat diets with the risk of inflammation. It is vital to investigate these relationships because PPIs are often used for gastric acid problems, and diet is a critical component of such treatment.

Funding Sources

San Diego State University College of Health and Human Services faculty Jump Start Grant (PI: Tianying Wu, Co-PI: Mee-Young Hong).

Effects of Mango Fruit Consumption on the Diversity of the Gut Microbiome

Objectives

Some individual fruits have been widely researched for their effects on overall health and correlations with chronic diseases, highlighting the benefits and importance of incorporation of fruit in the diet. Beneficial effects of mango supplementation on metabolic diseases have been detected, however, research of mango consumption on the gut microbiome is sparse. Therefore, this study examined the effect of fresh mango consumption on the diversity of the gut microbiome.

Methods

In a 12-week crossover design study, 27 participants (16 males and 11 females, age 26.0 ± 8.1 years, BMI 31.8 ± 4.1 kg/m2) consumed 100 kcal/day of either mangos or low fat cookies with a washout period of 4 weeks. Fecal samples were analyzed for gut microbiome analysis. Alpha diversity, beta diversity, and relative abundance analyses were conducted using R and the RStudio.

Results

The mango intervention resulted in higher Shannon-Wiener and Simpson alpha diversity indices of the microbiome than the cookie intervention in week 4. Significant differences in beta diversity of the microbiome were found between diet interventions at week 12. Mango consumption also increased the abundance of Prevotella maculosa, Corynebacterium pyruviciproducens, and Mogibacterium timidum while decreased Prevotella copri. Cookie intake increased Cyanobacterium aponinum and Desulfovibrio butyratiphilus and reduced Alloscardovia omnicolens.

Conclusions

Given these results, it can be concluded that consumption of mango may have positive effects on the gut microflora, which in turn may yield possible health benefits for chronic diseases that deserve further study.

Funding Sources

The National Mango Board [#6,030,204].

Effects of Blenderized Watermelon Consumption on Satiety and Postprandial Glucose in Overweight and Obese Adolescents

Objectives

Watermelon is a nutritionally dense fruit serving as a great snack to promote a feeling of satiety. However, there is limited research looking at the effect of watermelon consumption in a blenderized juice form containing flesh, rind, and seeds. Furthermore, there are no studies of watermelon consumption focused on satiety in adolescents. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the effect of blenderized watermelon juice on perceived satiety and postprandial glucose responses in overweight and obese adolescents.

Methods

In a randomized crossover design study, 20 overweight or obese adolescents (BMI percentile 93.3 ± 5.4 percentile; 9 males and 11 females; 12.8 ± 1.96 years) consumed either 240 mL (70 kcal) of blenderized watermelon or an isocaloric sugar beverage(control) on two separate occasions. Satiety responses using a visual analogue scale (VAS) questionnaire and postprandial blood glucose via finger pricks were assessed at baseline and 20, 40, 60, 90, and 120 minutes following juice consumption.

Results

Overall postprandial glucose levels were lower with blenderized watermelon consumption than sugar beverage consumption (P = 0.002), especially at 20 mins and 40 mins post juice consumption (P < 0.001 and P = 0.003, respectively). No significant differences were found between trials for the VAS satiety questionnaire but there were significant differences over time. Blenderized watermelon consumption delayed increases in hunger and desire to eat compared to baseline until 60 minutes vs 40 minutes for sugar juice consumption (P < 0.05). Similarly, a significant increase compared to baseline in how much participants felt they could eat occurred at 120 mins following blenderized watermelon juice vs 60 minutes for sugar juice consumption (P < 0.05). The watermelon trial also resulted in a greater feeling of fullness with an increase at 20 mins (P = 0.033) while the sugar juice was lower than baseline at 120 mins (P = 0.006).

Conclusions

This study suggests that blenderized watermelon juice promotessatiety and stabilizes postprandial glucose in overweight and obese adolescents and therefore could serve as a good replacement for sugar sweetened beverages.

Funding Sources

The National Watermelon Promotion Board [NWPB 19-20].

Effects of fresh mango consumption on cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese adults

BACKGROUND & AIMS

In vitro and animal studies show antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties of mangos. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of fresh mango consumption compared to an isocaloric control snack on body weight, glucose, insulin, lipid profiles, liver function enzymes, inflammation, and antioxidant activity in overweight and obese adults (BMI ≥26 kg/m²).

METHODS AND RESULTS

In a crossover design, 27 participants consumed 100 kcal/d of fresh mangos or isocaloric low-fat cookies daily for 12 weeks each, separated by a four-week washout period. Blood glucose, C-reactive protein (CRP), and aspartate transaminase activity significantly decreased while total antioxidant capacity significantly increased following mango consumption. There were no significant changes in body weight, body fat %, blood pressure, insulin, or lipid profile following mango consumption. Cookie consumption significantly increased body weight, insulin, CRP, and triglycerides.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that relative to the control snack, mangos may improve certain risk factors associated with overweight and obesity including improved glycemic control and reduced inflammation.

CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTER

NCT03957928.

Fresh Mango Consumption Promotes Greater Satiety and Improves Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Responses in Healthy Overweight and Obese Adults

Mangos are an understudied fruit rich in fiber and polyphenols that have been linked to better metabolic outcomes and promotion of satiety. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of mango consumption on postprandial glucose, insulin, and satiety responses. Using a randomized crossover study design, 23 overweight and obese men and women consumed 100 kcal snacks of fresh mangos or isocaloric low-fat cookies on two separate occasions. Insulin and satiety hormones were measured at baseline and 45 min post-snack consumption. Glucose was measured at baseline, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after snack consumption. Satiety questionnaires were completed at baseline and every 20 min for 120 min post-consumption. Both mangos and low-fat cookies increased insulin, with a significantly lower increase for mangos compared with low-fat cookies at 45 min post-snack consumption (P ≤ .05). Glucose increased at 30 min for both snacks; however, the increase was significantly higher for low-fat cookie consumption (P ≤ .05). Cholecystokinin increased after mangos and low-fat cookie consumption (P ≤ .05); however, no differences were detected between the snacks. Adiponectin increased after mango consumption (P ≤ .05) but not after low-fat cookies. Mango consumption reduced hunger, anticipated food consumption and thirst, and increased feelings of fullness (P ≤ .05). Low-fat cookie consumption increased fullness for a shorter time period and did not reduce participants' desire to eat. These results suggest that relative to a refined cookie snack, mangos promote greater satiety and improve postprandial glycemic responses. Future research on long-term effects of mango consumption on food intake, weight control, and glucose homeostasis is warranted. Clinical Trial Registration number: #NCT03957928.

Effects of Blenderized Watermelon With the Rind on Satiety, Bowel Movement, and Postprandial Glucose

Objectives

Many studies have examined the beneficial effects of watermelon flesh on metabolic diseases, yet fewer studies have investigated the effects of watermelon rind. While normally discarded, rind consumption not only reduces food waste but contains fiber (pectin) and healthful bioactive compounds such as citrulline. This study examined the effects of watermelon rind consumption on postprandial glucose, satiety and bowel movements. It was hypothesized that consumption of blenderized watermelon juice with rind would lower postprandial glucose, increase satiety and improve bowel movement habits.

Methods

In a double-blind randomized crossover study, 21 participants (age 26.3 ± 5.7 y, BMI 22.6 ± 2.8 kg/m2) consumed one cup (8 fl. oz) of blenderized watermelon juice with or without rind. A visual analogue scale was used to measure satiety at baseline, immediately after, 20, 40, 60 and 90 minutes post juice consumption. Blood glucose was measured at baseline, 20, 40, 60 and 90 minutes post juice consumption. Bowel movement questionnaires were administered two days before and after each trial.

Results

Both blenderized watermelon juices (with and without rind) increased satiety with more fullness in watermelon juice with rind (P &lt; 0.05). Watermelon juice with rind also stabilized blood glucose levels in comparison to watermelon juice (P &lt; 0.001). No significant differences between the two trials for bowel movements were found, but no evidence of constipation or discomfort was presented among the participants.

Conclusions

These results suggest that watermelon juice with rind has favorable effects on postprandial glucose and satiety levels but no effect on bowel movements. Therefore, further research into the benefits of watermelon rind is important and could offer potential clinical applications and disease prevention.

Funding Sources

NUTR 302L Advanced Nutrition Laboratory San Diego State University and National Watermelon Promotion Board (NWPB 19–20).

Effects of Fresh Mango Consumption on Blood Glucose, Insulin, and Other Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Adults

Objectives

Mangos contain many beneficial dietary compounds including vitamins, minerals, fiber, and are a unique source of certain polyphenols such as mangiferin. Accumulating evidence from in vitro and animal studies have demonstrated that mangos may have antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, and cardioprotective properties. However, the effects of fresh mango consumption in humans are less clear. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of fresh mango consumption compared to an isocaloric snack (low-fat cookies) on body weight, body fat, blood pressure, glucose, insulin, lipid profiles, liver function enzymes, inflammation, and antioxidant activity in overweight and obese adults.

Methods

In a randomized crossover design, 27 overweight and obese adults (11 females, 16 males, age 26 ± 8.1 years) consumed 100 Kcal of fresh mangos (166g) or isocaloric low-fat cookies (24g) daily for 12 weeks. Following an overnight fast, a venous blood draw was taken at baseline, week 4, and week 12. Blood samples were analyzed for glucose, insulin, lipid profiles, liver function enzymes, C-reactive protein (CRP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). At each visit, body weight, body fat percentage, and blood pressure were measured.

