2,4,6,8-Tetra-kis(2-fluoro-phen-yl)-3,7-diaza-bicyclo-[3.3.1]nonan-9-one

The title compound, C(31)H(24)F(4)N(2)O, exists in a chair-boat conformation with an equatorial orientation of the 2-fluoro-phenyl groups on both sides of the secondary amino group of the chair form. The benzene rings in the 'chair' part are inclined to each other at 19.4 (1)°, while the equivalent angle between the benzene rings in the 'boat' part is 75.6 (1)°. One F atom was treated as disordered over two positions in a 0.838 (4):0.162 (4) ratio. In the crystal, N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into chains along [001] and these chains are held together via weak N-H⋯F and C-H⋯F inter-actions.

(1E,4E)-1,5-Bis[2-(trifluoro-meth-yl)phen-yl]penta-1,4-dien-3-one

In the title compound, C(19)H(12)F(6)O, a monoketone derivative of curcumin, both double bonds have a trans conformation. The mol-ecule is mostly planar with all C and O atoms essentially coplanar, with the exception of one benzene ring, which is tilted by 17.18 (1)° with respect to the plane of the remainder of the mol-ecule. The r.m.s. deviation from planarity of the coplanar section is 0.0097 Å. The crystal packing features weak C-H⋯O and C-H⋯F inter-actions.

Resveratrol reduces prostate cancer growth and metastasis by inhibiting the Akt/MicroRNA-21 pathway

The consumption of foods containing resveratrol produces significant health benefits. Resveratrol inhibits cancer by reducing cell proliferation and metastasis and by inducing apoptosis. These actions could be explained by its ability to inhibit (ERK-1/2), Akt and suppressing the levels of estrogen and insulin growth factor -1 (IGF-1) receptor. How these processes are manifested into the antitumor actions of resveratrol is not clear. Using microarray studies, we show that resveratrol reduced the expression of various prostate-tumor associated microRNAs (miRs) including miR-21 in androgen-receptor negative and highly aggressive human prostate cancer cells, PC-3M-MM2. This effect of resveratrol was associated with reduced cell viability, migration and invasiveness. Additionally, resveratrol increased the expression of tumor suppressors, PDCD4 and maspin, which are negatively regulated by miR-21. Short interfering (si) RNA against PDCD4 attenuated resveratrol’s effect on prostate cancer cells, and similar effects were observed following over expression of miR-21 with pre-miR-21 oligonucleotides. PC-3M-MM2 cells also exhibited high levels of phospho-Akt (pAkt), which were reduced by both resveratrol and LY294002 (a PI3-kinase inhibitor). MiR-21 expression in these cells appeared to be dependent on Akt, as LY294002 reduced the levels of miR-21 along with a concurrent increase in PDCD4 expression. These in vitro findings were further corroborated in a severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mouse xenograft model of prostate cancer. Oral administration of resveratrol not only inhibited the tumor growth but also decreased the incidence and number of metastatic lung lesions. These tumor- and metastatic-suppressive effects of resveratrol were associated with reduced miR-21 and pAkt, and elevated PDCD4 levels. Similar anti-tumor effects of resveratrol were observed in DU145 and LNCaP prostate cancer cells which were associated with suppression of Akt and PDCD4, but independent of miR-21.These data suggest that resveratrol’s anti-tumor actions in prostate cancer could be explained, in part, through inhibition of Akt/miR-21 signaling pathway.

2,4-Bis(2-eth-oxy-phen-yl)-3-aza-bicyclo-[3.3.1]nonan-9-one

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C24H29NO3, contains two independent mol-ecules, which each exibit a twin-chair conformation with an equatorial orientation of the ortho-eth-oxy-phenyl groups but different dihedral angles [41.3 (1) and 24.1 (1)°] between the benzene rings. In the crystal, pairs of weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the two different independent mol-ecules into dimers.

2,4-Bis(2-bromo-phen-yl)-7-tert-pentyl-3-aza-bicyclo-[3.3.1]nonan-9-one

The title compound, C₂₅H₂₉Br₂NO, is a tert-pentyl analog of 2,4-bis­(2-bromo­phen­yl)-3-aza­bicyclo­[3.3.1]nonan-9-one [Par­thiban et al. (2008 ▶). Acta Cryst. E64, o2385]. Similar to its analog, the title compound exists in a twin-chair conformation with an equatorial orientation of the 2-bromo­phenyl groups. The benzene rings are inclined to each other at a dihedral angle of 29.6 (3)°. The tert-pentyl group on the cyclo­hexa­none ring also adopts an exocyclic equatorial disposition.

