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Sekunova A, Black M, Parkinson L, Barton J. Adaptation for perception of the human body: investigations of transfer across viewpoint and pose. J Vis 2011. [DOI: 10.1167/11.11.585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Clewell H, Efremenko A, Black M, Thomas R, Wilga P, Arnold L, Gentry P, Yager J. Arsenic induced gene expression changes in primary human uroepithelial cells. Toxicol Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Haikel S, Dawe N, Lekakis G, Black M, Mitchell D. The Effect of Increasing Two-Week Wait Referrals for Head and Neck Cancer in East Kent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1308/147363511x576164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In 1998 the UK government published its white paper The New NHS: Modern and Dependable, in which it first suggested that patients being referred with a suspicion of cancer should have a maximum wait of two weeks to see a specialist. The rationale for this was that outcomes for late-stage disease are significantly worse when compared with outcomes for early-stage disease (Table 1). It was assumed that reducing the wait to see a specialist would reduce the stage of disease at presentation.
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Newton SA, Black M. Nursing sisters' satisfaction with the pharmacy service — a survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7174.1994.tb00767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A questionnaire was sent to all nursing sisters in Hammersmith and Queen Charlotte's special health authority, a provider of specialist hospital services in London. They were asked for their overall impression of the pharmacy service and staff, for their opinions of specific services and for suggestions for improving the service. Eighty-six per cent of respondents thought the service was good, very good or excellent and 92 per cent thought the service was either the same or better than that of other hospitals in which they had worked.
Just under half the suggestions received were for service improvements related to supply of drugs stocked on the ward. The other main areas commented on were drug delivery, discharge medication and the pharmacy on-call service. The survey provided useful information about the pharmacy service and has enabled the department to implement some of the changes suggested as well as look at the feasibility of other improvements. It is intended to repeat this survey annually.
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Budak S, Guner S, Hill T, Black M, Judah SB, Muntele CI, ILA D. Fabrication And Characterization of Thermoelectric Generators From SiGe Thin Films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-1102-ll05-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThermoelectric materials are being important due to their application in both thermoelectric power generation and microelectronic cooling. The thermoelectric power generations convert the heat change to electricity. The waste of heat could be useful if the thermoelectric power generation is applied. Effective thermoelectric materials have a low thermal conductivity and a high electrical conductivity. A high thermal conductivity causes too much heat leakage through heat conduction. The performance of the thermoelectric materials and devices is shown by a dimensionless figure of merit, ZT = S2σT/K, where S is the Seebeck coefficient, σ is the electrical conductivity, T is the absolute temperature and K is the thermal conductivity. ZT can be increased by increasing S, increasing σ, or decreasing K. In this study, we prepared thermoelectric generator devices of SiGe at the thickness of 112 nm using the ion beam assisted deposition (IBAD) system. Rutherford Backscattering Spectrometry (RBS) analysis was used for the elemental analysis. The 5 MeV Si ion bombardment was performed using the AAMU Pelletron ion beam accelerator to make quantum clusters in the film to decrease the cross plane thermal conductivity, increase the cross plane Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity. To characterize the thermoelectric generator devices before and after Si ion bombardment we measured the cross plane Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity by Van der Pauw method, and thermal conductivity by 3w method for different fluences.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the risk of recurrence of stillbirth in a second pregnancy. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Scotland, UK. POPULATION All women who delivered their first and second pregnancies in Scotland between 1981 and 2005. METHODS All women delivering for the first time between 1981 and 2000 were linked to records of their second pregnancy using routinely collected data from the Scottish Morbidity Returns. Women who had an intrauterine death in their first pregnancy formed the exposed cohort, whereas those who had a live birth formed the unexposed cohort. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Stillbirth in a second pregnancy. RESULTS After adjusting for confounding factors, the odds of recurrence of stillbirth in a second pregnancy were found to be 1.94 (99% CI 1.29-2.92) compared with women who had had a live birth in their first pregnancy. Other factors associated with recurrence of stillbirth in a second pregnancy included placental abruption (adjusted OR 1.96; 99% CI 1.60-2.41), preterm delivery (adjusted OR 7.45; 99% CI 5.91-9.39) and low birthweight (adjusted OR 6.69; 99% CI 5.31-8.42). A Bayesian analysis using minimally informative normal priors found the risk of recurrence of stillbirth in a second pregnancy to be 1.59 (99% CI 1.10-2.33). CONCLUSIONS Women who have stillbirth in their first pregnancy have a higher risk of recurrence in their next pregnancy.
