High-efficient catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol based on reusable Ag nanoparticles/graphene-loading loofah sponge hybrid

Noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) such as Au and Ag have shown many applications in the field of catalysis, sensing etc. due to their excellent photoelectric properties. But agglomeration and a low recovery rate are big problems for their applications. In this research, a novel Ag NPs/graphene (reduced graphene oxide)-loading loofah sponge (Ag NPs/RGO-LS) was synthesized through a one-step reduction method. Where the RGO is used as a nano-support with the high specific surface area and the high conductivity to prevent the agglomeration of Ag NPs and provide a conductive layer. The natural, green, low-cost and high-yield LS is designed as a macro-support to reduce the loss of Ag NPs during recycling. The as-prepared Ag NPs/RGO-LS is stable, uniform, and exhibits high efficiency and reusability in the catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) with a high rate constant of 1.893 min^-1 as well as an average conversion of 98% in 6 min during five cycles. The results have not only paved the way for the wide application of Ag NPs but also provide a new road for the application of other metal NPs.

Multiple eigenmodes of the Rayleigh-Taylor instability observed for a fluid interface with smoothly varying density

In this article, multiple eigen-systems including linear growth rates and eigen-functions have been discovered for the Rayleigh-Taylor instability (RTI) by numerically solving the Sturm-Liouville eigen-value problem in the case of two-dimensional plane geometry. The system called the first mode has the maximal linear growth rate and is just extensively studied in literature. Higher modes have smaller eigen-values, but possess multi-peak eigen-functions which bring on multiple pairs of vortices in the vorticity field. A general fitting expression for the first four eigen-modes is presented. Direct numerical simulations show that high modes lead to appearances of multi-layered spike-bubble pairs, and lots of secondary spikes and bubbles are also generated due to the interactions between internal spikes and bubbles. The present work has potential applications in many research and engineering areas, e.g., in reducing the RTI growth during capsule implosions in inertial confinement fusion.

Limits on Light Weakly Interacting Massive Particles from the First 102.8 kg×day Data of the CDEX-10 Experiment

We report the first results of a light weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) search from the CDEX-10 experiment with a 10 kg germanium detector array immersed in liquid nitrogen at the China Jinping Underground Laboratory with a physics data size of 102.8 kg day. At an analysis threshold of 160 eVee, improved limits of 8×10^{-42} and 3×10^{-36}  cm^{2} at a 90% confidence level on spin-independent and spin-dependent WIMP-nucleon cross sections, respectively, at a WIMP mass (m_{χ}) of 5  GeV/c^{2} are achieved. The lower reach of m_{χ} is extended to 2  GeV/c^{2}.

Precision Study of η^{'}→γπ^{+}π^{-} Decay Dynamics

Using a low background data sample of 9.7×10^{5}  J/ψ→γη^{'}, η^{'}→γπ^{+}π^{-} events, which are 2 orders of magnitude larger than those from the previous experiments, recorded with the BESIII detector at BEPCII, the decay dynamics of η^{'}→γπ^{+}π^{-} are studied with both model-dependent and model-independent approaches. The contributions of ω and the ρ(770)-ω interference are observed for the first time in the decays η^{'}→γπ^{+}π^{-} in both approaches. Additionally, a contribution from the box anomaly or the ρ(1450) resonance is required in the model-dependent approach, while the process specific part of the decay amplitude is determined in the model-independent approach.

Facile preparation of surfactant-free Au NPs/RGO/Ni foam for degradation of 4-nitrophenol and detection of hydrogen peroxide

The application of Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) often requires surface modification with chemical surfactants, which dramatically reduce the surface activity and increase the chemical contamination and cost of Au NPs. In this research, we have developed a novel Au NPs/reduced graphene oxide/Ni foam hybrid (Au NPs/RGO/NiF) by in situ reduction through ascorbic acid and replacement reaction. This method is green, facile and efficient. The Au NPs are free of chemical surfactants and are homogeneously distributed on the surface of the RGO/NiF. The as-prepared Au NPs/RGO/NiF hybrid is uniform, stable and exhibits not only a high reduction efficiency for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol with a catalytic kinetic constant of up to 0.46 min^-1 (0.15 cm³ catalysis) but also a sensitive and selective detection of H₂O₂ with a detection limit of ∼1.60 μM.

A novel HLA-A*24 allele, A*24:231, was identified by sequence-based typing

HLA-A*24:231 has one nucleotide change from HLA-A*24:02:01:01 at position 784 G>C.

[Comparison of prognostic value of (18)F-FDG PET/CT myocardial metabolism imaging and coronary collateral circulation in patients with CTO lesions]

Objective: To evaluate the location, extent of viable myocardial of chronic total coronary occlusions(CTO)lesions by (18)F-FDG PET myocardial metabolism imaging and then compare with coronary collateral circulation(CCC) to evaluate the prognostic evaluation in patients with CTO lesions. Methods: A total of Sixty consecutive patients with CTO lesions referred for viability assessment from April 2016 to April 2017 in Department of Cardiology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital were included in the study. These patients underwent (99m)Tc-sestamibi ECG-gated SPECT rest myocardial perfusion imaging and ECG-gated (18)F-FDG PET/CT myocardial metabolic imaging, as well as coronary arteriography were recruited in this study. LV functional parameters(EDV, ESV, and LVEF) were analyzed by QGS software. The extent of CCC to the area of CTO related artery was graded as poorly, or well developed collaterals, assessed by Rentrop classification. All patients were followed up for a median of 17 months(range 12-20 months) and evaluated the changes of NYHA. Then the prognostic value of (18)F-FDG PET myocardial metabolism imaging and CCC in patients with CTO lesions were analyzed and evaluated. Results: As the standard evaluation of NYHA in patients with CTO lesions after 12-20 months, fifty-three patients were assigned in this study. According to the changes of NYHA, the patients were divided into no progress group and progress group. There were no statistically difference in age, gender, high risk of CTO lesion and drugs in two groups, but there were significant statistical differences in myocardial parameters. LVEF was significantly increased in patients with CTO lesion in no progress group(42.3%±17.2% vs 22.2%±10.4%, P<0.01). The EDV and ESV in no progress group were significantly smaller than patients in progress group.The sensitivity(95.2% vs 75.7%) and specificity(62.8% vs 38.1%) of (18)F-FDG PET myocardial metabolism imaging was much better than CCC in the evaluation of prognosis in patients with CTO lesion. Conclusion: (18)F-FDG PET myocardial metabolism imaging has important role in the prognosis of patient with CTO lesions when compared with CCC.