2,4-Bis(4-eth-oxy-phen-yl)-1-methyl-3-aza-bicyclo-[3.3.1]nonan-9-one

In the title compound, C₂₅H₃₀NO₃, a crystallographic mirror plane bis­ects the mol­ecule. Although it is a positional isomer of 2,4-bis(4-eth­oxy­phen­yl)-7-methyl-3-aza­bicyclo­[3.3.1]non­an-9-one [C₂₅H₃₁NO₃, M_r = 393.51; Park et al. (2012c ▶). Acta Cryst. E68, o779–780], its mol­ecular weight is 392.50 due to the 50:50 ratio of the methyl group at bridgehead C atoms. However, the title compound exists in the same twin-chair conformation as its 7-methyl isomer. Also, the 4-eth­oxy­phenyl groups are equatorially oriented on the bicycle as in its isomer. In the title compound, the cyclo­hexanone ring deviates from an ideal chair (total puckering amplitude Q_T = 0.5390 Å) and the piperidone ring is closer to an ideal chair (Q_T = 0.6064 Å). These Q_T values are very similar to those of its isomer. Even though a center of symmetry passes through the 7-methyl analog, the benzene rings are oriented 26.11 (3)° with respect to each other, whereas the orientation is 53.10 (3)° for the title compound. The title compound exhibits inter­molecular N—H⋯O inter­actions [H⋯A = 2.25 (2) Å, versus 2.26 (2) Å for the analog].

2,4-Bis(4-eth-oxy-phen-yl)-3-aza-bicyclo-[3.3.1]nonan-9-one

The title compound, C(24)H(29)NO(3), exists in a twin-chair conformation with an equatorial orientation of the 4-eth-oxy-phenyl groups. The benzene rings are inclined to each other at an angle of 28.0 (1)°. In the crystal, weak C-H⋯O inter-actions link mol-ecules related by translation into chains along the b axis. The crystal packing exhibits π-π inter-actions between the benzene rings of neighbouring mol-ecules [centroid-centroid distance = 3.692 (3) Å].

siRNA-mediated knock-down of NOX3: therapy for hearing loss?

Cisplatin is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent that causes significant hearing loss. Previous studies have shown that cisplatin exposure is associated with increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cochlea. The inner ear expresses a unique isoform of NADPH oxidase, NOX3. This enzyme may be the primary source of ROS generation in the cochlea. The knockdown of NOX3 by pretreatment with siRNA prevented cisplatin ototoxicity, as demonstrated by preservation of hearing thresholds and inner ear sensory cells. Trans-tympanic NOX3 siRNA reduced the expression of NOX3 and biomarkers of cochlear damage, including transient receptor vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) channel and kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) in cochlear tissues. In addition, siRNA against NOX3 reduced apoptosis as demonstrated by TUNEL staining, and prevented the increased expression of Bax and abrogated the decrease in Bcl2 expression following cisplatin administration. Trans-tympanic administration of siRNA directed against NOX3 may provide a useful method of attenuating cisplatin ototoxicity. In this paper, we review recent publications dealing with the role of NOX3 in ototoxicity and the effects of siRNA against cisplatin-induced hearing loss.

2,4,6,8-Tetra-kis(4-chloro-phen-yl)-3,7-diaza-bicyclo-[3.3.1]nonan-9-one O-benzyl-oxime acetone monosolvate

In the title compound, C₃₈H₃₁Cl₄N₃O·C₃H₆O, the 3,7-diaza-bicycle exists in a chair–boat conformation. The 4-chloro­phenyl groups attached to the chair form are equatorially oriented at an angle of 18.15 (3)° with respect to each other, whereas the 4-chloro­phenyl groups attached to the boat form are oriented at an angle of 32.64 (3)°. In the crystal, mol­ecules are linked by N—H⋯π and C—H⋯O inter­actions.

Abstract 1093: Resveratrol inhibits prostate cancer metastasis by targeting microRNA-21