Results

Twelve weeks of daily mango consumption significantly decreased blood glucose, CRP, and aspartate transaminase (AST) activity while TAC significantly increased (P &lt; 0.05). There were no significant changes in body weight, body fat percentage, blood pressure, insulin, lipid profile, or other liver function enzymes following mango consumption. Cookie consumption significantly increased insulin, CRP, and triglycerides (P &lt; 0.05).

Conclusions

Mango consumption improved certain chronic disease risk factors including reductions in fasting glucose and inflammation while lipid profiles and anthropometric measurements were not affected. These results suggest that relative to the control snack, daily mango consumption may improve certain risk factors associated with overweight and obesity and should be considered for future research as they contain unique bioactive compounds.

Funding Sources

This study was funded by the National Mango Board.

Sensory Evaluation of Blenderized Watermelon Flesh Juice With and Without the Rind

Objectives

Although the rind of a watermelon contains much of health benefiting nutrients, it is much less appreciated by consumers and is often disposed. The purpose of this study was to compare sensory properties of blenderized watermelon (WM) flesh juice with and without rind.

Methods

Twenty-three semi-trained college students (age 26.1 ± 6.0 y, BMI 22.7 ± 3.1 kg/m2,  18 females and 5 males) participated in the sensory evaluation of blenderized WM flesh juice with and without the rind. Participants were asked to identify the unique sample among three samples in a triangle test. In addition, participants rated color, consistency, smell, flavor, sweetness, mouthfeel, aftertaste, and acceptance of the two samples using a 7-point hedonic scale. Each sample was presented in a 2-ounce clear plastic condiment

cup with a randomly assigned number. Panelists were asked to rinse their mouths with water before assessing each sample. The triangle test and hedonic scaling were analyzed by binomial analysis and t-test, respectively.

Results

The majority of the panel (21 out of 23 panelists) could distinguish the odd sample from the other samples in the triangle test (P &lt; 0.001), indicating that participants could correctly discriminate between the blenderized WM juice with and without the rind. Participants preferred the color, consistency, smell, flavor, sweetness, mouthfeel, and aftertaste of the WM flesh juice to those of the WM flesh juice with rind (P &lt; 0.01). The 7-point hedonic scale showed an average overall acceptance score of 5.0 for the blenderized WM juice and a score of 3.8 for the blenderized WM juice with rind (P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusions

The blenderized WM juice exhibited more desirable sensory attributes than the WM juice with rind. It is thus imperative to improve the sensory quality of the WM juice with rind in order to promote it as a nutrient-dense and sustainable food.

Funding Sources

NUTR 302L Advanced Nutrition Laboratory, San Diego State University. National Watermelon Promotion Board (#NWPB 19–20).

Chronic ethanol consumption does not reduce true bone density in male Wistar rats

Osteoporosis is characterized by reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and increased bone fragility, which may be modified by lifestyle behaviors. In observational studies, chronic moderate ethanol consumption is associated with higher BMD, but results are inconsistent and underlying mechanisms are unknown. To understand the influence of chronic ethanol consumption on true bone density (Archimedes principal), bone mechanical properties (Young's Modulus of bend), and osteogenic gene expression, 12-month-old male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to a control group or ethanol intervention (20% ethanol in drinking water on alternate days) group for 13 weeks and tibiae and femurs were collected. Blood was collected to assess alcohol content and antioxidant enzyme activities. We hypothesized that chronic ethanol consumption would increase true bone density and mechanical properties and increase osteoblastic gene expression and serum antioxidant enzyme activity. Ethanol consumption did not influence femoral or tibial true bone density but did result in lower tibial Young's modulus of bend (p = 0.0002). However, there was no influence of ethanol on other measures of mechanical properties. Femoral pro-osteoclastic gene expression of Dkk1 was lower (p = 0.0006) and pro-osteoblastic gene expression of Ctnnb1 was higher (p = 0.02) with ethanol consumption. We observed no differences in circulating antioxidant activities between groups, other than a tendency for greater (p = 0.08) glutathione peroxidase in the ethanol group. Results showed chronic ethanol consumption did not influence true bone density, only modestly reduced tibial mechanical properties (lower Young's modulus of bend), and moderately impacted expression of genes within the femur known to regulate both osteoblast and osteoclast activities.