Effects of low molecular weight heparin in the treatment of venous thromboembolism in patients with gastrointestinal cancer

This study aimed to observe the safety and effectiveness of different dosing regimens of low molecular weight heparin in the prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and to provide a guideline for the treatment of individualized VTE prophylaxisin patients with postoperative gastrointestinal tumors. Forty patients with high risk for VTE after surgery for gastrointestinal tumors treated in Hongqi Hospital of Mudanjiang Medical University in the period October 2016 to May 2017 were included in the study. The patients were randomly divided into two groups, group A that included 24 patients treated with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) 5000 IU every 12 hours, and group B comprised of 16 patients treated with LMWH 5000IU every 24 hours. On the seventh day post-surgery anti-Xa activity values reached effective anticoagulation (>0.5 IU/mL) in both groups. In group A, there was one case of anti-Xa activity exceeding 1.0 IU/mL, but no bleeding complications occurred. Using LMWH 5000 IU subcutaneous injection every 12 hours could also prevent postoperative VTE of gastrointestinal tumor, but the risk of bleeding complications is higher compared with 24-hour administration. Monitoring of plasma D-dimer within 7 days after gastrointestinal surgery did not show a great value for VTE monitoring. This study demonstrated that subcutaneous injection of LMWH can prevent VTE after gastrointestinal tumor surgery and provide a new alternative for VTE prevention.

[Influence of intravenous thrombolysis on prognosis of acute ischemic stroke in patients with moderate to severe leukoaraiosis]

Objective: To investigate the influence of intravenous thrombolysis on prognosis of acute ischemic stroke in patients with moderate to severe leukoaraiosis and to analyze influencing factors of the clinical prognosis. Methods: We consecutively included acute ischemic stroke patients with middle cerebral artery occlusion (n=101) from Department of Neurology or Emergency, and patients were divided into two groups according to whether on intravenous thrombolysis therapy (IVT) or not. The Fugl-Meyer scale score (FMS) was used to assess motor function outcome and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score was used to assess neurologic function. Clinical data were obtained and compared between the two groups. Patients were followed up for 90 days, the primary clinical endpoint events included stroke recurrence and death, and the key secondary endpoint events included other vascular events after IVT. Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to analyze the relevant factors influencing the motor function 90 days later. Results: Among the 101 enrolled patients, 37 (36.6%) were classified as IVT group and 64 (63.4%) as no IVT group. In IVT group, hemorrhagic transformation and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage were observed in 32.4% (12/37) and 13.5% (5/37) of the patients, which were higher than those in the no IVT group (9.4% (6/64) and 1.6% (1/64) , respectively) (χ(2)=8.511, P=0.004; χ(2)=5.993, P=0.014). And there was no significant difference between the two groups in NIHSS score and FMS score at any time point. In addition, there was no significant increase in 90-day FMS score in the two groups compared with the FMS score on admission (83±9 vs 80±12; 86±8 vs 80±10). After followed up for 90 days, the primary clinical endpoints were obtained in 32 patients (32/101; 31.9%), including 18 cases of stroke recurrence (18/101; 17.8%) and 14 cases of death (14/101; 13.9%). No significant difference was found in primary clinical endpoints between the two groups. Multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (t=-2.318; P=0.023), baseline NIHSS score (t=-4.263; P=0.000), recurrent stroke (t=-9.114; P=0.000) and hemorrhage transformation (t=-2.121; P=0.037) were risk factors of poor 90-day motor function recovery, but not application of intravenous thrombolysis therapy (t=0.328; P=0.744). Conclusions: Acute ischemic stroke patients with moderate to severe LA have higher risk of hemorrhagic transformation and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage after intravenous thrombolysis. However, there is no association of intravenous thrombolysis therapy with motor function recovery.

[Four cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome patients transported with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]

Objective: To retrospectively review 4 cases diagnosed with pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) who were transported with veno-venous (V-V) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) from April 2016 to March 2017. Methods: Four patients were transported to Bayi Children's Hospital Afflicted to the PLA Army General Hospital, with V-V ECMO. Their vital signs, blood-gas analysis and chest X-ray before and after transportation were compared. The length of ECMO, pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) stay and hospitalization, and the prognosis were analyzed. Results: All the four cases were transported to our hospital successfully from distances between 1 000 km to 1 210 km. The 4 cases were 4 to 6 years old with the body weight of 19 to 35 kg, of whom 3 were boys and 1 was girl. The catheters were inserted in the right jugular vein and femoral vein. The vital signs and blood-gas analysis after transportation did not change significantly compared to baseline. The length of ECMO for the four patients were 48, 754, 157 and 438 hours. They stayed in the PICU for 10, 32, 14 and 19 days, respectively. At last, 2 of them were successfully discharged from hospital without any complications; however, the other 2 died of multiple organ failure. Conclusion: Transporting ARDS patients with a satisfactory cardiac function under VV-ECMO by an experienced ECMO team is safe.

[Establishment of myocardial targeted nanoparticles and preliminary evaluation of its effects on prevention and treatment of myocardial injury]