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Black M. Survival of the fittest? West J Med 2010. [DOI: 10.1136/bmj.c1090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Krum H, Elsik M, Schneider H, Ptaszynska A, Black M, Carson P, Massie B. Peripheral Collagen Markers Predict All-cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Hospitalisation in Patients with Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction: Results of the I-PRESERVE Collagen Sub-study. Heart Lung Circ 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2010.06.849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Duclos M, Al-Hamad A, Al-Halabi H, Alsuhaibani A, Kost K, Zeitouni A, Hier M, Shenouda G, Black M. Organ Preservation using HDR Brachytherapy for Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancers: A Single Center Experience. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.07.993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abdullah F, Zhang Y, Lardaro T, Black M, Colombani PM, Chrouser K, Pronovost PJ, Chang DC. Analysis of 23 million US hospitalizations: uninsured children have higher all-cause in-hospital mortality. J Public Health (Oxf) 2009; 32:236-44. [DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdp099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Chi CC, Wang SH, Charles-Holmes R, Ambros-Rudolph C, Powell J, Jenkins R, Black M, Wojnarowska F. Pemphigoid gestationis: early onset and blister formation are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Br J Dermatol 2009; 160:1222-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2009.09086.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Al Hamad A, Black M, Shenouda G, Zeitouni A, Kost K, Hier M, Bahoric B, Duclos M. Does HDR Brachytherapy for Primary or Recurrent Head and Neck Cancers have Lower Local Control than the External Beam Radiotherapy? Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.06.1298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Dhar V, Balasubramanium S, Black M, Mitchell D. ENT specific guidance for deep venous thrombosis prophylaxis. Clin Otolaryngol 2008; 33:380. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-4486.2008.01741.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Black M, Shetty A, Bhattacharya S. Obstetric outcomes subsequent to intrauterine death in the first pregnancy. BJOG 2007; 115:269-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.2007.01562.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Wood F, Fellows M, Donoghue J, Black M. Automatic spike sorting for neural decoding. CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS : ... ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL CONFERENCE 2007; 2004:4009-12. [PMID: 17271178 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2004.1404120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
While various automated spike sorting techniques have been developed, their impact on neural decoding has not been investigated. In this paper we extend previous Gaussian mixture models and expectation maximization (EM) techniques for automatic spike sorting. We suggest that good initialization of EM is critical and can be achieved via spectral clustering. To account for noise we extend the mixture model to include a uniform outlier process. Automatically determining the number of neurons recorded per electrode is a challenging problem which we solve using a greedy optimization algorithm that selects models with different numbers of neurons according to their decoding accuracy. We focus on data recorded from motor cortex and evaluate performance with respect to the decoding of hand kinematics from firing rates. We found that spike trains obtained by our automated technique result in more accurate neural decoding than those obtained by human experts.
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Black M, Gould JC. Measuring laparoscopic operative skill in a video trainer. Surg Endosc 2006; 20:1069-71. [PMID: 16736307 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-005-0678-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2005] [Accepted: 02/23/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laparoscopic surgery requires a unique set of technical skills. More experienced laparoscopic surgeons perform certain tasks more efficiently in a video trainer than less experienced laparoscopic surgeons. The presumption is that the experienced surgeon possesses more of the skill required to complete the task. This study sought to determine the degree to which previous laparoscopic operative experience influenced the performance of selected video trainer tasks of varying complexity. METHODS In this study, 19 general surgery residents with varying levels of laparoscopic operative case experience (as defined by operative case logs) were timed performing five tasks in a video trainer. The tasks were rope pass, peg drop, peg exchange, needle pass, and knot tie. All the residents watched a video demonstration of each skill before testing. None of the residents had previous exposure to video trainers, and no practice was allowed before testing. A composite score for all tasks was calculated for each resident as a measure of overall performance. RESULTS There was a strong correlation between operative experience and time required for successful completion of each task, with the exception of the rope pass. The magnitude of correlation increased with tasks of increasing complexity. Composite scores were correlated with operative experience. Significant interval improvements in performance were observed for increasing experience up to a level of approximately 100 previous laparoscopic cases. CONCLUSIONS Overall composite scores and time required for the completion of each individual video trainer task (with the exception of the rope pass) may be an accurate reflection of laparoscopic surgical skill acquired in the operating room. A resident may need as many as 100 laparoscopic cases for full development of a basic skill set in the operating room. A more efficient and safe method of training, such as a validated skills curriculum conducted in a dry lab, is a desirable alternative to developing skill exclusively in the operating room.
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Seymour A, Black M, Simpson K, Oliver JS. Drug related deaths amongst Glasgow city hostel dwellers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 7:183-7. [PMID: 16083667 DOI: 10.1054/jcfm.2000.0446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The problems of homelessness and drug misuse are every day issues encountered in today's society. Over the past 2 years the number of hostel residents overdosing within their rooms in the city of Glasgow was shown to increase. Approximately three-quarters of deaths involved heroin, of which 56% also involved at least one benzodiazepine. This paper demonstrates a dearth in the literature relating to drug misuse amongst the homeless population, highlighting an area in need of address by the appropriate authorities.
