Response prediction to a multitargeted kinase inhibitor in cancer cell lines and xenograft tumors using high-content tyrosine peptide arrays with a kinetic readout

Multitargeted kinase inhibitors have shown clinical efficacy in a range of cancer types. However, two major problems associated with these drugs are the low fraction of patients for which these treatments provide initial clinical benefit and the occurrence of resistance during prolonged therapy. Several types of predictive biomarkers have been suggested, such as expression level and phosphorylation status of the major targeted kinase(s), mutational status of the kinases involved and of key components of the downstream signaling cascades, and gene expression signatures. In this work, we describe the development of a response prediction platform that does not require prior knowledge of the relevant kinases targeted by the inhibitor; instead, a phosphotyrosine peptide profile using peptide arrays with a kinetic readout is derived in lysates in the presence and absence of a kinase inhibitor. We show in a range of cell lines and in xenograft tumors that this approach allows for the stratification of responders and nonresponders to a multitargeted kinase inhibitor.

Unintended changes in cognition, mood, and behavior arising from cell-based interventions for neurological conditions: ethical challenges

The prospect of using cell-based interventions (CBIs) to treat neurological conditions raises several important ethical and policy questions. In this target article, we focus on issues related to the unique constellation of traits that characterize CBIs targeted at the central nervous system. In particular, there is at least a theoretical prospect that these cells will alter the recipients' cognition, mood, and behavior-brain functions that are central to our concept of the self. The potential for such changes, although perhaps remote, is cause for concern and careful ethical analysis. Both to enable better informed consent in the future and as an end in itself, we argue that early human trials of CBIs for neurological conditions must monitor subjects for changes in cognition, mood, and behavior; further, we recommend concrete steps for that monitoring. Such steps will help better characterize the potential risks and benefits of CBIs as they are tested and potentially used for treatment.

All-sky LIGO search for periodic gravitational waves in the early fifth-science-run data

We report on an all-sky search with the LIGO detectors for periodic gravitational waves in the frequency range 50-1100 Hz and with the frequency's time derivative in the range -5 x 10{-9}-0 Hz s{-1}. Data from the first eight months of the fifth LIGO science run (S5) have been used in this search, which is based on a semicoherent method (PowerFlux) of summing strain power. Observing no evidence of periodic gravitational radiation, we report 95% confidence-level upper limits on radiation emitted by any unknown isolated rotating neutron stars within the search range. Strain limits below 10{-24} are obtained over a 200-Hz band, and the sensitivity improvement over previous searches increases the spatial volume sampled by an average factor of about 100 over the entire search band. For a neutron star with nominal equatorial ellipticity of 10{-6}, the search is sensitive to distances as great as 500 pc.

All-sky LIGO search for periodic gravitational waves in the early fifth-science-run data

We report on an all-sky search with the LIGO detectors for periodic gravitational waves in the frequency range 50-1100 Hz and with the frequency's time derivative in the range -5 x 10{-9}-0 Hz s{-1}. Data from the first eight months of the fifth LIGO science run (S5) have been used in this search, which is based on a semicoherent method (PowerFlux) of summing strain power. Observing no evidence of periodic gravitational radiation, we report 95% confidence-level upper limits on radiation emitted by any unknown isolated rotating neutron stars within the search range. Strain limits below 10{-24} are obtained over a 200-Hz band, and the sensitivity improvement over previous searches increases the spatial volume sampled by an average factor of about 100 over the entire search band. For a neutron star with nominal equatorial ellipticity of 10{-6}, the search is sensitive to distances as great as 500 pc.

All-sky LIGO search for periodic gravitational waves in the early fifth-science-run data

We report on an all-sky search with the LIGO detectors for periodic gravitational waves in the frequency range 50-1100 Hz and with the frequency's time derivative in the range -5 x 10{-9}-0 Hz s{-1}. Data from the first eight months of the fifth LIGO science run (S5) have been used in this search, which is based on a semicoherent method (PowerFlux) of summing strain power. Observing no evidence of periodic gravitational radiation, we report 95% confidence-level upper limits on radiation emitted by any unknown isolated rotating neutron stars within the search range. Strain limits below 10{-24} are obtained over a 200-Hz band, and the sensitivity improvement over previous searches increases the spatial volume sampled by an average factor of about 100 over the entire search band. For a neutron star with nominal equatorial ellipticity of 10{-6}, the search is sensitive to distances as great as 500 pc.

All-sky LIGO search for periodic gravitational waves in the early fifth-science-run data

We report on an all-sky search with the LIGO detectors for periodic gravitational waves in the frequency range 50-1100 Hz and with the frequency's time derivative in the range -5 x 10{-9}-0 Hz s{-1}. Data from the first eight months of the fifth LIGO science run (S5) have been used in this search, which is based on a semicoherent method (PowerFlux) of summing strain power. Observing no evidence of periodic gravitational radiation, we report 95% confidence-level upper limits on radiation emitted by any unknown isolated rotating neutron stars within the search range. Strain limits below 10{-24} are obtained over a 200-Hz band, and the sensitivity improvement over previous searches increases the spatial volume sampled by an average factor of about 100 over the entire search band. For a neutron star with nominal equatorial ellipticity of 10{-6}, the search is sensitive to distances as great as 500 pc.

