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Tripathy S, Sen R, Padhi S, Sahu D, Nandi S, Mohanty S, Maiti N. Survey of the transcriptome of Brevibacillus borstelensis exposed to low temperature shock. Gene 2014; 550:207-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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52
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Ferguson HJM, Nandi S, Hejmadi RK, Ismail T. A pilot study of extralevator abdominoperineal excision for primary melanoma of the anorectum. Tech Coloproctol 2014; 18:1113-6. [PMID: 25154752 DOI: 10.1007/s10151-014-1209-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma of the anorectum represents <2 % of all anorectal cancers and 0.3 % of all primary melanomas. Prognosis is poor, and optimal surgical management is controversial. This series details the surgical management of patients with anorectal melanoma presenting between 2002 and 2013 to the Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Birmingham, UK, a tertiary referral centre for colorectal disease. A retrospective review of patient notes, histology reports, and clinical letters was used to assess perioperative course and long-term outcome of all surgical methods. Eight patients with a median age of 65.5 presented with primary anorectal melanoma during the study period. Six cases were staged as T4 pre-operatively, with two referred as incompletely excised polyps. All eight patients underwent abdominoperineal excision of the rectum (APER), with the most recent four cases undergoing extralevator APER. Clear resection margins were achieved in three out of the four patients in the extralevator APER group with no nodal spread detected at histological assessment. Extralevator APER appears to be feasible and safe in the treatment of melanoma of the anorectum, with 75 % medium-term survival (median 38 months) in selected patients. As it is known that clear margins at surgery are associated with disease-free survival, the wider excision margin at the level of the pelvic floor offered by extralevator APER could result in more favourable surgical outcomes in this prognostically poor malignancy.
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Mukherjee S, Dattachaudhuri A, Bhanja P, Deb J, Begum S, Bhuniya S, Nandi S. A rare case of primary adenoid cystic carcinoma of lung. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF CHEST DISEASES & ALLIED SCIENCES 2014; 56:175-177. [PMID: 25823114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A 33-year-old male presented with repeated episodes of blood-streaked sputum for last one-and half-year. Chest radiograph showed consolidation in the right lower zone. Fibreoptic bronchoscopy revealed an endoluminal growth in the right lower lobe bronchus. Histopathological examination of bronchoscopic biopsy specimen confirmed adenoid cystic carcinoma.
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Maitra U, Mukhopadhyaya B, Nandi S, Rai SK, Shivaji A. Searching for an elusive charged Higgs boson at the Large Hadron Collider. Int J Clin Exp Med 2014. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.89.055024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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55
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Divya V, Kumar VG, Nandi S, Ramchandra SG, Surin WR. Scrotal-testicular biometry, sperm quality and quantity in rams (Ovis aries). ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s2305-0500(13)60166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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56
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Mondal S, Nandi S, Reddy IJ. Isolation and characterization of luteal cells in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). INDIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 57:1-8. [PMID: 24020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study was to evaluate the morphological and functional characteristics of luteal cells isolated from buffalo ovary. Luteal cells exhibited columnar morphology and contact inhibition at the stage of confluence. Protein concentrations increased linearly from Day 3 to Day 7 of culture. DNA concentrations increased from Day 3 to Day 5 and then declined to Day 7 of culture. PGF2alpha concentrations decreased progressively from Day 3 to Day 7 of culture. It was concluded that buffalo luteal cells could serve as an excellent model for studying the specific role of PGF2alpha in maternal recognition of pregnancy and implantation.
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Nandi S, Srivastava C, Agarwal KM. Heavy Metal Concentration in Surface Water of East Kolkata Wetland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.5958/j.0976-5506.4.4.179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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58
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Ravishankar C, Nandi S, Chander V, Mohapatra TK. Glycoprotein C gene based molecular subtyping of a bovine herpesvirus -1 isolate from uttar pradesh, India. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY : AN OFFICIAL ORGAN OF INDIAN VIROLOGICAL SOCIETY 2012; 23:402-6. [PMID: 24293834 PMCID: PMC3550786 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-012-0116-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bovine herpesvirus -1 (BHV-1) is the etiological agent of many clinical syndromes in cattle which causes huge economic losses to the animal husbandry sector annually. Since the first report of its presence in India in 1976, the disease is considered to be endemic in the country. In the present study, a case of keratoconjunctivitis in a cow was investigated to find out the underlying cause of the condition. The clinical material (ocular swab) was tested by BHV-1 glycoprotein D gene specific PCR using in house designed primers and found to be positive by the presence of a 212 bp DNA product in agarose gel electrophoresis. The virus was isolated in MDBK cell line in the third passage and the serum from the animal, was positive for antibodies against BHV-1 by ELISA. A 575 bp segment of the glycoprotein C gene of the isolate was amplified by PCR, cloned and sequenced. On phylogenetic analysis, it was seen that the sequence matched with published BHV-1.1 sequences from USA and Uruguay whereas it was divergent from Brazilian BHV-1.1 isolates. This study highlights the isolation, rapid and sensitive detection of BHV-1 virus from clinical cases and its subtyping by nucleotide sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analysis which gives invaluable information about the molecular epidemiology of BHV-1 subtypes prevalent in the country.
