Angelica sinensis induces hair regrowth via the inhibition of apoptosis signaling

Hair loss is accompanied by keratinocyte apoptosis-regression during catagen and prolonged telogen. Angelica sinensis was reported to promote hair growth in vitro. Based on previous studies, we explored the hair growth effect and the mechanism of A. sinensis related to keratinocyte apoptosis-regression during catagen in mice. The 70% Ethanol extract of A. sinensis was applied topically at doses of 1 and 100 mg/mL to the dorsa of C57BL/6 mice for 2 weeks. The A. sinensis-treated group showed noticeable hair regrowth. Treatment with A. sinensis restored the lengths of hair shafts and size of hair follicles. In addition, mice treated with A. sinensis showed notably decreased apoptotic cells, along with a significant change in the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and the ratio of a pair of apoptosis-associated proteins: Bcl-2 and Bax. Also, A. sinensis inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, the phosphorylation of IκB-α, the phosphorylation of three mitogen-activated protein MAP kinases, and the activation of c-Jun with decreased TNF-α. These findings reveal a role of A. sinensis as an alternative treatment for hair loss that acts through hair cycle pathways associated with apoptosis regression during catagen.

Quantification of the placental epigenetic signature of the SERPINB5 gene in maternal plasma of pregnancies complicated by small for gestational age

INTRODUCTION

To investigate the association between pregnancies with small for gestational age (SGA) neonates and the concentration of cell-free fetal DNA or cell-free total DNA in maternal plasma during the first and second trimesters using tissue-specific epigenetic characteristics of the SERPINB5 gene.

METHODS

A nested case-control study was conducted with maternal plasma collected at 11 to 26 gestational weeks from 51 women with SGA neonates and 102 controls. We performed a real-time quantitative methylation-specific PCR to quantify concentrations of unmethylated-SERPINB5 (U-SERPINB5) as a cell-free fetal DNA marker and methylated-SERPINB5 (M-SERPINB5) as a cell-free total DNA marker.

RESULTS

A positive correlation was observed between U-SERPINB5 and M-SERPINB5 concentrations in both control (r = 0.363, p < 0.001) and SGA groups (r = 0.548, p < 0.001). Moreover, the concentration of U-SERPINB5 or M-SERPINB5 was significantly positive correlated with gestational age at sampling in both controls (U-SERPINB5: r = 0.397, p < 0.001; M-SERPINB5: r = 0.275, p = 0.005) and SGA (U-SERPINB5: r = 0.274, p = 0.052; M-SERPINB5: r = 0.439, p = 0.001). However, the concentration of U-SERPINB5 or M-SERPINB5 was not correlated with birthweight. At 11-14 weeks, U-SERPINB5 and M-SERPINB5 concentrations in SGA did not differ significantly from those of controls. There were also no statistically significant differences in the concentrations of U-SERPINB5 and M-SERPINB5 between SGA and controls at 15-26 weeks of gestation.

DISCUSSION

Our findings suggest that U-SERPINB5 and M-SERPINB5 concentrations in maternal plasma during early pregnancy are not associated with pregnancies who delivered SGA neonates.

Tm,Ho:KLu(WO₄)₂ laser mode-locked near 2 μm by single-walled carbon nanotubes

We demonstrate passive mode-locking of a Tm,Ho-codoped crystalline laser operating on the Ho³⁺-ion transition ⁵I₇→⁵I₈ near 2 µm using a single-walled carbon nanotube saturable absorber. The Tm,Ho:KLu(WO₄)₂ laser emits nearly transform-limited pulses with duration of 2.8 ps at a repetition rate of 91 MHz. The output power amounts to 97 mW.

Mechanisms of action of phytochemicals from medicinal herbs in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive dementia and deterioration of cognitive function. Although several drugs currently used for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease delay its onset and slow its progression, still there is no drug with profound disease-modifying effects. Studies aiming the treatment of this neurodegenerative disorder explore various disease mechanisms. Since antiquity, medicinal herbs have been used in traditional medicine. Recent studies suggest that the neurobiological effects of phytochemicals from medicinal herbs may contribute to clinical benefits in in vitro and in vivo models of Alzheimer's disease. This review focuses on five phytochemicals, berberine, curcumin, ginsenoside Rg1, puerarin, and silibinin, which have been mostly investigated to treat the development and progression of this neurodegenerative disorder.

Ameliorative effects of Schizandra chinensis on osteoporosis via activation of estrogen receptor (ER)-α/-β

Estrogen deficiency in menopausal women is the main cause of osteoporosis. Phytoestrogen could be a suitable candidate for treatment of post-menopausal osteoporosis. Recent studies showed that S. chinensis contains several lignans, which may be phytoestrogen. In this study, we investigated the ameliorative effects of S. chinensis on post-menopausal osteoporosis. 30% ethanol extract of S. chinensis (SC) was administered orally for 6 weeks after 7 weeks of ovariectomized-induced osteoporosis. Bone mineral density was significantly increased following increased serum osteocalcin levels by SC treatment. Histological analysis showed that SC reduced the increased growth plate of the epiphyseal plate in femur. In addition, pores within bone marrow cells filling the lateral and medial epicondyle were decreased. Serum estradiol concentration was significantly increased in the SC-treated group. The expressions of estrogen receptor-α and -β were increased in uterus and MCF-7 breast cancer cells by SC treatment. And two transcriptions of proto-oncogenes, c-fos and c-Jun, were suppressed by treatment of SC. From these data, we propose that S. chinensis attenuates post-menopausal osteoporosis with its phytoestrogenic effects. S. chinensis may have the potential to be used as an alternative for treatment of osteoporosis.

Carbon nanostructure-based saturable absorber mirror for a diode-pumped 500-MHz femtosecond Yb:KLu(WO4)2 laser

We report a diode-pumped Yb:KLu(WO(4))(2) (Yb:KLuW) laser passively mode-locked by employing a carbon nanostructure-based multi-functional saturable absorber mirror. Two types of carbon nanostructures, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and graphene, were deposited on a single dielectric mirror and applied both for stable mode-locking of the Yb:KLuW laser near 1050 nm in a compact cavity configuration. The carbon nanostructure mode-locked laser delivers 157-fs pulses with output powers of up to 85 mW at a repetition rate of 500 MHz.

