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Lee S, Rimner A, Hayes S, Hunt M, Deasy J, Zauderer M, Rusch V, Tyagi N. WE-FG-206-06: Dual-Input Tracer Kinetic Modeling and Its Analog Implementation for Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced (DCE-) MRI of Malignant Mesothelioma (MPM). Med Phys 2016. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4957936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Hayes S, Stoeckel N, Napolitano MA, Collins C, Wood GC, Seiler J, Grunwald HE, Foster GD, Still CD. Examination of the Beck Depression Inventory-II Factor Structure Among Bariatric Surgery Candidates. Obes Surg 2016; 25:1155-60. [PMID: 25392078 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-014-1506-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II) is frequently used to evaluate bariatric patients in clinical and research settings; yet, there are limited data regarding the factor structure of the BDI-II with a bariatric surgery population. METHODS Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) using principal axis factoring with oblimin rotation was employed with data from 1228 consecutive presurgical bariatric candidates. Independent t tests were used to examine potential differences between sexes. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted with the next 383 consecutive presurgical patients to evaluate the proposed model based on EFA results. RESULTS EFA revealed three factors: negative perceptions, diminished vigor, and cognitive dysregulation, each with adequate internal consistency. Six BDI-II items did not load significantly on any of the three factors. CFA results largely supported the proposed model. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that dimensions of depression for presurgical bariatric candidates vary from other populations and raise important caveats regarding the utility of the BDI-II in bariatric research.
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Behan M, Gledhiu A, Hayes S. Immunohistochemistry for CDX2 Expression in Non-Goblet-Cell Barrett’s Oesophagus. Br J Biomed Sci 2016; 71:86-92. [DOI: 10.1080/09674845.2014.11669970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Dibb M, Han N, Choudhury J, Hayes S, Valentine H, West C, Sharrocks AD, Ang YS. FOXM1 and polo-like kinase 1 are co-ordinately overexpressed in patients with gastric adenocarcinomas. BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:676. [PMID: 26576650 PMCID: PMC4650505 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1658-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancers present late in life with advanced disease and carry a poor prognosis. Polo-like Kinase 1 (PLK1) is a mitotic kinase with regulatory functions during G2/M and mitosis in the cell cycle. In mammalian cells, there is an intricate co-regulatory relationship between PLK1 and the forkhead transcription factor FOXM1. It has been demonstrated that individually either PLK1 or FOXM1 expression predicts poorer survival. However, the co-expression of both of these markers in gastric adenocarcinomas has not been reported previously. METHODS We aimed to assess the expression of PLK1 and FOXM1 in Gastric adenocarcinomas in a Western Population, to examine whether there is a relationship of PLK1 to FOXM1 in cancer samples. We assess both the protein and mRNA expression in this patient population by Tissue Microarray immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR. RESULTS Immunohistochemistry was performed on biopsy samples from 79 patients with gastric cancer. Paired normal controls were available in 47 patients. FOXM1 expression was significantly associated with gastric adenocarcinoma (p = 0.001). PLK1 and FOXM1 co-expression was demonstrated in 6/8 (75 %) tumours when analysed by RT-PCR. FOXM1 is overexpressed in a large proportion of gastric carcinomas at the protein level and FOXM1 and PLK1 are concomitantly overexpressed at the mRNA level in this cancer type. CONCLUSIONS This study has demonstrated that FOXM1 and its target gene PLK1 are coordinately overexpressed in a proportion of gastric adenocarcinomas. This suggests that chemotherapeutic treatments that target this pathway may be of clinical utility.
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Hayes S, Napolitano MA, Lent MR, Wood GC, Gerhard GS, Irving BA, Argyropoulos G, Foster GD, Still CD. The effect of insurance status on pre- and post-operative bariatric surgery outcomes. Obes Surg 2015; 25:191-4. [PMID: 25373925 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-014-1478-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study compared pre- and post-surgical data and outcomes among gastric bypass patients based on the type of insurance (Medicaid, Medicare, or private). METHODS Data were examined from 2553 consecutive RYGB patients at a rural ASMBS Center of Excellence. RESULTS Participants were primarily female (80.5 %), Caucasian (97.1 %), and middle-aged (45.9 years). Medicaid patients' BMI at consultation was significantly higher than the other two groups (p < 0.001). Time to surgery was significantly longer for Medicaid (13.2 %) and Medicare (7.1 %) patients compared with privately insured patients (p < 0.001). Pre-surgical weight loss and post-surgical percent of excess weight loss nadir did not differ among the groups. Type 2 diabetes remission rates were comparable across insurance groups. CONCLUSIONS Medicaid patients, although demographically different from their privately insured and Medicare counterparts, will benefit from surgery with comparable weight loss results and overall diabetes remission rates.