Healthcare assistants in the children's intensive care unit

Recruiting and retaining qualified nurses for children's intensive care units is becoming more difficult because of falling numbers of recruits into the child branch and inadequate educational planning and provision. Meeting the staffing challenge and maintaining the quality of children's intensive care services requires flexible and creative approaches, including considered evolution of the role of healthcare assistants. Evidence from adult services indicates that the addition of healthcare assistants to the intensive care team can benefit patient care. The evolution of the healthcare assistant role to support provision of safe, effective care in the children's intensive care setting requires a comprehensive strategy to ensure that appropriate education, training and supervision are in place. Career development pathways need to be in place and role accountability clearly defined at the different stages of the pathway. Experience in one unit in Glasgow suggests that healthcare assistants make a valuable contribution to the care of critically ill children and young people.

Search for gravitational-wave bursts from soft gamma repeaters

We present a LIGO search for short-duration gravitational waves (GWs) associated with soft gamma ray repeater (SGR) bursts. This is the first search sensitive to neutron star f modes, usually considered the most efficient GW emitting modes. We find no evidence of GWs associated with any SGR burst in a sample consisting of the 27 Dec. 2004 giant flare from SGR 1806-20 and 190 lesser events from SGR 1806-20 and SGR 1900+14. The unprecedented sensitivity of the detectors allows us to set the most stringent limits on transient GW amplitudes published to date. We find upper limit estimates on the model-dependent isotropic GW emission energies (at a nominal distance of 10 kpc) between 3x10;{45} and 9x10;{52} erg depending on waveform type, detector antenna factors and noise characteristics at the time of the burst. These upper limits are within the theoretically predicted range of some SGR models.

Branched chain amino/keto acid supplementation following severe burn injury: a preliminary report

14 severely burned patients were randomly assigned to receive one of three nasogastric feeds commencing after the resuscitation period and continuing for 15 days. Group A received a feed with a high leucine content (31% of protein as branched chain amino-acids, BCAA). Group B received a similar feed to Group A but 65% of the leucine was replaced by alpha-ketoisocaproate (KIC). Group C received a whole protein feed (16% of the protein content as BCAA), and acted as a control group. Targeted energy intake was twice the calculated Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR). Group A had significantly reduced urinary 3-methylhistidine (3-MEH) and serum urea, compared with the control group. Serum total protein, albumin and transferrin and apparent nitrogen balance were not significantly different. Group B's results did not vary significantly from controls. Leucine enrichment reduces muscle protein breakdown benefiting burn patients fed enterally when compared to a standard feed, whereas KIC enrichment does not.

Biosorption of zinc from aqueous solution using Azadirachta indica bark: equilibrium and kinetic studies

The removal of zinc ions from aqueous solutions on the biomass of Azadirachta indica bark has been studied by using batch adsorption technique. The biosorption studies were determined as a function of contact time, pH, initial metal ion concentration, average biosorbent size and biosorbent dosage. The equilibrium metal uptake was increased and percentage biosorption was decreased with an increase in the initial concentration and particle size of biosorbent. The maximum zinc biosorption occurred at pH 6 and percentage biosorption increases with increase in the biosorbent dosage. Experimental data obtained were tested with the adsorption models like Langmuir, Freundlich and Redlich-Peterson isotherms. Biosorption isothermal data were well interpreted by Langmuir model with maximum biosorption capacity of 33.49mg/g of zinc ions on A. indica bark biomass and kinetic data were properly fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model.

Laterality in coiling behaviour of snakes: another interpretation

The direction of coiling was periodically recorded for two species of viperid snakes--copperheads (Agkistrodon contortrix) and cottonmouths (Agkistrodon piscivorus). Overall, neither species showed a significant preference for coiling in a particular direction. Only 1 of 22 snakes exhibited an individual preference, a result within expectation for random direction of coiling when using a 5% rejection level for statistical testing. A previously published claim for laterality in coiling direction by cottonmouths presented similar results but came to the opposite conclusion. The data from the combined studies suggest that if laterality in coiling direction does occur, it is extremely weak and inconsistent.

Expression of Cyp21a1 and Cyp11b1 in the fetal mouse testis

Fetal Leydig cells and fetal adrenocortical cells may share a common progenitor cell. Both cell types show several similarities, particularly in relation to their primary steroidogenic function. Differences in steroid secretion are largely due to the expression of 21-hydroxylase (CYP21A1) and 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) activity in the adrenal. To determine whether expression of these enzymes defines a clear difference between adrenocortical and Leydig cells, or is further evidence of a link between the cell types, we have measuredCyp21a1andCyp11b1expression and related enzyme activity in the fetal testis. Expression of bothCyp21a1andCyp11b1was clearly detectable in the fetal testis by RT-PCR and Southern blotting. Real-time PCR studies showed thatCyp11b1was expressed only in the fetal/neonatal testis with no expression in the pubertal or post-pubertal animal.Cyp21a1was also predominantly expressed in the fetal testis although some lower expression was also seen in the adult. Expression ofCyp21a1andCyp11b1in neonatal testicular cells was unaffected by incubationin vitrowith human chorionic gonadotrophin or ACTH. Using immunohistochemistry, CYP21A1 was localised to a subset of interstitial steroidogenic cells in the fetal testis although CYP11B1 was not detectable. Incubation studies showed that 21-hydroxylase activity was present in the tissue although 11β-hydroxylase activity could not be detected. Results indicate that a subpopulation of steroidogenic cells in the fetal testis expressCyp21a1and show 21-hydroxylase activity. This may provide further evidence of a link between fetal Leydig cells and adrenocortical cells but does not discount the possibility that these steroidogenic cells represent ‘ectopic’ adrenal cells.

