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Bolton S, O'Shaughnessy CT, Goadsby PJ. Properties of neurons in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis responding to noxious dural and facial stimulation. Brain Res 2005; 1046:122-9. [PMID: 15885666 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2005.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2004] [Revised: 03/18/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular single unit recordings were made in the rat trigeminal nucleus caudalis (Vc) from cells with Adelta and C-fibre latency responding to electrical stimulation of the thinned cranium overlying the middle meningeal artery (MMA). The neurons had an ipsilateral facial receptive field (FRF) that mainly extended over areas innervated by the first and second division of the trigeminal nerve but in some cases also included areas innervated by the third division of the trigeminal nerve. No wind-up of either long latency C-fibre or short latency Adelta responses was seen during trains of electrical stimulation. Sensitisation of mechanical stimulation of the FRF could also not be observed at any time during dural stimulation. In contrast, extracellular single unit recordings in the Vc activated by electrical stimulation of the facial skin resulted in a significant wind-up response of long latency response in six of ten cells studied. The facial-elicited wind-up response was significantly enhanced, 18 min after the electrical stimulation protocol was started, indicating that the process of wind-up had generated central excitability. The findings in this study demonstrate a clear difference between the effects of electrical stimulation of cutaneous and non-cutaneous inputs. In the trigeminal system, this has implications for the study of pathways such as those involved in headache, where it is believed that an enhanced dural input to the Vc may generate central sensitisation and partly explain the hyperalgesia and allodynia reported by patients.
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Young DT, Berthelier JJ, Blanc M, Burch JL, Bolton S, Coates AJ, Crary FJ, Goldstein R, Grande M, Hill TW, Johnson RE, Baragiola RA, Kelha V, McComas DJ, Mursula K, Sittler EC, Svenes KR, Szegö K, Tanskanen P, Thomsen MF, Bakshi S, Barraclough BL, Bebesi Z, Delapp D, Dunlop MW, Gosling JT, Furman JD, Gilbert LK, Glenn D, Holmlund C, Illiano JM, Lewis GR, Linder DR, Maurice S, McAndrews HJ, Narheim BT, Pallier E, Reisenfeld D, Rymer AM, Smith HT, Tokar RL, Vilppola J, Zinsmeyer C. Composition and Dynamics of Plasma in Saturn's Magnetosphere. Science 2005; 307:1262-6. [PMID: 15731443 DOI: 10.1126/science.1106151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
During Cassini's initial orbit, we observed a dynamic magnetosphere composed primarily of a complex mixture of water-derived atomic and molecular ions. We have identified four distinct regions characterized by differences in both bulk plasma properties and ion composition. Protons are the dominant species outside about 9 RS (where RS is the radial distance from the center of Saturn), whereas inside, the plasma consists primarily of a corotating comet-like mix of water-derived ions with approximately 3% N+. Over the A and B rings, we found an ionosphere in which O2+ and O+ are dominant, which suggests the possible existence of a layer of O2 gas similar to the atmospheres of Europa and Ganymede.
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Krimigis SM, Mitchell DG, Hamilton DC, Krupp N, Livi S, Roelof EC, Dandouras J, Armstrong TP, Mauk BH, Paranicas C, Brandt PC, Bolton S, Cheng AF, Choo T, Gloeckler G, Hayes J, Hsieh KC, Ip WH, Jaskulek S, Keath EP, Kirsch E, Kusterer M, Lagg A, Lanzerotti LJ, Lavallee D, Manweiler J, McEntire RW, Rasmuss W, Saur J, Turner FS, Williams DJ, Woch J. Dynamics of Saturn's Magnetosphere from MIMI During Cassini's Orbital Insertion. Science 2005; 307:1270-3. [PMID: 15731445 DOI: 10.1126/science.1105978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Magnetospheric Imaging Instrument (MIMI) onboard the Cassini spacecraft observed the saturnian magnetosphere from January 2004 until Saturn orbit insertion (SOI) on 1 July 2004. The MIMI sensors observed frequent energetic particle activity in interplanetary space for several months before SOI. When the imaging sensor was switched to its energetic neutral atom (ENA) operating mode on 20 February 2004, at approximately 10(3) times Saturn's radius RS (0.43 astronomical units), a weak but persistent signal was observed from the magnetosphere. About 10 days before SOI, the magnetosphere exhibited a day-night asymmetry that varied with an approximately 11-hour periodicity. Once Cassini entered the magnetosphere, in situ measurements showed high concentrations of H+, H2+, O+, OH+, and H2O+ and low concentrations of N+. The radial dependence of ion intensity profiles implies neutral gas densities sufficient to produce high loss rates of trapped ions from the middle and inner magnetosphere. ENA imaging has revealed a radiation belt that resides inward of the D ring and is probably the result of double charge exchange between the main radiation belt and the upper layers of Saturn's exosphere.