Objective: To establish 3-{4-[2-hydroxyl-(1-methylethylamino) propoxy] phenyl} propionic acid cetylesters (PAC) modified nanoparticles, and preliminarily explore its cardiomyocyte-targeting function and protection effects on myocardium. Methods: (1) HL-1 myocardial cells were divided into cyanidin-3 (Cy3) marked non-targeted small interference RNA (Cy3-siNC) group and Cy3 marked small interference RNA designed for the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-p65 gene (Cy3-si435) group according to the random number table, with 3 wells in each group. Cells in Cy3-siNC group were transfected with Cy3-siNC, while cells in Cy3-si435 group were transfected with Cy3-si435. At transfection hour 24, the mRNA expression of NF-κB-p65 of cells was determined by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction. (2) Multiple emulsificating solvent evaporating method was adopted to prepare PAC modified nanoparticles carried with Cy3-siNC (Cy3-siNC-PAC) and PAC modified nanoparticles carried with Cy3-si435 (Cy3-si435-PAC). The morphology of Cy3-si435-PAC nanoparticles was observed with scanning electron microscope, and the size and potential of Cy3-si435-PAC nanoparticles were detected by nanometer particle size and zeta potential analyzer. The entrapment efficiency and drug loadings of Cy3-si435-PAC nanoparticle were determined with ultraviolet spectrophotometer. The release of Cy3-si435 of Cy3-si435-PAC nanoparticles was determined by dialysis method. (3) Another batch of HL-1 cells were divided into 4 groups according to the random number table, with 9 wells in each group. Cells in negative control group were added with 5 μL phosphate buffer. Cells in 25, 50, and 100 mg/mL Cy3-si435-PAC nanoparticles groups were added with 5 μL 25, 50, and 100 mg/mL Cy3-si435-PAC nanoparticles, respectively. At transfection hour 6, 12, and 24, proliferation activity of cells in 3 wells of each group was detected by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium method, respectively. (4) Another batch of HL-1 cells were cultured for 24 h, and then treated with 100 μL Cy3-si435-PAC nanoparticles. At transfection hour 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24, the percentage of cells uptaking Cy3-si435-PAC nanoparticles in 3 wells were detected by flow cytometry, respectively. (5) Another batch of HL-1 cells were divided into 2 groups according to the random number table, with 3 wells in each group. Cells in Cy3-siNC-PAC group were added with 100 μL Cy3-siNC-PAC nanoparticles, while cells in Cy3-si435-PAC group were added with 100 μL Cy3-si435-PAC nanoparticles. At transfection hour 24, the mRNA expression of NF-κB-p65 of cells was determined by real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction. (6) Six male C57BL/6J mice were divided into 2 groups according to the random number table, with 3 mice in each group. Mice in Cy3-siNC-lipopolysaccharide (LPS) group and Cy3-si435-LPS group were respectively injected with 500 μL Cy3-siNC-PAC nanoparticles and Cy3-si435-PAC nanoparticles (50 mg/mL) in the tail vein. At injection hour 24, mice in the two groups were intraperitoneally injected with 10 mg/kg LPS to induce myocardial injury. At post injury hour 24, the distribution of nanoparticles in mice was detected with small animal imager. (7) Another 9 male C57BL/6J mice were divided into 3 groups according to the random number table, with 3 mice in each group. Mice in Cy3-siNC-normal saline (NS) group and Cy3-siNC-LPS group were injected with 500 μL 50 mg/mL Cy3-siNC-PAC nanoparticles in the tail vein, while mice in Cy3-si435-LPS group were injected with 500 μL 50 mg/mL Cy3-si435-PAC nanoparticles. At injection hour 24, mice in Cy3-siNC-NS group were intraperitoneally injected with NS, while mice in Cy3-siNC-LPS group and Cy3-si435-LPS group were injected with 10 mg/kg LPS to induce myocardial injury. At post injury hour 24, pathological changes of myocardium of mice in each group were observed with HE staining. Data were processed with t test and one-way analysis of variance. Results: (1) The mRNA expression of NF-κB-p65 of cells in Cy3-si435 group was 0.183±0.004, significantly lower than 1.003±0.092 in Cy3-siNC group (t=15.46, P<0.01). (2) The form of prepared Cy3-si435-PAC nanoparticles was good, with particle size of 146.0 nm, potential of -29.2 mV, entrapment efficiency of (86.9±1.1) %, drug loadings of (25.4±0.9) %, and stable Cy3-si435 release. (3) At transfection hour 6, 12, and 24, there were no statistically significant differences in proliferation activity of cells in the 4 groups (with F values from 0.129 to 2.512, P values above 0.05). (4) At transfection hour 0, 4, 8, 12, and 24, the percentages of cells uptaking Cy3-si435-PAC nanoparticles were (0.79±0.06)%, (31.04±1.59)%, (51.64±2.67)%, (68.15±2.60)%, and (83.68±4.67)%, respectively. (5) The mRNA expression of NF-κB-p65 of cells in Cy3-si435-PAC group was 0.286±0.015, significantly lower than 1.002±0.073 in Cy3-siNC-PAC group (t=16.62, P<0.01). (6) At post injury hour 24, uniform distribution of nanoparticles could be observed in cardiomyocytes of mice in Cy3-siNC-LPS group and Cy3-si435-LPS group. (7) The structure of myocardial fibers of mice in Cy3-siNC-NS group was dense, with no inflammatory cells infiltration and uniform distribution of cytoplasm. The structure of myocardial fibers of mice in Cy3-siNC-LPS group were loose, with inflammatory cells infiltration and scattered distribution of cytoplasm. The structure of myocardial fibers of mice in Cy3-si435-LPS group was denser, with no obvious inflammatory cells infiltration and uniform distribution of cytoplasm. Conclusions: Cy3-si435-PAC nanoparticles have good morphology, uniform particle size, normal potential distribution, and no cell cytotoxicity. Cy3-si435-PAC nanoparticles can be effectively uptaked by HL-1 cells and suppress NF-κB-p65 mRNA expression. They also can effectively target to mice cardiomyocytes to reduce inflammatory cells infiltration and alleviate the myocardial injury of mice induced by LPS.

[Platysma myocutaneous flaps in reconstruction of defects caused by hypopharyngeal cancer resection]

Objective:To study the method and feasibility in reconstruction of platysma myocutaneous flap of defects caused by hypopharyngeal cancer resection. Method:Twelve cases underwent reconstruction with the platysma myocutaneous flap of hypopharyngeal soft defect were investigated. All cases received 2 times preoperative induction chemotherapy followed by hypopharyngeal cancer resection with laryngeal function preservation and the neck lymph node dissection. Platysma myocutaneous flap was used to repair the hypopharyngeal soft tissue defect. Result:All the flaps survived. Three weeks after surgery, all patients can eat without pharyngeal fistula and dysphagia, but pharyngeal foreign body sensation. Three cases of cough after surgery, improved after training. After postoperative radiotherapy, flap survived without secondary necrosis. Laryngeal function of all cases was retained, and only one case with cannula maintained. Conclusion:Preoperative induction program can effectively reduce the lesion. The placenta myocutaneous flap has rich blood supply, strong anti-infectivity. It is an effective method to repair the hypopharyngeal tissue defect with the placenta myocutaneous flap.

[Effect of high fat on fibrosis in rat hepatic stellate cells]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect of high fat on the expression of high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1),α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) in rat hepatic stellate cells (HSC-T6 cells).

METHODS

HSC-T6 cells were cultured in vitro and treated with palmitic acid (PA) at a concentration of 300μmol/L for 24 hours, and the HSC-T6 cells in the control group were treated with bovine serum albumin (BSA) of the same volume for 24 hours; Western blot was used to measure the expression ofα-SMA and MMP-2. The HSC-T6 cells in the dose-effect group were treated with PA at concentrations of 0, 100, 200, 300, 500, and 1000μmol/L for 24 hours; the HSC-T6 cells in the time-effect group were treated with PA for 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, and 48 hours; in the control group, PA was replaced by BSA of the same volume; Western blot was used to measure the expression of HMGB1,α-SMA, and MMP-2. The HSC-T6 cells were treated with recombinant HMGB1 (rHMGB1) at concentrations of 0, 50, 100, 200, and 500 ng/ml for 48 hours, and in the control group, PA was replaced by phosphate buffer of the same volume. Western blot was used to measure the expression ofα-SMA and MMP-2. The HSC-T6 cells in the PA group were treated with PA at a concentration of 300μmol/L for 24 hours; the HSC-T6 cells in the PA+HMGB1-siRNA group were treated with PA at a concentration of 300μmol/L for 24 hours after HMGB1 in HSC-T6 cells was down-regulated; in the blank control group, PA was replaced by BSA of the same volume. Western blot was used to measure the expression of HMGB1,α-SMA, and MMP-2. One-way analysis of variance was applied for continuous data, and the t-test was applied for comparison between two groups.