Topical application of Kochia scoparia inhibits the development of contact dermatitis in mice

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Kochia scoparia (Chenopodiaceae) has been reported to have anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and anti-pruritic actions. This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of externally applied Kochia scoparia water extract (KSW) in 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced contact dermatitis mouse model.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

To develop atopic dermatitis-like skin lesions, 100μL of 1% DNCB in acetone/olive oil (4:1) had been applied for three days on shaved dorsal skin. 1% KSW was topically applied to DNCB-induced mice. After KSW treatment, histological analysis was measured by hematoxylin eosin staining. The cytokine and pro-inflammatory expressions were examined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and western blotting analysis.

RESULTS

Histological studies showed that hyperplasia of the epidermis and dermis in the KSW treated group was markedly decreased as compared with the DNCB group. The expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine such as IL-1β, and TNF-α mRNA were significantly reduced by topical application of KSW, whereas these cytokines were increased in DNCB-induced dorsal skin. In addition, NF-κB expression was inhibited by KSW treatment in DNCB-induced mice. Similarly, KSW treatment significantly suppressed the expression of several MAP kinases, including ERK1/2, p38, and JNK compared to their expression in DNCB-induced mice.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings indicated that KSW ameliorates contact dermatitis via inhibition of the production of several inflammatory mediators. Therefore, external application of KSW may be used for the treatment of contact dermatitis as an alternative therapy.

Beneficial effects of Astragaloside IV for hair loss via inhibition of Fas/Fas L-mediated apoptotic signaling

Apoptosis with premature termination of hair follicle growth induces several types of hair loss and is one of the crucial factors of hair loss. Astragaloside IV, which is a major component of Astragalus membranaceus, is a cycloartane triterpene saponin. Although an anti-apoptotic effect of Astragaloside IV has been reported, its effects against hair loss have not been investigated. To explore the underlying mechanisms of Astragaloside IV on apoptotic signaling in hair follicle, the dorsal skin of depilated C57BL/6 mice was topically treated with 1 and 100 μM Astragaloside IV for 14 days. In Astragaloside IV-treated group, TUNEL-positive cells were reduced. We found that Astragaloside IV blocked the procaspase-8, resulting in the inhibition of caspase-3 and procaspase-9 activities. The changes were accompanied with down-regulation of Bax and p53, and up-regulation of Bcl-2 and Bcl-_xL by Astragaloside IV treatment. In addition, activation of NF-κB and phosphorylation of IκB-α were inhibited, along with decreases in three MAPKs: ERK, SAPK/JNK and p38 by Astragaloside IV. The expressions of KGF, p21, TNF-α and IL-1β, which are keratinocyte terminal differentiation markers associated with catagen, were modulated by treatment with Astragaloside IV. These results demonstrated that Astragaloside IV is concerned with blocking the Fas/Fas L-mediated apoptotic pathway, which would be an alternative therapy for hair loss.

The natural history of arteriovenous access and risk factors associated with access thrombosis after successful kidney transplantation

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this study was to determine the natural history of arteriovenous (AV) access after successful kidney transplantation (KT) and to identify the risk factors of spontaneous access closure in kidney transplant recipients.

METHODS

We performed a retrospective review of 115 patients who underwent KT with functioning access from June 2010 to July 2012. AV access patency was checked and recorded daily during the hospital stay and at every visit to the outpatient clinic. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to the patency of access, and risk factors of access thrombosis were assessed. Access patency was followed up until patency was lost or the study was closed.

RESULTS

At the end of follow-up, 18 (15.7%) AV accesses had spontaneously closed. Mean time to closure was 119 ± 163 days, and 12 of 18 were closed within 90 days after KT. AV access spontaneously closed in 8.5% of male patients, compared with 27.3% of female patients (P = .007), 12.2% of cases with native access compared with 35.3% of cases with artificial access (P = .016), and 11.3% of cases with wrist access compared with 25.7% of cases with elbow access (P = .049). Spontaneously closed AV accesses tended to have a lower mean access flow compared with functioning accesses (P = .019). On multivariate analysis, female sex and AV access flow volume affected spontaneous AV access closure (odds ratio 4.749, 95% confidence interval 1.919-35.383, P = .008; odds ratio 0.998, 95% confidence interval 0.996-0.999, P = .010, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that AV access thrombosis occurs more frequently during the early postoperative period, particularly in female patients or patients with low flow access, whereas it is a rare event in male patients or patients with high access flow, especially in the late postoperative period.

Systemic capillary leak syndrome (Clarkson's disease) during elective pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy: case report

Systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS), also called Clarkson's disease is rare and life-threatening disorder of unknown etiology, which is a characteristic triad of hypovolemic shock, hemoconcentration, and hypoalbuminemia. Unexplained capillary leakage from the intravascular to the interstitial space, which has been estimated up to 70% of the intravascular volume, is the proposed mechanism. Because the pathogenesis is unknown, it is diagnosed clinically after exclusion of other diseases that cause systemic capillary leak and no efficacious pharmacological treatment has been clearly established. The mortality rate ranges from 30% to 76%. In Korea, four cases of SCLS (5 cases in adult and 1 case in child) were reported by 2012. We describe a case of severe SCLS that suddenly occurred and rapidly progressed during pylorus preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy and review the literature.

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder in HIV-infected Koreans: the Korean NeuroAIDS Project

OBJECTIVES

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is an independent predictor of early mortality and is associated with many difficulties in activities of daily living. We sought to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for HAND in HIV-infected Koreans. In addition, we investigated the performance of screening tools and components of neuropsychological (NP) tests for diagnosing HAND.

METHODS

HIV-infected patients were enrolled consecutively from two different urban teaching hospitals in Seoul, South Korea between March 2012 and September 2012. Participants completed a detailed NP assessment of six cognitive domains commonly affected by HIV. The Frascati criteria were used for diagnosing HAND. Four key questions, the International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA)-K were also assessed as potential tools for screening for HAND.

