Characterization of alkaloids and phenolics in Nitraria roborowskii Kom. fruit by UHPLC-triple-TOF-MS/MS and its sucrase and maltase inhibitory effects

Nitraria roborowskii Kom (NRK), with high economic and ecological value, is mainly distributed in the Qaidam Basin, China. However, research on its chemical components and bioactivities is still rare. In this study, its chemical constituents (52) including 10 β-carboline alkaloids, nine cyclic peptides, three indole alkaloids, five pyrrole alkaloids, eight phenolic acids and 17 flavonoids were identified tentatively using UPLC-triple-TOF-MS/MS. Notablely, one new β-carboline alkaloid and five new cyclic peptides were confirmed using MS/MS fragmentation pathways. In addition, experiments in vitro indicated that NRK-C had strong maltase and sucrase inhibitory activities (IC50 of 0.202 and 0.103 mg/mL, respectively). Polysaccharide tolerance experiments confirmed NRK-C (400 mg/kg) was associated with decreased postprandial blood glucose (PBG) in diabetic mice. These results suggested that NRK fruit might be used as a functional ingredient in food products.

A fast and efficient method for screening and evaluation of hypoglycemic ingredients of Traditional Chinese Medicine acting on PTP1B by capillary electrophoresis

As a pivotal enzyme that regulates dephosphorylation in cell activities and participates in the insulin signaling pathway, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is considered to be an important target for the therapy of diabetes. In this work, a rapid and efficient inhibitor screening method of PTP1B was established based on capillary electrophoresis (CE), and used for screening and evaluating the inhibition effect of Traditional Chinese Medicine on PTP1B. Response Surface Methodology was used for optimizing the conditions of analysis. After method validation, the enzyme kinetic study and inhibition test were performed. As a result, the IC50 of PTP1B inhibitors Ⅳ and ⅩⅧ were consistent with reported values measured by a conventional method. It was found that the extracts of Astragalus membranaceus (Fisch) Bunge and Morus alba L. showed prominent inhibition on the activity of PTP1B, which were stronger than the positive controls. Meanwhile, on top of the excellent advantages of CE, the whole analysis time is less than 2 min. Thus, the results demonstrated that a fast and efficient screening method was successfully developed. This method could be a powerful tool for screening inhibitors from complex systems. It can also provide an effective basis for lead compound development in drug discovery.

A universal method for profiling and characterization of oligosaccharides in traditional Chinese medicines

Oligosaccharides constitute fundamental components in numerous traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs). Conventional chromatographic methods for natural product analysis are not suitable for oligosaccharides due to their large polarity and structural similarity. Herein, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with charged aerosol detector (UHPLC-CAD) method was developed for the profiling of oligosaccharides using 9 neutral (DP3-DP11) reference oligosaccharides. Various factors, including columns, mobile phase, elution conditions, flow rate, and column temperature were systematically examined. Optimal separation was achieved using an Amide column with gradient elution within 18 min, at 0.5 mL/min flow rate and 30°C column temperature. Moreover, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS) method was also optimized to provide structural information. The developed method was applied to detect oligosaccharides in several TCMs, including Morindae Officinalis Radix (MOR), Ziziphi Spinosae Semen (ZSS), Menthae Haplocalycis Herba (MHH) and Chrysanthemi Indici Flos (CIF), revealing 9 and 16 oligosaccharides being uncovered from MHH and CIF respectively for the first time. This study presents a versatile UHPLC-CAD and UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS method with the potential for advancing oligosaccharides discovery and contributing to the quality analysis of TCMs.

Pharmacokinetic and tissue distribution analysis of bioactive compounds from Fuke Qianjin capsules in rats by a validated UPLCMS/MS method

Fuke Qianjin capsules (FKQJ) exhibit obvious advantages and characteristics in the treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease. At present, information regarding the in vivo process of FKQJ is lacking, which has become a bottleneck in further determining the therapeutic effect of this traditional Chinese medicine. In the present study, a sensitive, simple and reliable method was developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of 12 main components (4 flavonoids, 4 alkaloids, 2 phthalides and 2 diterpene lactones) in plasma and seven tissues of rats to study the pharmacokinetic and distribution characteristics of these components in vivo by using ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) for the first time. Plasma and tissue were prepared by protein precipitation with acetonitrile and methanol, followed by its separation on a Waters Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column. The quantification was performed via multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) by a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer under positive electrospray ionization (ESI) mode. The method was validated to demonstrate its selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery, matrix effect and stability. For 12 analytes, the low limit of quantification (LLOQs) reached 0.005-2.44 ng/mL, and all calibration curves showed good linearity (r2 ≥ 0.990) in linear ranges. The intra-day and inter-day precision (relative standard deviation) for all analytes was less than 14.96%, and the accuracies were in the range of 85.29%-114.97%. Extraction recoveries and matrix effects of analytes were acceptable. The pharmacokinetic results showed that the main components could be absorbed quickly, had a short residence time, and were eliminated quickly in vivo. At different time points, the 12 components were widely distributed with uneven characteristics in the body, which tended to be distributed in the liver, kidney and lung and to a lesser extent in the uterus, brain and heart. The pharmacokinetic process and tissue distribution characteristics of FKQJ were expounded in this study, which can provide a scientific theory for in-depth development of FKQJ and guide FKQJ use in the clinic.

Establishment of a multi-strategy platform for quality control and quality markers screen of Mailuoshutong pill

Thromboangiitis obliterans (TAO) is a non-atherosclerotic segmental inflammatory occlusive disease with a high recurrence rate, high disability rate, difficulty to cure, and poor prognosis. It has been clinically proven that Mailuoshutong pill (MLSTP) is an effective traditional Chinese medicine for treating TAO. As MLSTP contains hundreds of chemical components, the quality control of which is a challenge in the development of reliable quality evaluation metrics. This study aimed to evaluate the quality uniformity of MLSTP by establishing a multi-strategy platform. In the present study, the key targets and signaling pathways of MLSTP treating TAO were predicted by network pharmacology. It was further shown by in vivo validation experiments that MLSTP exerted therapeutic effects on TAO by modulating the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, VEGF signaling pathway, and HIF-1 signaling pathway. In addition, UPLC fingerprints of MLSTP were established and screened for potential Q-markers of MLSTP in combination with network pharmacology results. Six components, including chlorogenic acid, liquiritin, paeoniflorin, calycosin-7-glucoside, berberine, and formononetin, were selected as potential quality markers (Q-markers) in MLSTP. Finally, the quantitative analysis of multi-components by single marker (QAMS) method was established to quantitatively analyze the six potential Q-markers, and the results were consistent with those obtained by the external standard method (ESM). Taken together, the multi-strategy platform established in this study would be conducive to the Q-markers screening and quality control of MLSTP, improving the quality standard of MLSTP and providing favorable assurance for the clinical management of TAO.

Lignan contents of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. from different origins-A new model for evaluating the content of prominent components of Chinese herbs

BACKGROUND

As a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, Schisandra chinensis exhibits various effects such as liver protection, blood sugar regulation, blood lipid regulation, immune function regulation, antidepressant activity, etc. However, because of its intricate composition, diverse origins, and medicinal effects depending on complex compound groups, there are differences in the lignan composition of S. chinensis from different origins. Therefore, it is currently difficult to evaluate the quality of medicinal materials from plants of different origins using a single qualitative quality control index.

PURPOSE

This paper aims to investigate the potential relationship between the lignan components of S. chinensis from different origins and to establish stable assessment indices for determining the lignan content of S. chinensis from multiple perspectives.

METHODS

In this study, we collected S. chinensis samples of seven major origins in China, and randomly sampled 6-9 batches of each origin for a total of 60 batches. The lignan content was determined by HPLC, and its distribution law of the ratio of each lignan component of S. chinensis to Schisandrol A content was analyzed. Combining network pharmacology and differential analysis between samples, the stable and effective substances used as quality markers were determined.

RESULTS

There were some correlations among the lignan contents of S. chinensis, some correlations between schisandrin A and other lignans of S. chinensis could be determined. The ratio of each component to the indicator component schisandrol A was evenly distributed and reflected the lignan content of S. chinensis to some extent. Four substances (schisandrol A, schisandrol B, schisantherin A, and schisandrin C) were determined by network pharmacology combined with the analysis results of HCA, PCA and PLS-DA to further optimize the model. They displayed a strong connection with the core target, a large contribution rate to the principal components, and a stable content in each batch of samples, suggesting that these components may be the main active substances of S. chinensis lignans. Therefore, they could be used as main indicators evaluating the advantages and disadvantages of S. chinensis by examining the consistency of component proportions.

CONCLUSION

This method can intuitively evaluate the content of main lignans in S. chinensis. This quality assessment model is an exploration of the multi-component comprehensive evaluation system of S. chinensis, providing a new concept for the quality evaluation system of Chinese herbal medicines.

