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Leggington R, Olivero JJ, Adrogue HE, Ramanathan V. Recovery of Allograft Function After Complete Withdrawal of Immunosuppression. Transplant Proc 2005; 37:4380-2. [PMID: 16387125 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We describe an interesting case of a patient who recovered function of a previously failed kidney allograft after immunosuppressive medications were discontinued for 4 months, requiring maintenance hemodialysis. He had a split-thickness skin graft to his abdomen because of previous surgical complications. His postoperative course was complicated by sepsis and refractory hypotension. The patient was diagnosed with adrenal insufficiency and was started on hydrocortisone. At the same time, hemodialysis was stopped for possible catheter-related infection. The patient recovered function of the previously failed allograft and has not required hemodialysis.
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52
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Ramanathan V, Chung C, Kim D, Bettge T, Buja L, Kiehl JT, Washington WM, Fu Q, Sikka DR, Wild M. Atmospheric brown clouds: impacts on South Asian climate and hydrological cycle. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:5326-33. [PMID: 15749818 PMCID: PMC552786 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0500656102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
South Asian emissions of fossil fuel SO(2) and black carbon increased approximately 6-fold since 1930, resulting in large atmospheric concentrations of black carbon and other aerosols. This period also witnessed strong negative trends of surface solar radiation, surface evaporation, and summer monsoon rainfall. These changes over India were accompanied by an increase in atmospheric stability and a decrease in sea surface temperature gradients in the Northern Indian Ocean. We conducted an ensemble of coupled ocean-atmosphere simulations from 1930 to 2000 to understand the role of atmospheric brown clouds in the observed trends. The simulations adopt the aerosol radiative forcing from the Indian Ocean experiment observations and also account for global increases in greenhouse gases and sulfate aerosols. The simulated decreases in surface solar radiation, changes in surface and atmospheric temperatures over land and sea, and decreases in monsoon rainfall are similar to the observed trends. We also show that greenhouse gases and sulfates, by themselves, do not account for the magnitude or even the sign in many instances, of the observed trends. Thus, our simulations suggest that absorbing aerosols in atmospheric brown clouds may have played a major role in the observed regional climate and hydrological cycle changes and have masked as much as 50% of the surface warming due to the global increase in greenhouse gases. The simulations also raise the possibility that, if current trends in emissions continue, the subcontinent may experience a doubling of the drought frequency in the coming decades.
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53
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Chung CE, Ramanathan V, Kim D, Podgorny IA. Global anthropogenic aerosol direct forcing derived from satellite and ground-based observations. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1029/2005jd006356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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54
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Inamdar AK, Ramanathan V, Loeb NG. Satellite observations of the water vapor greenhouse effect and column longwave cooling rates: Relative roles of the continuum and vibration-rotation to pure rotation bands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1029/2003jd003980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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55
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56
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Satheesh SK, Ramanathan V, Holben BN, Moorthy KK, Loeb NG, Maring H, Prospero JM, Savoie D. Chemical, microphysical, and radiative effects of Indian Ocean aerosols. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1029/2002jd002463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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57
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Lelieveld J, Berresheim H, Borrmann S, Crutzen PJ, Dentener FJ, Fischer H, Feichter J, Flatau PJ, Heland J, Holzinger R, Korrmann R, Lawrence MG, Levin Z, Markowicz KM, Mihalopoulos N, Minikin A, Ramanathan V, De Reus M, Roelofs GJ, Scheeren HA, Sciare J, Schlager H, Schultz M, Siegmund P, Steil B, Stephanou EG, Stier P, Traub M, Warneke C, Williams J, Ziereis H. Global air pollution crossroads over the Mediterranean. Science 2002; 298:794-9. [PMID: 12399583 DOI: 10.1126/science.1075457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 741] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Mediterranean Intensive Oxidant Study, performed in the summer of 2001, uncovered air pollution layers from the surface to an altitude of 15 kilometers. In the boundary layer, air pollution standards are exceeded throughout the region, caused by West and East European pollution from the north. Aerosol particles also reduce solar radiation penetration to the surface, which can suppress precipitation. In the middle troposphere, Asian and to a lesser extent North American pollution is transported from the west. Additional Asian pollution from the east, transported from the monsoon in the upper troposphere, crosses the Mediterranean tropopause, which pollutes the lower stratosphere at middle latitudes.
