51
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Hoffmann M, Oswald S, Zier M, Eckert J. Auger and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on lithiated HOPG. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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52
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Vogel U, Gemming T, Eckert J, Oswald S. Analysis of the thermal and temporal stability of Ta and Ti thin films onto SAW-substrate materials (LiNbO3and LiTaO3) using AR-XPS. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.6006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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53
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Kerz T, Beyer C, Mole D, Oswald S, Frauenknecht K, von Loewenich FD, Schwanz T. [Abscess-forming fungal encephalitis due to C. bantiana in an immunosuppressed patient]. DER NERVENARZT 2016; 87:191-194. [PMID: 26659072 DOI: 10.1007/s00115-015-0039-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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54
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Müller C, Neckel I, Monecke M, Dzhagan V, Salvan G, Schulze S, Baunack S, Gemming T, Oswald S, Engemaier V, Mosca DH. Transformation of epitaxial NiMnGa/InGaAs nanomembranes grown on GaAs substrates into freestanding microtubes. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra13684b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
NiMnGa/InGaAs nanomembranes grown by epitaxy on semiconductor substrates are transformed into freestanding microtubes using self assembly techniques and are investigated.
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55
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Reichel L, Schultz L, Pohl D, Oswald S, Fähler S, Werwiński M, Edström A, Delczeg-Czirjak EK, Rusz J. From soft to hard magnetic Fe-Co-B by spontaneous strain: a combined first principles and thin film study. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2015; 27:476002. [PMID: 26548574 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/27/47/476002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to convert the well-known Fe-Co-B alloy from a soft to a hard magnet, we propose tetragonal strain by interstitial boron. Density functional theory reveals that when B atoms occupy octahedral interstitial sites, the bcc Fe-Co lattice is strained spontaneously. Such highly distorted Fe-Co is predicted to reach a strong magnetocrystalline anisotropy which may compete with shape anisotropy. To probe this theoretical suggestion experimentally, epitaxial films are examined. A spontaneous strain up to 5% lattice distortion is obtained for B content up to 4 at%, which leads to uniaxial anisotropy constants exceeding 0.5 MJ m(-3). However, a further addition of B results in a partial amorphisation, which degrades both anisotropy and magnetisation.
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56
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Lu X, Deng J, Si W, Sun X, Liu X, Liu B, Liu L, Oswald S, Baunack S, Grafe HJ, Yan C, Schmidt OG. High-Performance Li-O 2 Batteries with Trilayered Pd/MnO x /Pd Nanomembranes. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2015; 2:1500113. [PMID: 27980974 PMCID: PMC5115390 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201500113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Trilayered Pd/MnO x /Pd nanomembranes are fabricated as the cathode catalysts for Li-O2 batteries. The combination of Pd and MnO x facilitates the transport of electrons, lithium ions, and oxygen-containing intermediates, thus effectively decomposing the discharge product Li2O2 and significantly lowering the charge overpotential and enhancing the power efficiency. This is promising for future environmentally friendly applications.
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57
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Abdi S, Oswald S, Gostin PF, Helth A, Sort J, Baró MD, Calin M, Schultz L, Eckert J, Gebert A. Designing new biocompatible glass-forming Ti75-
x
Zr10
Nb
x
Si15
(x
= 0, 15) alloys: corrosion, passivity, and apatite formation. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2015; 104:27-38. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.33332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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58
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Liu X, Zhang J, Si W, Xi L, Oswald S, Yan C, Schmidt OG. High-rate amorphous SnO2 nanomembrane anodes for Li-ion batteries with a long cycling life. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:282-288. [PMID: 25408149 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr04903a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous SnO2 nanomembranes as anodes for lithium ion batteries demonstrate a long cycling life of 1000 cycles at 1600 mA g(-1) with a high reversible capacity of 854 mA h g(-1) and high rate capability up to 40 A g(-1). The superior performance is because of the structural features of the amorphous SnO2 nanomembranes. The nanoscale thickness provides considerably reduced diffusion paths for Li(+). The amorphous structure can accommodate the strain of lithiation/delithiation, especially during the initial lithiation. More importantly, the mechanical feature of deformation can buffer the strain of repeated lithiation/delithiation, thus putting off pulverization. In addition, the two-dimensional transport pathways in between nanomembranes make the pseudo-capacitance more prominent. The encouraging results demonstrate the significant potential of nanomembranes for high power batteries.