Dried Plum Consumption Improves Total Cholesterol and Antioxidant Capacity and Reduces Inflammation in Healthy Postmenopausal Women

Dried plums contain bioactive components that have demonstrated antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. The objective of this study was to determine if dried plum consumption reduces the risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in postmenopausal women, specifically examining lipid profiles, oxidative stress, antioxidant capacity, and inflammation in a dose-dependent manner. We conducted a 6-month, parallel-design controlled clinical trial, where 48 postmenopausal women were randomly assigned to consume 0, 50, or 100 g of dried plum each day. After 6 months of intervention, total cholesterol (TC) in the 100 g/day treatment group (P = .002) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the 50 g/day treatment group (P = .005) improved significantly compared to baseline. Inflammatory biomarkers interleukin-6 (P = .044) and tumor necrosis factor-α (P = .040) were significantly lower after 6 months within the 50 g/day dried plum group compared to baseline. Moreover, total antioxidant capacity increased significantly within the 50 g/day group (P = .046), and superoxide dismutase activity increased significantly within both 50 and 100 g/day groups (P = .044 and P = .027, respectively) after 6 months compared to baseline. In addition, plasma activities of alanine transaminase (P = .046), lactate dehydrogenase (P = .039), and creatine kinase (P = .030) were significantly lower after 6 months in the 50 g/day dried plum group. These findings suggest that daily consumption of 50-100 g dried plum improves CVD risk factors in postmenopausal women as exhibited by lower TC, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers with no clear dose dependence.

Effects of low-to-moderate ethanol consumption on colonic growth and gene expression in young adult and middle-aged male rats

Excessive alcohol consumption is a risk factor associated with colorectal cancer; however, some epidemiological studies have reported that moderate alcohol consumption may not contribute additional risk or may provide a protective effect reducing colorectal cancer risk. Prior research highlights the importance of proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis as parameters to consider when evaluating colonic cell growth and tumorigenesis. The present study investigated whether chronic low-to-moderate ethanol consumption altered these parameters of colonic cell growth and expression of related genes. Twenty-four nondeprived young adult (109 days old) and 24 nondeprived middle-aged (420 days old) Wistar rats were randomly assigned to an ethanol-exposed or a water control group (n = 12/group). The ethanol group was provided voluntary access to a 20% v/v ethanol solution on alternate days for 13 weeks. Colon tissues were collected for quantitative immunohistochemical analyses of cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis using Ki-67, goblet cell and TUNEL, respectively. Gene expression of cyclin D1 (Ccnd1), Cdk2, Cdk4, p21waf1/cip1 (Cdkn1a), E-cadherin (Cdh1) and p53 were determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in colonic scraped mucosa. Ethanol treatment resulted in a lower cell proliferation index and proliferative zone, and lower Cdk2 expression in both age groups, as well as trends toward lower Ccnd1 and higher Cdkn1a expression. Cell differentiation was modestly but significantly reduced by ethanol treatment only in older animals. Overall, older rats showed decreases in apoptosis and gene expression of Cdk4, Cdh1, and p53 compared to younger rats, but there was no observed effect of ethanol exposure on these measures. These findings suggest that low-to-moderate ethanol consumption improves at least one notable parameter in colonic tumorigenesis (cell proliferation) and associated gene expression regardless of age, however, selectively decreased cell differentiation among older subjects.

Effects of Fresh Mango Fruit Consumption on Glucose, Insulin and Satiety Hormones

Objectives

A nutrient-dense snack such as fruit may promote greater satiety which may be associated with lower food intake and weight management. Mangos could be a healthful alternative to a less nutritious snack due to its many beneficial dietary compounds. Along with carbohydrates, dietary fiber, and many vitamins and minerals, mangos also have polyphenols and phytochemicals. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of mangos on postprandial glucose and insulin responses as well as satiety hormone levels.

Methods

In a randomized crossover study design, 23 overweight and obese adults consumed either 100 Kcal of fresh mangos or isocaloric low-fat cookies for two separate occasions. Subjects came in overnight fasted and a venous blood draw was taken. They were then asked to complete the snack around 5 minutes. After 45-minutes of the participant's last bite, another venous blood draw was taken. Blood samples were analyzed for insulin, glucose and the satiety hormones leptin, ghrelin, adiponectin, cholecystokinin (CCK), and peptide YY (PYY).

Results

Both the mango and low-fat cookie consumption increased glucose and insulin with significantly less increase in mangos compared to low-fat cookies at 45-minute post snack consumption (P &lt; 0.05). There were no significant differences in satiety hormones leptin, ghrelin and PYY levels between the two snacks. There was a significant increase in CCK for both mango and low-fat cookie post snack consumption (P = 0.008). However, no differences between the two were found. Adiponectin significantly increased with post-consumption of mango (P = 0.032) and there were no significant differences with post-consumption of the low-fat cookie.

Conclusions

Mangos help maintain stable blood glucose and insulin levels post-consumption which in part correlates with increases of adiponectin levels. These results suggest mangos are a beneficial snack for those looking to lose weight or have a medical condition in which stabilizing postprandial glycemic response is critical. Future research on the long-term effects of mango consumption on satiety hormone levels and glucose response is warranted.

Funding Sources

The National Mango Board (#603,024).

Differential Child Body Perception in Children Ages 7–12 and Parents in Relation to Exercise and Eating Behaviors

Objectives

Individuals with distorted perceptions of body image may be at an increased risk of developing eating disorders and mental illnesses. Many studies have observed impaired body image perceptions in adolescents and adults over the age of twelve. However, there are few studies that have examined this in young children. Furthermore, few studies that examine body image differences between parents and children exist. The purpose of this study was to investigate differential child body perceptions in children ages 7–12 and parents in relation to exercise and eating behaviors.