Introduction: Most prostate cancer-related deaths are due to the metastatic form of the disease. Despite multimodal therapy, no effective treatment exists for metastatic prostate cancer. Resveratrol, a phytoalexin, has been reported to possess anticancer properties against various cancers. However, the exact mechanism underlying this beneficial effect is not clearly known. MicroRNA (miR)-21, an oncomir, is found to be up-regulated in prostate cancer and its levels are positively linked to cancer cell invasion and metastasis. In this study, we propose that resveratrol inhibition of miR-21 could account, in part, for its reduction in invasiveness and metastasis of prostate cancer cells. Methods: PC3-MM cells were treated with resveratrol and the levels of miR-21 and its target proteins, programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) and maspin, were assessed by TaqMan assay and Western blotting, respectively. Cell viability was assessed by MTS assay, while invasion and migration were assessed by Boyden chamber assay and wound healing assay, respectively. Annexin-FITC and PI staining were performed to assess cell apoptosis. Microarray analyses were performed to identify different miRs which are regulated by resveratrol. Transient transfection of pre-miR-21 or PDCD4 siRNA was performed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of resveratrol's antitumor action. Severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice were utilized to study the effect of oral administration of resveratrol on tumor growth and lung metastasis using subcutaneous and intravenous injections of PC3-MM cells. Results: Resveratrol significantly reduced PC3-MM cell viability and inhibited its invasion and migration in a dose-dependent manner. These anti-tumor effects of resveratrol were due to inhibition of miR-21 and increased expression of PDCD4, because transfection of PC3-MM cells with pre-miR-21 and PDCD4 siRNA reversed the anti-tumor effects of resveratrol. Resveratrol also decreased both serum and insulin growth factor 1 (IGF1)-activated Akt1 (p-Akt), a known regulator of miR-21. Inhibition of PI3 kinase by LY294002 mimicked resveratrol's response on cell viability and invasiveness. Furthermore, studies in SCID mice demonstrated that oral administration of resveratrol reduced PC3-MM tumor growth by inhibiting miR-21 and p-Akt and also reduced the ability of these cells to metastasize to the lung. Conclusion: We conclude that resveratrol inhibits PC3-MM prostate cancer cell viability, invasion and migration by suppressing miR-21 expression via a growth factor/Akt sensitive pathway. We propose that oral administration of resveratrol inhibits prostate cancer growth and metastasis by abrogating a growth factor/Akt signaling pathway for induction of miR-21. These data support the use of resveratrol as a miR-21 inhibitor for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer.

Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1093. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-1093

2,4-Bis(4-eth-oxy-phen-yl)-7-methyl-3-aza-bicyclo-[3.3.1]nonan-9-one

The mol­ecule of the title compound, C₂₅H₃₁NO₃, exists in a twin-chair conformation with an equatorial orientation of the 4-eth­oxy­phenyl groups, as observed for its ortho isomer [Parthiban, Ramkumar, Park & Jeong (2011b ▶), Acta Cryst. E67, o1475–o1476]. The methyl and 4-eth­oxy­phenyl groups are also equatorially oriented on the bicycle, as in the ortho analogue. In particular, although the cyclo­hexa­none ring deviates from an ideal chair, the piperidone ring is closer to an ideal chair, whereas in the ortho isomer both rings are significantly puckered and deviate from ideal chairs. The 4-eth­oxy­phenyl groups on both sides of the secondary amine group are oriented at an angle of 26.11 (3)° with respect to each other, but the 2-eth­oxy­phenyl groups in the ortho isomer are oriented by less than half this [12.41 (4)°]. In contrast to the absence of any significant inter­actions in the crystal packing of the ortho isomer, the title compound features N—H⋯O inter­actions, linking the mol­ecules along the b axis.

N,N'-(1,4-Phenyl-ene)bis-(2-bromo-2-methyl-propanamide)

The mol­ecular structure of the title compound, C₁₄H₁₈Br₂N₂O₂, has one half-mol­ecule in the asymmetric unit. The mol­ecule has a crystallographic inversion centre in the middle of the benzene ring. The C—C—N—C torsion angle between the benzene ring and the bromo­amide group is 149.2 (7)°. The crystal is stabilized by a strong inter­molecular N—H⋯O bond and weak C—H⋯O inter­actions. These contacts give rise to a three-dimensional network.

2,6-Bis(4-chloro-phen-yl)-1,3-dimethyl-piperidin-4-one O-benzyl-oxime

The piperidin-4-one ring in the title compound, C(26)H(26)Cl(2)N(2)O, exists in a chair conformation with equatorial orientations of the methyl and 4-chlorophenyl groups. The C atom bonded to the oxime group is statistically planar (bond-angle sum = 360.0°) although the C-C=N bond angles are very different [117.83 (15) and 127.59 (15)°]. The dihedral angle between the chloro-phenyl rings is 54.75 (4)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules inter-act via van der Waals forces.

2,6-Bis(4-meth-oxy-phen-yl)-1,3-dimethyl-piperidin-4-one O-benzyl-oxime

The central ring of the title compound, C(28)H(32)N(2)O(3), exists in a chair conformation with an equatorial disposition of all the alkyl and aryl groups on the heterocycle. The para-anisyl groups on both sides of the secondary amino group are oriented at an angle of 54.75 (4)° with respect to each other. The oxime derivative exists as an E isomer with the methyl substitution on one of the active methyl-ene centers of the mol-ecule. The crystal packing features weak C-H⋯O inter-actions.

3-({[(1-Phenylethyl)sulfanyl]methanethioyl}sulfanyl)propanoic acid

In the title compound, C₁₂H₁₄O₂S₃, a chain transfer agent (CTA) used in polymerization, the dihedral angle between the aromatic ring and the CS₃ grouping is 84.20 (10)°. In the crystal, carb­oxy­lic acid inversion dimers linked by pairs of O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds generate R₂²(8) loops.