RESULTS

Among the 194 participants, the prevalence of HAND was 26.3%. Asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment and minor neurocognitive disorder accounted for 52.9 and 47.1% of the patients with HAND, respectively. In multivariate analysis, haemoglobin (Hb) level ≤ 13 g/dL (P = 0.046) and current use of a protease inhibitor-based regimen (P = 0.031) were independent risk factors for HAND. The sensitivity and specificity of the IHDS were 72.6 and 60.8%, and those of MoCA-K were 52.9 and 73.4%, respectively. The IHDS (P < 0.001) and MoCA-K (P < 0.001) were both useful for screening for HAND. Among NP tests, the sensitivity and specificity of the Grooved Pegboard Test were 90.2 and 72.0%, and those of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test were 61.2 and 84.4%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

HAND is a prevalent comorbidity in HIV-infected Koreans. Active screening and diagnosis with effective tools, such as the IHDS, MoCA-K and Grooved Pegboard Test, could be used to identify this important complication.

Inhibitory effect of Coptis chinensis on inflammation in LPS-induced endotoxemia

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Rhizoma coptidis (RC) has been used as a remedy for inflammation-related diseases in traditional medicine. Although it is known to have anti-inflammatory activities, its mechanism of action on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation has not yet been identified in detail.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study was designed to assess the beneficial effects of pretreatment with RC in ameliorating LPS-induced liver inflammation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Mice were orally administered RC (500, 1000 mg/kg) for three days in a row. 1h after the last RC administration, the mice were intraperitoneally injected with LPS (35 mg/kg). After treatment, histological alterations and inflammatory factor levels in the liver and proinflammatory cytokines in the serum associated with inflammation were examined.

RESULTS

We found that pretreatment with RC (500 and 1000 mg/kg) exerted a significant protective effect by attenuating liver histopathological changes in endotoxemic mice. The results also demonstrated that RC suppressed secretion of LPS-stimulated pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-6 (IL-6). Furthermore, RC inhibited LPS-mediated nuclear factor (NF)-κB activation via the prevention of IκB-α phosphorylation, as well as the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 MAPKs. These results were associated with decreases in the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (I-NOS).

CONCLUSIONS

The results presented here clearly demonstrate that RC could significantly protect mice against LPS-induced acute liver injury.

Airway management using a supraglottic airway device without endotracheal intubation for positive ventilation of anaesthetized rats

Endotracheal intubation is often necessary for positive pressure ventilation of rats during open thoracic surgery. Since endotracheal intubation in rats is technically difficult and is associated with numerous complications, many techniques using various devices have been described in the scientific literature. In this study, we compared the effectiveness of airway management of a home-made supraglottic airway device (SAD), which is cheap to fabricate and easy to place with that of an endotracheal intubation tube in enflurane-anaesthetized rats. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-300 g) were randomly assigned to two equal groups for positive pressure mechanical ventilation using either the SAD or an endotracheal intubation tube. The carotid artery of each rat was cannulated for continuous blood pressure measurements and obtaining blood samples for determination of oxygen tension, carbon dioxide tension, and blood acidity before, during and after SAD placement or endotracheal intubation. Proper placement of the SAD was confirmed by observing chest wall movements that coincided with the operation of the mechanical ventilator. No complications and adverse events were encountered in the rats in which the SAD was placed, during SAD placement and immediate removal, during their mechanical ventilation through the SAD, and one week after SAD removal. From the results of blood gas analyses, we conclude that anaesthetized rats can be successfully ventilated using an SAD for open thoracic surgery.

Arthroscopic shoulder surgery under general anesthesia with brachial plexus block: postoperative respiratory dysfunction of combined obstructive and restrictive pathology

OBJECTIVE

Changes in respiratory parameters and pulmonary function tests were evaluated after shoulder arthroscopic surgery with brachial plexus block (BPB). The purpose of this study was to identify the mechanism of respiratory dysfunction after this type of surgery.

METHODS

Patients undergoing arthroscopic rotator cuff repair under general anesthesia (GA) with BPB were enrolled in the arthroscopy group (n = 30) while those undergoing open reduction of a clavicle or humerus fracture under GA were enrolled in the control group (n = 30). Forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume 1 s (FEV(1)) were measured at the outpatient clinic stage (#1) before (#2) and 20 min after BPB (#3) and 1 h after extubation (#4). Respiratory variable measurements along with the cuff leak test were performed 5 min after surgical positioning (T1) and at the start of skin closure (T2). Respiratory discomfort was evaluated after extubation. The upper airway diameters and soft tissue depth of chest wall were also measured by ultrasonography at stages #3 and #4.

RESULTS

Static compliance decreased significantly at T2 in the arthroscopy group (50 ± 11 at T1 vs. 44 ± 9 ml/cm H(2)O at T2, p =0.035) but not in the control group. The incidence of positive cuff leak tests at T2 was significantly higher in the arthroscopy group than in the control group (47% in the arthroscopy group vs. 17% in controls, p =0.010). While FEV(1) and FVC remained stable at stages #1 and #2, FVC and FEV(1) decreased at stages #3 and #4 only in the arthroscopy group (FVC in arthroscopy group, #2: 3.26 ± 0.77 l; #3: 2.55 ± 0.63 l, p =0.015 vs. #2; #4: 2.66 ± 0.41 l, p =0.040 vs. #2). The subglottic diameter decreased at #4 in the arthroscopy group, while no changes occurred in the control group (0.70 ± 0.21 cm vs. 0.85 ± 0.23 cm in the arthroscopy and control groups, respectively, p =0.011). Depth of skin to pleura increased at both intercostal spaces 1-2 and 3-4 in the arthroscopy group. There were three cases of hypoxia (S(p)O(2) < 95%) with room air in the arthroscopy group while none occurred in the controls.

CONCLUSION

Shoulder arthroscopic surgery under GA with BPB induced both restrictive and obstructive pathologies. It is important to maintain a high level of awareness for the potential negative respiratory effects of this surgery especially for subjects with pre-existing cardiopulmonary disease. The measurements in this study would be useful to monitor the risk of respiratory dysfunction in these patients.

