Pharmacokinetics of cefoperazone in patients with normal and impaired hepatic and renal function

The pharmacokinetics of cefoperazone in normal subjects and in patients with hepatic and renal dysfunction are reviewed. Peak serum concentrations and areas under serum level-time curves are linearly related to dose. The range of mean peak serum concentrations after a 2-g dose of cefoperazone is 202-375 micrograms/ml with iv injection or infusion and 111 micrograms/ml with im injection. The serum half-life is 1.6-2.6 hr. Urinary excretion is rapid, but only 15%-37% of the dose is recovered in urine. The drug is not metabolized significantly. Levels of drug in bile are many times higher than serum levels, and biliary excretion represents the major pathway of cefoperazone elimination. Serum kinetics of cefoperazone are not significantly altered by renal impairment. However, hepatic dysfunction is associated with a two- to fourfold increase in serum half-life. Even in these patients, drug accumulation was not observed after repeated administration of 1 g of cefoperazone at 12-hr intervals. Major dosage modification should only be required with concomitant renal and hepatic dysfunction.

In vitro susceptibility of Clostridium difficile isolates to cefotaxime, moxalactam, and cefoperazone

The in vitro susceptibility of 20 isolates of Clostridium difficile to cefotaxime, moxalactam, and cefoperazone was determined by a standard agar dilution method. The median minimal inhibitory concentrations were 64, 32, and 32 mug/ml for cefotaxime, moxalactam, and cefoperazone, respectively.

Comparison of cytoplasmic extracts of eight Candida species and Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Crossed-line immunoelectrophoresis of cytoplasmic extracts of eight Candida species and Saccharomyces cerevisiae demonstrated the presence of antigens reactive with a rabbit antiserum to a C. albicans extract in all species except C. glabrata. A previously defined major cytoplasmic antigen of C. albicans was also present in C. tropicalis and C. guilliermondii.

Purification and characterization of a major cytoplasmic antigen of Candida albicans

In previous work (Jones, Infect, Immun. 30:78-89, 1980) a major cytoplasmic antigen of Candida albicans was identified. In both humans and experimental animals, this antigen is released from C. albicans during the course of an invasive C. albicans infection and elicits a specific antibody response. In this study, we used diethylaminoethyl cellulose chromatography and concanavalin A-Sepharose chromatography to obtain purified preparations of the major cytoplasmic antigen from crude cytoplasmic extracts of C. albicans. Column chromatography yielded a purified preparation of the major cytoplasmic antigen, which produced a single line in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Using crossed immunoelectrophoresis, we detected small concentrations of contaminating antigens in the purified preparations. We found that the major antigen was a single polypeptide chain containing about 435 amino acid residues and had a molecular weight of 54,300. This antigen did not possess any of 19 common activities. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assays are being developed to detect this antigen in serum and to detect antibody against the antigen.