Causes of death in hospitalized adults with a premortem diagnosis of tuberculosis: an autopsy study

OBJECTIVE

To ascertain the immediate and underlying causes of death in adults who died in hospital with a premortem diagnosis of tuberculosis.

DESIGN

Causes of death were assessed independently by internists and pathologists in 50 adults admitted to two Soweto hospitals who died 24 h or more after admission. Detailed record reviews and complete autopsies, including HIV tests when not performed premortem, were performed. In addition, a variety of postmortem microbiological tests were performed.

RESULTS

Forty-seven patients had HIV infection; all were antiretroviral naive. Their median age was 34.5 years, median CD4 cell count was 48 cells/microl and median length of hospitalization before death was 6 days. Autopsy confirmed the premortem diagnosis of tuberculosis in 37 HIV-infected patients (79%), whereas 10 (21%) did not demonstrate tuberculosis. Bronchopneumonia and cytomegalovirus pneumonitis were the leading pathologies in these 10 patients. In 47 HIV-infected cadavers immediate or contributory causes of death were: extensive pulmonary tuberculosis, 32 (68%); disseminated tuberculosis, 28 (60%); bacterial pneumonia, 13 (26%); cytomegalovirus pneumonitis in seven (15%); cytomegalovirus DNA was found in 31 (66%) and Pneumocystis pneumonia was found in five cadavers (11%). The lung, followed by lymph nodes, liver and kidney, were the commonest sites of tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis was cultured from 19 spleens, one of which was multidrug resistant, and Salmonella spp. was cultured from 11 splenic specimens.

CONCLUSION

We demonstrated disseminated, extensive tuberculosis associated with advanced HIV disease. Severe bacterial infections, including salmonellosis, were the leading co-morbidity, suggesting that hospitalized HIV-infected adults in whom tuberculosis is suspected may benefit from broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy.

Removal of lead from aqueous solution using Syzygium cumini L.: equilibrium and kinetic studies

The biosorption of lead ions from aqueous solution by Syzygium cumini L. was studied in a batch adsorption system as a function of pH, contact time, lead ion concentration, adsorbent concentration and adsorbent size. The biosorption capacities and rates of lead ions onto S. cumini L. were evaluated. The Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson and Temkin adsorption models were applied to describe the isotherms and isotherm constants. Biosorption isothermal data could be well interpreted by the Langmuir model followed by Temkin model with maximum adsorption capacity of 32.47 mg/g of lead ion on S. cumini L. leaves biomass. The kinetic experimental data were properly correlated with the second-order kinetic model.

Bronchiectasis

Bronchiectasis is generally classified into cystic fibrosis and non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis. This review article describes non-cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis in adults. Bronchiectasis can be considered a heterogeneous condition characterized by irreversible airway dilatation with chronic bronchial infection/inflammation. It remains a common condition and is a major cause of respiratory morbidity. Many factors are associated with bronchiectasis, but most commonly patients will have idiopathic disease. Important clinical findings include chronic productive cough, rhinosinusitis, fatigue and bi-basal crackles. Patients have usually had symptoms for many years. Diagnosis is confirmed by high-resolution computed tomography scanning using standardized criteria. Spirometry shows moderate airflow obstruction and there is a high prevalence of bronchial hyperreactivity. The most common pathogens are non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. There may be considerable overlap with other chronic airway diseases. Treatment regimens are still not well defined. Patients tend to have ongoing symptoms and decline in respiratory function despite treatment.

Comparison for adsorption modelling of copper and zinc from aqueous solution by Ulva fasciata sp

The removal of copper and zinc from aqueous solution by adsorption on Ulva fasciata sp. was studied, as a function of contact time and pH of the solution. Adsorption of copper and zinc on U. fasciata sp. was compared. It was shown that U. fasciata sp. has high metal removal efficiency. The maximum adsorption capacity of U. fasciata sp. for copper and zinc was 26.88 and 13.5mg/g, respectively. The adsorption of copper and zinc on U. fasciata sp. was increased with increase in pH from 2 to 5 and decreased with increase in pH from 5 to 10. The Freundlich and Langmuir model can describe the adsorption equilibrium of copper and zinc on U. fasciata sp. The Freundlich and Langmuir constants for adsorption of copper and zinc on U. fasciata sp. were determined.