RESULTS

(1) The expression ofα-SMA and MMP-2 increased significantly after HSC-T6 cells were treated with PA at a concentration of 300μmol/L for 24 hours (P< 0.05). (2) Compared with the HSC-T6 cells in the untreated group (0μmol/L), the HSC-T6 cells treated with different concentrations of PA showed significant increases in the expression of HMGB1 and MMP-2 (P< 0.01), as well as a significant increase in the expression ofα-SMA at concentrations of 200, 300, 500, and 1000μmol/L (P< 0.01); the HSC-T6 cells treated with PA at a concentration of 300μmol/L for different periods of time showed varying degrees of increase in the expression of HMGB1,α-SMA, and MMP-2, with significant increases at 16, 24, and 48 hours (P< 0.01). (3) Compared with the HSC-T6 cells in the untreated group (0 ng/ml), the HSC-T6 cells treated with rHMGB1 at concentrations of 100, 200, and 500 ng/ml for 48 hours showed significant increases in the expression ofα-SMA and MMP-2 (P< 0.05). (4) Compared with the HSC-T6 cells in the PA group, the HSC-T6 cells treated with PA+HMGB1-siRNA for 24 hours showed significant reductions in the expression of HMGB1,α-SMA, and MMP-2 (P< 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

High fat can increase the expression ofα-SMA and MMP-2 through up-regulating the expression of HMGB1 in HSC-T6, and thus lead to the development of liver fibrosis.

[Research advances in diagnosis and treatment of liver failure in 2016]

Liver failure has various clinical types, a complex pathogenesis, and rapid disease progression, as well as a high mortality rate. Liver failure caused by hepatitis B virus infection is the most common type in China with severe conditions, various complications, and a mortality rate as high as 40%-90%. Invasive fungal disease secondary to acute-on-chronic liver failure can affect patients' prognosis and increase mortality rate. This article introduces the research advances in hepatitis B-related liver failure, artificial liver, and invasive fungal disease secondary to acute-on-chronic liver failure in 2016.

[The combined effects of family history of cardiovascular disease and overweight on ischemic stroke incidence among the Mongolian population]

Objective: To investigate the cumulative effect of family history of cardiovascular disease(CVD)and overweight on ischemic stroke events in the Mongolian population. Methods: Study participants were recruited from 32 villages from May 2002 to August 2012 in Kezuohou Banner(county)and Naiman Banner in Inner Mongolia, China. Among 3 457 Mongolian people aged ≥20 years old living in these villages, 2 589 were selected to participate in this study. None of the participants had chronic kidney disease, malignant tumor, thyroid disease or adrenalopathy, or acute infectious disease. The 2 589 participants were followed for a mean of 9.2 years. Six participants were lost to follow up, resulting in a follow-up rate of 99.8%. Information collected included demographic characteristics, lifestyle risk factors, alcohol consumption, cigarette smoking, history of disease, family history of CVD, and physical examination. Ischemic stroke incidence information was collected during follow-up. All participants were categorized into four subgroups according to family history of CVD and overweight status. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratios(HR)and 95% CI of ischemic stroke events among subgroups, compared with the subgroup with no family history of CVD and body mass index(BMI)<24 kg/m²(the reference group). Results: Among 2 589 participants, 76 ischemic stroke events occurred after follow-up, and 8 were excluded because of lack of key data. Finally, 2 581 participants were included in the analysis, and the incidence density was 323/100 000 person-years. The cumulative incidence rates of ischemic stroke were 2.48%, 1.86%, 6.67% and 9.00% in the no family history of CVD and BMI <24 kg/m², no family history of CVD and BMI ≥24 kg/m², family history of CVD and BMI <24 kg/m² and family history of CVD and BMI ≥ 24 kg/m² subgroups, respectively. Using the Cox proportional hazards model, after further adjustment for age, gender, smoking, drinking, FPG, hypertension, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and heart rate, the risk of ischemic stroke in the subgroup with a family history of CVD and BMI ≥24 kg/m² was higher than the reference group(HR: 2.61, 95% CI: 1.16-5.87). However, the risk of ischemic stroke in other two groups was not statistically significant compared with the reference group. The HR(95% CI)values in the no family history of CVD and BMI ≥24 kg/m²and family history of CVD and BMI <24 kg/m² subgroups were 1.18(0.5- 2.39)and 1.27(0.67- 2.42), respectively. Conclusion: In the Mongolian population, a family history of CVD and coexistent overweight may increase the risk of ischemic stroke events, suggesting that in people with family history of cardiovascular disease, weight control is conducive to the prevention of ischemic stroke.

[Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumour of thyroid: a case report]

A elderly woman patient，with a unclear boundary,solid,smooth surface,moderately active mass that estimated 0.4 cm at its greatest diameter in the left lobe of thyroid. Ultrasonography revealed a hypoechoic mass in the left lobe and Computed Tomography showed a 38 mm×25 mm×23 mm oval lesion with uniform density in the left lobe also. The surgical findings revealed tumor located in the inner side of left thyroid lobe near the isthmus,with unclear boundary. Pathological examination showed unclear boundaries between thyroid and tumor,the tumor cells attack into the muscle tissue,braided/ fascicles spindle shaped or star shaped myofibroblasts cells in the tumor area with myxedema inflammatory background and the lesion did not have any mitotic figures. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that the spindle cells were positive for Vim,ACT,SMA,Bcl2 and ClyD1,and focal lesion histiocytes showed focal positive for CD68,CK and S-100,but negative for DES,Mgo,CD99,CD34,CD117,IgG4,ALK-1.The pathological diagnosis supports inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of thyroid. Imaging and immunohistochemistry and others are useful in differential diagnosis.