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Hayes S, Pender S, Salib R, Harries P. British Rhinological Society 14th Annual Meeting The Central Convention Centre, Manchester. 15th May 2015. Clin Otolaryngol 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/coa.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Lent MR, Napolitano MA, Wood GC, Argyropoulos G, Gerhard GS, Hayes S, Foster GD, Collins CA, Still CD. Internalized weight bias in weight-loss surgery patients: psychosocial correlates and weight loss outcomes. Obes Surg 2015; 24:2195-9. [PMID: 25337868 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-014-1455-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we examined the relationship between pre-operative internalized weight bias and 12-month post-operative weight loss in adult bariatric surgery patients. METHODS Bariatric surgery patients (n=170) from one urban and one rural medical center completed an internalized weight bias measure (the weight bias internalization scale, WBIS) and a depression survey (Beck depression inventory-II, BDI-II) before surgery, and provided consent to access their medical records. RESULTS Participants (BMI=47.8 kg/m2, age=45.7 years) were mostly female (82.0 %), White (89.5 %), and underwent gastric bypass (83.6 %). The average WBIS score by item was 4.54 ± 1.3. Higher pre-operative WBIS scores were associated with diminished weight loss at 12 months after surgery (p=0.035). Pre-operative WBIS scores were positively associated with depressive symptoms (p<0.001). CONCLUSION Greater internalized weight bias was associated with more depressive symptoms before surgery and less weight loss 1 year after surgery.
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Little K, Goodridge S, Lewis H, Lingard S, Din S, Tidley M, Roberts R, Williams N, Hayes S. Occupational vaccination of health care workers: uptake, attitudes and potential solutions. Public Health 2015; 129:755-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2015.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Galloway J, Unal C, Carlson N, Porter D, Hayes S. Modeling constituent redistribution in U–Pu–Zr metallic fuel using the advanced fuel performance code BISON. NUCLEAR ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucengdes.2015.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Scopes J, Tisdale L, Cole M, Hayes S, Ostler C, Cummings J, Golland N. The BACPAR outcome measures toolbox: a step towards standardising outcome measures for physiotherapist working with lower limb amputees. Physiotherapy 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physio.2015.03.1293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hayes S, Stoeckel N, Napolitano MA, Collins C, Wood GC, Seiler J, Grunwald HE, Foster GD, Still CD. Erratum to: Examination of the Beck Depression Inventory-II Factor Structure Among Bariatric Surgery Candidates. Obes Surg 2015; 25:1161. [PMID: 25656262 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-015-1587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ashworth B, Dilks L, Hutchinson K, Hayes S, Moore M, Orozoco A, DeRoche K, Julian A, Barnett O. A-67 * A Pilot Study of Age and Education Norms for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acu038.67] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Wang L, Fourkal E, Hayes S, Jin L, Ma C. SU-E-T-224: Is Monte Carlo Dose Calculation Method Necessary for Cyberknife Brain Treatment Planning? Med Phys 2014. [DOI: 10.1118/1.4888554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Harrison E, Hayes S, Howell L, Lal S. All that glitters is not always gold. BMJ Case Rep 2014; 2014:bcr-2013-201963. [PMID: 24515230 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-201963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Biopsies from the second part of the duodenum are routinely performed in patients with unintentional weight loss. When villous atrophy and an increased intraepithelial lymphocytosis are detected, the commonest cause of it is coeliac disease. Severe villous atrophy with increased intraepithelial lymphocytosis (Marsh IIIc) is highly specific for coeliac disease. However, coeliac disease with this presentation is very rare. Milder abnormalities such as Marsh I-II (microscopic enteritis) and Marsh IIIa are not specific for coeliac disease and could occur in other conditions like those listed in the discussion. We present the case of a 74-year-old woman who, after being diagnosed with seronegative coeliac disease, failed to improve on a gluten-free diet. We discuss the differential diagnosis of coeliac disease and the possible alternative causes for villous blunting, paying particular attention to the diagnosis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth.
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Wang L, Uzan J, Baker C, Lin M, Hayes S, Meyer J, Ma C, Nahum A. OC-0259: Towards individualized dose prescription for hypofractionation in liver cancer radiotherapy. Radiother Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(15)30364-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Townsend NC, Klayton TL, Tianyu L, Anderson PR, Hayes S. Abstract P5-14-14: Trimodality therapy for inflammatory breast cancer: The fox chase experience. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.sabcs13-p5-14-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the outcomes and toxicity of inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) patients (pts) treated with trimodality therapy.
Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart review of 71 non-metastatic women with IBC treated using once daily (QD) radiation fractionation between 1990 and 2011 was performed. Eighty-six% of pts underwent ER/PR receptor status testing, and 43% underwent HER-2 testing. All pts underwent a course of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Forty-three pts had adjuvant hormonal therapy, and 7 had adjuvant trastuzumab. All pts underwent mastectomy with axillary lymph node dissection followed by chest wall irradiation to a median dose of 50 Gy (34-50), and 46 Gy to supraclavicular region in 2-Gy QD fractions. Internal mammary nodes were treated in 3 pts (4%) and a posterior axillary boost (PAB) was added in 32 (45%) cases. Scar boosts (SB) were employed in 6 patients. A univariate (UVA) analysis using Kaplan-Meier estimation method included cN, pN, pT stage, PAB, SB, dermal lymphatic invasion, lymphovascular invasion, body mass index, response to chemo (RC), close/positive surgical margins (SM), age, and triple negative (TN) receptor status. Significant predictors on UVA were included in multivariate (MVA) analysis using the Cox proportional hazard model. Primary endpoints included local-regional recurrence (LRR), distant metastasis (DM), overall survival (OS), cause specific (CSS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Acute and chronic skin reactions and lymphedema were evaluated.
Results: Median follow-up was 34 months (2-265) and the median age was 56 years (36-82). Actuarial 3 and 5 year OS was 63% and 43%, and DFS was 51% and 43%, respectively. The median time to first failure, LRR, and DM was 20 mo (1.5-147), 13.5 mo (9-18), and 21 mo (1.5-147), respectively. The first site of failure was distant for 34 (48%), and local-regional for 4 pts (6%). Twenty-five pts (35%) were without failure at the time of last follow up. UVA analysis for LRR revealed SM (p = 0.05) and RC (p = 0.002) to be significant predictors of failure, however, these were not significant on MVA. UVA for DM identified SM (p = 0.03), TN (p<0.0001), and pN (p = 0.03) to be significant predictors, with TN (p = 0.002) being the only significant variable on MVA. Significant predictors for OS on UVA were TN (p = 0.04), pN1 vs pN2 disease (p = 0.02), SM (p = 0.0008) and RC (p = 0.008). None of these remained significant on MVA. Significant predictors for CSS on UVA were TN (p = 0.008), pN (p = 0.05), SM (p = 0.0004) and RC (p = 0.002). Only SM (p = 0.01) was predictive on MVA. Significant predictors for DFS on UVA were SM (p = 0.0003), pN1 vs pN2 (p = 0.05), RC (p = 0.0006) and TN (p = 0.0001). Only RC (p = 0.005) and TN (p = 0.001) remained significant on MVA. Twelve pts developed dry, and 14 developed moist desquamation. Three pts developed CTCAE v3 G3 lymphedema, and 5 pts experienced G3 fibrosis.
Conclusions: We found that TN predicted for a higher rate of DM and worse DFS. Improved CR predicted for better DFS. Age < 45, SM, pN2 disease and poor RC were not predictive of LRR. Use of SB did not improve LRR, although this cohort was small. Overall, our results show encouraging 3 and 5 year OS rates and acceptable toxicity for IBC pts treated with trimodality therapy.
Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr P5-14-14.
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Elias JM, Cartun RA, England DM, Hayes S, Hogenson CM, Hyder DM, Leong ASY, Maliniak RM, Martin AW. Interlaboratory Comparison of Estrogen Receptor Analysis in Paraffin Sections by a Monoclonal Antibody to Estrophilin (H222). J Histotechnol 2013. [DOI: 10.1179/his.1993.16.1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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Vasant DH, Hayes S, Bucknall R, Lal S. Clinical and histological resolution of collagenous sprue following gluten-free diet and discontinuation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). BMJ Case Rep 2013; 2013:bcr-2013-200097. [PMID: 23986126 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2013-200097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagenous sprue is a rare small bowel enteropathy that has overlapping clinical features with coeliac disease; it is commonly associated with arthritic autoimmune conditions, which often require non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). In the limited published literature available, there are putative suggestions of a link between NSAID use and collagen deposition in intestinal subepithelia in such patients. The authors present a case of a 43-year-old woman with long-standing NSAID use for autoimmune polyarthropathy and positive coeliac antibodies. However, distal duodenal biopsies revealed a thickened band of subepithelial collagen with villous atrophic appearances consistent with collagenous sprue. The patient was treated with a gluten-free diet and her NSAIDs were discontinued. After 6 months, her gastrointestinal symptoms had resolved with complete histological resolution of the collagenous subepithelial bands and villous atrophy on duodenal biopsy.