Equilibrium and kinetic studies for the biosorption system of copper(II) ion from aqueous solution using Tectona grandis L.f. leaves powder

The biosorption of copper(II) ions from aqueous solution by Tectona grandis L.f. was studied in a batch adsorption system as a function of pH, metal ion concentration, adsorbent concentration and adsorbent size. The biosorption capacities and rates of copper(II) ions onto T. grandis L.f. were evaluated. The Langmuir, Freundlich, Redlich-Peterson and Temkin adsorption models were applied to describe the isotherms and isotherm constants. Biosorption isothermal data could be well interpreted by the Langmuir model with maximum adsorption capacity of 15.43 mg/g of copper(II) ion on T. grandis L.f. leaves powder. The kinetic experimental data properly correlated with the second-order kinetic model. Various thermodynamic parameters such as deltaG(o), deltaH(o), and deltaS(o) were calculated indicating that this system was a spontaneous and exothermic process.

Real-time gene expression analysis in human xenografts for evaluation of histone deacetylase inhibitors

Real-time analysis of gene expression in experimental tumor models represents a major tool to document disease biology and evaluate disease treatment. However, monitoring gene regulation in vivo still is an emerging field, and thus far it has not been linked to long-term tumor growth and disease outcome. In this report, we describe the development and validation of a fluorescence-based gene expression model driven by the promoter of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21waf1,cip1. The latter is a key regulator of tumor cell proliferation and a major determinant in the response to many anticancer agents such as histone deacetylase inhibitors. In response to histone deacetylase inhibitors, induction of fluorescence in A2780 ovarian tumors could be monitored in living mice in a noninvasive real-time manner using whole-body imaging. Single p.o. administration of the histone deacetylase inhibitor MS-275 significantly induces tumor fluorescence in a time- and dose-dependent manner, which accurately predicted long-term antitumoral efficacy in individual mice following extended treatment. These findings illustrate that this technology allows monitoring of the biological response induced by treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors. In addition to providing experimental pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic markers for investigational drugs, this model provides insight into the kinetics of in vivo regulation of transcription, which plays a key role in causing and maintaining the uncontrolled proliferation of tumor tissue.

Removal of copper from aqueous solution using Ulva fasciata sp.--a marine green algae

Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for the removal of copper from its aqueous solution using Ulva fasciata sp. a marine green algae as adsorbent. The adsorption of Cu(II) by Ulva fasciata sp. was investigated as a function of pH, contact time, initial Cu(II) and adsorbent concentrations and adsorbent size. About 0.1 g of Ulva fasciata sp. was found to be enough to remove 95% of 20 mg/L copper from 30 mL aqueous solution in 20 min. The optimum pH value was found to be 5. The dynamic data fitted to the pseudo-second order kinetic model. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms and the isotherm constants were determined. The experimental adsorption data were fitted to the Langmuir adsorption model. The maximum adsorption capacity was 26.88 mg/g. The applicability of Lagergren kinetic model was also investigated.

Sorption of copper(II) ion from aqueous solution by Tectona grandis l.f. (teak leaves powder)

Studies on a batch sorption system using Tectona grandis l.f. as adsorbent was investigated to remove copper(II) from aqueous solutions. The adsorption experiments were performed under various conditions such as different initial concentrations, pH, adsorbent dosage and adsorbent particle size. The data showed that 0.1 g of Tectona grandis l.f. was found to remove 71.66% of 20 mg/L copper(II) from 30 mL aqueous solution in 180 min. The experimental equilibrium data were adjusted by the adsorption isotherms from Langmuir and Freundlich models and their equilibrium parameters were determined. The best-adjusted model to the experimental equilibrium data for Tectona grandis l.f. was the Langmuir model. Using the Langmuir model equation, the monolayer sorption capacity of Tectona grandis l.f. was evaluated and found to be 95.40 mg/g. The optimum pH value was found to be 5.5. The pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order kinetic models were used to describe the kinetic data. The dynamic data fitted the pseudo-second-order kinetic model.

A novel end-effector design for robotics in image-guided needle procedures

BACKGROUND

Robotic end-effectors are being developed to facilitate image-guided minimally invasive needle-based procedures, such as tumour ablation, biopsy, thoracentesis and blood sampling.

METHODS

A novel mechanical end-effector was designed to address the challenges associated with any major needle-based procedure, focusing on liver biopsy and ablation. In this end-effector embodiment, the distal end of a single articulating arm can grip needles and instruments and allows a fairly high number of degrees of freedom of movement during the complex motions associated with positioning and driving needles, as well as the periodic motions associated with breathing patterns. Tightening a cable that runs through the articulations fixes the arm in a rigid state, allowing insertion of the gripped needle.

RESULTS

A design is presented that will require electro-mechanical stimulation and remote joystick control. The associated forces of cranial-caudal motion of soft tissue organs affects design constraints. A simulation study defined the process with tissue phantoms with mechanical properties in the range of hepatic tissue and the overlying abdominal wall. The robotic arm coupled with our end-effector could be deployed in an image-guided interventional suite.

CONCLUSIONS

Such a switch-able and flexible mode for a robotic arm could overcome much of the current limitations for automated needle placements for mobile targets, and could mitigate risks from breathing or patient motion with a rigid needle gripper in place.

Upper limits on a stochastic background of gravitational waves

The Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory has performed a third science run with much improved sensitivities of all three interferometers. We present an analysis of approximately 200 hours of data acquired during this run, used to search for a stochastic background of gravitational radiation. We place upper bounds on the energy density stored as gravitational radiation for three different spectral power laws. For the flat spectrum, our limit of omega0 < 8.4 x 10(-4) in the 69-156 Hz band is approximately 10(5) times lower than the previous result in this frequency range.