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Loyi T, Kumar H, Nandi S, Mathapati BS, Patra MK, Pattnaik B. Differential expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in endometrial tissue of buffaloes with clinical and sub-clinical endometritis. Res Vet Sci 2012; 94:336-40. [PMID: 23040421 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the endometrial expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1β, IL6, IL8 and TNFα) along with TLR4 and CD14 in normal and endometritic buffaloes. The genitalia were collected in the abattoir and divided into three groups as normal (gr. I=12), clinical endometritis (CE, gr. II=12) based on positive color reaction to white side test of uterine discharge and sub-clinical endometritis (SCE, gr. III=12) based on endometrial cytology (presence of ≥5% PMNs) and histopathology. The equal numbers of genitalia were grouped into follicular and luteal stage in each group. Endometrial tissue scrapings were used for total RNA extraction and cDNA was transcribed and amplified by Real time PCR. The results showed several fold higher expression of all cytokine transcripts in CE (gr. II), whereas significant up-regulation of CD14 (1 to 2-fold), IL6 (15 to 36-fold), IL8 (8 to 14-fold) and TNFα (10 to 11-fold) mRNA was observed in SCE. This indicates that the evaluation of expression patterns of certain cytokines gene holds promise to diagnose the severity and degree of uterine inflammation.
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Pandit S, Choudhury S, Das SK, Nandi S. Leucocytosis in a case of Lung Cancer: Infection or Paraneoplastic Syndrome? - Dilemma in Diagnosis and Treatment. THE MEDICAL JOURNAL OF MALAYSIA 2012; 67:542-544. [PMID: 23770881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A 65 year old male smoker was diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of upper lobe of the right lung complicated with Horner's syndrome and gradually increasing leucocytosis. Alhough the inflammatory biomarker level in serum was low, there was no definite way to determine the cause of the leucocytosis (whether infection or hematologic paraneoplastic syndrome). After empirical antibiotic therapy, his fever subsided but the leucocytosis persisted. It was difficult for us to take a decision regarding the priority of the treatment of infection or the lung cancer. Only after the first cycle chemotherapy, did the leucocytosis rapidly drop down. Normal serum procalcitonin level and quick response to chemotherapy indicated that leucocytosis was a manifestation of paraneoplastic syndrome. Treating the underlying cancer is the first step.
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patil G, Kumar VG, Ramachandra SG, Rao AJ, Nandi S. Two dimensional SDS PAGE analysis of epididymal tissue proteins of normal and castrated bulls (Bos taurus) and identification of an androgen dependant protein. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s2305-0500(13)60078-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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62
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Vaishnav R, Rebolledo-Mendez J, Raha-Chowdhury R, Nandi S, Roberts A, Palmer K, Cooper N, Friedland R. Progranulin Regulator miR-107 Shows Cross-Species Homology with Plant Viruses (P05.054). Neurology 2012. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.78.1_meetingabstracts.p05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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63
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Karabacak D, Nandi S, Rai SK. Diquark resonance and single top production at the Large Hadron Collider. Int J Clin Exp Med 2012. [DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.85.075011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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64
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Nandi S, Nundy M, Prasad V, Kanungo K, Khan H, Haripriya S, Mishra T, Garg S. The Implementation of RSBY in Chhattisgarh, India: A study of the Durg district. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.5195/hcs.2012.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) scheme is a health insurance model currently being implemented by the Indian government. It is a model, however, still in nascent state, subject to tensions and value testing. Very few studies have hitherto assessed the scheme’s implementation and whether the stated objectives of the government initiative are being fulfilled. This short study undertaken in the Durg district of Chhattisgarh reveals that RSBY fails to cover the population living Below the Poverty Line (BPL). Likewise there is discrepancy in the consistency of information and knowledge regarding the scheme among the beneficiaries who are themselves continuing to incur high out-of-pocket expenses. There are thus severe issues in transparency and accountability within the RSBY scheme. Unless the public health delivery system is strengthened and the private sector regulated and indeed monitored, the scheme will not yield the desired results, and the cost of healthcare will further escalate for the poor. In the absence of regulated health services there needs to be more debate, and indeed greater research, on the implementation and the design of RSBY.