Identifying chemical markers in wine-processed Salvia miltiorrhiza using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-tandem mass spectrometry

To find the chemical markers of wine-processed Salvia miltiorrhiza (WSM), 76 constituents, including diterpenoid quinones and phenolic acids in Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) and WSM, were profiled using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) in positive- and the negative-ion modes. Thirty compounds were screened out as candidate differential components using chemometrics analysis, and the concentration of most compounds increased after processing with wine. Seven compounds, namely tanshinone IIA, magnesium lithospermate B, salvianolic acid G, cryptotanshinone, isocryptotanshinone, salvianolic acid B, and rosmarinic acid, were selected as chemical markers of WSM using variable importance of the project. This study revealed the chemical markers of WSM and confirmed that WSM can improve the extraction and solubility effect of chemical constituents.

Comprehensive identifying flavonoids in Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium using a novel strategy based on precursor ions locked and targeted MS/MS analysis

Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium is a traditional Chinese medicine with extremely high health benefits as well as clinical value. In vivo and in vitro tests have proved that its main active secondary metabolites are flavonoids. However, they have not been comprehensively analyzed up to now mainly due to lack of suitable analysis method. To solve this problem, a novel strategy based on precursor ions locked and targeted MS/MS analysis was proposed. Firstly, the database of the flavonoids previously isolated from Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium was established to obtain the characteristics of their precursor ions. Secondly, after performing the full MS scan of the extract, all compounds in the total ion chromatogram were extracted by Compound Discoverer software. Thirdly, the precursor ions of the flavonoids were locked from the extracted compounds according to their characteristics, forming a precursor ions list. Finally, the precursor ions in the constructed list were performed targeted MS/MS analysis for structures characterization. As a result, total 187 flavonoids were successfully identified, and except for flavones, flavonols as well as dihydroflavones, some chalcones were also characterized from Citri Reticulatae Pericarpium for the first time.

Study of the mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory effect of Miao medicine comprising raw and processed Radix Wikstroemia indica using the "sweat soaking method"

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

To explore the differences in the anti-inflammatory efficacy and mechanisms of the Miao medicine, both raw and after processing, using the "sweat soaking method" of Radix Wikstroemia indica (RWI).

AIM OF THE STUDY

The purpose of this study was to explore the differences in the anti-inflammatory efficacy and mechanism of action before and after the processing of the Miao medicine (RWI) using the "sweat soaking method."

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Network pharmacology technology was used to construct the "drug-component target-pathway-disease" network, and the main anti-inflammatory pathways of RWI were identified. Rat models of collagen-induced arthritis were established. The changes in body weight, swelling rate of the foot pad and ankle joint, arthritis index, thymus index, spleen index, pathological changes of the ankle joint, and the content of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α, and NO) were used as indices to evaluate the effect of RWI on rats with collagen-induced arthritis before and after its processing. Plasma and urine samples were collected from the rats, and the potential biomarkers of, and metabolic pathways underlying the anti-inflammatory effects of RWI before and after processing were identified using 1H-Nuclear magnetic resonance metabolomics combined with a multivariate statistical analysis.

RESULTS

Eleven key anti-inflammatory targets of IL6, IL-1β, TNF, ALB, AKT1, IFNG, INS, STAT3, EGFR, TP53, and SRC were identified by network pharmacology. The PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, steroid hormone biosynthesis, arginine biosynthesis, arginine and proline metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, and other pathways were mainly involved in these effects. Pharmacodynamic studies found that both raw and processed RWI products downregulated inflammatory factors in rats with collagen-induced arthritis and alleviated the pathological changes. A total of 41 potential pathways for the anti-inflammatory effects of raw RWI products and 36 potential pathways for the anti-inflammatory effects of processed RWI products were identified by plasma and urine metabolomics. The common pathways of network pharmacology and metabolomics were steroid hormone biosynthesis, arginine biosynthesis, arginine and proline metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism.

CONCLUSIONS

The anti-inflammatory effect of RWI was mainly related to the regulation of steroid hormone biosynthesis, arginine biosynthesis, arginine and proline metabolism, and tryptophan metabolism. Finally, the "sweat soaking method" enhanced the anti-inflammatory effect of RWI.

[Applications of ion chromatography for the analysis of Chinese herbal medicine components]

Ion chromatography (IC) is a novel high performance liquid chromatographic technique that is suitable for the separation and analysis of ionic substances in different matrix samples. Since 1975, it has been widely used in many fields, such as the environment, energy, food, and medicine. IC compensates for the separation limitations of traditional gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography and can realize the qualitative analysis and quantitative detection of strongly polar components. This chromatographic technique features not only simple operations but also rapid analysis. The sensors used in IC are characterized by high sensitivity and selectivity, and the technique can simultaneously separate and determine multiple components. Several advances in IC instrumentation and chromatographic theories have been developed in recent years. IC can analyze various types of samples, including ions, sugars, amino acids, and organic acids (bases). Chinese herbal medicines are typically characterized by highly complex chemical compositions and may contain carbohydrates, proteins, alkaloids, and other active components. They also contain toxic residues such as sulfur dioxide, which may be produced during the processing of medicinal materials. Therefore, the analysis and elucidation of the precise chemical constituents of Chinese herbal medicines present key problems that must be resolved in modern Chinese herbal medicine research. In this context, IC has become an important method for analyzing and identifying the complex components of Chinese herbal medicines because this method is suitable for detecting a single active ingredients among complex components. This paper introduces the different types and principles of IC as well as research progress in this technique. As the applications of IC-based methods in pharmaceutical science, cell biology, and microbiology increase, further development is necessary to expand the applications of this technique. The development of innovative techniques has enabled IC technologies to achieve higher analytical sensitivity, better selectivity, and wider application. The components of Chinese herbal medicines can be divided into endogenous and exogenous components according to their source: endogenous components include glycosides, amino acids, and organic acids, while exogenous components include toxic residues such as sulfur dioxide. Next, the applications of IC to the complex components of Chinese herbal medicines in recent decades are summarized. The most commonly used IC technologies and methods include ion exchange chromatography and conductivity detection. The advantages of IC for the analysis of alkaloids have been demonstrated. This method exhibits better characteristics than traditional analytical methods. However, the applications of IC for the speciation analysis of inorganic anions are limited. Moreover, few reports on the direct application of the technique for the determination of the main active substances in Chinese herbal medicines, including flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, and steroids, have been reported. Finally, this paper reviews new IC technologies and their application progress in Chinese herbal medicine, focusing on their prospects for the effective separation and analysis of complex components. In particular, we discuss the available sample (on-line) pretreatment technologies and explore possible technologies for the selective and efficient enrichment and separation of different components. Next, we assess innovative research on solid-phase materials that can improve the separation effect and analytical sensitivity of IC. We also describe the features of multidimensional chromatography, which combines the advantages of various chromatographic techniques. This review provides a theoretical reference for the further development of IC technology for the analysis of the complex chemical components of Chinese herbal medicines.

Rapid characterization of non-volatile phenolic compounds reveals the reliable chemical markers for authentication of traditional Chinese medicine Xiang-ru among confusing Elsholtzia species

The aerial parts of Mosla chinensis Maxim. and Mosla chinensis cv. 'Jiangxiangru' (MCJ) are widely utilized in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), known collectively as Xiang-ru. However, due to clinical effectiveness concerns and frequent misidentification, the original plants have increasingly been substituted by various species within the genera Elsholtzia and Mosla. The challenge in distinguishing between these genera arises from their similar morphological and metabolic profiles. To address this issue, our study introduced a rapid method for metabolic characterization, employing high-resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. Through detailed biosynthetic and chemometric analyses, we pinpointed five phenolic compounds-salviaflaside, cynaroside, scutellarein-7-O-D-glucoside, rutin, and vicenin-2-among 203 identified compounds, as reliable chemical markers for distinguishing Xiang-ru from closely related Elsholtzia species. This methodology holds promise for broad application in the analysis of plant aerial parts, especially in verifying the authenticity of aromatic traditional medicinal plants. Our findings underscore the importance of non-volatile compounds as dependable chemical markers in the authentication process of aromatic traditional medicinal plants.

Pesticide residue detection technology for herbal medicine: current status, challenges, and prospects

The domains of cancer therapy, disease prevention, and health care greatly benefit from the use of herbal medicine. Herbal medicine has become the mainstay of developing characteristic agriculture in the planting area increasing year by year. One of the most significant factors in affecting the quality of herbal medicines is the pesticide residue problem caused by pesticide abuse during the cultivation of herbal medicines. It is urgent to solve the problem of detecting pesticide residues in herbal medicines efficiently and rapidly. In this review, we provide a comprehensive description of the various methods used for pesticide residue testing, including optical detection, the enzyme inhibition rate method, molecular detection methods, enzyme immunoassays, lateral immunochromatographic, nanoparticle-based detection methods, colorimetric immunosensor, chemiluminescence immunosensor, smartphone-based immunosensor, etc. On this basis, we systematically analyze the mechanisms and some of the findings of the above detection strategies and discuss the challenges and prospects associated with the development of pesticide residue detection tools.