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Chang A, Skole K, Gautam M, Schmutz J, Black M, Thomas R, Horwitz B, Friedenberg FK. The impact of past alcohol use on treatment response rates in patients with chronic hepatitis C. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2005; 22:701-6. [PMID: 16197490 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02631.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have shown that past alcohol consumption reduces response rates in patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with interferon monotherapy. AIM To clarify the importance of alcohol consumption on response rates in patients undergoing treatment with pegylated interferon and ribavirin. METHODS In a single centre, prospective study, median daily alcohol consumption (determined by previously validated method) and quartiles of alcohol consumption were calculated. Univariate and binary logistic regression analyses were performed using treatment response status as the dependent variable. RESULTS Overall, in an intention-to-treat analysis, 34 of 115 patients (30%) responded to treatment. In univariate analysis, black patients, especially those with hepatitis C virus genotype 1, high viral load and low alanine aminotransferase were significantly less likely to respond. Predictors of response by regression analysis included alcohol <30 g/day (OR=3.02, 95% CI: 1.02-8.93; P=0.04), non-genotype 1 status (OR=1.98, 95% CI: 1.03-3.80; P=0.04) and non-black race (OR=2.79, 95% CI: 1.33-5.85; P=0.006). CONCLUSIONS Median daily alcohol use >30 g/day is associated with failure to respond to pegylated interferon and ribavirin for treatment of hepatitis C. Past alcohol use should be evaluated when considering treatment for hepatitis C.
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Niazi TM, Sultanern K, Shenouda G, Hier M, Corns R, Lavole I, Skelly J, Black M. 183 Differential dose allocation to variable sub-volumes of head and neck (H/N) squamous cell carcinoma (SCCa), using intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT): A phase II dose escalation study. Radiother Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(05)80344-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
Pemphigus is a group of potentially life-threatening autoimmune diseases characterized by cutaneous and/or mucosal blistering. Pemphigus vulgaris (PV), the most common variant, is characterized by circulating IgG antibodies directed against desmoglein 3 (Dsg3), with about half the patients also having Dsg1 autoantibodies. There is a fairly strong genetic background to pemphigus with linkage to HLA class II alleles and ethnic groups such as Ashkenazi Jews and those of Mediterranean and Indian origin, are especially liable. Oral lesions are initially vesiculobullous but readily rupture, new bullae developing as the older ones rupture and ulcerate. Biopsy of perilesional tissue, with histological and immunostaining examination are essential to the diagnosis. Serum autoantibodies to either Dsg1 or Dsg3 are best detected using both normal human skin and monkey oesophagus or by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Before the introduction of corticosteroids, PV was typically fatal mainly from dehydration or secondary systemic infections. Current treatment is largely based on systemic immunosuppression using corticosteroids, with azathioprine or other adjuvants or alternatives but newer therapies with potentially fewer adverse effects, also appear promising.
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Nakai M, Black M, Jeffery EH, Bahr JM. Dietary soy protein and isoflavones: no effect on the reproductive tract and minimal positive effect on bone resorption in the intact female Fischer 344 rat. Food Chem Toxicol 2005; 43:945-9. [PMID: 15811574 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2005.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2004] [Revised: 01/08/2005] [Accepted: 01/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study evaluating 3 months of feeding soy protein or isoflavones (IF) to intact adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats showed no change in bone and the vagina but occasional extensive squamous metaplasia of the uterine glandular epithelium was observed. The current study was designed to characterize further these effects of soy protein or IF on the uterus using the Fischer 344 (F344) rat, a known high responder strain to estrogenic stimuli. Three-month-old intact F344 rats were divided into five groups and fed diets containing either casein, low or high amount of soy protein or casein with low or high amount of IF extract. Body weight, urinary deoxypyridinoline (Dpyr), bone mineral density (BMD) of the femur and lumbar, uterine wet weight and histology of the reproductive tract were evaluated. No significant difference was seen in bone parameters between control and treatment groups except for a lower Dpyr in the high soy and a higher lumbar BMD in the low soy groups. No alteration was seen in the reproductive tract of all treatment groups. Contrary to our hypothesis, the present results suggest that the uterus of the F344 strain is less sensitive to dietary soy protein and IF than that of the SD strain.