Methods

In a cross-sectional study, two separate questionnaires were designed; one for parents (n = 145) and the other for their paired children (n = 145). Questionnaires included anthropometric, exercise and eating behavior, and somatotype questions to assess perceived current and perceived ideal body type.

Results

Child responses of child's current body type were significantly greater than parent responses of child's current body type (P = 0.022). Child responses of child's ideal body type were significantly lesser than parent responses of child's ideal body type (P = 0.001). Child-reported child body type discrepancy (current body type – ideal body type) was significantly greater (0.414 ± 0.902) than parent-reported child body type discrepancy (−0.014 ± 0.717) (P = 0.001). There was a significant positive correlation between body image discrepancy and reports of faster eating pace (coefficient = 0.237, P = 0.004) and a significant negative correlation between body image discrepancy and family physical activity (coefficient = –0.183, P = 0.017).

Conclusions

Significant discrepancies between perceived current and ideal body type were observed in children ages 7–12. Faster eating pace and family physical activity may be contributing factors to body type discrepancy among children ages 7–12, though more research is needed to identify and examine other potential factors such as social media usage and perceptions of physical activity. This research indicates a need for increased education aimed at forming and maintaining healthy body image perceptions among young children ages 7–12.

Funding Sources

None.

The Effects of Mixed Nut Consumption on the Microbiome in Healthy Adults

Objectives

Nut consumption has been shown to have a wide range of health benefits from lowering cholesterol to extending longevity. Due to their prebiotic content, one potential mechanism is that nuts favorably impact the symbiotic relationship of the gut microbiome. So far studies have investigated the role of individual types of nuts, but more research is needed to determine if favorable microbiota changes extend to a nut mixture, which is often how people consume nuts. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of daily mixed nut consumption on microbiome diversity as it relates to human health.

Methods

Subjects (N = 20) were randomized into two groups either consuming 42g (250 Kcal) of mixed nuts (n = 10, 9 females, 1 male, age 24.5 ± 1.2 y, BMI 24.8 ± 1.5 kg/m2) containing cashews, almonds, pecans, peanuts, walnuts, pistachios, Brazil and macadamia nuts or 46g of iso-caloric lightly salted potato chips (n = 10, 8 females, 2 males, age 24.2 ± 1.0 y, BMI 23.3 ± 1.0 kg/m2) every day for three weeks. Stool samples were collected at baseline and week three in DNA/RNA shield solution and isolated DNA was sequenced using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Microbiome data were analyzed for alpha and beta diversity and taxa abundance using R.

Results

The intervention did not lead to significant changes in microbiota composition at the phyla or genera level; however, a trend towards a decreased Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio was observed after consumption of potato chips for three weeks while an opposite trend was observed following mixed nut consumption. For within-subject (alpha) and between-subject (beta) diversity there were no significant changes at the species level. A significant (P = 0.018) 11.9 log fold increase in Dialister invisus was observed in the potato chips group. Although not statistically significant, the mixed nuts group had a 7.1 log fold decrease in Prevotella bivia (P = 0.058), a 4.5 log fold decrease in Eubacterium dolichum and a 3.6 log fold increase in Bifidobacterium longum.

Conclusions

Results indicate that the consumption of mixed nuts did not lead to a significant shift in microbiota composition; however, trends at the phyla and species levels suggest a longer intervention may be needed to observe microbiota changes that may contribute to human health.

Funding Sources

American Heart Association (16GRNT31360007).

The Effects of Fresh Watermelon Juice Consumption on Satiety, Postprandial Glucose, Insulin Response, and Topical Application on Skin Health in Healthy Adults

Objectives

Multiple studies have examined the effects of fresh watermelon, watermelon juice, or watermelon powder on satiety and skin health; however, few studies have addressed the effects of blenderized (flesh, rind, and seeds) watermelon juice. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of blenderized watermelon juice consumption on satiety, postprandial glucose, insulin response, and topical application on skin health in healthy adults.

Methods

In a crossover design, subjects (N = 20, 16 females, 4 males, age 22.8 ± 2.5 y, BMI 22.6 ± 2.80 kg/m2) consumed 8 fl oz of either blenderized watermelon juice or isocaloric sugar water. After an overnight fast, blood glucose and insulin levels were measured at baseline, and at 30 and 60 minutes after drink consumption. Measurements for satiety using a visual analogue scale and skin health using a moisture content test were conducted at baseline, right after, 15, 30, 45, and 60 minutes after consumption and topical application of the juices.