NZiDep: a New Zealand index of socioeconomic deprivation for individuals

The aim of this research was to identify a small set of indicators of an individual's deprivation that is appropriate for all ethnic groups and can be combined into a single and simple index of individual socioeconomic deprivation in New Zealand. The NZiDep index of socioeconomic deprivation was derived using the same theoretical basis as the national census-based small-area indices of relative socioeconomic deprivation. The index has been created and validated from the analysis of representative sample survey data obtained from approximately 300 Maori, 300 Pacific, and 300 non-Maori, non-Pacific adults. Twenty-eight deprivation-related characteristics, derived from New Zealand and overseas surveys, were analysed by standard statistical techniques (factor analysis, Cronbach's coefficient alpha, item-total correlations, principal component analysis). The index was validated using information on tobacco smoking, which is known to be strongly related to deprivation. The NZiDep index is based on eight simple questions which take 2-3 min to administer. The index is a significant new (non-occupational) tool for measuring socioeconomic position for individuals. We argue that the index has advantages over existing measures, including a specific focus on deficits, applicability to all adults (not just the economically active), and usefulness for all ethnic groups. Its strengths include focus, simplicity, utility, acceptability across ethnic groups, construct validity, statistical validity, criterion validity (measured with reference to tobacco smoking), and relevance to the current New Zealand context. The index is indicative of deprivation in general, and is designed for use as a variable in research, and for elucidating the relationships between socioeconomic position and health/social outcomes.

Accurate discrimination of Barrett's esophagus and esophageal adenocarcinoma using a quantitative three-tiered algorithm and multimarker real-time reverse transcription-PCR

Esophageal adenocarcinoma (EA) is increasing faster than any other cancer in the U.S. In this report, we first show that EA can be distinguished from normal esophagus (NE) and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by plotting expression values for EpCam, TFF1, and SBEM in three-dimensional Euclidean space. For monitoring progression of Barrett's esophagus (BE) to EA, we developed a highly sensitive assay for limited quantities of tissue whereby 50 ng of RNA are first converted to cDNA using 16 gene-specific primers. Using a set of training tissues, we developed a novel quantitative three-tiered algorithm that allows for accurate (overall accuracy = 61/63, 97%) discrimination of BE versus EA tissues using only three genes. The gene used in the first tier of the algorithm is TSPAN: samples not diagnosed as BE or EA by TSPAN in the first tier are then subjected to a second-tier analysis using ECGF1, followed by a third-tier analysis using SPARC. Addition of TFF1 and SBEM to the first tier (i.e., a five-gene marker panel) increases the overall accuracy of the assay to 98% (62/63) and results in mean molecular diagnostic scores (+/- SD) that are significantly different between EA and BE samples (3.19 +/- 1.07 versus -2.74 +/- 1.73, respectively). Our results suggest that relatively few genes can be used to monitor progression of BE to EA.

Limits on gravitational-wave emission from selected pulsars using LIGO data

We place direct upper limits on the amplitude of gravitational waves from 28 isolated radio pulsars by a coherent multidetector analysis of the data collected during the second science run of the LIGO interferometric detectors. These are the first direct upper limits for 26 of the 28 pulsars. We use coordinated radio observations for the first time to build radio-guided phase templates for the expected gravitational-wave signals. The unprecedented sensitivity of the detectors allows us to set strain upper limits as low as a few times 10(-24). These strain limits translate into limits on the equatorial ellipticities of the pulsars, which are smaller than 10(-5) for the four closest pulsars.

Treatment of metallic effluents using coconut shell coke

The effect of various parameters on the removal of metal ions (Zinc and Cadmium) by adsorption using coconut shell coke is investigated. The time of contact, initial metal ion concentration, adsorbent dosage, volume of the adsorbate solution, size of the adsorbent particle and the effect of the presence of another metal at various concentrations are the parameters studied. The adsorption isotherms so obtained in this study followed the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherms showing a marginal average deviation.

Increases in melanin-concentrating hormone and MCH receptor levels in the hypothalamus of dietary-obese rats

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that stimulates feeding and increases body weight in rodents. We studied the role of the system in energy homeostasis and its regulation by the satiety signals, leptin and insulin. We used real-time PCR to measure the hypothalamic expression of MCH and its receptor (MCHR1) in two contrasting models of altered nutritional status, namely, obesity induced by 8 weeks' voluntary overeating and food restriction for 10 days. Diet-fed rats were stratified according to final total fat-pad mass into a 'high fat gain' group (HG) and 'low fat gain' group (LG). MCH mRNA levels were increased by 31% (p>0.05) and 49% (p<0.05) in the LG and HG, respectively, compared with controls. MCHR1 mRNA levels rose by 118% in the LG (p<0.01) and 85% in the HG (p<0.01). There were significant positive correlations (p<0.05) between plasma leptin concentration and both MCH and MCHR1 mRNA levels, and between plasma insulin and MCHR1 expression. A positive correlation was also observed between MCH and MCHR1 mRNA levels (p<0.05). Food-restricted rats showed no significant alterations in the levels of either MCH mRNA or MCHR1 mRNA. In a second experiment, we measured MCH peptide levels in five discrete hypothalamic areas of dietary-obese rats. MCH concentrations were significantly increased in the arcuate nuclei of the HG (p<0.05) and the paraventricular nuclei of both the LG (p<0.05) and HG (p<0.05), compared with their lean counterparts. These results suggest that the MCH system becomes more active in dietary obesity and could be involved in enhancing appetite for palatable food. The possibility that MCH and MCHR1 expression are positively regulated by leptin and insulin, which normally inhibit feeding, is a putative explanation for how appetite for palatable food is able to override mechanisms that prevent the development of obesity.