Mechanical complications of central venous catheterisation in trauma patients

INTRODUCTION Central venous catheterisation (CVC) is a commonly performed procedure in a wide variety of hospital settings and is associated with appreciable morbidity. There is a paucity of literature focusing on mechanical complications specifically in the trauma setting. The aim of our study was to determine the spectrum of mechanical complications in a high-volume trauma centre in a developing world setting where ultrasound guidance was not available. METHODS A retrospective study was performed analysing data from a four-year period at the Pietermaritzburg Metropolitan Trauma Service in South Africa. RESULTS A total of 178 mechanical complications (18%) occurred in 1,015 patients undergoing CVC: 117 pneumothoraces, 25 malpositions, 18 catheter dislodgements, 14 arterial cannulations, one air embolism, one chylothorax, one pleural cannulation and one retained guide-wire. The internal jugular vein (IJV) approach was associated with a higher overall complication rate than the subclavian vein (SCV) approach (24% vs. 13%, p<0.001). Pneumothorax (73% vs. 57%, p<0.001) and arterial cannulation (15% vs. 0%, p<0.001) were more common with the IJV. Catheter dislodgement (21% vs. 0%, p<0.001) was more common with the SCV. Junior doctors performed 66% of the CVCs and this was associated with a significantly higher complication rate (20% vs. 12%, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS CVC carries appreciable morbidity, with pneumothorax being the most frequent mechanical complication. The SCV was the most commonly used approach at our institution. The majority of CVCs were performed by junior doctors and this was associated with a considerable complication rate.

Observation of Λ_{c}^{+}→nK_{S}^{0}π^{+}

We report the first direct measurement of decays of the Λ_{c}^{+} baryon involving the neutron. The analysis is performed using 567  pb^{-1} of e^{+}e^{-} collision data collected at sqrt[s]=4.599  GeV with the BESIII detector at the BEPCII collider. We observe the decay Λ_{c}^{+}→nK_{S}^{0}π^{+} and measure the absolute branching fraction to be B(Λ_{c}^{+}→nK_{S}^{0}π^{+})=[1.82±0.23(stat)±0.11(syst)]%. A comparison to B[Λ_{c}^{+}→p(K[over ¯]π)^{0}] provides an important test of isospin symmetry and final state interactions.

Precise Measurement of the e^{+}e^{-}→π^{+}π^{-}J/ψ Cross Section at Center-of-Mass Energies from 3.77 to 4.60 GeV

The cross section for the process e^{+}e^{-}→π^{+}π^{-}J/ψ is measured precisely at center-of-mass energies from 3.77 to 4.60 GeV using 9  fb^{-1} of data collected with the BESIII detector operating at the BEPCII storage ring. Two resonant structures are observed in a fit to the cross section. The first resonance has a mass of (4222.0±3.1±1.4)  MeV/c^{2} and a width of (44.1±4.3±2.0)  MeV, while the second one has a mass of (4320.0±10.4±7.0)  MeV/c^{2} and a width of (101.4_{-19.7}^{+25.3}±10.2)  MeV, where the first errors are statistical and second ones are systematic. The first resonance agrees with the Y(4260) resonance reported by previous experiments. The precision of its resonant parameters is improved significantly. The second resonance is observed in e^{+}e^{-}→π^{+}π^{-}J/ψ for the first time. The statistical significance of this resonance is estimated to be larger than 7.6σ. The mass and width of the second resonance agree with the Y(4360) resonance reported by the BABAR and Belle experiments within errors. Finally, the Y(4008) resonance previously observed by the Belle experiment is not confirmed in the description of the BESIII data.

Evidence of Two Resonant Structures in e^{+}e^{-}→π^{+}π^{-}h_{c}

The cross sections of e^{+}e^{-}→π^{+}π^{-}h_{c} at center-of-mass energies from 3.896 to 4.600 GeV are measured using data samples collected with the BESIII detector operating at the Beijing Electron Positron Collider. The cross sections are found to be of the same order of magnitude as those of e^{+}e^{-}→π^{+}π^{-}J/ψ and e^{+}e^{-}→π^{+}π^{-}ψ(2S), but the line shape is inconsistent with the Y states observed in the latter two modes. Two structures are observed in the e^{+}e^{-}→π^{+}π^{-}h_{c} cross sections around 4.22 and 4.39  GeV/c^{2}, which we call Y(4220) and Y(4390), respectively. A fit with a coherent sum of two Breit-Wigner functions results in a mass of (4218.4_{-4.5}^{+5.5}±0.9)  MeV/c^{2} and a width of (66.0_{-8.3}^{+12.3}±0.4)  MeV for the Y(4220), and a mass of (4391.5_{-6.8}^{+6.3}±1.0)  MeV/c^{2} and a width of (139.5_{-20.6}^{+16.2}±0.6)  MeV for the Y(4390), where the first uncertainties are statistical and the second ones systematic. The statistical significance of Y(4220) and Y(4390) is 10σ over one structure assumption.

[A clinical study of fungal esophagitis in 13 patients with hematologic malignancies]

目的

提高对血液系统恶性疾病并发真菌性食管炎的认识。

方法

回顾性分析2012年1月至2015年11月河南省肿瘤医院血液科收治的279例行胃镜检查的恶性血液病患者临床资料，观察恶性血液病并发真菌性食管炎的临床特征及转归。

结果

279例患者中真菌性食管炎13例（4.66%），刷片镜检5例可见真菌孢子，3例可见真菌孢子及菌丝，5例仅见真菌菌丝。12例致病菌为白色念珠菌，1例为隐球菌。13例患者中弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤8例，外周T细胞淋巴瘤1例，急性淋巴细胞白血病2例，多发性骨髓瘤1例；6例患者伴消化道症状（咽部异物感、恶心、纳差3例，胸骨后疼痛或烧灼感2例，吞咽困难伴疼痛1例），7例患者无明显症状体征。6例患者予氟康唑注射液400 mg/d治疗14 d，均有效；7例患者予制霉菌素片（100万U，每天3次）治疗14 d, 6例有效，1例持续不缓解，调整为氟康唑注射液400 mg/d治疗7 d后症状消失。治疗相关不良反应为一过性转氨酶升高及轻度消化道不良反应。

结论

恶性血液病并发真菌性食管炎并非少见，以淋巴系统疾病患者居多，致病菌主要为白色念珠菌；其临床症状不典型，约半数以上患者无明显临床表现；氟康唑及制霉菌素单药治疗安全有效。

[Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma mimicking Mikulicz disease: a case report]