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Bolton S. Head and neck cancer: advances in radiotherapy planning, treatment and future developments. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clon.2004.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Forouzannia A, Bolton S, Tekyi-Mensah S, Lefkowitz N, Forman J. Results of a phase II dose escalation study of neutron and photon irradiation in patients with locally advanced and/or poorly differentiated prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.07.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Forman J, Bolton S, Abrams J, Lefkowitz N, Wilson G. Results of a phase III study testing the sequence of neutron irradiation in a mixed beam schedule for patients with localized prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.07.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Maier J, Forman J, Turrisi A, Lai Z, Ager J, Bolton S, Perry D, Pontes E. The prognostic significance of prostate bed biopsy in patients receiving post-prostatectomy salvage irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2004.07.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Shuhaiber H, Bolton S, Alfonso I, Dunoyer C, Yaylali I. Cerebral regional oxygen fluctuations and decline during clinically silent focal electroencephalographic seizures in a neonate. J Child Neurol 2004; 19:539-40. [PMID: 15526959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
We describe a neonate with tuberous sclerosis complex and right frontal cortical dysplasia who underwent simultaneous near-infrared spectroscopy and electroencephalography (EEG) during repetitive clinically silent right frontal EEG seizures. The seizures produced a progressive decline in regional oxygen saturation index and wider regional oxygen saturation index fluctuations in the right hemisphere than in the left hemisphere. We conclude that recurrent clinically silent focal EEG seizures in this neonate were associated with lateralizing near-infrared spectroscopy changes suggestive of relative cerebral hypoxia.
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Holden JF, Takai K, Summit M, Bolton S, Zyskowski J, Baross JA. Diversity among three novel groups of hyperthermophilic deep-sea Thermococcus species from three sites in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2001; 36:51-60. [PMID: 11377773 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2001.tb00825.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Eight new strains of deep-sea hyperthermophilic sulfur reducers were isolated from hydrothermal vent fields at 9 degrees 50'N East Pacific Rise (EPR) and at the Cleft and CoAxial segments along the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JdFR). 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that each strain belongs to the genus Thermococcus. Restriction fragment length polymorphism patterns of the 16S/23S rRNA intergenic spacer region revealed that these isolates fell into three groups: those from the EPR, those from fluid and rock sources on the JdFR, and those isolated from Paralvinella spp. polychaete vent worms from the JdFR. The optimum-temperature specific growth rates and the temperature ranges for growth were significantly higher and broader for those strains isolated from worms relative to those isolated from low-temperature diffuse hydrothermal fluids. Furthermore, the worm-derived isolates generally produced a larger array of proteases and amylases based on zymogram analyses. The zymogram patterns also changed with growth temperature suggesting that these organisms alter their lytic protein suites in response to changes in temperature. This study suggests that there is significant phenotypic diversity in Thermococcus that is not apparent from their highly conserved 16S rRNA nucleotide sequences.
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Forman J, DeYoung C, Tekyi-Mensah S, Bolton S, Grignon D. The prognostic significance of the worst vs. overall gleason score in patients with multiple positive prostate needle biopsies. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(00)80205-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Forman JD, Keole S, Bolton S, Tekyi-Mensah S. Association of prostate size with urinary morbidity following mixed conformal neutron and photon irradiation. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999; 45:871-5. [PMID: 10571192 DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(99)00275-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study was designed to characterize the relationship between the observed rate of postradiation genitourinary (GU) complications and the prostate gland size. METHODS AND MATERIALS Two hundred seventy-three patients received conformal neutron and photon irradiation to the prostate seminal vesicles. Data on post-treatment urinary morbidity were collected and examined in relationship to a number of clinical and technical factors. RESULTS With a median follow-up of 30 months (range 7-61), the 4-year rate of Grade 2 or higher GU complications was 21%. On univariate analysis, the risk of complications was significantly associated with prostate size and neutron beam arrangement. On multivariate analysis, only the prostate size was significantly associated with the risk of GU morbidity. Patients with a preradiation prostate volume more than 74 cc had a two and a half fold increase in the risk of complications compared to patients with smaller glands. CONCLUSION Patients with an enlarged prostate have a significantly higher risk of chronic GU complications. Although these data were obtained for patients receiving combined neutron and photon irradiation, it is likely that these data would also be applicable for those patients receiving photon irradiation as well. These observations may add an additional rationale for the study of preirradiation hormonal treatment.