Study on the chemical constituents and mechanism of Kai-Xin-San based on UPLC-Q-Exactive MS and network pharmacology

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Vascular disease (VD) is a kind of common disease harmful to the health of the middle-aged and elderly, which has the characteristics of long treatment cycle and high recurrence rate, and without effective method to treat so far. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has the characteristics of multi-components and multi-targets to treat diseases. Kai-Xin-San is a TCM formula applied for treating psychiatric diseases such as depression in China for thousands of years, and it has been used in clinical treatment of VD. But up to now, its active composition and mechanism are not clear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To explore the effective components of Kai-Xin-San, investigate the effect of Kai-Xin-San on angiogenesis, screen and verify the related targets and possible mechanisms of Kai-Xin-San against VD.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS was performed to identify the chemical components of Kai-Xin-San. The mechanism of multi-components, multi-targets, and multi-pathways of Kai-Xin-San in the treatment of VD were explored by network pharmacology. And then, quail chick chorioallantoic membrane (qCAM) assays were used to evaluate the vascular protective activity of Kai-Xin-San. Evaluation of angiogenesis by calculating the relative vessels area. The levels of VEGFA and Akt1 in qCAM were measured by RT-PCR. Twenty-five male SD rats were randomly divided into the sham group, model group, Donepezil (0.45 mg/kg) group, Kai-Xin-San low dose group (0.1575 g/kg), Kai-Xin-San high dose group (0.63 g/kg). Two-vessel occlusion (2-VO) rat model is established to evaluate the therapeutic effect of Kai-Xin-San pretreatment. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining is conducted to detect the morphological changes of neurons in the hippocampus.

RESULTS

Data showed that 62 compounds were identified in Kai-Xin-San. The network pharmacology results showed 73 compounds in Kai-Xin-San play a role in the treatment of VD, such as Ginsenoside Rh4, kaempferol, and Poricoic acid C. A total of 7 main targets are predicted, including Akt1, TNF and so on. Kai-Xin-San could increase VEGFA and Akt1 expression, promote angiogenesis and regulate the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. The results depict that Kai-Xin-San has dose-dependently improved the cognitive function in 2-VO model rats. It has also been showed that Kai-Xin-San can rescue neuron damage in the hippocampus.

CONCLUSION

The complex chemical components of Kai-Xin-San play a synergistic role in the treatment of VD, and involve multiple pathways and targets. To protect blood vessels by promoting angiogenesis is one of the potential mechanisms of Kai-Xin-San in the treatment of VD. This study reveals that Kai-Xin-San protects the 2-VO model rats from ischemic injury by alleviating neuron damage in the hippocampus.

Combination of in silico prediction and convolutional neural network framework for targeted screening of metabolites from LC-HRMS fingerprints: A case study of "Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae - FructusAurantii"

In this study, a novel approach is introduced, merging in silico prediction with a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) framework for the targeted screening of in vivo metabolites in Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS) fingerprints. Initially, three predictive tools, supplemented by literature, identify potential metabolites for target prototypes derived from Traditional Chinese Medicines (TCMs) or functional foods. Subsequently, a CNN is developed to minimize false positives from CWT-based peak detection. The Extracted Ion Chromatogram (EIC) peaks are then annotated using MS-FINDER across three levels of confidence. This methodology focuses on analyzing the metabolic fingerprints of rats administered with "Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae - Fructus Aurantii" (PCR-FA). Consequently, 384 peaks in positive mode and 282 in negative mode were identified as true peaks of probable metabolites. By contrasting these with "blank serum" data, EIC peaks of adequate intensity were chosen for MS/MS fragment analysis. Ultimately, 14 prototypes (including flavonoids and lactones) and 40 metabolites were precisely linked to their corresponding EIC peaks, thereby providing deeper insight into the pharmacological mechanism. This innovative strategy markedly enhances the chemical coverage in the targeted screening of LC-HRMS metabolic fingerprints.

Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based strategy for systematic profiling of chemical components and associated quantitative analysis of quality markers in Qi-Wei-Tong-Bi oral liquid

Qi-Wei-Tong-Bi oral liquid (QWTB), a famous Chinese medicine preparation composed of seven crude drugs has a good therapeutic effect on rheumatoid arthritis and is widely used in China. However, its chemical composition and quality control have not been comprehensively and systematically investigated. In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was employed for its chemical profiling. As a result, 100 components were chemically characterized. Additionally, high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometry method was developed to simultaneously quantify nine bioactive components (hyperoside, ononin, quercetin, sinomenine, magnoflorine, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, monotropein, and cyclo-(Pro-Tyr)) in multiple-reaction monitoring mode. After successful validation in terms of linearity, precision, repeatability, and recovery, the assay method was applied for the determination of 10 batches of QWTB. The results showed that QWTB was enriched in sinomenine and magnoflorine with the highest amount up to hundreds or even thousands of µg/mL, while quercetin, ononin, cyclo-(Pro-Tyr), and hyperoside were much lower with the lowest content below 10 µg/mL. This study work would help to reveal the chemical profiling and provide a valuable and reliable approach for quality evaluation and even pharmacodynamic material basis studies of QWTB.

The therapeutic effect of wine-processed Corni Fructus on chronic renal failure in rats through the interference with the LPS/IL-1-mediated inhibition of RXR function

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Corni Fructus, derived from the fruit of Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc, is a widely utilized traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) with established efficacy in the treatment of diverse chronic kidney diseases. Crude Corni Fructus (CCF) and wine-processed Corni Fructus (WCF) are the main processed forms of Corni Fructus. Generally, TCM is often used after processing (paozhi). Despite the extensive use of processed TCM, the underlying mechanisms of processing for most TCMs have been unclear so far.

AIM OF THE STUDY

In this study, an integrated strategy combined renal metabolomics with proteomics was established and investigated the potential processing mechanisms of CCF or WCF on chronic renal failure (CRF) models.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Firstly, the differences in biochemical parameters and pathological histology were compared to evaluate the effects of CCF and WCF on CRF model rats. Then, the tissue differential metabolites and proteins between CCF and WCF on CRF model rats were screened based on metabolomics and proteomics technology. Concurrently, a combined approach of metabolomics and proteomics was employed to investigate the underlying mechanisms associated with these marker metabolic products and proteins.

RESULTS

Compared to the MG group, there were 27 distinct metabolites and 143 different proteins observed in the CCF-treatment group, while the WCF-treatment group exhibited 24 distinct metabolites and 379 different proteins. Further, the integration interactions analysis of the protein and lipid metabolite revealed that both WCF and CCF improved tryptophan degradation and LPS/IL-1-mediated inhibition of RXR function. WCF inhibited RXR function more than CCF via the modulation of LPS/IL-1 in the CRF model. Experimental results were validated by qRT-PCR and western blotting. Notably, the gene expression amount and protein levels of FMO3 and CYP2E1 among 8 genes influenced by WCF were higher compared to CCF.

CONCLUSION

The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for further study of Corni Fructus with different processing techniques in CRF. The findings also offer guidance for investigating the mechanism of action of herbal medicines in diseases employing diverse processing techniques.

Characterization of the metabolites of Eucommiae Cortex in rats provides a further insight into its estrogen-like effective substances

Eucommiae Cortex is one of important traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) used in Asia for preventing and treating osteoporosis induced by estrogen deficiency. However, the low exposure of prototype components in Eucommiae Cortex in vivo is difficult to interpret its efficacy. Under the guidance of UPLC-Q/TOF-MS, 42 metabolites including 32 lignans and 10 phenolics, 21 of which were new compounds, were isolated from rat urine and feces after oral administration of aqueous extract of E. ulmoides Oliv. by various chromatographic techniques. Their structures were determined based on extensive physicochemical analyses and spectral data. Their absolute configurations were determined by experimental and calculated ECD spectra, along with the calculated NMR with DP4 evaluation. Additionally, all isolated metabolites were evaluated for their estrogen-like activities, and there are 15 metabolites having estrogen-like effects after assessing influences in MCF-7 cells. Further, Dual Luciferase Reporter Gene Assay was used to determine their activation with estrogen receptor, M10 and M11 mixtures, M14, M19, M33, M27, M31, M38-M41 could activate ERα, and M19 and M41 could activate ERβ. These results not only clarify the pharmacological substances of Eucommiae Cortex, but also provide a basis for guiding its clinical application.

Pharmacokinetics of four tannin compounds from Sanguisorba officinalis L. before and after processing by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Sanguisorba officinalis L. possesses detoxifying, analgesic, and hemostatic properties. After charred processing, S. officinalis exhibits significantly enhanced medicinal effects. Currently, most pharmacokinetic studies focus on the chemical constituents of unprocessed S. officinalis. There is limited research on the comparison of chemical constituents before and after processing. This study established a pharmacokinetic method using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (UHPLC-MS/MS) to simultaneously determine the levels of four tannin compounds in rat plasma. In negative ion mode, MS/MS detection was performed using an electrospray ionization source. Chromatographic separation was performed using WATERS ACQUITY HSS T3 column (2.1 × 100 mm, 1.8 µm) with a gradient elution of water and acetonitrile as the mobile phase. The pharmacokinetic results indicate that all four compounds reached peak concentrations within 2 h, demonstrating rapid absorption into the bloodstream within the gastrointestinal tract. Notably, the absorption was generally faster in the charred compound of S. officinalis after processing. These four compounds exhibited slower elimination in rat plasma, while in S. officinalis charcoal, the compounds were eliminated more rapidly. The pharmacokinetic results have revealed the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the four analytes in rat plasma which provides valuable reference information for further investigating the in vivo absorption process of S. officinalis after processing.