IgG4-related disease is a systemic disorder involving a spectrum of multiple indications, and various histopathological features are shared among different IgG4-related disease subtypes, which challenge diagnosis, although certain syndromes have organ-specific involvement. Among them, Mikulicz's disease affecting the salivary and lacrimal glands, distinguished by often elevated levels of serum IgG4, infiltration of IgG4⁺ plasma cells into target tissues, and diffuse swelling, mass formation, or fibrosis of affected organs. However, there are several diseases, which could manifest as salivary gland swelling, mimicking Mikulicz's disease, such as Sjogren's syndrome, mumps virus infection, obstruction of parotid duct, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), and so on. So differential diagnosis is important and essential as to the salivary gland swelling. In this paper, we analyzed a case of a 59-year-old male with symmetric salivary gland swelling. Mikulicz's disease was misdiagnosed at the beginning without biopsy. Prednisone treatment ever seemed to be effective and antibiotics had no effect. Besides salivary involvement, the patient also manifested as testicle swelling and severe pancytopenia with the development of the disease, which rarely appeared in Mikulicz's disease. Physical examination showed skin, sclera yellow dye, swollen submandibular, sublingual and lacrimal gland and splenomegaly. As a result, biopsy of right submandibular gland was made, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma was confirmed by morphology and immunohistochemistry. Bone marrow biopsy also confirmed that lymphoma cells were found in the bone marrow. Finally, the diagnosis of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (Phase IVE, Group A) was made on the patient, who was transferred to the hematology department for the treatment. NHL, especially, primary extranodal lymphoma usually involves the salivary gland, and painless swelling of the salivary gland is a common manifestation, similar with Mikulicz's disease. So although salivary gland swelling is often associated with autoimmune diseases such as Sjogren's syndrome and IgG4-related disease, the awareness and suspicion of a possibility of NHL are essential for rheumatologists. Biopsy is a necessary examination to decrease or avoid misdiagnosis.

Measurement of Singly Cabibbo Suppressed Decays Λ_{c}^{+}→pπ^{+}π^{-} and Λ_{c}^{+}→pK^{+}K^{-}

Using 567  pb^{-1} of data collected with the BESIII detector at a center-of-mass energy of sqrt[s]=4.599  GeV, near the Λ_{c}^{+}Λ[over ¯]_{c}^{-} threshold, we study the singly Cabibbo-suppressed decays Λ_{c}^{+}→pπ^{+}π^{-} and Λ_{c}^{+}→pK^{+}K^{-}. By normalizing with respect to the Cabibbo-favored decay Λ_{c}^{+}→pK^{-}π^{+}, we obtain ratios of branching fractions: [B(Λ_{c}^{+}→pπ^{+}π^{-})/B(Λ_{c}^{+}→pK^{-}π^{+})]=(6.70±0.48±0.25)%, [B(Λ_{c}^{+}→pϕ)/B(Λ_{c}^{+}→pK^{-}π^{+})]=(1.81±0.33±0.13)%, and [B(Λ_{c}^{+}→pK^{+}K_{non-ϕ}^{-})/B(Λ_{c}^{+}→pK^{-}π^{+})]=(9.36±2.22±0.71)×10^{-3}, where the uncertainties are statistical and systematic, respectively. The absolute branching fractions are also presented. Among these measurements, the decay Λ_{c}^{+}→pπ^{+}π^{-} is observed for the first time, and the precision of the branching fraction for Λ_{c}^{+}→pK^{+}K_{non-ϕ}^{-} and Λ_{c}^{+}→pϕ is significantly improved.

Structural and electronic transformation pathways in morphotropic BiFeO3

Phase boundaries in multiferroics, in which (anti-)ferromagnetic, ferroelectric and ferroelastic order parameters coexist, enable manipulation of magnetism and electronic properties by external electric fields through switching of the polarization in the material. It has been shown that the strain-driven morphotropic phase boundaries in a single-phase multiferroic such as BiFeO₃ (BFO) can exhibit distinct electronic conductivity. However, the control of ferroelectric and phase switching and its correlation with phase boundary conductivity in this material has been a significant challenge. Supported by a thermodynamic approach, here we report a concept to precisely control different switching pathways and the associated control of electronic conductivity in mixed phase BFO. This work demonstrates a critical step to control and use non-volatile strain-conductivity coupling at the nanoscale. Beyond this observation, it provides a framework for exploring a route to control multiple order parameters coupled to ferroelastic and ferroelectric order in multiferroic materials.

[The new findings of high myopia by swept-source optical coherence tomography]

The fundus disease of high myopia, one of the main reasons leading to visual impairment, includes different types of the retinal, choroidal and scleral changes, and in particular the macular and optic disc lesions. Due to technical limitations, it is relatively difficult to study the characteristics of the sclera and the choroid in humans in vivo. The swept-source optical coherence tomography, with the long wave swept laser as a light source, has less sensitivity roll-off with the tissue depth, which makes it possible to check the choroid and the sclera. The recent studies of the characteristics of the choroid and the sclera in high myopia, and new findings of spinal and vascular systems posterior to the sclera in humans are mainly reviewed in this article. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2016, 52: 547-550).

Observation of an Anomalous Line Shape of the η^{'}π^{+}π^{-} Mass Spectrum near the pp[over ¯] Mass Threshold in J/ψ→γη^{'}π^{+}π^{-}

Using 1.09×10^{9} J/ψ events collected by the BESIII experiment in 2012, we study the J/ψ→γη^{'}π^{+}π^{-} process and observe a significant abrupt change in the slope of the η^{'}π^{+}π^{-} invariant mass distribution at the proton-antiproton (pp[over ¯]) mass threshold. We use two models to characterize the η^{'}π^{+}π^{-} line shape around 1.85  GeV/c^{2}: one that explicitly incorporates the opening of a decay threshold in the mass spectrum (Flatté formula), and another that is the coherent sum of two resonant amplitudes. Both fits show almost equally good agreement with data, and suggest the existence of either a broad state around 1.85  GeV/c^{2} with strong couplings to the pp[over ¯] final states or a narrow state just below the pp[over ¯] mass threshold. Although we cannot distinguish between the fits, either one supports the existence of a pp[over ¯] moleculelike state or bound state with greater than 7σ significance.

Inhibitory effect of microRNA-27b on interleukin 17 (IL-17)-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1) expression

We investigated the effect of microRNA-27b (miR-27b), a gene expression regulatory factor, on the expression of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP1) stimulated by interleukin 17 (IL-17). After IL-17 had been added to H9C2 cardiomyocytes, an miR-27b mimic was transfected into the H9C2 cells. The mRNA expression levels of miR-27b and MCP1 in the H9C2 cells were detected by SYBR green I fluorescence quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the expression levels of MCP1 protein in the H9C2 cells. The expression of MCP1 mRNA in the H9C2 cells began to increase 2 h after IL-17 stimulation, reached a peak at 4 h, and then decreased. The MCP1 protein level increased gradually in the 24 h following IL-17 stimulation. After transfection with the miR-27b mimic, the expression of miR-27b in the H9C2 cells significantly increased than that in the miRNA negative control group (P < 0.01). The MCP1 mRNA and protein levels in the miR-27b mimic + IL-17 group were significantly reduced than that in the miRNA negative control + IL-17 group (P < 0.01). miR-27b inhibited IL-17-induced MCP1 expression in the H9C2 cells, which demonstrates that treatment with microRNA could alleviate myocardial injury in viral myocarditis.