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Nakai M, Cook L, Pyter LM, Black M, Sibona J, Turner RT, Jeffery EH, Bahr JM. Dietary soy protein and isoflavones have no significant effect on bone and a potentially negative effect on the uterus of sexually mature intact Sprague-Dawley female rats. Menopause 2005; 12:291-8. [PMID: 15879918 DOI: 10.1097/01.gme.0000146109.50235.do] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of dietary soy protein and isoflavones on bone and the reproductive tract in premenopausal rats. DESIGN Three-month-old intact Sprague-Dawley female rats (N = 50) were fed diets containing casein, soy protein, or casein with isoflavone extract for 12 weeks. The amount of casein, soy protein, and extract (per kilogram diet) in each group was: (1) 200 g casein (control); (2) 100 g casein plus 100 g soy protein (low soy); (3) 200 g soy protein (high soy); 4) 200 g casein plus 17.2g extract (low extract); and (5) 200 g casein plus 34.4 g extract (high extract). Diet consumption, body weight, uterine wet weight, urinary deoxypyridinoline concentration, and bone mineral density of the femur and lumbar vertebrae were measured. Femur rigidity was evaluated by histomorphometry. The uterus and vagina were studied histologically. RESULTS Rats in all treatment groups had lower body weights and lower deoxypyridinoline concentrations compared with controls, but none of the differences was statistically significant. There was no significant difference in femur and lumbar bone mineral density, uterine wet weights, or histomorphometry between the control and treatment groups. Histologically, uteri and vaginae were normal in all groups except that 1 of 10 rats in the high-soy group and 2 of 10 rats in the high-extract group showed extensive squamous metaplasia in the uterine gland. CONCLUSION These results suggest that dietary isolated soy protein and isoflavones have no effect on bone and the vagina during premenopausal period, but may have an adverse effect on the uterus.
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Scully C, Bagan JV, Black M, Carrozzo M, Eisen D, Escudier M, Farthing P, Kuffer R, Lo Muzio L, Mignogna M, Porter SR. Number 1Epithelial biology. Oral Dis 2005; 11:58-71. [PMID: 15752078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2004.01078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The oral mucous membrane has features similar to skin but also differs in several ways. This paper reviews the aspects of epithelial biology necessary for an understanding of the vesiculoerosive disorders.
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Bahr JM, Nakai M, Rivera A, Walsh J, Evans GL, Lotinun S, Turner RT, Black M, Jeffery EH. Dietary soy protein and isoflavones: minimal beneficial effects on bone and no effect on the reproductive tract of sexually mature ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats. Menopause 2005; 12:165-73. [PMID: 15772564 DOI: 10.1097/00042192-200512020-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary soy protein and isoflavones on bone and the reproductive tract in the absence of the ovary. DESIGN Three-month-old Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 56) were either sham-operated or ovariectomized and then fed diets containing casein or soy protein +/- isoflavone extract for 12 weeks. The amounts of casein, soy protein, and extract (per kg diet) in each group were as follows: (1) Ovariectomy, 200 g of casein; (2) Ovariectomy+low soy, 100 g of casein + 100 g of soy protein; (3) Ovariectomy+high soy, 200 g of soy protein; (4) Ovariectomy+low extract, 200 g of casein + 17.2 g of extract; (5) Ovariectomy+high extract, 200 g of casein + 34.4 g of extract; (6) Ovary intact, 200 g of casein; (7) Ovariectomy+estradiol-17beta, 200 g of casein. Diet consumption, body weight, uterine weight, urine deoxypyridinoline, and bone mineral density of the femur and lumbar vertebrae were measured. The femur rigidity was evaluated by histomorphometry. The reproductive tract (uterus, vagina, and cervix) was studied histologically. RESULTS The Ovariectomy group showed significant increases in body weight, diet consumption, and deoxypyridinoline, decreases in uterine weight and bone mineral density, and negative changes in histomorphometry compared with the Ovary intact group. Neither soy protein nor extract diets abrogated these alterations, except for the Ovariectomy+high extract group that showed statistically significant positive changes in histomorphometric parameters. There were no histological differences in the reproductive tract among Ovariectomy, Ovariectomy+soy, and Ovariectomy+extract groups. The estradiol-17beta replacement abrogated ovariectomy-induced alterations. CONCLUSION Dietary intake of isoflavones by sexually mature ovariectomized rats has a minimal beneficial effect on bone with no effect on the reproductive tract.
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Abstract
The practicing Forensic Pathologist is likely to encounter case material in which either the cause of death or a major contribution to the cause of death is underlying damage to or disease of the central nervous system. While it is good practice in many instances to have a working relationship with a Department of Neuropathology, from which advice and practical help can be sought, there may be instances when the Forensic Pathologist needs to proceed on a basis of a working knowledge of Forensic Neuropathology up to and including how to examine the specimen and take tissue blocks for processing and subsequent histological examination. Some of the more common conditions of the central nervous system such as damage consequent to hypoxia-ischaemia, hypoglycemia and epilepsy, the encephalopathies associated with altered sodium concentration, deficiency due to Vitamin B(1) and various neurodegenerative diseases that manifest as dementia and include Alzheimer's disease, cortical Lewy body disease and the prion disorders, are outlined in this article.
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