Anti-Hu antibody neuropathy: a clinical, electrophysiological, and pathological study

OBJECTIVE

The objective is to report the clinical, electrophysiological, and histopathological features of 16 patients with anti-Hu antibody neuropathy.

METHODS

Clinical and electrophysiological data in 16 patients (11 females and 5 males) with positive anti-Hu antibody and nerve biopsy data in 9 cases were analyzed.

RESULTS

Cancer was detected in 11 patients, including 9 with small-cell lung cancer. Classical paraneoplastic subacute sensory neuronopathy (SSN) and/or encephalomyelitis (EM) was observed in 7 patients (44%), including 5 with SSN. The most common clinical feature was sensory-motor neuropathy (SMN), accounting for 50% of cases. Though sensory nerve conduction abnormality was the prominent feature in 14 (88%) cases, sensory and motor nerve conduction was abnormal in all cases. Motor nerve conduction findings were typical of axonal degeneration. The most common nerve conduction pattern was that of SMN, with a sensory neuronopathy pattern being observed in only 3 cases. Sural nerve biopsy in 9 patients showed axonal degeneration in all cases and inflammatory cells in 4 cases.

CONCLUSIONS

Classical sensory neuronopathy is rarer than expected, both clinically and electrophysiologically. Motor involvement is not uncommon and motor nerve conduction abnormality is frequently seen. A diverse clinical and electrophysiological, and histopathological spectrum was observed in this neuropathy.

SIGNIFICANCE

New guidelines for the selection of patients for anti-Hu antibody test are recommended.

Population parameters and life-table analysis of two coexisting freshwater turtles: are the Bellinger River turtle populations threatened?

Two species of freshwater turtle coexist in the Bellinger River: Elseya georgesi is common but limited to the Bellinger River, whereas Emydura macquarii is widespread but rare in the Bellinger River. The Bellinger River population of E. macquarii has been proposed as a distinct subspecies, so it may be endangered. Survivorship, fecundity, growth, size and age were determined for El. georgesi and the finite rate of increase (λ) was estimated by a life-table analysis using mark–recapture data from surveys between 1988 and 2004. These parameters were compared with those of well studied populations of E. macquarii to assess whether modelling the demographic parameters of El. georgesi could serve as a surrogate for estimating the influences of these demographic parameters on λ in the Bellinger River population of E. macquarii. We estimated that ~4500 El. georgesi inhabit the study area and, despite a size distribution strongly biased towards large individuals, the population is increasing (λ = 1.15) in the best-case scenario, or slightly decreasing (λ = 0.96) in the worst-case scenario. Comparing El. georgesi with E. macquarii from the Bellinger River and elsewhere suggests that E. macquarii grows faster, attains greater maximum size, has a greater clutch size and a higher fecundity than El. georgesi. Hence, El. georgesi does not serve as a good surrogate to determine demographic influences on λ in E. macquarii.

Effect of process standards on survival of patients with head and neck cancer in the south and west of England

The aim of the study was to compare standards for the process of care and 2-year survival between two cohorts of patients with head and neck cancer in the south and west of England. A total of 566 and 727 patients presented in 1996–97 and 1999–2000, respectively. The median number of cases treated per surgeon was 4 (1997, range 1–26) and 4 (2000, 1–23) and per radiotherapist was 10 (1–51) and 19 (1–70). For all ‘nontemporal’ standards, the overall standard increased, without reaching minimum high targets, while most ‘waiting times’ increased. Overall 2-year survival was 64.1% in 1997 and 65.1% in 2000. There was no difference in survival between networks (range 56–68, 1997, log-rank test 4.1, P=0.4; 62–69, 2000, log-rank test 1.26, P=0.69). Patients assessed by a multidisciplinary clinic exhibited improved survival (1997: P=0.1; 2000: hazard ratio 0.7, P=0.02), as did those with a pretreatment chest X-ray (hazard ratio 0.7, P=0.03). Despite an increased incidence, standards for the process of care for patients with head and neck cancer improved between 1996 and 2000, while waiting times increased and 2-year survival rates remained unaltered. Two out of five networks demonstrated centralisation of services between audits. Being seen in a multidisciplinary clinic correlated strongly with patient survival.

The multi-mode polarization modulation spectrometer: part 1: simultaneous detection of absorption, turbidity, and optical activity

Circular dichroism (CD) is an important spectroscopic technique for monitoring chirality and biological macromolecule conformation. However, during a CD measurement, absorbance, light scattering/turbidity, and fluorescence can also be detected. The simultaneous measurement of these different spectral features for a single sample is the basis of a multi-mode optical spectrometer. This allows time-efficient gathering of complementary information and provides a scheme to ensure that CD measurements are reliable. Aspects of circular polarization differential light scattering, pH, and temperature variation of a protein (antibody) solution are described. A procedure to help ensure that CD measurements are reliable is described.