Chronopharmacology of diuresis via metabolic profiling and key biomarker discovery of the traditional Chinese prescription Ji-Ming-San using tandem mass spectrometry in rat models

BACKGROUND

Ji-Ming-Shan (JMS) is a traditional prescription used for patients with rheumatism, tendons swelling, relief of foot pain, athlete's foot, diuresis, gout. Although many studies have investigated the active compounds in each herb, the functional mechanism behind its therapeutic effect remains unclear.

STUDY DESIGN

Metabolic cages for sample collection. The serum components obtained from the experimental animals were analyzed using LC-MS/MS. Furthermore, cross-analysis using the software MetaboAnalyst and Venn diagrams were used to investigate chronopharmacology of JMS in the animal models.

PURPOSE

The aim of this study is to analyze the diuretic effects of JMS and to explore their chronopharmacology involved in organ regulation through four-quarter periods from serum samples of rat models.

METHODS

Metabolic cages were used for collecting the urine samples and PocketChem UA PU-4010, Fuji DRI-CHEM 800 were used to examine the urine biochemical parameters. The serum components were identified through ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight (UPLC-Q-TOF) with a new developed method. Cross analysis, Venn diagram, MetaboAnalyst were used to investigate the key biomarker and major metabolism route with the oral administration of the drug.

RESULT

JMS significantly changed the 6 h urine volume with no observed kidney toxicity. Urine pH value ranges from 7.0 to 7.5. The chronopharmacology of JMS diuresis activity were 0-6 and 6-12 groups. UPLC-Q-TOF analyses identified 243 metabolites which were determined in positive mode and negative mode respectively. With cross analysis in the Venn diagram, one key biomarker naringenin-7-O-glucoside has been identified. Major metabolic pathways such as 1: Glycerophospholipid metabolism, 2: Primary bile acid biosynthesis, 3: Sphingolipid metabolism, 4: Riboflavin metabolism, 5: Linoleic acid metabolism, 6: Butanoate metabolism.

CONCLUSION

JMS significantly changed the urine output of animals in the 0-6 and 6-12 groups. No change in urine pH was observed and also kidney toxicity. A new UPLC-Q-TOF method was developed for the detection of the metabolites of JMS after oral administration. The cross analysis with Venn diagram and identified the key biomarker of JMS namely naringenin-7-O-glucoside. The results showed that six major pathways are involved in the gastrointestinal system and the liver. This study demonstrated the capability of JMS prescription in the regulation of diuresis and identified a key biomarker that is responsible for its therapeutic effect.

Spectrum-effect relationship combined with bioactivity evaluation to discover the main anxiolytic active components of Baihe Dihuang decoction

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Anxiety disorders leads to a decline in quality of life and increased risk of morbidity and mortality. The Baihe Dihuang decoction (BDD) is a classic Chinese medical formula that has been widely used to treat anxiety disorders for thousands of years in China. However, the pharmacodynamic material that is responsible for the antianxiety of BDD remains unclear.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To screen the main ingredients of anti-anxiety in BDD based on the establishment of spectrum-effect relationship and verified experiment.

METHODS

The UPLC-Q-TOF/MS technique was utilized to establish fingerprints of various fractions of BDD and identify the main compounds. The anti-anxiety effects of BDD were comprehensively evaluated through multiple assessments, including the open field test, elevated plus maze test, and neurotransmitters tests. Then, the spectrum-effect relationship was established through Pearson correlation analysis, gray correlation analysis, orthogonal partial least squares regression analysis. The spectrum-effect relationship results were confirmed through various measures on an anxiety condition cell model, induced by a corticosterone and lipopolysaccharide intervention. These measures included assessing neuronal cell viability, morphology, apoptosis, synaptic damage, and the expression of neurotransmitters and inflammatory factors.

RESULTS

In the UPLC-Q-TOF-MS fingerprint, 46 common peaks were identified. The pharmacological results indicated that different fractions of BDD have strong effects on improving anxiety-like behavior and regulating neurotransmitters. Among them, butanol fraction has the highest comprehensive evaluation score of anti-anxiety efficacy, which is main active fraction of BDD for anti-anxiety. The analysis of the spectrum-effect relationship revealed that the 46 peaks exhibited varying degrees of correlation with the anti-anxiety efficacy indicators of BDD. Among them, 14 components have a high correlation with the anti-anxiety efficacy indicators, which may be the potential anti-anxiety efficacy components of BDD. The in vitro activity verification of active components verified our prediction, regaloside A, B, C, D, H, acteoside, and isoacteoside improved neuronal cell viability, cell morphology, apoptosis, and synaptic damage. Additionally, regaloside A, B, C, D, H and acteoside regulated the neurotransmitter levels, while regaloside A, B, C, D, acteoside and isoacteoside inhibited the levels of inflammatory cytokines.

CONCLUSION

The butanol fraction was found to be the main active fraction of BDD, and 14 compounds were the major anxiolytic active components. The results of verifying the major active components were consistent with the predicted results of the spectrum-effect analysis. The developed spectrum-effect analysis in this study demonstrates high accuracy and reliability for screening active components in TCMs.

Investigation of the principle of concoction by using the processing excipient Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. juice to reduce the main toxicity of Dioscorea bulbifera L. and enhance its main efficacy as expectorant and cough suppressant

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Dioscorea bulbifera L. (Rhizoma Dioscoreae Bulbiferae; RDB) is commonly used as an expectorant and cough suppressant herb but is accompanied by severe hepatotoxicity. Using the juice of auxiliary herbs (such as Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. (Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma; GRR) juice) in concocting poisonous Chinese medicine is a conventional method to reduce toxicity or increase effects. Our previous study found that concoction with GRR juice provided a detoxifying effect against the major toxic hepatotoxicity induced by RDB, but the principle for the detoxification of the concoction is unknown to date.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The principle of concoction was investigated by using the processing excipient GRR juice to reduce the major toxic hepatotoxicity of RDB, and the efficacy of RDB as an expectorant and cough suppressant was enhanced.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

In this study, common factors (RDB:GRR ratio, concocted temperature, and concocted time) in the concoction process were used for the preparation of each RDB concocted with GRR juice by using an orthogonal experimental design. We measured the content of the main toxic compound diosbulbin B (DB) and serum biochemical indicators and performed pathological analysis in liver tissues of mice to determine the best detoxification process of RDB concocted with GRR juice. On this basis, the biological mechanisms of target organs were detected by Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at the inflammation and apoptosis levels. Further, the effects of RDB on expectorant and cough suppressant with GRR juice were evaluated by the conventional tests of phenol red expectorant and concentrated ammonia-induced cough. Lastly, the major compounds in the GRR juice introduced to RDB concoction were determined.

RESULTS

RDB concocted with GRR juice significantly alleviated DB content, serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase levels, and improved liver pathological damages. The best detoxification process was achieved by using an RDB:GRR ratio of 100:20 at 120 °C for 20 min. Further, RDB concocted with GRR juice down-regulated the protein levels of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), and Bcl-2 related X protein (Bax) in the liver and enhanced the expectorant and cough suppressant effects of RDB. Finally, liquiritin (LQ) and glycyrrhizic acid (GA) in the GRR juice were introduced to the RDB concoction.

CONCLUSION

Concoction with GRR juice not only effectively reduced the major toxic hepatotoxicity of RDB but also enhanced its main efficacy as an expectorant and cough suppressant, and that the rationale for the detoxification and/or potentiation of RDB was related to the reduction in the content of the main hepatotoxic compound, DB, the introduction of the hepatoprotective active compounds, LQ and GA, in the auxiliary GRR juice, as well as the inhibition of NF-κB/COX-2/Bax signaling-mediated inflammation and apoptosis.

The compatibility rationality of Sijunzi decoction based on integrated analysis of tissue distribution and excretion characteristics in spleen deficiency syndrome rats

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

As a classical prescription for treating spleen deficiency syndrome (SDS), Sijunzi decoction (SJZD) is composed of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma (RG, Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.), Atractylodes Macrocephalae Rhizoma (AM, Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz.), Poria (Poria cocos (Schw.) Wolf) and Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma Praeparata Cum Melle (GRP, processed from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. or Glycyrrhiza glabra L.). The non-polysaccharides (NPSs) are the pharmacodynamic substance basis of SJZD, whose pharmacokinetics in SDS rats were elaborated previously. Further study on their tissue distribution and excretion properties is of significance for understanding the compatibility laws of SJZD.

AIM OF THE STUDY

The aim was to unravel the tissue distribution and excretion characteristics of NPSs of SJZD in SDS rats, and explore the scientific connotation of SJZD compatibility.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A validated ultrafast liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for monitoring the accurate dynamics of sixteen components in the tissues, feces and urine of SDS rats. The four incomplete formulae of SJZD were prepared by randomly deleting one herb to uncover the herb-herb interactions.

RESULTS

All components of NPSs in SJZD were distributed in the tissues, except for ononin in the heart. Among them, glycyrrhetinic acid and atractylenolide III were more abundant in the liver and lung, respectively, while other components were enriched in the ileum, especially saponins. The evaluation of fecal excretion and urinary excretion revealed the low cumulative excretion of all components. The comparative analysis of incomplete formulae indicated that the tissue distribution and excretion became faster after removing Poria from SJZD, while a lack of RG led to slower tissue distribution. The tissue distribution at most time points was reduced when AM was absent. Further comprehensive visualization implied that SJZD compatibility can improve tissue distribution of the NPSs, especially ginsenosides and atractylenolide, at the specific time periods.