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59
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Dijkmans J, Dusselier M, Gabriëls D, Houthoofd K, Magusin PCMM, Huang S, Pontikes Y, Trekels M, Vantomme A, Giebeler L, Oswald S, Sels BF. Cooperative Catalysis for Multistep Biomass Conversion with Sn/Al Beta Zeolite. ACS Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/cs501388e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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60
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Jaumann T, Balach J, Klose M, Oswald S, Langklotz U, Michaelis A, Eckert J, Giebeler L. SEI-component formation on sub 5 nm sized silicon nanoparticles in Li-ion batteries: the role of electrode preparation, FEC addition and binders. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:24956-67. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp03672k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nanocrystalline silicon electrodes were exposed to long-term cycling in Li-ion batteries under different conditions and their SEI formation was investigated by diverse techniques.
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61
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Makharza S, Vittorio O, Cirillo G, Oswald S, Hinde E, Kavallaris M, Büchner B, Mertig M, Hampel S. Graphene Oxide - Gelatin Nanohybrids as Functional Tools for Enhanced Carboplatin Activity in Neuroblastoma Cells. Pharm Res 2014; 32:2132-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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62
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Liu X, Si W, Zhang J, Sun X, Deng J, Baunack S, Oswald S, Liu L, Yan C, Schmidt OG. Free-standing Fe2O3 nanomembranes enabling ultra-long cycling life and high rate capability for Li-ion batteries. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7452. [PMID: 25503055 PMCID: PMC4264016 DOI: 10.1038/srep07452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
With Fe2O3 as a proof-of-concept, free-standing nanomembrane structure is demonstrated to be highly advantageous to improve the performance of Li-ion batteries. The Fe2O3 nanomembrane electrodes exhibit ultra-long cycling life at high current rates with satisfactory capacity (808 mAh g(-1) after 1000 cycles at 2 C and 530 mAh g(-1) after 3000 cycles at 6 C) as well as repeatable high rate capability up to 50 C. The excellent performance benefits particularly from the unique structural advantages of the nanomembranes. The mechanical feature can buffer the strain of lithiation/delithiation to postpone the pulverization. The two-dimensional transport pathways in between the nanomembranes can promote the pseudo-capacitive type storage. The parallel-laid nanomembranes, which are coated by polymeric gel-like film and SEI layer with the electrolyte in between layers, electrochemically behave like numerous "mini-capacitors" to provide the pseudo-capacitance thus maintain the capacity at high rate.
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63
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Kalmar PI, Oswald S, Fuchsjäger MH. [54-year old patient with unilateral chronic active mastitis in hyperprolactinemia]. ROFO-FORTSCHR RONTG 2014; 186:1149-51. [PMID: 25329512 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1366355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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64
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Andress J, Stumpfe F, Willi M, Oswald S, Feisel-Schwickardi G, Dimpfl T. Ausgeprägtes Vulvaödem bei schwerem ovariellen Überstimulationssyndrom (OHSS) im Rahmen von Kinderwunschbehandlung. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd 2014. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1388022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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65
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Herklotz M, Scheiba F, Glaum R, Mosymow E, Oswald S, Eckert J, Ehrenberg H. Electrochemical oxidation of trivalent chromium in a phosphate matrix: Li3Cr2(PO4)3 as cathode material for lithium ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.06.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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66
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Zhang L, Deng J, Liu L, Si W, Oswald S, Xi L, Kundu M, Ma G, Gemming T, Baunack S, Ding F, Yan C, Schmidt OG. Hierarchically designed SiOx/SiOy bilayer nanomembranes as stable anodes for lithium ion batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:4527-4532. [PMID: 24788116 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201401194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchically designed SiOx /SiOy rolled-up bilayer nanomembranes are used as anodes for lithium-ion batteries. The functionalities of the SiO(x,y) layers can be engineered by simply controlling the oxygen content, resulting in anodes that exhibit a reversible capacity of about 1300 mA h g(-1) with an excellent stability of over 100 cycles, as well as a good rate capability.