Indirubin, a purple 3,2- bisindole, inhibited allergic contact dermatitis via regulating T helper (Th)-mediated immune system in DNCB-induced model

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Indirubin, isolated from Indigo naturalis (Apiaceae) is a purple 3,2- bisindole and a stable isomer of indigo. Although it is known to have anti-inflammatory activities, its mechanism of action has not been elucidated.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Seven-week-old female BALB/c mice were sensitized with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) to induce skin inflammation. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to assess epidermal and dermal hyperplasia, which were determined by measuring the thicknesses of the epidermis and dermis, respectively. We also evaluated serum immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and cytokines production, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interleukin (IL)-4, 6 and Interferon (IFN)-gamma. In addition, we investigated nuclear factor (NF)-κB, IκB-α and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activities for verifying the molecular mechanism of inflammation.

RESULTS

Indirubin treatment suppressed skin inflammation in DNCB-exposed mice. The skin lesions were significantly thinner in the Indirubin-treated group than in untreated controls, and the hyperkeratosis disappeared. Indirubin reduced the total serum IgE level and cytokines production. In addition, it normalized NF-κB, IκB-α and MAP kinase expression.

CONCLUSIONS

Indirubin might be a useful treatment for allergic contact dermatitis via regulating the co-expression of T helper (Th) 1 and 2 cell-mediated immune responses.

Abstract B48: Anticancer effect of guava leaves (Psidium guajava L.) in prostate cancer cells

This study was carried out to evaluate the anticancer effects of guava leaf extracts and its fractions. The chemical compositions of the active extracts were also determined. In the present study, we set out to determine whether the anticancer effects of guava leaves are linked with their ability to suppress constitutive AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)/ribosomal p70 S6 kinase (S6K1) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation pathways in human prostate cancer cells. We found that guava leaf hexane fraction (GHF) was the most potent inducer of cytotoxic and apoptotic effects in PC-3 cells. The molecular mechanism or mechanisms of GHF apoptotic potential were correlated with the suppression of AKT/mTOR/S6K1 and MAPK signaling pathways. This effect of GHF correlated with down-regulation of various proteins that mediate cell proliferation, cell survival, metastasis, and angiogenesis. Analysis of GHF by gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry tentatively identified 60 compounds, including β-eudesmol (11.98%), α-copaene (7.97%), phytol (7.95%), α-patchoulene (3.76%), β-caryophyllene oxide (CPO) (3.63%), caryophylla-3(15),7(14)-dien-6-ol (2.68%), (E)-methyl isoeugenol (1.90%), α-terpineol (1.76%), and octadecane (1.23%). Besides GHF, CPO, but not phytol, also inhibited the AKT/mTOR/S6K1 signaling pathway and induced apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Overall, these findings suggest that guava leaves can interfere with multiple signaling cascades linked with tumorigenesis and provide a source of potential therapeutic compounds for both the prevention and treatment of cancer.

Citation Format: Woong Mo Yang, Mi Hye Kim, Sang-Yoon Park, Kwang Seok Ahn, Seok-Geun Lee. Anticancer effect of guava leaves (Psidium guajava L.) in prostate cancer cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr B48.

Effects of topical application of Astragalus membranaceus on allergic dermatitis

Astragalus membranaceus (AM) is one of the most popular health-promoting herbs in East Asia, and has been used in traditional medicine for more than 2000 years. This study was performed to examine whether AM suppresses atopic dermatitis (AD)-like skin lesions in BALB/c mice. Seven-week-old female BALB/c mice were sensitized with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (DNCB) to induce allergic dermatitis. Skin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) to assess epidermal and dermal hyperplasia, which were determined by measuring the thicknesses of the epidermis and dermis, respectively. The serum immunoglobulin G (IgE) concentration was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, the levels of interleukins (IL)-4, -5, -6, and -13 and tissue necrosis factor (TNF)-α were measured in mouse serum. Significance was determined by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Topical AM markedly improved the AD skin lesions in DNCB-induced mice. The AD skin lesions were significantly thinner in the AM treatment group compared with untreated controls, and the hyperkeratosis disappeared. Topical treatment of AM also restored nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) expression. In addition, the serum IgE level was reduced. AM suppressed the expression of Th2 cytokines (IL-4, -5, -6, and -13) and significantly decreased the TNF-α level. AM is effective for treating AD by regulating cytokines. AM may be an alternative or complementary therapeutic option for treating patients with AD. More in-depth studies are necessary to clarify the mechanisms of AM.

Schizonepeta tenuifolia inhibits the development of atopic dermatitis in mice

Historically, Schizonepeta tenuifolia (ST) has been used for the treatment of skin disorders, such as allergic dermatitis, eczema, and inflammatory diseases. In this study, we examined whether ST inhibited 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB)-induced atopic dermatitis (AD) in BALB/c mice. In histopathological analyses of the epidermis and dermis, skin thickness was significantly increased in DNCB-induced mice as compared with normal group. Treatment with ST inhibited this inflammatory change and markedly suppressed the secretion of immunoglobulin E, tumor necrosis factor α, and interleukin 6 levels in the serum of DNCB-induced mice. In addition, ST treatment significantly restored the upregulation of proinflammatory factors, such as nuclear factor (NF)-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinase expression. Taken together, due to its ability to suppress inflammatory factors and upregulate proinflammatory factors, ST may be useful as a therapeutic treatment for AD. ST extract application decreased both epidermis and dermis thickness in DNCB-induced mice. In serum, ST reduced immunoglobulin E, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin 6 level. In addition, ST suppressed NF-κB activation as well as the mitogen-activated protein kinase activities.