CONCLUSION

The tissue distribution and excretion characteristics of NPSs of SJZD were elucidated in current research. Meanwhile, this study proposed new insights into the mechanism of SJZD compatibility rationality.

A strategy for deciphering the bioactive metabolites of Farfarae Flos by the inter-individual variability of the antitussive effect

Farfarae Flos is a commonly used traditional herb for the treatment of respiratory disorders. In this study, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with the mass defect filter method was used for the qualitative analysis of Farfarae Flos metabolites in the lung tissues. Then a method for the simultaneous determination of 14 Farfarae Flos metabolites was developed and validated in terms of specificity, linearity, precision and accuracy, matrix effect and recovery. The method was applied to compare the lung tissue of Farfarae Flos treated mice, and 10 caffeoylquinic acid metabolites were higher in the mice with better antitussive effect. Further network pharmacology analysis and molecular docking results showed that these metabolites played an important role in the antitussive effect of Farfarae Flos. This study presented a novel strategy for deciphering the active compounds of herbal medicine by inter-individual variability of bioactivities.

Metabolomics-based investigation of the chemical composition changes in Mongolian medicinal plant Euphorbia pekinensis before and after processing with Chebulae Fructus

Euphorbia pekinensis (EP), known for its diuretic properties, is clinically utilized for treating conditions such as edema and malignant tumors. However, in its raw form, Euphorbia pekinensis is toxic, and oral administration of this crude medicine can lead to gastrointestinal stimulation, resulting in abdominal pain and diarrhea. In Mongolian medicine's ethnomedicinal system, a distinctive processing method called "Chebulae Fructus processing" is employed. Chebulae Fructus is used to mitigate the toxicity of EP and alleviate its purgative effects. Nevertheless, the detoxification mechanism associated with this processing method remains unexplored. It is hypothesized that processing with Chebulae Fructus may alter the chemical composition of EP, and the residual components of Chebulae Fructus within processed Chinese medicine might exhibit pharmacological antagonistic effects, thereby achieving the purpose of processing and reducing toxicity. To investigate this further, a combination of UPLC-QTOF-MS-based metabolomics technology and multivariate statistical analysis was employed to analyze and compare the chemical composition of raw and processed EP. Differential variables contributing to group separation were identified based on specific criteria, including VIP (Variable Importance in Projection) values of ≥ 1 in PLS-DA models, p-values < 0.05, and fold changes (FC) > 1.2 or < 0.8. The resulting differentially expressed features were then identified through database matching, literature review, or manual annotation. In total, 47 components were identified from the PEP samples in both positive and negative ionization modes, primarily belonging to flavonoids, terpenoids, organic acids, glycosides, and fatty acids. Among the raw EP group and PEP S4 group, 10 differential compounds were identified. Notably, one toxic terpene and one phenylpropanoid from EP were downregulated, while two bioactive components from Chebulae Fructus were upregulated in the processed group. The possible conversion reactions of these two processing Q-markers were also elucidated. The characteristic processing with Chebulae Fructus resulted in a change in the composition of this Mongolian medicine EP. Furthermore, this study provides a scientific foundation for optimizing the processing technology of EP and offers insights into the processing of other ethnomedicines with toxic properties.

Extraction, purification, structural characteristics and biological properties of the polysaccharides from Radix Saposhnikoviae: A review

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Radix Saposhnikoviae (R. Saposhnikoviae), commonly known as FangFeng, is a renowned medicinal herb in China extensively utilized in traditional Chinese medicine. It expels pathogenic wind from the body surface, alleviates pain by removing dampness, and relieves convulsion. Therefore, it is mainly used for treating exterior syndrome, itchy wind papules, rheumatic arthralgia, and splenic asthenia-induced dampness. R. saposhnikoviae has important medicinal value, and the polysaccharide component is one of its important active ingredients.

AIM OF THE REVIEW

This review summarizes the factors influencing the content of polysaccharides in R. Saposhnikoviae (PRSs), the techniques employed for their extraction, separation, and purification, their structural characterization, and their biological activities.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Relevant research reports on PRSs were collected from the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Web of Science, PubMed, Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, China Master Theses Full-text Database, and China Doctoral Dissertations Full-text Database.

RESULTS

The content of PRSs can vary depending on cultivation methods and harvesting time. PRSs were extracted using various extraction techniques such as hot water, ultrasonic-assisted, microwave-assisted, and enzymatic extractions, as well as water extraction and alcohol precipitation. Effective purification methods involve protein removal using trifluoro-trichloroethane and the decolorization of the polysaccharide using column chromatography with D280 anion exchange resins. Current research highlights the significant pharmacological activities of PRSs in R. Saposhnikoviae, including immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-allergic, anti-cancer, and anti-osteoporotic effects as well as prevention of calcium loss and maintenance of mucosal function.

CONCLUSIONS

PRSs play a crucial role as bioactive constituents of R. Saposhnikoviae, exhibiting diverse biological activities and promising applications. A deeper understanding of PRSs will contribute to the improved utilization of R. Saposhnikoviae and the development of related derivatives of the active ingredients.

Metabolic profiles of Fufang Xiling Jiedu capsule in rats by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry

Fufang Xiling Jiedu capsule (FXJC), a traditional Chinese medicine that evolved from "Yinqiao Powder", is widely used for the treatment of cold and influenza. However, due to a lack of in vivo metabolism research, the chemical components responsible for the therapeutic effects still remain unclear. Hence, this study aimed to describe the metabolic profiles of the FXJC in rat plasma, urine, and feces. A combined data mining strategy based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry was employed and 201 xenobiotics, including 117 prototype components and 84 metabolites were detected. Phenolic acids, flavonoids, triterpenes, and lignans were prominent ingredients absorbed in vivo, and the major metabolic pathways of the detected metabolites were glucuronidation, sulfation, methylation, and oxidation. This is the first systematic study on the metabolism of the FXJC in vivo, providing valuable information for future studies on the efficacy, toxicity, and mechanism of the FXJC.

Effects of different drying methods on the contents of active ingredients of Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk and optimization of the drying process by response surface methodology

INTRODUCTION

Saposhnikovia divaricata (Turcz.) Schischk is one of the most widely used Chinese herbs worldwide. It has anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties and hence has a high clinical value. As the moisture level in S. divaricata is high after harvest, it requires drying.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to find a scientific drying method and optimize the drying conditions of the best drying method of S. divaricata using response surface methodology (RSM).

METHODOLOGY

The effects of 4 different drying methods on the contents of prim-O-glucosylcimifugin, cimifugin, 5-O-methylvisamminol, and sec-O-glucosylhamaudol were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Chroma, the rehydration ratio, and active component content were used as indices, and slice thickness, drying temperature, and drying time were used as independent variables to optimize the drying conditions of the optimal drying method of S. divaricata using RSM combined with the Box-Behnken design.

RESULTS

The results showed that the optimal drying conditions were as follows: slice thickness, 4.00 mm; drying temperature, 60°C; and drying time, 15 h.

CONCLUSION

Under optimal drying conditions, the measured values were extremely close to the predicted values. The results of variance analysis showed that the model had a high degree of fit and the drying conditions of S. divaricata were optimized successfully.

Rapid identification of the compounds of Bushen Huoxue Prescription based on offline two-dimensional liquid chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry and molecular network technology

The comprehensive and efficient characterization of components in traditional Chinese medicine is crucial for elucidating its active constituents and uncovering its mechanism. Identifying the compounds of the Bushen Huoxue Prescription (BHP) is difficult because of its complex composition and the large difference in concentration among its compounds. In this study, a hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled with reversed-phase LC (HILIC × RPLC) offline 2D-LC tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry method was established to analyze the total compounds of the BHP. Database screening and molecular networking were performed to identify the compounds. In contrast to conventional 1D chromatography, 2D chromatography increased peak capacity, enriched trace ingredients, and prevented the masking of high-abundance compounds. A total of 165 compounds were identified, and 14 potential compounds needed to be further identified. This study provided an effective method for comprehensively analyzing the complex system of traditional Chinese medicine compounds.

Rapid analysis of the chemical constituents in Qiangli Dingxuan tablets using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry

Qiangli Dingxuan (QLDX) tablet is a widely recognized traditional Chinese medicine formula that has been extensively used in China for decades to treat vertigo, tinnitus, and dizziness owing to its outstanding therapeutic outcomes. However, the complexity of the chemical components in this tablet makes it challenging to separate and identify these components. This study presented an effective and sensitive strategy for the rapid separation and simultaneous structural identification of QLDX tablet components using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry and the UNIFI platform. Based on retention times, accurate masses, fragment ions, related literature, and authentic standards, 119 compounds were identified or tentatively characterized; these included 9 iridoids, 12 lignans, 21 phenylpropanoids, 27 flavonoids, 7 phthalides, and 43 others. Among them, 36 were confirmed using reference standards. The representative compounds with various chemical structures were studied by analyzing their fragmentation patterns and characteristic ions. In conclusion, this study established a rapid approach for characterizing the chemical constituents in QLDX tablet. The proposed approach provides a basis for qualitative analysis and quality control in the manufacturing process and is beneficial for advancing investigations into the efficacy and mechanism of action of this tablet.