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Nandi S, Mondal S, Reddy IJ. Effect of prostaglandin producing modulators on in vitro growth of buffalo uterine epithelial cells. Theriogenology 2012; 77:1014-20. [PMID: 22115808 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Studies were conducted to examine the effect of seven prostaglandin producing modulators on the in vitro growth of uterine epithelial cells in buffalo. The uterine epithelial cells isolated from slaughtered buffaloes were cultured in media containing a) Lipopolysaccaride (LPS): 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μg/ml, b) linoleic acid: 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μg/ml, c) linolenic acid: 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μg/ml, d) oxytocin: 0, 10, 100, 1,000, 10,000 and 100,000 nm, e) tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α): 0, 0.05, 0.5, 1, 2.5 and 5 nm, f) progesterone: 0.1, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100 nM, and g) estradiol: 0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20 and 50 nM. The control medium consisted of RPMI-1640 plus 10% bovine fetal serum. The growth of uterine epithelial were measured in terms of viability, cell number increment and monolayer formation. Results suggested that the growth of uterine epithelial cells were significantly (P < 0.05) higher in media containing 10 μg/ml, 10 μg/ml, 1 nm and 10 μg/ml linoleic acid, linolenic acid, TNF-α and LPS, respectively compared to control and lower doses used. Progesterone, estradiol and oxytocin did not significantly (P > 0.05) increase the growth of uterine epithelial cells. In conclusion, the growth of uterine epithelial cells increased when exposed to modulators in the order of linoleic acid ≥ linolenic acid ≥ LPS ≥ TNF-α > progesterone > estrogen > oxytocin.
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Clinton M, Zhao D, Nandi S, McBride D. Evidence for avian cell autonomous sex identity (CASI) and implications for the sex-determination process? Chromosome Res 2011; 20:177-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s10577-011-9257-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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67
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Gupta PSP, Nandi S. Isolation and culture of preantral follicles for retrieving oocytes for the embryo production: present status in domestic animals. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 47:513-9. [PMID: 22008238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2011.01904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The development of efficient ovarian preantral follicle (PF) isolation and culture systems provide a large number of oocytes for the manipulation and embryo production. It also helps for understanding the mechanisms of follicle and oocyte development. Isolation and culture protocols for PFs were developed for many domestic species like cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pig, horse, camel, dog and cats; however, embryo production from oocytes derived from in vitro grown PFs was reported only in pigs, buffalo, sheep and goat. The rate of oocyte maturation from PFs grown in vitro is low and requires considerable research. This paper presents an overview of isolation and culture systems of PFs that have been developed for domestic species (cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, pigs, horse, camel, dog and cat) along with the current status of progress achieved in the direction of producing embryos using PFs as the source of oocyte in these species.
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68
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Kumar M, Nandi S. Molecular typing of canine parvovirus variants by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme analysis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2011; 57:458-63. [PMID: 21117274 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01167.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) is a pathogen of dogs, which causes acute gastroenteritis and lymphopenia mostly in young pups. This paper reports the incidence of CPV-2 infection in diarrhoeic dogs with an aim to define the involvement of various variants of canine parvovirus circulating in India. CPV-2a, a variant of CPV-2 was differentiated from CPV-2b by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The samples positive for CPV-2b were further analysed by PCR and restriction endonuclease (RE) analysis using Mbo II to detect the CPV-2c variant. Of 129 faecal samples studied, 78 were found positive for canine parvovirus by PCR. Among the 78 samples, 27 were of CPV-2a, 39 of CPV-2b and 12 of CPV-2c type, respectively. This study also showed that CPV-2c, anew variant, is circulating in India. The CPV-2c could be successfully detected by PCR and RE analysis while CPV-2b is the major antigenic type prevalent in this region followed by CPV-2a.