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67
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Oswald S, Gostin PF, Helth A, Abdi S, Giebeler L, Wendrock H, Calin M, Eckert J, Gebert A. XPS and AES sputter-depth profiling at surfaces of biocompatible passivated Ti-based alloys: concentration quantification considering chemical effects. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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68
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Haindl S, Kidszun M, Oswald S, Hess C, Buchner B, Kolling S, Wilde L, Thersleff T, Yurchenko VV, Jourdan M, Hiramatsu H, Hosono H. Thin film growth of Fe-based superconductors: from fundamental properties to functional devices. A comparative review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2014; 77:046502. [PMID: 24695004 DOI: 10.1088/0034-4885/77/4/046502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Fe-based superconductors bridge a gap between MgB2 and the cuprate high temperature superconductors as they exhibit multiband character and transition temperatures up to around 55 K. Investigating Fe-based superconductors thus promises answers to fundamental questions concerning the Cooper pairing mechanism, competition between magnetic and superconducting phases, and a wide variety of electronic correlation effects. The question addressed in this review is, however, is this new class of superconductors also a promising candidate for technical applications? Superconducting film-based technologies range from high-current and high-field applications for energy production and storage to sensor development for communication and security issues and have to meet relevant needs of today’s society and that of the future. In this review we will highlight and discuss selected key issues for Fe-based superconducting thin film applications. We initially focus our discussion on the understanding of physical properties and actual problems in film fabrication based on a comparison of different observations made in the last few years. Subsequently we address the potential for technological applications according to the current situation.
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69
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Oswald S, Vogel U, Eckert J. ARXPS measurement simulation for improved data interpretation at complex Ta/Li-niobate interfaces. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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70
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Vogel U, Gemming T, Eckert J, Oswald S. Analysis of surface pre-treatment for SAW-substrate material (LiNbO3
) and deposited thin films of Ta/Ti using ARXPS. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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71
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Pinkert K, Oschatz M, Borchardt L, Klose M, Zier M, Nickel W, Giebeler L, Oswald S, Kaskel S, Eckert J. Role of surface functional groups in ordered mesoporous carbide-derived carbon/ionic liquid electrolyte double-layer capacitor interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:2922-2928. [PMID: 24456383 DOI: 10.1021/am4055029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Ordered mesoporous carbide-derived carbon (OM-CDC) with a specific surface area as high as 2900 m(2) g(-1) was used as a model system in a supercapacitor setup based on an ionic liquid (IL; 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) electrolyte. Our study systematically investigates the effect of surface functional groups on IL-based carbon supercapacitors. Oxygen and chlorine functionalization was achieved by air oxidation and chlorine treatment, respectively, to introduce well-defined levels of polarity. The latter was analyzed by means of water physisorption isotherms at 298 K, and the functionalization level was quantified with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. While oxygen functionalization leads to a decreased capacitance at higher power densities, surface chlorination significantly improves the rate capability. A high specific capacitance of up to 203 F g(-1) was observed for a chlorinated OM-CDC sample with a drastically increased rate capability in a voltage range of ±3.4 V.
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72
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Medda R, Helth A, Herre P, Pohl D, Rellinghaus B, Perschmann N, Neubauer S, Kessler H, Oswald S, Eckert J, Spatz JP, Gebert A, Cavalcanti-Adam EA. Investigation of early cell-surface interactions of human mesenchymal stem cells on nanopatterned β-type titanium-niobium alloy surfaces. Interface Focus 2014; 4:20130046. [PMID: 24501674 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2013.0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-potent adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from bone marrow have therapeutic potential for bone diseases and regenerative medicine. However, an intrinsic heterogeneity in their phenotype, which in turn results in various differentiation potentials, makes it difficult to predict the response of these cells. The aim of this study is to investigate initial cell-surface interactions of human MSCs on modified titanium alloys. Gold nanoparticles deposited on β-type Ti-40Nb alloys by block copolymer micelle nanolithography served as nanotopographical cues as well as specific binding sites for the immobilization of thiolated peptides present in several extracellular matrix proteins. MSC heterogeneity persists on polished and nanopatterned Ti-40Nb samples. However, cell heterogeneity and donor variability decreased upon functionalization of the gold nanoparticles with cyclic RGD peptides. In particular, the number of large cells significantly decreased after 24 h owing to the arrangement of cell anchorage sites, rather than peptide specificity. However, the size and number of integrin-mediated adhesion clusters increased in the presence of the integrin-binding peptide (cRGDfK) compared with the control peptide (cRADfK). These results suggest that the use of integrin ligands in defined patterns could improve MSC-material interactions, not only by regulating cell adhesion locally, but also by reducing population heterogeneity.