[Quality evaluation of salt-fired Eucommiae Cortex based on HPLC fingerprint, multi-component content determination, and chemometrics]

This study established an HPLC fingerprint and multi-component content determination method for salt-fired Eucommiae Cortex, and evaluated the quality of salt-fired Eucommiae Cortex from different sources using fingerprint similarity evaluation, cluster analysis(CA), principal component analysis(PCA), and orthogonal partial least square discriminate analysis(OPLS-DA). HPLC was launched on a Cosmosil 5C_(18)-MS-Ⅱ column(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 μm) by gradient elution with a mobile phase of methanol-0.2% phosphoric acid aqueous solution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min~(-1), detection wavelength of 238 nm, column temperature of 30 ℃, and an injection volume of 10 μL. The results of fingerprint similarity evaluation for 20 batches of salt-fired Eucommiae Cortex indicated that, except for batch S3 with a similarity of 0.893, the similarity of the other 19 batches was of ≥ 0.919, suggesting good similarity. Fourteen common peaks were calibrated and seven common peaks were identified including geniposidic acid. The mass fractions of geniposidic acid, chlorogenic acid, geniposide, genipin, pinoresinol diglucoside, liriodendrin, and pinoresinol-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside were 0.062 0%-0.426 9%, 0.024 9%-0.116 5%, 0.009 5%-0.052 9%, 0.005 5%-0.034 8%, 0.115 9%-0.317 8%, 0.016 4%-0.108 8%, and 0.026 4%-0.039 8%, respectively. Using CA, PCA, and OPLS-DA, the 20 batches of salt-fired Eucommiae Cortex were classified into three categories. Additionally, through the analysis of variable importance in projection(VIP) under OPLS-DA, two differential quality markers, geniposidic acid and chlorogenic acid, were identified. The established HPLC fingerprint and multi-component content determination method is stable and reliable, providing a reference for quality control of salt-fired Eucommiae Cortex.

Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid metabolites affected by WenDanTang based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high-resolution mass spectrometry

WenDanTang (WDT) is a Chinese herbal formula used to treat various diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. However, the neuroprotective metabolic pathways and the components involved in this process are not fully understood. In this study, we examined the neuroprotective metabolic pathways of WDT in rat brains using cerebrospinal fluid metabolomics and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry. Twelve rats were randomly divided into a WDT (administrated with WDT solution) and a control group. The ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography technique was used to explore the components of the WDT solution and cerebrospinal fluid, and secondary mass spectra of cerebrospinal fluid were used to identify possible brain-incorporating components after WDT. The results of the differential metabolism analysis showed that eight metabolites were typically altered (all p < 0.05). By comparing the secondary mass spectra of the cerebrospinal fluid of rats and WDT solution, two possible brain-incorporating components of WDT, stachydrine and α-methoxyphenylacetic acid, were identified. The data also suggested that WDT affects nucleotide metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and B-vitamin metabolic pathways, the central differential metabolic pathways. These data suggest that WDT protects neurons through its active components, such as stachydrine, and regulates biochemical metabolism to affect the brain's energy metabolism and antioxidant capacity.

Correlations between flavor and fermentation days and changes in quality-related physiochemical characteristics of fermented Aurantii Fructus

The effects of different fermentation times (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 days) on the physicochemical properties and flavor components of fermented Aurantii Fructus (FAF) were evaluated. Component analysis identified 66 compounds in positive ion mode and 32 compounds in negative ion mode. Flash GC e-nose results showed that propanal, (+)-limonene and n-nonanal may be the flavor characteristic components that distinguish FAF with different fermentation days. Furthermore, we found that the change of total flavonoid content was closely related to colony growth vitality. The total flavonoid content of FAF gradually decreased from 3rd day and then increased from 5th day (3rd day: 0.766 ± 0.123 mg/100 g; 4th day: 0.464 ± 0.001 mg/100 g; 5th day: 0.850 ± 0.192 mg/100 g). Finally, according to antioxidant activity correlation analysis, meranzin, (+)-limonene and total flavonoids were found to be the key substances affecting the fermentation days of FAF. Overall, the optimal fermentation time for FAF was 4 days.

Discovery of effective combination from Renshen-Fuzi herbal pair against heart failure by spectrum-effect relationship analysis and zebrafish models

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Traditional herbal pair Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma (roots and rhizomes of Panax ginseng C.A. Mey, Renshen in Chinese) and Aconiti Lateralis Radix Praeparata (lateral roots of Aconitum carmichaelii Debeaux, Fuzi in Chinese), composition of two traditional Chinese medicinal herbs, has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine formula, in which Shenfu decoction has been used clinically in China for the treatment of heart failure at present.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Although the ginsenosides and aconite alkaloids have been proven as the essential bioactive components in Renshen-Fuzi herbal pair, the exact composition of effective components to combat heart failure are still unclear. Therefore, spectrum-effect relationship analysis was performed to reveal its effective combination for anti-heart failure effect.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Firstly, the chemical constituents of Renshen-Fuzi herbal pair were identified using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF MS). The 39 major compounds in Renshen-Fuzi with five different compatibility ratios were simultaneously quantified using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QQQ MS/MS). Subsequently, zebrafish models induced by verapamil hydrochloride were constructed and four heart failure-related indexes were selected for pharmacodynamic evaluation of Renshen-Fuzi. To analyze the spectrum-effect relationships, partial least squares regression (PLSR) models were established among the contents of 39 compounds in Renshen-Fuzi with each pharmacodynamic index. According to the contribution of each compound to the whole efficacy, 12 compounds were finally screened out as the effective combination.

RESULTS

A total of 157 chemical compounds of Renshen-Fuzi herbal pair were identified, in which 39 components were simultaneously determined. The pharmacological effects indicated that Renshen-Fuzi with 1:2 ratio exhibited the best effect based on zebrafish model, which could improve cardiac output and blood flow velocity and inhibit pericardial enlargement and venous blood stasis significantly. A combination of 9 ginsenosides and 3 aconite alkaloids based on a component-efficacy modeling by PLSR was screened, and exerted approximately equivalent pharmacological effects compared with Renshen-Fuzi herbal pair.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings elucidated the effective combination of Renshen-Fuzi herbal pair that has been used in clinic for the treatment of heart failure, which could also promote the pharmacological research and quality control of their formula such as Shenfu decoction.

Chemical composition analysis of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels and its four processed products by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry combining with nontargeted metabolomics

Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels. has been used for women to enrich the blood, prevent and treat blood deficiency syndrome in Traditional Chinese Medicine for thousands of years. Wine-processed Angelica sinensis, soil-processed Angelica sinensis, oil-processed Angelica sinensis, and charred-processed Angelica sinensis are the most significant four processed products used in Chinese clinic. However, there have been few studies aimed at comparing their chemical differences. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-orbitrap mass spectrometry combining with nontargeted metabolomics was applied to investigate the diversity of processed products of Angelica sinensis. A total of 74 compounds with the variable importance in the projection value more than 1.5 and P less than 0.05 in ANOVA were highlighted as the compounds that contribute most to the discrimination of Angelica sinensis and four processed products. The results showed the metabolic changes between Angelica sinensis and its four processed products, there were 19 metabolites, 3 metabolites, 6 metabolites, and 45 metabolites were tentatively assigned in soil-processed Angelica sinensis, wine-processed Angelica sinensis, oil-processed Angelica sinensis, and charred-processed Angelica sinensis, respectively. These results suggested that the proposed metabolomics approach was useful for the quality evaluation and control of processed products of Angelica sinensis.

Comparative pharmacokinetics of four bioactive components in normal and chronic heart failure rats after oral administration of Qiangxin Lishui Prescription by microdialysis combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography

Qiangxin Lishui Prescription (QLP) has been clinically applied for treating heart failure with remarkable curative effects. A multi-component pharmacokinetic research is very necessary for determining active substances in it. This study aims to profile the traits and differences in the pharmacokinetics of salvianolic acid B, astragaloside IV, calycosin-7-O-β-D-glucoside and kaempferol in QLP between normal and chronic heart failure (CHF) rats by microdialysis combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). Sensitive, selective, and online microdialysis combined with the UHPLC-MS/MS method was successfully established and applied to study the pharmacokinetics of QLP. The pathological condition of CHF could lead to the enhancement of systematic exposure and reduction of the metabolic rate of four bioactive components for better bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. The pharmacokinetic results will provide data support for the clinical application of QLP.