Results

Both blenderized watermelon and sugar water significantly increased satiety (P &lt; 0.001) but there was no difference between the two trials. Postprandial glucose (P = 0.030) and insulin levels (P = 0.007) significantly increased after the consumption of sugar water compared to blenderized watermelon juice. Topical application of blenderized watermelon juice on the skin significantly increased skin moisture level (P = 0.012) compared to the sugar water application.

Conclusions

The consumption of blenderized watermelon promoted satiety, stabilized postprandial glucose and insulin levels, and improved skin health. These results suggest that blenderized watermelon juice may be beneficial for those who are overweight or obese and/or are at risk of developing diabetes. Further watermelon studies are warranted to examine long-term effects.

Funding Sources

National Watermelon Promotion Board (NWPB 19-20).

Effects of Mixed Nut Consumption on LDL Cholesterol and Lipoprotein(a) in Overweight and Obese Adults

Objectives

Elevated levels of LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] are associated with a greater risk for atherosclerotic cardiovascular events. Consumption of individual types of nuts has been shown to decrease these risk factors but limited knowledge is known about the effect of mixed nuts on Lp(a). Very few studies have evaluated the effect of mixed nut consumption on LDL-C levels in an obese and overweight population, while even fewer studies have examined the effects of a dietary intervention on Lp(a). The objective of this study was to determine if 69 g/d of mixed nut consumption would decrease serum LDL-C and Lp(a) levels in obese and overweight individuals.

Methods

In a randomized-controlled 16-week study, 29 obese or overweight (BMI 25–40 kg/m2, age 27.6 years) participants were asked to consume either 69 g of mixed nuts/d (n = 15) or 42.5 g of isocaloric-matched Snyder's unsalted pretzels/d (n = 14). Blood samples were collected at baseline, week 8, and week 16 for analysis of total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, HDL-C, oxidized-LDL (OxLDL), triglyceride (TG) and Lp(a).

Results

There were no significant differences in TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, OxLDL, or Lp(a) when comparing the two intervention diets. Participants consuming mixed nuts had significantly higher (P = 0.007) serum TGs when compared to the pretzel group at week 8 but differences were not significant at week 16.

Conclusions

Consumption of mixed nuts (69 g/d) had no effect on LDL-C or Lp(a) levels over a 16-week dietary intervention in an obese or overweight population. Future direction should focus on increasing sample size and/or testing for confounding traits (i.e., polymorphisms, metabolic syndrome, or predispositions to elevated LDL-C levels).

Funding Sources

American Heart Association (16GRNT31360007).

Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Inflammation, Colonic Cell Kinetics, and Microbiota in Colitis: A Review

Vitamin D is widely known to regulate bone health, but there is increasing evidence that it may also ameliorate colitis through inflammation, cell proliferation and apoptosis, and the microbiota. The purpose of this review is to systematically examine the mechanisms by which vitamin D reduces colitis. PubMed and Web of Science were searched for articles published between 2008 and 2019 using key words such as "vitamin D," "colitis," "inflammatory bowel disease," "inflammation," "apoptosis," "cell proliferation," and "gut bacteria". Retrieved articles were further narrowed and it was determined whether their title and abstracts contained terminology pertaining to vitamin D in relation to colitis in human clinical trials, animal studies, and cell culture/biopsy studies, as well as selecting the best match sorting option in relation to the research question. In total, 30 studies met the established criteria. Studies consistently reported results showing that vitamin D supplementation can downregulate inflammatory pathways of COX-2, TNF-α, NF-κB, and MAPK, modify cell kinetics, and alter gut microbiome, all of which contribute to an improved state of colitis. Although vitamin D and vitamin D analogs have demonstrated positive effects against colitis, more randomized, controlled human clinical trials are needed to determine the value of vitamin D as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of colitis.

Honey does not adversely impact blood lipids of adult men and women: a randomized cross-over trial

Consumption of added sugars in the US is estimated to be approximately 1.5 times recommended levels and has been linked to increased risk for developing chronic diseases. We hypothesized that relative to sugar, honey would reduce energy intake and improve serum lipid profiles. To test this, we assessed the short-term (1-week) and relatively long-term (1-month) effects of honey versus sucrose on changes in dietary intake and serum lipid concentrations. Thirty-seven apparently healthy subjects (21 males; 16 females) aged 24-57 years (BMI = 17.6-37.2 kg/m²) completed two 4-week trials in a randomized, cross-over design separated by ≥4-week washout. During each trial, subjects consumed either clover honey or sucrose providing 1.2 g/kg/day of carbohydrate under free-living conditions with instructions to avoid changing their habitual food intake. Serum triglyceride (TG) concentrations were elevated (P < .05) after 1 week for both trials but only remained elevated (P < .05) at the 4-week time-point during sucrose consumption. The elevation after 1 week during the honey trial was concurrent with a transient increase (P < .05) in body weight. No effects on serum concentrations of insulin, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein-cholesterol, or high density lipoprotein-cholesterol were detected for either trial. Subjects consumed significantly less energy (P < .05), carbohydrate (P < .005), sugars (P < .05), and saturated fat (P < .05) during the honey trial. These data suggest that honey may serve as a favorable substitute for sucrose with regard to reduced energy intake, carbohydrate and sugars, without negatively influencing serum lipid concentrations.