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58
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Ramanathan V, Crutzen PJ, Kiehl JT, Rosenfeld D. Aerosols, climate, and the hydrological cycle. Science 2001; 294:2119-24. [PMID: 11739947 DOI: 10.1126/science.1064034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2791] [Impact Index Per Article: 121.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Human activities are releasing tiny particles (aerosols) into the atmosphere. These human-made aerosols enhance scattering and absorption of solar radiation. They also produce brighter clouds that are less efficient at releasing precipitation. These in turn lead to large reductions in the amount of solar irradiance reaching Earth's surface, a corresponding increase in solar heating of the atmosphere, changes in the atmospheric temperature structure, suppression of rainfall, and less efficient removal of pollutants. These aerosol effects can lead to a weaker hydrological cycle, which connects directly to availability and quality of fresh water, a major environmental issue of the 21st century.
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Crutzen PJ, Ramanathan V. Foreword [to special section on Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX)]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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60
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Eck TF, Holben BN, Dubovik O, Smirnov A, Slutsker I, Lobert JM, Ramanathan V. Column-integrated aerosol optical properties over the Maldives during the northeast monsoon for 1998-2000. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd000786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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61
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Ramanathan V, Crutzen PJ, Lelieveld J, Mitra AP, Althausen D, Anderson J, Andreae MO, Cantrell W, Cass GR, Chung CE, Clarke AD, Coakley JA, Collins WD, Conant WC, Dulac F, Heintzenberg J, Heymsfield AJ, Holben B, Howell S, Hudson J, Jayaraman A, Kiehl JT, Krishnamurti TN, Lubin D, McFarquhar G, Novakov T, Ogren JA, Podgorny IA, Prather K, Priestley K, Prospero JM, Quinn PK, Rajeev K, Rasch P, Rupert S, Sadourny R, Satheesh SK, Shaw GE, Sheridan P, Valero FPJ. Indian Ocean Experiment: An integrated analysis of the climate forcing and effects of the great Indo-Asian haze. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1054] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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62
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Podgorny IA, Ramanathan V. A modeling study of the direct effect of aerosols over the tropical Indian Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2001jd900214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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63
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Rajeev K, Ramanathan V. Direct observations of clear-sky aerosol radiative forcing from space during the Indian Ocean Experiment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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64
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Abstract
Renal Transplantation has progressed from an experiment in surgery, nephrology, and immunology to the preferred means of renal replacement therapy for patients with end-stage renal disease. Patient and graft survival rates are spectacular in the short run and improving steadily in the long. The current state of the art reflects deepened understanding of the alloimmune response and the T lymphocyte activation cascade in part driving the discovery of ever more potent immunosuppressive agents. Important issues remain such as chronic allograft dysfunction, the organ shortage, and tolerance induction. In this review, we will look at the history, the expanding treatment options based on better understanding of the immunobiology of alloantigen response, and the persistent challenges awaiting.
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Lelieveld J, Crutzen PJ, Ramanathan V, Andreae MO, Brenninkmeijer CM, Campos T, Cass GR, Dickerson RR, Fischer H, de Gouw JA, Hansel A, Jefferson A, Kley D, de Laat AT, Lal S, Lawrence MG, Lobert JM, Mayol-Bracero OL, Mitra AP, Novakov T, Oltmans SJ, Prather KA, Reiner T, Rodhe H, Scheeren HA, Sikka D, Williams J. The Indian Ocean experiment: widespread air pollution from South and Southeast Asia. Science 2001; 291:1031-6. [PMID: 11161214 DOI: 10.1126/science.1057103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 589] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The Indian Ocean Experiment (INDOEX) was an international, multiplatform field campaign to measure long-range transport of air pollution from South and Southeast Asia toward the Indian Ocean during the dry monsoon season in January to March 1999. Surprisingly high pollution levels were observed over the entire northern Indian Ocean toward the Intertropical Convergence Zone at about 6 degrees S. We show that agricultural burning and especially biofuel use enhance carbon monoxide concentrations. Fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning cause a high aerosol loading. The growing pollution in this region gives rise to extensive air quality degradation with local, regional, and global implications, including a reduction of the oxidizing power of the atmosphere.