The effects of fermented soybean meal on immunophysiological and stress-related parameters in Holstein calves after weaning

The present experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of partial substitution of soybean meal (SBM) with fermented SBM (FSBM) on immunophysiological and stress-related parameters in Holstein calves after weaning. Eighteen Holstein calves were randomly assigned to receive either SBM or FSBM (5% of SBM was replaced with FSBM) calf starter and calves were weaned at 42 d of age. It was noted that FSBM contained a lower content of trypsin inhibitor but higher crude protein, amino acids, and small-sized peptides than those of SBM. The group fed FSBM calf starter significantly increased body weight gain and intakes of both feed and milk, when compared with those fed SBM calf starter at 4 wk of age. Calves fed the FSBM calf starter had significantly lower fecal scores than those fed the SBM calf starter during both pre- and postweaning periods. Calves also had better health scores when fed the FSBM calf starter than those fed SBM during the preweaning period. Weaning challenge significantly increased proinflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels at 1d postweaning (DPW). The TNF-α and IL-6 levels of the SBM group were significantly higher compared with those of the FSBM group at 3 DPW. Acute phase proteins (serum amyloid A and haptoglobin) in the serum were increased after weaning. Concentrations of serum amyloid A and haptoglobin in calves fed FSBM calf starter were significantly lower than those fed the SBM calf starter at 3 and 5 DPW, respectively. The concentration of cortisol was significantly lower in the FSBM group than that of the SBM group at 3 DPW. Weaning stress did not cause drastic changes in the total serum immunoglobulin levels and composition of peripheral lymphocytes. Our results indicate that FSBM may not only improve growth performance, feed intake, and health conditions during the preweaning period, but also alleviate stress responses, which was indicated by reduced induction of stress hormone, proinflammatory cytokines, and acute phase proteins in Holstein calves after weaning.

Prenatal administration of dexamethasone during early pregnancy negatively affects placental development and function in mice

Prenatal treatment of dexamethasone, a synthetic stress hormone, leads to low birth weight and affects adult pathophysiology. Because fetal growth and survival are critically dependent on successful placental development, we aimed to investigate the effects of prenatal dexamethasone exposure on placental growth and function, particularly focusing on issues surrounding the time of stress exposure in a developmental context. Dexamethasone was administered at a dosage of 1 mg/kg BW (DEX1) or 10 mg/kg BW (DEX10) intraperitoneally at gestational d 7.5, 8.5, and 9.5 in pregnant mice. Placentas were then dissected at gestational d 11.5 and 18.5. Placental size and weight were reduced at d 11.5 in a dose-dependent manner (P = 0.11 for saline vs. DEX1 and P < 0.001 for DEX1 vs. DEX10 in size; P = 0.34 for saline vs. DEX1 and P < 0.01 for DEX1 vs. DEX10 in weight). In contrast, a considerable heterogeneity was shown at d 18.5, especially in DEX10-treated mice. Some placentas were small and malformed whereas some were enlarged with structural abnormalities in spongiotrophoblasts and labyrinth layers. Although placental overgrowth under such condition seemed to compromise fetal demand for nutrient supply, disorganized cell structure with reduced fetal vasculature observed in large placentas suggests that prenatal stress exposure during the early gestational period negatively affects placental development and efficiency.

A novel HLA-DRB1*12 allele, DRB1*12:16:02, identified by sequence-based typing

The novel allele DRB1*12:16:02 allele showed two single nucleotide differences with HLA-DRB1*12:16:01 at nucleotides 303 G>C and 321 C>T in exon 2.

Antibacterial activity of bark of Alnus pendula against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections are a rapidly growing health problem around the globe. Recently, there has been considerable interest in the use of plant materials as an alternative method to control pathogenic microorganisms. In this study we evaluated the antibacterial activity of bark of Alnus pendula against MRSA.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The MIC determination was done using the microdilution broth method and bacterial growth was determined by measuring optical density using spectrophotometer.

RESULTS

Alnus pendula bark EtOH extract and fractions (F-1, -2, -3 and -4) were investigated against MRSA. The most active fractions (F-3 and F-4) led to the isolation of oregonin (ORE) and hirsutanone (HIR). These compounds were active against MRSA strains with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranging from 31.25 to 250 microg/ml MIC and 2 MIC of HIR completely inhibited the growth of MRSA.

CONCLUSIONS

The bark EtOH extract of Alnus Pendula has potent antibacterial activity against MRSA.

Antiallergic effects of Scutellaria baicalensis on inflammation in vivo and in vitro

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Scutellaria baicalensis (SB) is one of the most widely used medicinal herbs for the treatment of inflammation. In this study, we investigated the antiallergic effect of SB in vivo and in vitro.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats received intradermal injections of anti-DNP IgE at each of three dorsal skin sites. Forty-eight hours later, each rat received an injection of DNP-HSA in saline containing 4% Evans blue through the dorsal vein of the penis. One hour before injection, SB extract was administered orally. The dorsal skin of the rats was removed and the pigment area measured. In addition, rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMCs) were cultured and purified to investigate histamine release. In vitro, human mast cells (HMC-1) were pretreated with SB extract for 30min before stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) plus A23187. The effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and mitogen activated protein (MAP) kinase expression were investigated using TNF-α and IL-8 assays, and Western blotting analysis of HMC-1 cells.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS

SB treatment inhibited the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction compared to the control group, and histamine release decreased significantly following treatment of RPMCs with SB. In HMC-1 cells, SB restored IL-8 and TNF-α expression and inhibited MAP kinase expression in compound 48/80-induced HMC-1 cells. These data suggest that SB may prove to be a useful anti-inflammatory agent through its downregulation of the expression of various inflammatory mediators.

A randomised controlled trial comparing rocuronium priming, magnesium pre-treatment and a combination of the two methods

We investigated whether magnesium sulphate combined with rocuronium priming shortens the onset of neuromuscular blockade, compared with these methods used alone. Ninety-two patients scheduled for general anaesthesia were randomly allocated to one of four groups: controls were given 0.6 mg.kg(-1) rocuronium; patients in the prime group were given 0.06 mg.kg(-1) rocuronium three minutes before a further dose of 0.54 mg.kg(-1) rocuronium; patients in the magnesium group were given an infusion of 50 mg.kg(-1) magnesium sulphate before rocuronium and patients in the magnesium and prime group were given both the magnesium sulphate and the priming dose of rocuronium. Tracheal intubation was attempted 40 s after the rocuronium injection. The time to onset of neuromuscular blockade was the primary outcome; duration of blockade and tracheal intubating conditions were also measured. The group allocation and study drugs were coded and concealed until statistical analyses were completed. The magnesium and prime group had the shortest mean (SD) onset time (55 (16)s; p < 0.001), and best tracheal intubating conditions (p < 0.05). No statistical difference was found for the duration of blockade. As for adverse events, a burning or heat sensation was reported in eight (35%) and six (26%) patients in the magnesium and magnesium and prime groups, respectively. The combination of magnesium sulphate and rocuronium priming accelerated the onset or neuromuscular blockade and improved rapid-sequence intubating conditions, compared with either magnesium sulphate or priming used alone.