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Velasco J, Tekyi-Mensah S, Bolton S, Forman JD. Postneoadjuvant hormone PSA levels and prognosis in locally advanced prostate cancer. Urology 1999; 54:325-8. [PMID: 10443733 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(99)00123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether the response to hormonal therapy before radiation predicts the rate of biochemical relapse in patients with locally advanced prostate cancer. METHODS Between October 1991 and December 1997, 105 patients with locally advanced adenocarcinoma of the prostate received radiotherapy in two dose-escalation studies. Sixty-seven patients received neoadjuvant hormonal therapy. The mean and median duration of hormonal therapy before radiotherapy was 4 months each. All treatments were designed using three-dimensional conformal therapy. The total dose to the gross tumor volume ranged from 73 to 87 Gy in 2 Gy per fraction photon equivalent dose. The median follow-up time was 30 months (range 1 to 66). RESULTS The median prostate-specific antigen (PSA) nadir after neoadjuvant hormonal therapy but before radiotherapy was 1.7 ng/mL (range less than 0.05 to 71.2). The median nadir after radiation for patients who did and did not receive neoadjuvant androgen deprivation was 0.25 ng/mL (range less than 0.05 to 6.2) and 1.35 ng/mL (range 0.08 to 10), respectively. Median time to achieve nadir was 6 months (range 1 to 42) with and 12 months (range 1 to 48) without hormonal therapy. There was no significant difference in the rate of biochemical failure for patients with a posthormone (before irradiation) PSA nadir less than 1 ng/mL versus 1 ng/mL or greater (overall P = 0.9). However, there was a significant difference in biochemical no evidence of disease rates between those with a PSA nadir less than 1 ng/mL and those with a PSA nadir of 1 ng/mL or greater after radiation (63% versus 22% at 3 years, overall P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS Our data showed that the initial response to hormonal therapy before radiation, as indicated by the PSA level, did not impact on the rate of recurrence. However, the time to reach nadir and the absolute nadir level achieved were lower in patients who did receive hormonal therapy.
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Chuba P, Forman J, Maughan R, Bolton S, Tekyi-Mensa S. 2157 Neoadjuvant hormone therapy and radiation dose-escalation in patients with intermediate and high risk prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(99)90426-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Meyer M, Chan K, Bolton S. Generic warfarin: implications for patient care--another view. Pharmacotherapy 1998; 18:884-6; discussion 887-9. [PMID: 9692670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Garg MK, Tekyi-Mensah S, Bolton S, Velasco J, Pontes E, Wood DP, Porter AT, Forman JD. Impact of postprostatectomy prostate-specific antigen nadir on outcomes following salvage radiotherapy. Urology 1998; 51:998-1002. [PMID: 9609639 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-4295(98)00023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the relationship between the postprostatectomy prostate-specific antigen (PSA) nadir and the outcome of patients treated with salvage radiotherapy. METHODS Seventy-eight patients received definitive external beam radiation for recurrence following radical prostatectomy (RP). The PSA nadir was undetectable in 41 patients (less than 0.05 ng/mL). All patients received salvage radiotherapy (median dose 66 Gy) for a median of 19 months (range 2 to 149) following prostatectomy. The median follow-up time was 25 months (range 1 to 59) from the date of completion of radiation. RESULTS Among patients having an undetectable or detectable postoperative PSA, 78% and 68% were free of disease, respectively, at the last follow-up. At 3 years, the disease-free survival rates were 65% and 60%, respectively (P = 0.6). Overall, the disease-free survival rate at 3 years was 78% in patients with a PSA level 2 ng/mL or less at the time of radiotherapy compared to 31% with a PSA greater than 2 ng/mL (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Many patients who never achieve an undetectable postprostatectomy PSA level may still be salvaged with therapeutic radiotherapy. The best predictor of a favorable outcome is a low (2 ng/mL or less) PSA level at the time of radiation.