[Eustachian tube and its dysfunction related diseases' occurence and treatments]

Summary Eustachian tube is the bone-muscular pipeline of connecting nasopharynx with the middle ear,which plays the role of middle ear pressure regulation,the clearance of foreign bodies and protection.However,Eustachian tube dysfunction is closely related with occurence,development and prognosis of middle ear disease.Since the Eustachian tube is deep in hiding,narrow complex anatomical structures and lack of understanding to its physiological function and so on.For centuries,scientists have tried to use various methods to solve the problem of Eustachian tube dysfunction,but the results were often less than expected.Recently,with the wide application of high resolution CT,endoscopy and other technology,the knowledge of anatomy and physical function on Eustachian tube are becoming increasingly comprehensive.Additionally,some new techniques to treat dysfunction, mainly including laser eustachian tuboplasty and balloon dilation Eustachian tuboplasty,are also rapidly appeared.Now,these are summarized below.

[Comparison of HER2 gene status between primary breast cancer and synchronous axillary lymph node metastasis]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the discordant rate of HER2 gene status between primary breast cancer and synchronous axillary lymph node metastasis.

METHODS

One hundred and fifty cases of primary breast cancer with corresponding synchronous lymph node metastases were collected, including 50 cases of HER2 FISH positive, 50 cases of HER2 FISH negative and 50 cases of HER2 FISH equivocal primary tumors, at Peking Union Medical College Hospital between May 2012 and June 2015. The HER2 gene status in lymph node metastatic tumors was analyzed by FISH, and the discordance of HER2 gene status was identified between primary and metastatic tumors.

RESULTS

The incidence of discordant HER2 gene status between primary breast cancer and synchronous lymph node metastasis was 20.67%(31/150). Forty-four FISH positive, 3 FISH equivocal and 3 FISH negative cases were found in the first group of 50 patients with HER2 positive results in primary tumor. Forty seven FISH negative, 3 FISH equivocal cases were discovered in the second group of 50 patients with HER2 negative results in primary tumor. Four FISH positive, 18 FISH negative and 28 equivocal cases were observed in the third group of 50 patients with HER2 equivocal results in primary tumor. The discordance of HER2 gene status between primary tumor and lymph node metastasis in the third group of patients was significantly higher than the other two groups (P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Significant discordance of HER2 gene status between the primary and lymph node metastatic tumors exists. Patients with lymph node metastasis, simultaneous testing of HER2 status may be performed in both primary breast tumor and its lymph node metastasis. HER2 status of nodal metastatic lesion may be more relevant for guiding anti-HER2 target therapy.

[Clinical treatment of infective endocarditis with vegetations in pregnant women and the outcomes of gestation]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the clinical treatment of infective endocarditis with vegetations in pregnant women and the outcomes of the gestation.

METHODS

Nine cases of pregnant women diagnosed as infective endocarditis with vegetations in Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2001 to October 2015 were enrolled in retrospective analysis. Consultations were held by doctors from department of obstetrics, anesthesiology, cardiology, cardial surgery and extracorporeal circulation to decide the individualized treatment plan for the 9 cases of pregnant women after admissions. Clinical treatments including general treatment, anti-infection treatment, cardiac surgery, and termination of pregnancy surgery were completed through collaboration among related departments. The clinical characters, therapeutic regimens, maternal and neonatal outcomes of the 9 cases were analyzed.

RESULTS

(1) Clinical characters: the ages of the 9 cases of pregnant women were from 25 to 36 years old. The onset gestational ages were from 19 to 36 weeks.

CLINICAL SYMPTOMS

fever, cough, sputum and progressive anemia were the main symptoms. Patients had cyanosis of lips, could not lie on the back or even be orthopnea, when heart failure happened. Heart murmur was audible and splenomegaly was touched in physical examination. Blood cultures were positive. Basic heart disease types: 7 cases of congenital heart diseases included 2 cases of aortic insufficiency, 1 case of mitral insufficiency, 1 case of patent ductus arteriosus, 1 case of right ventricular outflow tract stenosis and 2 cases of ventricular septal defect.Two cases of rheumatic heart diseases included 1 case of mitral stenosis, 1 case of mitral stenosis after artificial disc changed and jammed. According to endocardial vegetations attached position there were 3 cases of mitral valve vegetations, 2 cases of pulmonary valve vegetations, 3 cases of aortic vegetations and 1 case of right ventricular outflow tract neoplasm. Preoperative heart function classification: 1 case of level Ⅱ, 3 cases of level Ⅲ, 5 cases of level Ⅳ. (2) TREATMENTS: general treatment included oxygen uptake, rest in bed, cardiac strengthen and diuretic therapy, etc. Combined and adequate antibiotics were applied in anti-infection treatment according to drug sensitive test. Nine cases of pregnant women were all performed surgical treatment of heart diseases and removal of the endocardial vegetations. Caesarean sections were performed for 2 cases in second trimester and for 7 cases in last trimester. Cardiac surgery and caesarean section were operated in 6 cases at the same time among 22-34 weeks of pregnancy. Cardiac surgery were respectively operated in 2 cases 11 days and 32 days after the caesarean section at 33, 37 weeks of pregnancy. While Cardiac surgery was operated (at 26 weeks of pregnancy) before the caesarean section (at 37 weeks of pregnancy) in another 1 case. (3) Maternal and neonatal outcomes: 7 cases of pregnant women were rescued successfully, while 2 cases of pregnant women were death. Postoperative heart function classification: 1 case of level Ⅰ, 2 cases of level Ⅱ, 4 cases of level Ⅲ and 2 cases of level Ⅵ. Neonatal survivals were 6 cases including 2case of full-term infants, 4 cases of preterm infants. Stillbirth or neonatal death were 3 cases, which included 2 cases performed caesarean section in second trimester and 1 case of very low weight infant who was given up treatment by family because of severe asphyxia. Followed up periods were from 1 to 7 years with an average time of (2.0±1.6) years. Infants and young children grew and developed well during the period of follow up.

CONCLUSIONS

The risk is extremely high of pregnancy with infective endocarditis with vegetations. But there is still a way to save the maternal and neonatal life by using a multidisciplinary collaboration formulation and implementation of individualized treatment plan and selecting the appropriate time for heart surgery and the termination of pregnancy.

[Effect and mechanism of interleukin-8 expression induced by wood smoke particles in primary human airway epithelial cells]

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the effect and mechanism of interleukin-8 expression induced by wood smoke particles (WSP) in primary human airway epithelial cells.