Outcomes of endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder stenting for symptomatic gallbladder diseases: a multicenter prospective follow-up study

BACKGROUND AND STUDY AIMS

Endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder drainage for symptomatic gallbladder disease is a safe and effective bridge therapy in patients at high risk for surgery or who have terminal liver disease and are awaiting transplantation. However, there are few reports on long-term results in terms of stent patency and clinical course. Our study was designed to investigate the long-term patency and clinical course after endoscopic transpapillary gallbladder stenting (ETGS) in patients with symptomatic gallbladder disease.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

A total of 29 patients who were unsuitable for cholecystectomy underwent ETGS from June 2006 to March 2010 using a 7-Fr double-pigtail stent between the gallbladder and the duodenum. Their clinical progress, adverse events, and stent patency after ETGS were recorded prospectively in two tertiary referral centers.

RESULTS

Technically, ETGS was successful in 23 (79.3%) of the 29 patients. The mean procedure time was 22.4 ± 11.5 min. Postprocedure adverse events were mild pancreatitis (8.7%) and cholestasis (8.7%), all of which resolved with conservative management. During the follow-up period (median 586 days, range 11-1403 days), 20 patients were analyzed as per protocol, and scheduled follow-up was performed. Late adverse events developed in four patients (20%), including distal migration (n = 2), cholangitis (n = 1), and recurrent biliary pain (n = 1). The remaining 16 patients were followed for more than 12 months (nine patients were followed for more than 24 months). Median stent patency was 760 days, as determined by the Kaplan-Meier method.

CONCLUSIONS

As a primary therapy, ETGS is technically feasible and effective in patients who are unsuitable for cholecystectomy. ETGS may also provide long-term stent patency without the need for scheduled stent exchanges.

Nano-scaled Pt/Ag/Ni/Au contacts on p-type GaN for low contact resistance and high reflectivity

We synthesized the vertical-structured LED (VLED) using nano-scaled Pt between p-type GaN and Ag-based reflector. The metallization scheme on p-type GaN for high reflectance and low was the nano-scaled Pt/Ag/Ni/Au. Nano-scaled Pt (5 A) on Ag/Ni/Au exhibited reasonably high reflectance of 86.2% at the wavelength of 460 nm due to high transmittance of light through nano-scaled Pt (5 A) onto Ag layer. Ohmic behavior of contact metal, Pt/Ag/Ni/Au, to p-type GaN was achieved using surface treatments of p-type GaN prior to the deposition of contact metals and the specific contact resistance was observed with decreasing Pt thickness of 5 A, resulting in 1.5 x 10(-4) ohms cm2. Forward voltages of Pt (5 A)/Ag/Ni contact to p-type GaN showed 4.19 V with the current injection of 350 mA. Output voltages with various thickness of Pt showed the highest value at the smallest thickness of Pt due to its high transmittance of light onto Ag, leading to high reflectance. Our results propose that nano-scaled Pt/Ag/Ni could act as a promising contact metal to p-type GaN for improving the performance of VLEDs.

Patient with positional wheezing due to endobronchial lipomatous hamartoma

Endobronchial hamartoma is a rare form of pulmonary hamartoma, and endobronchial lipomatous hamartomas are even rarer. We describe the case of a 39-year-old man who presented with a two-year history of dyspnea on exertion and wheezing over the left chest only while lying on his left side. The patient was diagnosed with endobronchial lipomatous hamartoma occluding the left main bronchus. He underwent a superior segmentectomy of the left lower lobe, which promptly relieved the dyspnea and positional wheezing. To our knowledge, fewer than 10 such cases are cited in the English literature, none of which presented with positional wheezing. This patient represents the first case of focal and positional wheezing resulting from endobronchial lipomatous hamartoma.

Anthropological analysis of Koreans using HLA class II diversity among East Asians

Human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) are useful markers for anthropological investigations because the allele and haplotype distributions at these loci vary widely among ethnic groups. HLA frequencies in Koreans, however, have not previously been analyzed on a phylogenetic basis. We determined the allele frequencies of four HLA class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQA1, -DQB1, and -DPB1) loci in 149 unrelated Korean individuals using a sequence-based typing method. A total of 29 HLA-DRB1, 17 HLA-DQA1, 16 HLA-DQB1, and 15 HLA-DPB1 alleles were identified. The most common allele at each locus was DRB1*0901, DQA1*0102, DQB1*0301, and DPB1*0501, respectively. Four-locus allelic association analysis showed the existence of 25 DRB1-DQA1-DQB1-DPB1 haplotypes with a frequency greater than 0.010. A dataset comprising ethnicity-specific information from published literature and the dbMHC database, as well as the allele frequencies determined in this study, was subjected to phylogenetic analysis. The analysis showed that Koreans are most closely related to Japanese and Han Chinese from Shandong province. Correspondence analyses showed that the current Korean population is located in a position intermediate between the northern and southern East Asian groups, supporting the theory of a bi- and/or multidirectional route of migration of early Korean settlers. This report can be used for anthropological studies, and may also be of use in the International Hematopoietic Stem Cell Sharing program.