Effect of acute watermelon juice supplementation on post-submaximal exercise heart rate recovery, blood lactate, blood pressure, blood glucose and muscle soreness in healthy non-athletic men and women

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of a single pre-exercise dose of watermelon juice on submaximal post-exercise heart rate (HR) recovery, blood lactate (BL), blood pressure (BP), blood glucose (BG), and muscle soreness in healthy adults. In a randomised crossover design, 27 healthy non-athletic participants (13 males/14 females) consumed 355 mL of watermelon juice, Gatorade, sugar water, or water. HR and BL were significantly higher post-exercise, and both watermelon juice and sugar water increased postprandial BG. However, there were no significant differences among the supplements in HR recovery, BL, or post-exercise muscle soreness. Watermelon juice prevented increased post-exercise systolic and diastolic BP in females, but not in males. More research is warranted to examine the effect of sex on the efficacy of watermelon consumption for controlling BP.

Effects of Dried Apple Consumption on Body Composition, Serum Lipid Profile, Glucose Regulation, and Inflammatory Markers in Overweight and Obese Children

Consumption of fruits reduces the risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease; however, very few studies have investigated the effect of fruit consumption in overweight and obese children. We examined whether consuming dried apple as a snack is a practical solution for weight loss and improves body composition and metabolic markers. Thirty-eight overweight or obese children aged 10 to 16 years were randomly assigned to one of two groups consuming twice daily 120 kcal serving per day of either dried apple or a control snack (muffin) for 8 weeks. Body weight, height, waist circumference, and body composition were determined during an initial visit and after 8 weeks of intervention. Blood samples were collected to measure serum concentrations of blood lipids, glucose, insulin, proinsulin, total adiponectin, and C-reactive protein, as well as total antioxidant capacity and activity of glutathione peroxidase. Body weight increased in the muffin group (P = .01). BodPod and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry showed that fat-free mass increased (P < .05) only in the muffin group. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration increased (P = .04) after the 8-week treatment within the apple group. Overall, minor differences were detected in growing children who consumed snacks of either dried apples or muffins with similar macronutrient profiles for 8 weeks. Future research should evaluate the effects of consuming fresh apples that include the peel.

Mixed Nut Consumption May Improve Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Overweight and Obese Adults

Emerging research indicates that nuts are a source of health-promoting compounds demonstrating cardioprotective benefits. However, most studies have assessed the effect of single nuts rather than a nut mixture. The objective of this study was, therefore, to examine the effect of mixed-nut consumption on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in overweight and obese adults. In a randomized, parallel-arm, controlled trial, 48 participants consumed isocaloric (250 kcal) amounts of pretzels or mixed-nuts. Body weight (BW) (p = 0.024), BMI (p = 0.043), and insulin levels (p = 0.032) were significantly lower in the nut group compared to the pretzel group. Mixed-nut consumption also significantly reduced glucose (p = 0.04) and insulin (p = 0.032) levels after 4 and 8 weeks compared to baseline, respectively. Lactate dehydrogenase of the nut group was significantly lower than the pretzel group (p = 0.002). No significant differences were detected between groups for triglycerides, LDL-C, and HDL-C. However, pretzel consumption increased triglycerides (p = 0.048) from 4 weeks to 8 weeks. Moreover, LDL-C increased (p = 0.038) while HDL-C transiently decreased (p = 0.044) from baseline to 4 weeks. No significant lipid changes were detected within the nut group. Our results suggest that supplementing the diet with mixed-nuts could improve CVD risk factors by improving BW and glucose regulation in comparison to a common carbohydrate-rich snack without promoting the negative effects on lipids detected with pretzels.

The Effects of Mixed Nut Consumption on Satiety, Anxiety, Postprandial Glucose, Insulin Response, and Bowel Movement Patterns in Healthy Adults (P06-008-19)

Objectives

Nuts are a rich source of nutrients, fiber, antioxidants and phytochemicals which may reduce the risk for chronic diseases. Many studies have examined the effects of individual types of nuts only. There is limited research investigating if the beneficial effects extend to the consumption of a nut mixture, which is how people more often choose to consume nuts. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of daily mixed nut consumption on satiety, postprandial glucose, insulin response, anxiety and bowel movement patterns in healthy young adults.

