Diclofenac residues in blood plasma and tissues of vultures collected from Ahmedabad, India

The study reports residues of diclofenac, a non-steroidal anti inflammatory drug, in tissues of 11 White-backed Vulture, Gyps bengalensis collected between 2005 and 2007 and blood plasma of 12 White-backed Vulture, four Egyptian Vulture, Neophron percnopterus and two Griffon Vulture, Gyps fulvus collected during 2005. Samples were analysed using High Performance Liquid Chromatograhy (HPLC) equipped with UV detector. One of the White-backed Vultures collected during 2005 had substantial urate deposits on its viscera and diclofenac was detected in its liver (1.42 ppm wet weight) and kidney (1.18 ppm wet weight), which is suggestive of diclofenac exposure and intoxication. Although uric acid crystals were not observed in the remaining birds received during 2005, the residues of diclofenac detected were at levels higher than the toxic limits (0.25-1 ppm). No residues were detected in any of the tissues of birds collected during 2006 and 2007 (6 birds). About 89% (16 of 18) of plasma samples collected during 2005 had diclofenac residues (White-backed vulture: BDL to 0.17 ppm; Egyptian vulture: BDL to 0.09 ppm; Griffon vulture: 0.07-0.14 ppm). However, plasma diclofenac concentrations were less than the concentrations reported to be toxic. Although use of diclofenac for treating cattle has been banned in India, regular monitoring is recommended to assess the effectiveness of the ban on the drug in support of the conservation of these species.

Comparative evaluation of two cold staining methods with the Ziehl-Neelsen method for the diagnosis of tuberculosis

In developing countries pulmonary tuberculosis is usually diagnosed by detecting acid-fast bacilli (AFB) in sputum using a Ziehl-Neelsen (Z-N) staining method. However, in the field the traditional method of staining is difficult to carry out. This study evaluates the efficiency of two cold staining methods, namely Gabbet's and a modified two reagent cold staining method compared with the Z-N taken as the gold standard. Triplicate smears were prepared from 267 sputum samples and stained by the Z-N, Gabbet's, and a modified cold staining method, the smears were positive for AFB in 21 (7.87%), 18 (6.74%) and 19 (7.12%), respectively. The sensitivities for the Gabbet's and modified cold stain were 85.7% and 90.5%, respectively. The positive agreement between the Z-N and Gabbet's (92.3%) and Z-N and modified cold stain (95%) were good. The modified cold staining method was less time consuming and easier to perform in the field.

Persistent organochlorine pesticide residues in tissues and eggs of white-backed vulture, Gyps bengalensis from different locations in India

Organochlorine pesticide residues were determined in tissues of five Indian white-backed vultures and two of their eggs collected from different locations in India. All the samples had varying levels of residues. p,p'-DDE ranged between 0.002 microg/g in muscle of vulture from Mudumali and 7.30 microg/g in liver of vulture from Delhi. Relatively higher levels of p,p'-DDT and its metabolites were documented in the bird from Delhi than other places. Dieldrin was 0.003 and 0.015 microg/g while p,p'-DDE was 2.46 and 3.26 microg/g in egg one and two respectively. Dieldrin appeared to be lower than the threshold level of 0.5 microg/g. p,p'-DDE exceeded the levels reported to have created toxic effects in eggs of other wild birds. Although varying levels of DDT, HCH, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide and endosulfan residues were detected in the vulture tissues, they do not appear to be responsible for the present status of population in India.

Containment strategies for people with serious mental illness

BACKGROUND

The management of acutely disturbed people during periods of psychiatric crisis poses a particular challenge for mental health professionals. The challenge is to maintain safety while providing a safe and therapeutic environment. Non-pharmaceutical methods currently used to accomplish this include special observations, de-escalation, behavioural contracts and locking doors.

OBJECTIVES

To compare the effects of various strategies used to contain acutely disturbed people during periods of psychiatric crisis (excluding seclusion and restraint and the use of 'as prescribed medication).

SEARCH STRATEGY

For the 2006 update of this review, we searched the Ovid interface of CINAHL, CENTRAL and The Schizophrenia Groups register, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO.

SELECTION CRITERIA

Relevant randomised controlled trials involving people hospitalised with serious mental illness, comparing any non-pharmacological interventions aimed at containing people who were at risk of harming themselves or others, (such as those approaches that change observation levels, lock wards, manage staff patient ratios, use de-escalation techniques or behavioural contracts).

DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS

Trials would have been reliably quality assessed and data extracted. Relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) would have been calculated with a random effects model. Where possible, numbers needed to treat and harm (NNT, NNH) would have been estimated.

MAIN RESULTS

The initial 1999 search identified over 2000 reports and the update search of 2006, an additional 2808 reports. Of these, only six seemed to have the potential to be relevant, but once they were obtained it was clear they could not be included. None focused upon non-pharmacological methods for containment of violence or self harm in people with serious mental illness.

AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS

Current non-pharmacological approaches to containment of disturbed or violent behaviour are not supported by evidence from controlled studies. Clinical practice is based on evidence that is not derived from trials and continued practice entirely outside of well designed, conducted and reported randomised studies is difficult to justify.

Blastomycosis in a South Indian patient after visiting an endemic area in USA

We describe a case of blastomycosis in a diabetic patient from South India who had visited Milwaukee, Wisconsin, an endemic area for blastomycosis in the USA. After his return to Bangalore, India, the patient developed intermittent fever of moderate to high grade, cough, loss of weight and appetite, and abscesses in the left cubital fossa and thigh regions. Systemic examination at our hospital revealed that he had dullness to percussion over the chest region and decreased breath sounds. Direct examination of Gram-stained smears of the pus from an abscess showed many broad-based budding yeast cells and culture yielded a dimorphic fungus later identified as Blastomyces dermatitidis. Histologic examination of the curettage tissue slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin, periodic acid Schiff's reagent, and Gomori's methenamine silver stain procedures showed many broad-based budding cells characteristic of B. dermatitidis. The patient was successfully treated, initially with amphotericin B, followed by oral itraconazole for a period of 6 months. Blastomycosis cases in India are reviewed and the likely source of infection in this patient is discussed.

Microbiologically influenced corrosion in petroleum product pipelines--a review

Microbiologically influenced corrosion is responsible for most of the internal corrosion problems in oil transportation pipelines and storage tanks. One problematic area in treating gas lines is the occurrence of the stratification of water in the line. Under these conditions, corrosion inhibitors do not come into contact properly and oil and inhibitors undergo degradation. The role of bacteria on oil degradation, the consequences of oil degradation in fuel systems and its influence on corrosion have been explained in detail. Besides, factors influencing on degradation of oil and corrosion inhibitors have also been discussed. Mechanism of microbiologically influenced corrosion in oil pipeline has been explained. Many of the misapplication of biocides/inhibitors occur mainly because the characteristics of biocides/inhibitors are not considered before use in pipeline industry. List of biocides and monitoring programme have been collected from literature and presented.

A hospital based study of hepatitis E by serology

Hepatitis E virus is recently recognised as an important cause of non-A, non-B hepatitis. A total of 569 serum samples were screened for HEV between April 1997 and March 2000, by a commercially available HEV IgM capture ELISA. The diagnosis was invariably acute viral hepatitis for differential diagnosis of jaundice. The percentage of seropositivity was found to be 18.8% in confirmed Hepatitis E cases.