Effect of biomimetic deposition on anodized titanium surfaces

Surface energy and hydrophilicity of implant surfaces have been known to play an important role in subsequent cellular responses on the implant surface. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of biomimetic deposition of anodized surfaces on surface wettability, surface energy, and osteoblast responses. Ti discs with 2 different surface topographies (machined and anodized) were immersed in Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS) and modified simulated body fluid (SBF) solution for 2 weeks at physiologic conditions of 37 °C, initial pH of 7.4, and p(CO(2)) of 0.05 atm. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) observation and energy-dispersive spectroscopic (EDS) microanalysis showed the deposition of calcium phosphate (CaP) onto anodized Ti surfaces immersed in modified SBF. Surface energy, surface wettability, and osteoblast responses, including cell attachment capacity, cell proliferation rate, and cell differentiation level, significantly increased on anodized Ti surfaces immersed in modified SBF. The effects of biomimetic deposition with modified SBF on physiochemical surface characteristics and cell biological responses were greater on anodized surfaces than on machined surfaces. These results indicate that biomimetic deposition with effective SBF may enhance the interaction between anodized Ti surfaces and their biological environment, consequently improving bone healing of dental Ti implants.

Rapid and simple detection of the invA gene in Salmonella spp. by isothermal target and probe amplification (iTPA)

AIMS

Salmonella spp. are an important cause of food-borne infections throughout world, and the availability of rapid and simple detection techniques is critical for the food industry. Salmonella enterica serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium cause the majority of human gastroenteritis infections, and there are a reported 40,000 cases of salmonellosis in the United States each year.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A novel rapid and simple isothermal target and probe amplification (iTPA) assay that rapidly amplifies target DNA (Salmonella invA gene) using a FRET-based signal probe in an isothermal environment was developed for detection Salmonella spp. in pre-enriched food samples. The assay was able to specifically detect all of 10 Salmonella spp. strains without detecting 40 non-Salmonella strains. The detection limit was 4 x 10¹ CFU per assay. The iTPA assay detected at an initial inoculum level of <10 CFU in the pre-enriched food samples (egg yolk, chicken breast and peanut butter).

CONCLUSIONS

This detection system requires only a water bath and a fluorometer and has great potential for use as a hand-held device or point-of-care-testing diagnostics. The iTPA assay is sensitive and specific and has potential for rapid screening of Salmonella spp. by food industry.

A new statistical framework for parameter subset selection and optimal parameter estimation in the activated sludge model

A new model-calibration method has been proposed to solve the problems associated with parameter subset selection and parameter estimation of the activated sludge model (ASM). We propose the use of a statistical methodology for reasonable parameter selection and parameter estimation that consists of sensitivity analysis, similarity measures, hierarchical clustering and response surface methods (RSM). The introduction of effluent quality index (EQI) can reduce all of the outputs of the ASM model into one factor. The EQI was used to calculate a sensitivity matrix. Then, the hierarchical clustering algorithm was used for parameter subset selection. This selection was based on a similarity measure using the sensitivity matrix and was used to reduce the number of model parameters by selecting only one parameter per cluster group (parameter subset selection step). Lastly, a RSM analysis was conducted in order to determine the optimal parameter values. This study was conducted in order to develop a new statistical framework that can greatly reduce the computational effort required to find the optimal solution by reducing the number of parameters. The experimental results indicated that the calibrated model can improve the prediction quality of the ASM model and the efficiency of the modeling.

Sonographic differentiation of asymptomatic diffuse thyroid disease from normal thyroid: a prospective study

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

There is no useful guide or study related to the differentiation of asymptomatic diffuse thyroid disease from normal thyroid by using thyroid US. This study was prospectively designed to evaluate the efficacy of the use of real-time thyroid sonography as performed by an experienced radiologist for the identification of asymptomatic DTD.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

From January 2008 to December 2008, 2267 patients underwent thyroid sonography in our hospital by 1 radiologist. Each patient's thyroid was prospectively classified as being in 1 of 4 of the following diagnostic categories on the basis of the sonographic features as determined with the use of real-time sonography: suggestive for DTD, suspicious for DTD, indeterminate, and no evidence of DTD. We calculated the diagnostic efficacy of the sonographic classifications compared with the pathology results.

RESULTS

Sonographic classifications for DTD in 340 patients who underwent thyroid surgery because of thyroid malignancy or other causes included the following: suggestive for DTD (n = 32), suspicious for DTD (n = 39), indeterminate (n = 18), and no evidence of DTD (n = 251). On the pathology, HT (n = 33), chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (n = 27), diffuse hyperplasia (n = 2), and NTP (n = 278) were identified. There were true-positive cases (n = 50), true-negative cases (n = 244), false-positive cases (n = 21), and false-negative cases (n = 7). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy for a diagnosis of asymptomatic DTD were 87.7%, 92.1%, 70.4%, 97.2%and 91.3%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

The present sonographic classification based on real-time sonography of the thyroid is a useful tool for differentiating asymptomatic DTD from normal thyroid.

The safety of simultaneous bilateral versus unilateral total knee arthroplasty: the experience in a Korean hospital

INTRODUCTION

The safety of simultaneous bilateral total knee arthroplasty (SBTKA) remains controversial. This study aimed to compare the postoperative outcomes of SBTKA versus unilateral total knee arthroplasty (UTKA) performed by a single surgeon at a tertiary teaching hospital in Korea.

METHODS

629 female patients with total knee arthroplasty (308 patients for SBTKA and 321 for UTKA) performed under combined spinal epidural anaesthesia (CSE) were selected, and their medical records during admission and follow-up visits for a duration of six months after discharge were reviewed.

RESULTS

Although significantly higher incidences of postoperative confusion and hypoxia during hospitalisation and a longer hospital stay were demonstrated in the SBTKA group, the rates of serious postoperative complications, such as myocardial infarction and deep venous thrombosis, were not different between the groups during the hospital stay and six months afterwards. No death associated with the surgery was encountered in both groups.

CONCLUSION

It was concluded that SBTKA under CSE may be considered to be relatively safe in Korean female patients.