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66
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Lubin D, Vogelmann A, Lehr PJ, Kressin A, Ehramjian J, Ramanathan V. Validation of visible/near-IR atmospheric absorption and solar emission spectroscopic models at 1 cm−1resolution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/2000jd900317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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67
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Ackerman AS, Toon OB, Stevens DE, Heymsfield AJ, Ramanathan V, Welton EJ. Reduction of tropical cloudiness by soot. Science 2000; 288:1042-7. [PMID: 10807573 DOI: 10.1126/science.288.5468.1042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Measurements and models show that enhanced aerosol concentrations can augment cloud albedo not only by increasing total droplet cross-sectional area, but also by reducing precipitation and thereby increasing cloud water content and cloud coverage. Aerosol pollution is expected to exert a net cooling influence on the global climate through these conventional mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate an opposite mechanism through which aerosols can reduce cloud cover and thus significantly offset aerosol-induced radiative cooling at the top of the atmosphere on a regional scale. In model simulations, the daytime clearing of trade cumulus is hastened and intensified by solar heating in dark haze (as found over much of the northern Indian Ocean during the northeast monsoon).
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68
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Rajeev K, Ramanathan V, Meywerk J. Regional aerosol distribution and its long-range transport over the Indian Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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69
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Satheesh SK, Ramanathan V, Li-Jones X, Lobert JM, Podgorny IA, Prospero JM, Holben BN, Loeb NG. A model for the natural and anthropogenic aerosols over the tropical Indian Ocean derived from Indian Ocean Experiment data. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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70
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Meywerk J, Ramanathan V. Observations of the spectral clear-sky aerosol forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/1999jd900502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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71
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Inamdar AK, Ramanathan V. Tropical and global scale interactions among water vapor, atmospheric greenhouse effect, and surface temperature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/1998jd900007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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72
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Jayaraman A, Lubin D, Ramachandran S, Ramanathan V, Woodbridge E, Collins WD, Zalpuri KS. Direct observations of aerosol radiative forcing over the tropical Indian Ocean during the January-February 1996 pre-INDOEX cruise. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1029/98jd00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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73
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Boer ER, Ramanathan V. Lagrangian approach for deriving cloud characteristics from satellite observations and its implications to cloud parameterization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/97jd00930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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74
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Chen JP, McFarquhar GM, Heymsfield AJ, Ramanathan V. A modeling and observational study of the detailed microphysical structure of tropical cirrus anvils. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1029/96jd03513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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75
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Raja MC, Zevin-Sonkin D, Shwartzburd J, Rozovskaya TA, Sobolev IA, Chertkov O, Ramanathan V, Lvovsky L, Ulanovsky LE. DNA sequencing using differential extension with nucleotide subsets (DENS). Nucleic Acids Res 1997; 25:800-5. [PMID: 9016632 PMCID: PMC146503 DOI: 10.1093/nar/25.4.800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we describe template directed enzymatic synthesis of unique primers, avoiding the chemical synthesis step in primer walking. We have termed this conceptually new technique DENS (differential extension with nucleotide subsets). DENS works by selectively extending a short primer, making it a long one at the intended site only. The procedure starts with a limited initial extension of the primer (at 20-30 degrees C) in the presence of only two out of the four possible dNTPs. The primer is extended by 6-9 bases or longer at the intended priming site, which is deliberately selected, (as is the two-dNTP set), to maximize the extension length. The subsequent termination reaction at 60-65 degrees C then accepts the extended primer at the intended site, but not at alternative sites, where the initial extension (if any) is generally much shorter. DENS allows the use of primers as long as 8mers (degenerate in two positions) which prime much more strongly than modular primers involving 5-7mers and which (unlike the latter) can be used with thermostable polymerases, thus allowing cycle-sequencing with dye-terminators compatible with Taq DNA polymerase, as well as making double-stranded DNA sequencing more robust.
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