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Abstract
The requirements for statistical approaches to the design, analysis, and interpretation of experimental data are now accepted by the scientific community. This is of particular importance in medical studies where public health consequences are of concern. Investigators in the clinical sciences should be cognizant of statistical principles in general, but should always be wary of the pursuing their own analyses and engage statisticians for data analysis whenever possible. Examples of circumstances that require statistical evaluation not found in textbooks and not always obvious to the lay person are pervasive. Incorrect statistical evaluation and analyses in such situations will result in erroneous and potentially serious misleading interpretation of clinical data. Although a statistician may not be responsible for any misinterpretations in such unfortunate circumstances, the quote often cited about statisticians and "damned liars" may appear to be more truth than fable. This article is a tutorial review and describes a common misuse of clinical data resulting in an apparently large sample size derived from a small number of patients. This mistake is a consequence of ignoring the dependency of results, treating multiple observations from a single patient as independent observations.
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Bolton S, Schmick A, Tekyi-Mensah S, Porter AT, Forman JD. Longitudinal patient self-assessment study of quality of life after conformal neutron/photon radiation for early stage prostate cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(98)80615-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Forman JD, Bolton S, Parzuchowski J, Gelfand D, Tekyi-Mensah S. A prospective study to evaluate an alternative method of post-radiation follow-up in prostate cancer patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(98)80617-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bolton S, Sharma M, Cohen E, Nash R. Is it necessary to take small blend samples to assess drug uniformity? Pharm Dev Technol 1997; 2:297-9. [PMID: 9552458 DOI: 10.3109/10837459709031450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Benda R, Shamsa F, Meetze K, Bolton S, Littrup P, Grignon D, Washington T, Forman D. 2102 Analysis of the value of post-radiation prostate biopsy in predicting subsequent disease progression. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0360-3016(97)80869-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Bolton S, Gunderson JG. Distinguishing borderline personality disorder from bipolar disorder: differential diagnosis and implications. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153:1202-7. [PMID: 8780426 DOI: 10.1176/ajp.153.9.1202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Waite JH, Gladstone GR, Franke K, Lewis WS, Fabian AC, Brandt WN, Na C, Haberl F, Clarke JT, Hurley KC, Sommer M, Bolton S. ROSAT Observations of X-ray Emissions from Jupiter During the Impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9. Science 1995; 268:1598-601. [PMID: 17754612 DOI: 10.1126/science.268.5217.1598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Röntgensatellit (ROSAT) observations made shortly before and during the collision of comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 with Jupiter show enhanced x-ray emissions from the planet's northern high latitudes. These emissions, which occur at System III longitudes where intensity enhancements have previously been observed in Jupiter's ultraviolet aurora, appear to be associated with the comet fragment impacts in Jupiter's southern hemisphere and may represent brightenings of the jovian x-ray aurora caused either by the fragment impacts themselves or by the passage of the fragments and associated dust clouds through Jupiter's inner magnetosphere.
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Cherryman G, Moody A, Jivan A, Tranter J, Bolton S, Horsfield M, Early M, Hudson N. Dynamic myocardial MRI following acute myocardial infarction. Clin Radiol 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9260(05)82790-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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74
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Khan M, Bolton S, Kislalioglu M. Optimization of process variables for the preparation of ibuprofen coprecipitates with eudragit S100. Int J Pharm 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/0378-5173(94)90054-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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75
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Desai S, Bolton S. A floating controlled-release drug delivery system: in vitro-in vivo evaluation. Pharm Res 1993; 10:1321-5. [PMID: 8234170 DOI: 10.1023/a:1018921830385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A novel floating controlled-release drug delivery system was formulated in an effort increase the gastric retention time of the dosage form and to control drug release. The buoyancy was attributed to air and oil entrapped in the agar gel network. A floating controlled-release 300-mg theophylline tablet having a density of 0.67 was prepared and compared in vitro and in vivo to Theo-dur. The in vitro release rate of the floating tablet was slower. In vivo scintigraphic studies for a floating and a heavy nonfloating tablet, under fasting and nonfasting conditions, showed that the presence of food significantly increased the gastric retention time for both tablets, and tablet density did not appear to make a difference in the gastric retention time. However, the positions of the floating and nonfloating tablets in the stomach were very different. Bioavailability studies in human volunteers under both fasting and nonfasting conditions showed results comparable to those with Theo-dur. The floating controlled-release theophylline tablet maintained constant theophylline levels of about 2 mg/mL for 24 hr, which may be attributable to the release from the agar gel matrix and the buoyancy of the tablet in the stomach.
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