Incidence and economic burden of suspected adverse events and adverse event monitoring during AF therapy

OBJECTIVE

Rhythm- and rate-control therapies are an essential part of atrial fibrillation (AF) management; however, the use of existing agents is often limited by the occurrence of adverse events. The aim of this study was to evaluate suspected adverse events and adverse event monitoring, and associated medical costs, in patients receiving AF rhythm-control and/or rate-control therapy.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

This retrospective cohort study used claims data from the Integrated Healthcare Information Systems National Managed Care Benchmark Database from 2002-2006. Patients hospitalized for AF (primary diagnosis), and who had at least 365 days' enrollment before and after the initial (index) AF hospitalization, were included in the analysis. Suspected AF therapy-related adverse events and function tests for adverse event monitoring were identified according to pre-specified diagnosis codes/procedures, and examined over the 12 months following discharge from the index hospitalization. Events/function tests had to have occurred within 90 days of a claim for AF therapy to be considered a suspected adverse event/adverse event monitoring.

RESULTS

Of 4174 AF patients meeting the study criteria, 3323 received AF drugs; 428 received rhythm-control only (12.9%), 2130 rate-control only (64.1%), and 765 combined rhythm/rate-control therapy (23.0%). Overall, 50.1% of treated patients had a suspected adverse event and/or function test for adverse event monitoring (45.5% with rate-control, 53.5% with rhythm-control, and 61.2% with combined rhythm/rate-control). Suspected cardiovascular adverse events were the most common events (occurring in 36.1% of patients), followed by pulmonary (6.1%), and endocrine events (5.9%). Overall, suspected adverse events/function tests were associated with mean annual per-patient costs of $3089 ($1750 with rhythm-control, $2041 with rate control, and $6755 with combined rhythm/rate-control).

LIMITATIONS

As a retrospective analysis, the study is subject to potential selection bias, while its reliance on diagnostic codes for identification of AF and suspected adverse events is a source of potential investigator error. A direct cause-effect relationship between suspected adverse events/function tests and AF therapy cannot be confirmed based on the claims data available.

CONCLUSIONS

The incidence of suspected adverse events and adverse event monitoring during AF rhythm-control and/or rate-control therapy is high. Costs associated with adverse events and adverse event monitoring are likely to add considerably to the overall burden of AF management.

A case of palmoplantar lichen planus mimicking secondary syphilis

Lichen planus is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects skin, mucous membranes, hairs, and nails. According to the site of involvement, lichen planus can be subdivided into palmoplantar, mucosal, nail, or scalp types. Palmoplantar lichen planus is a rare subtype of lichen planus which may create difficulty in diagnosis, as the lesion is limited to the palms and soles. We report a case of a 37-year-old male with lichen planus who presented with multiple erythematous, scaly, hyperkeratotic papules on his palms and soles mimicking secondary syphilis.

Phosphodiesterase inhibition by naloxone augments the inotropic actions of beta-adrenergic stimulation

BACKGROUND

In a shock state, naloxone generates the cardiovascular pressor effect by displacing the endogenous opiate-like peptide beta-endorphin, resulting in restoration of the normal response to catecholamines. In addition to this opioid antagonistic effect, the non-opiate receptor-mediated effect has also been proposed. The aim of this study was to define the mechanism of non-opiate receptor-mediated action of naloxone.

METHODS

In guinea-pig ventricular tissues, cumulative concentration-response curves for isoproterenol as well as for forskolin and 3-isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX) were obtained by increasing the concentration stepwise. To assess the effect on the phosphodiesterase (PDE), the effects of naloxone on contractile forces induced by isoproterenol (0.05 microM) in the presence of IBMX, cilostamide (a PDE III inhibitor), or rolipram (a PDE IV inhibitor) were observed. Naloxone-induced changes in cAMP production by isoproterenol both in the absence and in the presence of IBMX were measured. Naloxone-induced changes in cAMP production by forskolin in the presence of IBMX were also measured.

RESULTS

Naloxone (30 microM) produced a leftward shift of the isoproterenol concentration-response curve (0.01-2 microM) without changing the maximal response. Forskolin (0.5-10 microM) produced a concentration-dependent increase in contractile forces. Naloxone increased the maximal inotropic response of forskolin. Naloxone showed no effect on the IBMX concentration-response curve. In the presence of IBMX (200 microM), naloxone did not alter the contractions evoked by isoproterenol or forskolin. Whereas naloxone increased contractile forces significantly (approximately 25%) more than that of isoproterenol in the presence of rolipram, no alteration of contractile forces in the cilostamide-incubated muscles was observed. Naloxone caused a concentration-related increase of cAMP in the absence of IBMX, but caused no change in its presence.

CONCLUSIONS

The enhancement of myocardial contractility by naloxone in the presence of stimulation of adenylyl cyclase activity appears to be mediated by inhibition of PDE, specifically PDE III.

Inhibition of cell proliferation and invasion in a human colon cancer cell line by 5-aminosalicylic acid

BACKGROUND

5-Aminosalicylic acid lacks the well-known side effects associated with the long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. We investigated anti-carcinogenic mechanisms of 5-aminosalicylic acid on a colon cancer cell line.

METHODS

MTT analysis was performed for various colon cancer cell lines. The expression of NF-kappaB and metalloproteinases was examined in either HT-29 cells treated with IL-1beta and/or 5-aminosalicylic acid. Matrigel assay was used to evaluate invasive potential of HT-29 cells. Analysis of a cDNA microarray containing 8700 genes was performed to identify the alteration of gene expression in response to treatment to 5-aminosalicylic acid.

RESULTS

The use of MTT analysis showed that 5-aminosalicylic acid suppressed the growth of HT-29 cells. The activity of NF-kappaB was also decreased by combined-treatment with IL-1beta and 5-aminosalicylic acid. The use of an ELISA and zymography demonstrated that MMP-2 and MMP-9 enzyme activity were decreased in HT-29 cells by treatment with various concentration of 5-aminosalicylic acid. A matrigel analysis demonstrated that 5-aminosalicylic acid treatment on HT-29 significantly inhibited the invasiveness of the cells. In cDNA microarray, 163 genes following 5-aminosalicylic acid exposure showed altered expression.

CONCLUSIONS

This study indicated that 5-aminosalicylic acid suppresses the growth of human colon cancer cells and is able to inhibit MMPs expression via NF-kappaB mediated cell signals and invasiveness.