Integration of non-targeted multicomponent profiling, targeted characteristic chromatograms and quantitative to accomplish systematic quality evaluation strategy of Huo-Xiang-Zheng-Qi oral liquid

Huo-Xiang-Zheng-Qi oral liquid (HXZQOL) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine formula for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases, with the pharmacologic effects of antiinflammatory, immune protection and gastrointestinal motility regulation. More significantly, HXZQOL is recommended for the treatment of COVID-19 patients with gastrointestinal symptoms, and it has been clinically proven to reduce the inflammatory response in patients with COVID-19. However, the effective and overall quality control of HXZQOL is currently limited due to its complex composition, especially the large amount of volatile and non-volatile active components involved. In this study, aimed to fully develop a comprehensive strategy based on non-targeted multicomponent identification, targeted authentication and quantitative analysis for quality evaluation of HXZQOL from different batches. Firstly, the non-targeted high-definition MSE (HDMSE) approach is established based on UHPLC/IM-QTOF-MS, utilized for multicomponent comprehensive characterization of HXZQOL. Combined with in house library-driven automated peak annotation and comparison of 47 reference compounds, 195 components were initially identified. In addition, HS-SPME-GC-MS was employed to analyze the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in HXZQOL, and a total of 61 components were identified by comparison to the NIST database, reference compounds as well as retention indices. Secondly, based on the selective ion monitoring (SIM) of 24 "identity markers" (involving each herbal medicine), characteristic chromatograms (CCs) were established on LC-MS and GC-MS respectively, to authenticate 15 batches of HXZQOL samples. The targeted-SIM CCs showed that all marker compounds in 15 batches of samples could be accurately monitored, which could indicate preparations authenticity. Finally, a parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) method was established and validated to quantify the nine compounds in 15 batches of HXZQOL. Conclusively, this study first reports chemical-material basis, SIM CCs and quality evaluation of HXZQOL, which is of great implication to quality control and ensuring the authenticity of the preparation.

Metabolomics analysis of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus at different harvest times during the whole growing period based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry

After medicinal market research, it was found that the harvest time of Ligustri Lucidi Fructus (LLF) was chaotic in practice. In order to determine the optimal harvest period of LLF to ensure its pharmacological activity, metabolomics analysis of LLF at different harvest times based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole-(linear ion trap)-tandem mass spectrometry was established. In this study, 166 differential metabolites (DMs) in 448 metabolites at different harvest times were screened out based on variable importance in projection value, and among them, 94 DMs with regular trends of change in relative content (59 increased and 35 decreased with the growth period) were chosen to further research. The result of the multivariate statistical analysis showed that November was the optimal harvest period of LLF. Additionally, 10-hydroxyligustroside, oleoside 11-methyl ester, and salidroside were screened out to be used as the evaluation indicators of immature LLF, while specnuezhenide, nuezhenoside G13, and neonuezhenide were the evaluation indicators of mature LLF. This study provides fundamental insight for metabolite identification and proposes the best harvest period of LLF to avoid confusion in the medicinal market.

Qualitative identification and quantitative comparison of Physochlainae Radix from different regions based on chemometric methods

Physochlainae Radix (PR) is an essential herbal medicine that has been generally applied for treating cough and asthma. In this study, a comprehensive strategy for quality evaluation of PR from different origins was established by integrating qualitative identification, quantitative analysis, and chemometric methods. A total of 58 chemical components were identified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS), and a sensitive and rapid UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS method was established for the simultaneous determination of 12 compounds. In addition, multivariate statistical analysis was applied for discriminant analysis to compare the differences among 30 batches of PR samples. The results showed that the 30 batches of PR collected from four provinces could be clustered into three categories, in which scoparone, protocatechuic acid, tropic acid, and scopolin were important components to distinguish the primary and non-primary producing areas, as well as superior and inferior products of PR. Chemometric results were consistent and validated each other, and systematically explained the intrinsic quality characteristics of PR. This study first demonstrated that LC-MS combined with multivariate statistical analysis, provided a comprehensive and effective means for quality evaluation of PR.

Characterization of chemical constituents in Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu decoction using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry

Huangqi Guizhi Wuwu decoction (HGWWD) is a classic traditional Chinese medicine prescription for the treatment of ischemic stroke, etc. However, the material basis of its efficacy remains unclear, seriously affecting drug development and clinical applications. In the present study, an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry method was developed to separate and identify the chemical components of HGWWD. A total of 81 compounds were identified and tentatively characterized. Eight compounds were accurately identified by comparing the retention time and mass spectrometry data with those of reference substances, the remaining compounds were characterized by comparing the mass spectrometry data and reference information. Based on the results of compound attribution, 35 compounds were from Astragali Radix, six compounds were from Cinnamomi Ramulus, 23 compounds were from Paeoniae Radix Alba, eight compounds were from Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens and nine compounds were from Jujubae Fructus. The results showed that monoterpenoids, flavonoids, organic acids, triterpenes, amino acids, gingerols, alkaloids, and glycosides were the main chemical components of HGWWD. This analytical method is suitable for characterizing the chemical constituents of HGWWD, and the results provide important information for elucidating its pharmacodynamic material basis and mechanism of action.

An aggregation-induced emission sensor combined with UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS for fast identification of anticoagulant active ingredients from traditional Chinese medicine

Xuebijing injection (XBJ) has a good therapeutic effect on the patients with severe coronavirus disease, but the material basis of XBJ with the anticoagulant effect to improve the coagulopathy and thromboembolism is still unclear. Herein, we developed a new strategy based on aggregation-induced emission (AIE) for monitoring thrombin activity and screening thrombin inhibitors from XBJ. The molecule AIE603 and the thrombin substrate peptide S-2238 were formed into AIE nanoparticle (AIENP) which emitted notable fluorescence due to the restriction of intramolecular motions. In the presence of thrombin, AIENP was specifically hydrolyzed and AIE603 was released from AIENP, leading to the decrease of fluorescence intensity. Furthermore, AIENP was combined with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-fraction collector (UHPLC-FC) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS) for separation, preparation, screening and identification of the thrombin inhibitors from XBJ, a total of 58 chemical constituents were identified, among which 6 compounds possessed higher anticoagulant activity. Notably, the overall inhibition rate of the 6 mixed standards was equivalent to about 60% of the inhibition rate of XBJ. Therefore, this work provides a novel, cheap and simple method for monitoring thrombin activity and is promising to screen active substances from traditional Chinese medicines.

[Screening of quality markers and activity verification of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma based on small molecule compound-protein interaction]

In order to solve the problem of weak correlation between quality control components and efficacy of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, this study detected the interaction between small molecular chemical components of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and total proteins of various organs of mice by fluorescence quenching method to screen potential active components. The 27 chemical components in Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma were detected by HPLC and their deletion rates in 34 batches of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma were calculated. Combined with the principle of component effectiveness and measurability, the potential quality markers(Q-markers) of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma were screened. RAW264.7 macrophage injury model was induced by microplastics. The cell viability and nitric oxide content were detected by CCK-8 and Griess methods. The levels of inflammatory factors(TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, CRP) and oxidative stress markers(SOD, MDA, GSH) were detected by the ELISA method to verify the activity of Q-markers. It was found that the interaction strength between different chemical components and organ proteins in Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma was different, reflecting different organ selectivity and 18 active components were screened out. Combined with the signal-to-noise ratio of the HPLC chromatographic peaks and between-run stability of the components, seven chemical components such as liquiritin apioside, liquiritin, isoliquiritin apioside, isoliquiritin, liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin and ammonium glycyrrhizinate were finally screened as potential Q-markers of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma. In vitro experiments showed that Q-markers of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma could dose-dependently alleviate RAW264.7 cell damage induced by microplastics, inhibit the secretion of inflammatory factors, and reduce oxidative stress. Under the same total dose, the combination of various chemical components could synergistically enhance anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects compared with the single use. This study identified Q-markers related to the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, which can provide a reference for improving the quality control standards of Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma.

An efficient approach addressing the chemical complexity of Jiawei Fangji Huangqi decoction by integrating ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography/ion mobility-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and intelligent data processing workflows

A challenge in the quality control of traditional Chinese medicine is the systematic multicomponent characterization of the compound formulae. Jiawei Fangji Huangqi, a modified form of Fangji Huangqi, is a prescription comprising seven herbal medicines. To address the chemical complexity of the Jiawei Fangji Huangqi decoction, we integrated ion mobility-quadrupole time-of-flight high-definition MSE coupled to ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography and intelligent data processing workflows available in the UNIFI software package. Good chromatographic separation was achieved on CORTECS UPLC T3 column within 52 min, and high-accuracy MS2 data were acquired using high-definition MSE in the negative and positive modes. A chemical library of 1250 compounds was created and incorporated into the UNIFI software to enable automatic peak annotation of the high-definition MSE data. We identified or tentatively characterize 430 compounds in the Jiawei Fangji Huangqi decoction. The potential superiority of high-definition MSE over conventional MS data acquisition approaches was revealed in its spectral quality (MS2 ), differentiation of isomers, separation of coeluting compounds, and target mass coverage. The multiple components of the Jiawei Fangji Huangqi decoction were elucidated, offering insight into its improved pharmacological action compared with that of the Fangji Huangqi formula.

Integrated strategy facilitates rapid in-depth chemome characterization of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions: Shengbai oral liquid as a case

Chemome characterization is the prerequisite for either therapeutic mechanism clarification or quality control of traditional Chinese medicine prescriptions (TCMPs). Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) currently serves as the most popular analytical tool; however, chemome characterization is still challenged by MS/MS spectral acquisition and post-acquisition data processing. Here, an integrated strategy was proposed for in-depth chemome clarification of Shengbai oral liquid (SBOL). Gas phase ion fractionation with staggered mass ranges was demonstrated to be the superior acquisition method regarding MS2 spectrum coverage in this study, and narrower mass range further advanced coverage. To facilitate information extraction, all ingredient materials were measured in parallel to form an in-house library, where each MS1 -MS2 item generated a square mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) frame to capture the tagged identity and each chemical family produced a pentagon frame for mass defect features to accomplish chemical analogs-targeted quasi-molecular ion extraction. Square m/z frame imprinting captured 355 identities, while mass defect frames extracted 275 compounds. Attributing to comprehensive MS2 spectrum acquisition and efficient data processing, 355 components were captured and tentatively identified, resulting in a clarified chemical composition for SBOL. Therefore, the proposed strategy should be meaningful for the chemome characterization of TCMPs.