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69
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Nandi S, De UK, Chowdhury S. Current status of contagious ecthyma or orf disease in goat and sheep—A global perspective. Small Rumin Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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70
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Nandi S, Muthuchelvan D, Ahuja A, Bisht S, Chander V, Pandey AB, Singh RK. Prevalence of classical swine fever virus in India: a 6-year study (2004-2010). Transbound Emerg Dis 2011; 58:461-3. [PMID: 21429182 DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A study was undertaken regarding the prevalence of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) antibodies and antigens in sera and suspected tissue samples of domestic pigs. The samples were received between January 2004 and September 2010. A total of 594 serum samples from 12 states and 287 tissue samples from 13 states of India were tested using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits. The mean prevalence of CSFV antibodies in suspected sera was 63.3% (376/594), whereas 76.7% (220/287) of the suspected samples were found to contain CSFV antigen. The high prevalence of CSFV antibodies suggests that the disease is endemic in the country. This baseline data will be of use in the formulation of control and eradication programmes.
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Nandi S, Gupta PSP, Roy SC, Selvaraju S, Ravindra JP. Chlorpyrifos and endosulfan affect buffalo oocyte maturation, fertilization, and embryo development in vitro directly and through cumulus cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2011; 26:57-67. [PMID: 19725121 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to examine the effect of 10 different levels (0, 0.005, 0.01, 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 μg/mL) of two pesticides (chlorpyrifos and endosulfan) on buffalo oocyte viability, maturation, fertilization, and developmental competences in vitro. Studies were conducted to test the development of oocytes cultured with pesticides during maturation, fertilization, and during different embryo development stages. We also conducted experiments to test the hypotheses that the effects of these pesticides are hormones and somatic cells mediated. We observed a dose dependent decline in viability and developmental competence rates of oocytes. Chlorpyrifos and endosulfan had a negative impact on oocytes at 0.02 and 0.1 μg/mL levels, respectively. These pesticides reduced the oocyte nuclear maturation by a direct effect on oocytes, cumulus cell-mediated action, and by blocking the action of hormones. Chlorpyrifos was found to be more ovotoxic and embryotoxic than endosulfan. This study will provide information on dose-response relationship and risk assessment in domestic buffaloes.
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Selvaraju S, Nandi S, Gupta PSP, Ravindra JP. Effects of Heavy Metals and Pesticides on Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Spermatozoa Functions In Vitro. Reprod Domest Anim 2011; 46:807-13. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0531.2010.01745.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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73
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Nandi S, Kumar M. Comparison of ELISA and virus neutralization test in assaying serum antibodies to bovine herpesvirus 1. Acta Virol 2011; 55:175-7. [PMID: 21692568 DOI: 10.4149/av_2011_02_175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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74
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Nandi S, Kumar M, Yadav V, Chander V. Serological Evidences of Bovine Herpesvirus-1 Infection in Bovines of Organized Farms in India. Transbound Emerg Dis 2010; 58:105-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1865-1682.2010.01185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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75
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Chunder R, Nandi S, Guha R, Satyanarayana N. A morphometric study of human trachea and principal bronchi in different age groups in both sexes and its clinical implications. NEPAL MEDICAL COLLEGE JOURNAL : NMCJ 2010; 12:207-214. [PMID: 21744760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An extensive morphometric study of human trachea and principal bronchi was undertaken in the Department of Anatomy, Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata, West Bengal, India, on 87 specimens procured from 51 male and 36 female relatively disease free fresh cadavers from Kolkata Police Morgue. The specimens were grouped into five age groups for both sexes. The length of trachea, principal bronchi, subcarinal angle was measured in each specimen. The external transverse diameter (width), internal transverse diameter and anteroposterior diameter (depth) were recorded at two different levels of trachea (junction of upper third and middle third; middle third and lower third) and middle of principal bronchi. Then the width-depth ratio was calculated. For each component of the measurements, standard error (SE), standard deviation (SD) and test of significance were calculated using independent sample't' test and multiple comparison test. The present investigation revealed a wide variation in different dimensions viz. length, transverse and anteroposterior diameters and width-depth ratio of upper and lower trachea and right and left principal bronchi and the subcarinal angle, in a same age group as well as in different age groups in both sexes. The study of these morphometric variations is of profound clinical importance as it may help the clinicians to understand the etiology of several pulmonary diseases and the surgeons to deal with resection and reconstruction of the tracheobronchial tree. This knowledge is also helpful for smooth conduction of some maneuvers like endotracheal intubation and bronchoscopic procedures.
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