Muon spin relaxation measurements of NaxCoO2.yH2O

Using the transverse field muon spin relaxation technique, we measure the temperature dependence of the magnetic field penetration depth lambda, in the NaxCoO2.yH(2)O system. We find that lambda, which is determined by the superfluid density n(s) and the effective mass m*, is very small and on the edge of the TF-microSR sensitivity. Nevertheless, the results indicate that this system obeys the Uemura relation. By comparing lambda with the normal state electron density, we conclude that m* of the superconductivity carrier is 70 times larger than the mass of bare electrons. Finally, the order parameter in this system cannot be described by a complete gap over the entire Fermi surface.

Parity-violating electron deuteron scattering and the proton's neutral weak axial vector form factor

We report on a new measurement of the parity-violating asymmetry in quasielastic electron scattering from the deuteron at backward angles at Q2=0.038 (GeV/c)2. This quantity provides a determination of the neutral weak axial vector form factor of the nucleon, which can potentially receive large electroweak corrections. The measured asymmetry A=-3.51+/-0.57 (stat)+/-0.58 (syst) ppm is consistent with theoretical predictions. We also report on updated results of the previous experiment at Q2=0.091 (GeV/c)2, which are also consistent with theoretical predictions.

Short-term risk after initial observation for chest pain

Few studies have evaluated the necessity of immediate stress testing after observation for chest pain. The purpose of this study was to assess the safety of outpatient stress testing after discharge from a chest pain unit. We hypothesized that discharge from a chest pain unit before stress testing is associated with a low rate of short-term adverse outcomes. This was a retrospective chart review of managed care patients discharged from the chest pain unit before the performance of stress testing. Records were reviewed for the occurrence of adverse cardiac outcomes before an outpatient stress test up to 60 days post-discharge. Primary outcomes were defined as death or myocardial infarction, and secondary outcomes as readmission for chest pain evaluation, unstable angina, or congestive heart failure. Three hundred forty-four patients were identified. One hundred sixty-six patients had either a recent prior stress test (17) or an outpatient test (149) performed within 60 days of discharge. During that time, 2 patients (0.6%) had a fatal out-of-hospital cardiac event, and there were 27 subsequent chest pain visits to the Emergency Department by 24 patients (7.0%). Nine patients (2.6%) were admitted to the hospital and 10 (2.9%) were readmitted to the observation unit for chest pain. We conclude that patients who have negative serial electrocardiograms and enzyme testing in a chest pain unit are at low risk for short-term cardiac events. Appropriately selected patients may be discharged for subsequent outpatient testing.

Detection of occult liver metastases during EUS for staging of malignancies

BACKGROUND

EUS is commonly used in the staging of GI, thoracic, and other malignancies. Studies suggest EUS can detect occult liver metastases, but the frequency with which this occurs is unknown.

METHODS

Records were reviewed for all patients seen during a 3-year period who underwent EUS of the upper-GI tract for staging of known or suspected malignancy. Patients were included if there was histopathologic evidence of malignancy, they had undergone noninvasive liver imaging within 6 weeks of EUS, and liver surveillance was specifically mentioned in the report of the EUS procedure.

RESULTS

A total of 222 patients were included. Liver lesions were seen in 27 patients, 17 of whom had an abnormal noninvasive liver imaging test. EUS-guided FNA of the liver was performed in 21 patients and was diagnostic of malignancy in 15 (6.8%), 5 of whom (2.3%) had normal noninvasive imaging. In 6 patients, the EUS-guided FNA result was benign. EUS missed liver lesions in 4 patients known to have abnormalities by other imaging modalities.

CONCLUSIONS

EUS can detect occult liver metastases in patients in whom noninvasive hepatic imaging studies are normal, although the frequency at which such lesions are detected is low. Liver surveillance during EUS is worthwhile for patients in whom there is another indication for the procedure; but, at present, EUS should not replace traditional imaging modalities.

GAUGING NEW ZEALAND'S SUCCESS AT POVERTY REDUCTION IN THE NEW MILLENIUM

This paper presents the results of the New Zealand Poverty Measurement Project's analysis of the effects of the 1990s social reforms in New Zealand on the incidence and severity of poverty, and assesses the impact of five social and economic policies introduced by the Labour-led coalition governments since 1999: New Zealand superannuation, income-related rents on state houses, active labour market policies for an employment-rich economy, the Primary Health Care Strategy and the planned income support policy to reduce child poverty. Superannuation is assessed as both adequate and sustainable, rents for state houses are found to be affordable, and GDP growth and employment have increased incrementally as unemployment and benefit numbers have decreased. The Primary Health Care Strategy is an innovative initiative that will increase affordable access to general practitioners, but it and the proposed child assistance initiatives are too new to be adequately assessed. Of the challenges that remain, policy priorities should centre on housing alternatives, including home ownership for low-income households not in state houses; income support for poor households, particularly those with children; and multi-sector development of education and training aimed at lifting economic and social capacity.