Rapid identification of chemical compositions of three species of Schisandra chinensis by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-orbitrap-mass spectrometry

Schisandra chinensis is a traditional Chinese medicine, which has played an important role in the field of medicine and food. In this study, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole-orbitrap-mass spectrometry was used to rapidly classify and identify the chemical compositions. Note that 32, 28, and 30 kinds of compounds were successfully identified from northern Schisandra chinensis, vinegar-processed Schisandra chinensis, and wine-processed Schisandra chinensis, respectively. The cleavage patterns of various components including lignans, organic acids, flavonoids, and terpenoids were summarized, and the effects of different processing methods on Schisandra chinensis were analyzed through chemical composition. This method realized the rapid classification and identification of raw Schisandra chinensis and two different processed products, and provided references for improving the traditional processing methods, strengthening quality control, and ensuring safe clinical application.

Unveiling differential mechanisms of chuanxiong cortex and pith in the treatment of coronary heart disease using SPME-GC×GC-MS and network pharmacology

Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort (LCH) is a well-known traditional Chinese medicinal herb for treating coronary heart disease (CHD). This study investigated the differential preventive mechanisms of Rhizome Cortex (RC) and Rhizome Pith (RP) of LCH. Solid-phase microextraction combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis identified 32 differential components, and network pharmacology revealed 11 active ingredients and 191 gene targets in RC, along with 12 active ingredients and 318 gene targets in RP. Primary active ingredients in RC were carotol, epicubenol, fenipentol, and methylisoeugenol acetate, while 3-undecanone, (E)- 5-decen-1-ol acetate, linalyl acetate, and (E)- 2-Methoxy-4-(prop-1-enyl) phenol were dominant in RP. KEGG mapping analysis associated 27 pathways with RC targets and 116 pathways with RP targets. Molecular docking confirmed the efficient activation of corresponding targets by these active ingredients. This study provides valuable insights into the preventive and therapeutic effects of RC and RP in CHD.

A Pharmacokinetic Study of Sixteen Major Bioactive Components of Jinshui-Huanxian Granules in Pulmonary Fibrosis Model and Control Rats Using Orbitrap Fusion Mass Spectrometry

Jinshui-Huanxian granules (JHGs), a Chinese herbal compound prescription, have shown a therapeutic effect in reducing lung tissue damage, improving the degree of pulmonary fibrosis, replenishing lungs and kidneys, relieving cough and asthma, reducing phlegm, and activating blood circulation. However, these active compounds' pharmacokinetics and metabolic processes were unclear. This study aimed to compare the pharmacokinetics, reveal the metabolic dynamic changes, and obtain the basic pharmacokinetic parameters of 16 main bioactive compounds after intragastric administration of JHGs in control and pulmonary fibrosis (PF) model rats by using Orbitrap Fusion MS. After administration of JHGs, the rat plasma was collected at different times. Pretreating the plasma sample with methanol and internal standard (IS) solution carbamazepine (CBZ), and it was then applied to a C18 column by setting gradient elution with a mobile phase consisting of methanol 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution. Detection was performed on an electrospray ionization source (ESI), and the scanning mode was SIM. Pharmacokinetic parameters were analyzed according to the different analytes' concentrations in plasma. The matrix effect was within the range of 79.01-110.90%, the extraction recovery rate was 80.37-102.72%, the intra-day and inter-day precision relative standard deviation (RSD) was less than 7.76%, and the stability was good, which met the requirements of biological sample testing. The method was validated (r ≥ 0.9955) and applied to compare the pharmacokinetic profiles of the control group and PF model group after intragastric administration of the JHGs. The 16 analytes exhibited different pharmacokinetic behaviors in vivo. In the pathological state of the PF model, most of the components were more favorable for metabolism and absorption, and it was more meaningful to study the pharmacokinetics. Above all, this study provided an essential reference for exploring the mechanism of action of JHGs and guided clinical medication as well.

[Discrimination of different processing degrees and quantitative study of processing end point of vinegar-processing Cyperi Rhizoma pieces based on electronic sensory technology]

In this study, CM-5 spectrophotometer and Heracles NEO ultra-fast gas-phase electronic nose were used to analyze the changes in color and odor of vinegar-processed Cyperi Rhizoma(VPCR) pieces. Various analysis methods such as DFA and partial least squares discriminant analysis(PLS-DA) were combined to identify different processing degrees and quantify the end point of processing. The results showed that with the increase in vinegar processing, the brightness parameter L~* of VPCR pieces decreased gradua-lly, while the red-green value a~* and yellow-blue value b~* initially increased and reached their maximum at 8 min of processing, followed by a gradual decrease. A discriminant model based on the color parameters L~*, a~*, and b~* was established(with a discrimination accuracy of 98.5%), which effectively differentiated different degrees of VPCR pieces. Using the electronic nose, 26 odor components were identified from VPCR samples at different degrees of vinegar processing. DFA and PLS-DA models were established for different degrees of VPCR pieces. The results showed that the 8-min processed samples were significantly distinct from other samples. Based on variable importance in projection(VIP) value greater than 1, 10 odor components, including 3-methylfuran, 2-methylbuty-raldehyde, 2-methylpropionic acid, furfural, and α-pinene, were selected as odor markers for differentiating the degrees of vinegar processing in VPCR. By combining the changes in color and the characteristic odor components, the optimal processing time for VPCR was determined to be 8 min. This study provided a scientific basis for the standardization of vinegar processing techniques for VPCR and the improvement of its quality standards and also offered new methods and ideas for the rapid identification and quality control of the end point of processing for other traditional Chinese medicine.

Preparative separation of iridoid glucosides and crocins from Gardeniae Fructus using sequential macroporous resin column chromatography and evaluation of their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities

Iridoid glycosides (geniposide (GP), genipin-1-gentiobioside (GB), etc.) and crocins (crocin Ⅰ (CR1), crocin Ⅱ(CR2), etc.) are two main bioactive components in Gardeniae Fructus (GF), which is a famous traditional Chinese medicine. Iridoid glycosides exhibit many activities and are used to manufacture gardenia blue pigment for the food industry. Crocins are rare natural water-soluble carotenoids that are often used as food colorants. A sequential macroporous resin column chromatography technology composed of HC-500B and HC-900B resins was developed to selectively separate iridoid glucosides and crocins from GF. The adsorption of GP on HC-900B resin was an exothermic process. The adsorption of CR1 on HC-500B resin was an endothermic process. The two kinds of components were completely separated by a sequential resin column. GB and GP were mainly found in product 1 (P1) with purities of 11.38% and 46.83%, respectively, while CR1 and CR2 were mainly found in product 2 (P2) with purities of 12.32% and 1.40%, respectively. The recovery yields of all the compounds were more than 80%. The above results showed that sequential resin column chromatography technology achieved high selectivity and recovery yields. GF extract, P1 and P2 could significantly inhibit the secretion of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced RAW264.7 cells, indicating that iridoid glycosides and crocins provide a greater contribution to the anti-inflammatory activity of GF. At the same time, compared to the GF extract and P1, P2 exhibited stronger scavenging activities against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radicals, indicating that crocins may provide a significant contribution to the antioxidant activity of GF.

Authentication of Platycladus Orientalis Leaves and Its Five Adulterants by Combination of Morphology and Microscopic Characteristics, TLC, and HPLC Analysis

BACKGROUND

Platycladus orientalis leaves (POL), as the source of the traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) Platycladi Cacumen, has frequently been found to be misused with five adulterants including Chamaecyparis obtusa leaves (COL), Cupressus funebris leaves (CFL), Juniperus virginiana leaves (JVL), Sabina chinensis leaves (SCL), and Juniperus formosana leaves (JFL).

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this study was to distinguish POL (fresh leaves) from its five adulterants (fresh leaves).

METHODS

The micromorphological features in terms of transection and microscopic characteristics of POL and adulterants were captured and compared using the an microscope. Both HPLC and TLC methods for the simultaneous determination of six bioactive flavonoids (myricitrin, isoquercitrin, quercitrin, amentoflavone, afzelin, and hinokiflavone) have been developed.

RESULTS

There were significant differences in microscopic features of transverse section and powders. The TLC results suggested that the spots of myricitrin in POL were more obvious than those in the five adulterants. The contents of myricitrin and quercitrin, or the total content of flavonoids in POL, determined by HPLC, were significantly higher than those in the adulterants.

CONCLUSION

POL was successfully distinguished from its five adulterants by the comparison of morphology, microscopic characteristics, and chemical profiles.

HIGHLIGHTS

This research provides a comprehensive morphology, microscopic identification, TLC, and HPLC analysis for authenticating POL and its five adulterants.