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73
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Wittenburg G, Lauer G, Oswald S, Labudde D, Franz CM. Nanoscale topographic changes on sterilized glass surfaces affect cell adhesion and spreading. J Biomed Mater Res A 2013; 102:2755-66. [PMID: 24027204 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.34943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Producing sterile glass surfaces is of great importance for a wide range of laboratory and medical applications, including in vitro cell culture and tissue engineering. However, sterilization may change the surface properties of glass and thereby affect its use for medical applications, for instance as a substrate for culturing cells. To investigate potential effects of sterilization on glass surface topography, borosilicate glass coverslips were left untreated or subjected to several common sterilization procedures, including low-temperature plasma gas, gamma irradiation and steam. Imaging by atomic force microscopy demonstrated that the surface of untreated borosilicate coverslips features a complex landscape of microislands ranging from 1000 to 3000 nm in diameter and 1 to 3 nm in height. Steam treatment completely removes these microislands, producing a nanosmooth glass surface. In contrast, plasma treatment partially degrades the microisland structure, while gamma irradiation has no effect on microisland topography. To test for possible effects of the nanotopographic structures on cell adhesion, human gingival fibroblasts were seeded on untreated or sterilized glass surfaces. Analyzing fibroblast adhesion 3, 6, and 24 h after cell seeding revealed significant differences in cell attachment and spreading depending on the sterilization method applied. Furthermore, single-cell force spectroscopy revealed a connection between the nanotopographic landscape of glass and the formation of cellular adhesion forces, indicating that fibroblasts generally adhere weakly to nanosmooth but strongly to nanorough glass surfaces. Nanotopographic changes induced by different sterilization methods may therefore need to be considered when preparing sterile glass surfaces for cell culture or biomedical applications.
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74
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Sobolkina A, Mechtcherine V, Bellmann C, Khavrus V, Oswald S, Hampel S, Leonhardt A. Surface properties of CNTs and their interaction with silica. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 413:43-53. [PMID: 24183429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the embedding of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in cement-based matrices, silica was deposited on the sidewall of CNTs by a sol-gel method. Knowledge of the conditions of CNTs' surfaces is a key issue in understanding the corresponding interaction mechanisms. In this study various types of CNTs synthesized using acetonitrile, cyclohexane, and methane were investigated with regard to their physicochemical surface properties. Significant differences in surface polarity as well as in the wetting properties of the CNTs, depending on the precursors used, were revealed by combining electro-kinetic potential and contact angle measurements. The hydrophobicity of CNTs decreases by utilising the carbon sources in the following order: cyclohexane, methane, and finally acetonitrile. The XPS analysis, applied to estimate the chemical composition at the CNT surface, showed nitrogen atoms incorporated into the tube structure by using acetonitrile as a carbon source. It was found that the simultaneous presence of nitrogen- and/or oxygen-containing sites with different acid-base properties increased the surface polarity of the CNTs, imparting amphoteric characteristics to them and improving their wetting behaviour. Regarding the silica deposition, strong differences in adsorption capacity of the CNTs were observed. The mechanism of silica adsorption through interfacial bond formation was discussed.
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75
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Deng J, Yan C, Yang L, Baunack S, Oswald S, Wendrock H, Mei Y, Schmidt OG. Sandwich-Stacked SnO2/Cu Hybrid Nanosheets as Multichannel Anodes for Lithium Ion Batteries. ACS NANO 2013; 7:6948-6954. [PMID: 23879640 DOI: 10.1021/nn402164q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have introduced a facile strategy to fabricate sandwich-stacked SnO2/Cu hybrid nanosheets as multichannel anodes for lithium-ion batteries applying rolled-up nanotechnology with the use of carbon black as intersheet spacer. By employing a direct self-rolling and compressing approach, a much higher effective volume efficiency is achieved as compared to rolled-up hollow tubes. Benefiting from the nanogaps formed between each neighboring sheet, electron transport and ion diffusion are facilitated and SnO2/Cu nanosheet overlapping is prevented. As a result, the sandwich-stacked SnO2/Cu hybrid nanosheets exhibit a high reversible capacity of 764 mAh g(-1) at 100 mA g(-1) and a stable cycling performance of ~75% capacity retention at 200 mA g(-1) after 150 cycles, as well as a superior rate capability of ~470 mAh g(-1) at 1 A g(-1). This synthesis approach presents a promising route to design multichannel anodes for high performance Li-ion batteries.
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