Steroidogenic factor-1 and the gonadotrope-specific element enhance basal and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-stimulated transcription of the human glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene in gonadotropes

In the anterior pituitary, expression of the common glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit (alphaGSU) is mediated in part by multiple response elements residing in the distal promoter (-435 bp). One such site is the gonadotrope-specific element (GSE), which is bound by the orphan nuclear receptor steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) and confers pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP)-stimulated alphaGSU expression. Here we investigated the functional importance of the GSE and SF-1 phosphorylation in both basal and stimulated alphaGSU transcription. Mutation of the GSE reduced basal and PACAP-stimulated alphaGSU promoter activity in the alphaT3-1 gonadotrope cell line. Overexpression of wild-type SF-1, but not an S203A mutant form of SF-1, enhanced basal and PACAP-stimulated alphaGSU promoter activity. The effect of PACAP on alphaGSU promoter activity was inhibited after overexpression of MAPK phosphatase. Helix assembly of the SF-1 ligand-binding domain was stimulated by PACAP in vitro via a MAPK-dependent pathway, as determined using a mammalian two-hybrid assay. PACAP quickly activated MAPK (within 5 min) and also resulted in elevated levels of phospho-cAMP response element-binding protein and phospho-SF-1, as judged by a specific antiphospho-S203 antibody; this effect was blocked by the MAPK kinase inhibitor, UO126. Collectively, these data demonstrate that SF-1 binds to the GSE and activates both basal and PACAP-stimulated alphaGSU transcription, which is further increased by phosphorylation at Ser203 via MAPK. These data suggest strongly that the induction of alphaGSU gene expression by peptide hormone signaling is coupled directly to the posttranslational status of SF-1.

Absence of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-stimulated transcription of the human glycoprotein alpha-subunit gene in LbetaT2 gonadotrophs reveals disrupted cAMP-mediated gene transcription

Hormone regulation of anterior pituitary expression of the common glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit (alphaGSU) is mediated by multiple response elements residing in the first -435 bp of the human promoter. In rat pituitary cells and mouse alphaT3-1 precursor gonadotrophs, the human alphaGSU promoter is strongly responsive to activators of the adenylyl cyclase/cAMP pathway, such as the hypothalamic releasing hormone, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and forskolin (an adenylyl cyclase activator). However, the role of PACAP and cAMP in regulating alphaGSU transcription in the more differentiated LbetaT2 gonadotroph is unclear. Here, we investigate the regulation of the human alphaGSU promoter by PACAP and forskolin in LbetaT2 and alphaT3-1 gonadotrophs. PACAP failed to stimulate alphaGSU promoter activity or cAMP production in LbetaT2 cells, in marked contrast to alphaT3-1 cells. LbetaT2 gonadotrophs expressed extremely low levels of any PACAP type 1 receptors (PAC(1)-R) isoform by RT-PCR and lacked PAC(1)-R by radioligand binding. Forskolin stimulated the alphaGSU promoter in LbetaT2 cells, but by less than 30% of the response seen in alphaT3-1 gonadotrophs. This blunted cAMP transcriptional effect was not due to different levels of cAMP generation, or altered expression of the cAMP target proteins CREB, Akt, CBP or ICER. However, only LbetaT2 cells showed detectable expression of the protein kinase A type IIalpha regulatory subunit. Binding of activating transcription factor-2 and phosphorylated CREB to the consensus CRE was observed in both LbetaT2 and alphaT3-1 gonadotrophs, yet forskolin failed to stimulate either CRE- or CREB-mediated transcription in LbetaT2 cells. Collectively, these data demonstrate the lack of functional PACAP receptors in LbetaT2 gonadotrophs, and a pronounced attenuation in the responsiveness of this differentiated gonadotroph cell line to cAMP stimulus.

Improved Efficacy of Newly Formulated Bacteriophages for Management of Bacterial Spot on Tomato

Bacteriophages are currently used as an alternative method for controlling bacterial spot disease on tomato incited by Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria. However, the efficacy of phage is greatly reduced due to its short residual activity on plant foliage. Three formulations that significantly increased phage longevity on the plant surface were tested in field and greenhouse trials: (i) PCF, 0.5% pregelatinized corn flour (PCF) + 0.5% sucrose; (ii) Casecrete, 0.5% Casecrete NH-400 + 0.5% sucrose + 0.25% PCF; and (iii) skim milk, 0.75% powdered skim milk + 0.5% sucrose. In greenhouse experiments, the nonformulated, PCF-, Casecrete-, and skim milk-formulated phage mixtures reduced disease severity on plants compared with the control by 1, 30, 51, and 62%, respectively. In three consecutive field trials, nonformulated phage caused 15, 20, and 9% reduction in disease on treated plants compared with untreated control plants, whereas plants treated with PCF- and Casecrete-formulated phage had 27, 32, and 12% and 30, 43, and 24% disease reduction, respectively. Plants receiving copper-mancozeb treatments were included in two field trials and had a 20% decrease in disease in the first trial and a 13% increase in the second one. Skim milk-formulated phage was tested only once and caused an 18% disease reduction. PCF-formulated phage was more effective when applied in the evening than in the morning, reducing disease on plants by 27 and 13%, respectively. The Casecrete-formulated phage populations were over 1,000-fold higher than the nonformulated phage populations 36 h after phage application.