Methods

Subjects (N = 20) were randomized into two groups either consuming 42 g (250 Kcal) of mixed nuts (n = 10, 9 females, 1 male, age 24.5 ± 1.2 y, BMI 24.8 ± 1.5 kg/m2) containing cashews, almonds, pecans, peanuts, walnuts, pistachios, brazil and macadamia nuts or 46 g of iso-Kcaloric lightly salted potato chips (n = 10, 8 females, 2 males, age 24.2 ± 1.0 y, BMI 23.3 ± 1.0 kg/m2) every day for three weeks. Measurements for blood pressure (BP) using an automatic BP monitor, waist to hip ratio, satiety using a visual analogue scale, anxiety using the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory Scale and bowel movement patterns using a 7-day bowel movement diary were taken at baseline and wk 3. Plasma glucose and insulin levels were measured at baseline, 45mins postprandial and at wk 3 and analyzed using an ultrasensitive insulin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

Both types of snack consumption increased satiety while only mixed nut consumption improved postprandial glucose and insulin levels (P < 0.05). Body weight, BMI (body mass index), body fat, systolic and diastolic BP, waist and hip circumferences, waist to hip ratio, and anxiety were not significantly different among groups. Both the potato chip and mixed nut groups significantly reduced straining during bowel movements however only the mixed nut group significantly increased stool amount (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

The consumption of mixed nuts stabilized postprandial glucose and insulin responses and improved bowel movement patterns more than the potato chip group suggesting that the regular consumption of mixed nuts may reduce the risk for developing diabetes as well as improve gut health.

Funding Sources

American Heart Association (16GRNT31360007).

Effects of Nut Consumption on Colon Cell Proliferation and Apoptosis (P06-058-19)

Objectives

An imbalance between colon cell proliferation and apoptosis increases one's risk of colon cancer. Some studies have shown an inverse relationship between nut consumption and colon cancer; however, the underlying mechanism is still not elucidated. This study aimed to determine if mixed nut or single nut (pistachio) consumption is able to decrease colon cancer risk by modulating colonic cell proliferation and apoptosis. It was hypothesized that rats consuming nut diets exhibit fewer colonic proliferating cells and greater apoptotic cells compared to a control.

Methods

Thirty 21-day-old Sprague Dawley male rats were assigned to one of three isocaloric diets: control diet containing no nuts, pistachio diet (8.1% w/w), or mixed nut diet (7.5% w/w) for 8 weeks. The mixed nut diet contained cashews, almonds, Brazil nuts, pecans, macadamia nuts, walnuts, pistachios, and peanuts. Proliferating colonic cells were marked using Ki-67 quantitative immunostaining and apoptotic cells with Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Cells clearly stained as proliferative and apoptotic were divided by the total cells in each crypt column, multiplied by 100 to determine proliferation and apoptosis indices. The proliferative zone was determined as 100 times the location of the highest labeled proliferating cell, divided by the total number of cells per crypt.

Results

The majority of proliferating cells were located near the bottom of the colonic crypt and apoptotic cells were found in the upper part of the crypt (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found for proliferating index, proliferative zone and apoptotic index among all three experimental diet groups.

Conclusions

Some clinical and experimental studies show the protective effects of nut consumption against colon cancer. Our results indicate that the beneficial effects of nut consumption in colon cancer prevention may be explained by a different mechanism rather than modification of cell proliferation or apoptosis. Additional markers for cell proliferation and apoptosis may need to be used to confirm our results. Other potential mechanisms such as oxidative stress, DNA damage and repair enzymes should be further investigated.

Funding Sources

American Heart Association (16GRNT31360007).

Effect of Fresh Watermelon Consumption on Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease in Overweight and Obese Adults (P06-102-19)

Objectives

Watermelon has a great potential in preventing cardiovascular disease (CVD) due to its high levels of fiber, vitamins, minerals, and bioactive constituents such as L-citrulline, lycopene, and beta-carotene. Although previous studies have examined the effects of watermelon juice or extract on risk factors for CVD, it is unknown if the results can be extrapolated to fresh watermelon consumption. This study examined the effects of fresh watermelon consumption on risk factors for CVD in overweight and obese adults.

Methods

In a crossover design, 33 overweight or obese adults consumed two cups of watermelon or isocaloric low-fat cookies daily for four weeks with a two- to four-week washout period. Body weight, body composition, waist-to-hip ratio, blood pressure, glucose and insulin levels, inflammation, lipid profiles, antioxidant capacity, and liver function markers were measured at baseline and after the interventions.

Results

Watermelon consumption significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased body weight, body mass index (BMI), and systolic blood pressure and waist-to-hip ratio. Cookie consumption significantly increased blood pressure and body fat (P < 0.05). Watermelon intake reduced triglyceride, LDL cholesterol and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and improved HDL cholesterol and total antioxidant capacity (P < 0.05). Serum glucose, insulin, C-reactive protein, total cholesterol, catalase, and liver function markers were not significantly different between the interventions.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that daily consumption of fresh watermelon improves lipid profiles and anthropometric measurements, reduces blood pressure, and increases antioxidant capacity, which may have implications for chronic diseases such as CVD.

Funding Sources

National Watermelon Promotion Board.