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Brummer M, Hayes S, Adams AA, Horohov DW, Dawson KA, Lawrence LM. The effect of selenium supplementation on vaccination response and immune function in adult horses1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:3702-15. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Napolitano MA, Hayes S, Russo G, Muresu D, Giordano A, Foster GD. Using avatars to model weight loss behaviors: participant attitudes and technology development. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2013; 7:1057-65. [PMID: 23911189 PMCID: PMC3879772 DOI: 10.1177/193229681300700430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Virtual reality and other avatar-based technologies are potential methods for demonstrating and modeling weight loss behaviors. This study examined avatar-based technology as a tool for modeling weight loss behaviors. METHODS This study consisted of two phases: (1) an online survey to obtain feedback about using avatars for modeling weight loss behaviors and (2) technology development and usability testing to create an avatar-based technology program for modeling weight loss behaviors. RESULTS Results of phase 1 (n = 128) revealed that interest was high, with 88.3% stating that they would participate in a program that used an avatar to help practice weight loss skills in a virtual environment. In phase 2, avatars and modules to model weight loss skills were developed. Eight women were recruited to participate in a 4-week usability test, with 100% reporting they would recommend the program and that it influenced their diet/exercise behavior. Most women (87.5%) indicated that the virtual models were helpful. After 4 weeks, average weight loss was 1.6 kg (standard deviation = 1.7). CONCLUSIONS This investigation revealed a high level of interest in an avatar-based program, with formative work indicating promise. Given the high costs associated with in vivo exposure and practice, this study demonstrates the potential use of avatar-based technology as a tool for modeling weight loss behaviors.
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Brummer M, Hayes S, Dawson KA, Lawrence LM. Measures of antioxidant status of the horse in response to selenium depletion and repletion1. J Anim Sci 2013; 91:2158-68. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2012-5794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Strasinger L, Fowler A, Hayes S, Lawrence L. Foal behavior during the early neonatal period. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.03.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Brummer M, Hayes S, Dawson K, Lawrence L. Interrelationships among selenium status, antioxidant capacity and oxidative stress in the horse. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Strasinger L, Fowler A, Hayes S, Gellin G, Flythe M, Lawrence L. The relationship of coprophagy to fecal microbial species richness in neonatal foals. J Equine Vet Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2013.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Hayes S, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V, Gregory-Bryson E, Kiupel M. Classification of canine nonangiogenic, nonlymphogenic, gastrointestinal sarcomas based on microscopic, immunohistochemical, and molecular characteristics. Vet Pathol 2013; 50:779-88. [PMID: 23456969 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813478211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Canine nonangiogenic, nonlymphogenic, gastrointestinal sarcomas have been previously diagnosed as gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), leiomyosarcomas, or nonspecified spindle cell sarcomas, but diagnostic criteria for each entity are poorly defined. We propose a classification for canine nonangiogenic, nonlymphogenic, gastrointestinal sarcomas based on microscopic, immunohistochemical, and molecular characteristics. Applying the classification to 40 canine nonangiogenic, nonlymphogenic, gastrointestinal sarcomas documented its diagnostic and prognostic value. Eighteen (45%) sarcomas were classified as GIST based on positive KIT immunoreactivity. All GISTs were positive for vimentin, 14 (78%) were positive for S-100, and 6 (33%) were positive for smooth muscle actin (SMA). In contrast to their human counterparts, canine GISTs occurred mainly in the small intestine (67%) but commonly metastasized (5/18) to liver, lymph nodes, and omentum. Six GISTs had an activated KIT mutation in exon 11 of c-Kit, but no mutations were detected in exons 8, 9, 13, and 17. Twelve (30%) sarcomas were classified as leiomyosarcomas based on positive labeling for SMA and negative labeling for KIT. Four of these neoplasms were well differentiated leiomyosarcomas characterized by weak to no labeling for vimentin, and 8 were poorly differentiated leiomyosarcomas characterized by strong labeling for vimentin. None of the leiomyosarcomas metastasized, but poorly differentiated leiomyosarcomas had a higher risk of local invasion. Ten (25%) sarcomas were classified as non-GIST/nonleiomyosarcomas that were negative for KIT and SMA but positive for vimentin and either S-100 and/or PGP 9.5. These neoplasms most likely represent sarcomas of neurogenic differentiation resembling Schwann cells or perineurial or endoneurial fibroblasts, respectively.
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