METHODS

Primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) were collected through fiberbronchoscopic brushing and incubated with different concentration of WSP (0, 12.5, 25.0, 50.0, 100.0 μg/ml). Levels of IL-8 protein in cell culture supernatant were measured using enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay. The specific inhibitors for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and p38 kinase signaling pathways were employed to pretreat HBEC, respectively, prior to incubation with 100 μg/ml WSP to investigate the mechanism of IL-8 expression induced by WSP.

RESULTS

The expression of IL-8 was significant increased in a dose-dependent manner after exposure HBEC to different concentration of WSP for 24h. The levels of IL-8 expression were (4546.67±1421.42) ρg/ml in (PD153035+WSP) group and (2803.33±865.00) ρg/ml in (SB203580+WSP) group respectively, which were significant decreased compared with the level of (12896.67±1373.11) ρg/ml in WSP group (P<0.05).

CONCLUSION

WSP could induce IL-8 expression by means of EGFR and p38 signaling pathways.

[Influencing factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Chinese: a Meta-analysis]

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the influencing factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus in Chinese, and provide evidence for developing health promotion policy in the future.

METHODS

Relevant studies published from January 1997 to May 2015 were retrieved from PubMed, Medline, EBSCO, Science Direct, CBM, CNKI, VIP, and Wanfang Database. Quality evaluation of the included literatures was conducted according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, followed by data extraction and Meta-analysis with software RevMan 4.4.2.

RESULTS

A total of 29 studies involving 92 970 subjects(11 150 cases and 81 820 controls)were included. The pooled OR and its 95% CI of each influencing factor were: overweight OR=1.66(1.49-1.85), abdominal obesity OR=1.98(1.31-3.01), family history of diabetes OR =3.13(2.52-3.87), smoking OR=1.46(1.24-1.72), drinking OR=1.19(1.09-1.29), hypertension OR=2.64(2.23-3.13), systolic blood pressure(SBP)OR=1.15(1.06-1.24), hyperlipoidemia OR=2.26(1.75-2.92), total cholesterol(TC)OR=1.87(1.14-3.08), triglyceride(TG)OR=1.73(1.23-2.44), history of coronary heart disease(CHD)OR=2.55(1.78-3.65), cerebrovascular accident(CVA)OR=2.21(1.62-3.02), dietary fat OR=0.52(0.27-0.99). The results of subgroup analysis identified 4 common influencing factors shared by the three subgroups, i.e. overweight, family history of diabetes, smoking and hypertension.

CONCLUSION

Overweight, abdominal obesity, family history of diabetes, smoking, drinking, hypertension, SBP, TC, TG, history of CHD, history of CVA, and subtypes of dietary fat are the influencing factors for type 2 diabetes mellitus in Chinese. Among these factors, overweight in recent 20 years, family history of diabetes, smoking and hypertension are persistent factors. More attention should be paid to overweight and obesity.

Reduced dietary protein level influences the free amino acid and gene expression profiles of selected amino acid transceptors in skeletal muscle of growing pigs

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of reduced dietary protein level on growth performance, muscle mass weight, free amino acids (FAA) and gene expression profile of selected amino acid transceptors in different fibre type of skeletal muscle tissues (longissimus dorsi, psoas major, biceps femoris) of growing pigs. A total of 18 cross-bred growing pigs (Large White × Landrace × Duroc) with initial body weight (9.57 ± 0.67 kg) were assigned into three dietary treatments: 20% crude protein (CP) diet (normal recommended, NP), 17% CP diet (low protein, LP) and 14% CP diet (very low protein, VLP). The results indicated improved feed-to-gain ratio was obtained for pigs fed LP and NP diets (p < 0.01), while the pigs fed VLP diet showed the worst growth performance (p < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the weights of longissimus dorsi and psoas major muscle between LP and NP groups (p > 0.05). Majority of the determined FAA concentration of LP group were greater than or equal to those of NP group in both longissimus dorsi and psoas major muscle (p < 0.01). Further, the mRNA expression levels of sodium-coupled neutral amino acid transceptor 2, L-type amino acid transceptor 1 and proton-assisted amino acid transceptors 2 were higher in skeletal muscle tissue in LP group compared to those of the pigs fed NP or VLP diet. These results suggested that reduced dietary protein level (3 points of percentage less than recommended level) would upregulate the mRNA expression of amino acid transceptors to enhance the absorption of FAA in skeletal muscle of growing pigs. There seems to be a relationship between response of AA transceptors to the dietary protein level in skeletal muscle tissue of different fibre type. To illustrate the underlying mechanisms will be beneficial to animal nutrition.

[Diagnostic values of mitral inflow and mitral annulus diastolic velocity for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction]

OBJECTIVE

To explore the diagnostic values of ratios of early diastolic peak transmitral velocity(E) to late velocity(A) (E/A) and E to early diastolic peak mitral annulus velocity (E/E') for heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction (HF-PEF).

METHODS

Two hundred and sixteen healthy people were divided into <50 years, 50-59 years, 60-69 years, and ≥70 years groups to clarify the impact of aging on E/A and E/E'. Two hundred and two newly diagnosed consecutive in-patients with HF-PEF and 221 age- and sex-matched non-heart-failure subjects with risk factors of HF-PEF (negative controls) were enrolled.The diagnostic values and cutoff points of E/A and E/E' for HF-PEF were derived from receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis.

RESULTS

E/A and E/E' were significantly different among age groups in healthy controls (all P<0.01). Compared with <50 years group, average E/A was lower and average E/E' was higher in ≥70 years group(both P<0.01). E/A ratio was less than 1 in 68%(71/105), E/E' was >8 cm/s in 48% (50/105)healthy people with age≥60 years. Neither E/A nor E/E' of HF-PEF patients was statistically different regarding to NYHA classification (grade Ⅱ, Ⅲ, Ⅳ), but NT-proBNP value increased in proportion to higher NYHA classification(P<0.01). The area of E/E' under ROC for diagnosing HF-PEF was 0.839(P<0.01), and the corresponding cutoff point was 9.5 with a sensitivity of 86% and a specificity of 69%. The areas of E/A (larger value or smaller value indicating positive) under ROC for diagnosing HF-PEF were 0.469 and 0.531, respectively(all P>0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Aging exerts significant impacts on both E/A and E/E'. E/E' has moderate diagnostic accuracy while E/A is of limited value for diagnosing HF-PEF.

The flavonoid from Polygonum perfoliatum L. inhibits herpes simplex virus 1 infection

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is one of the most prevalent human pathogens in both industrialized and developing countries. This study was performed to analyze the antiviral activity of purified flavonoid from Polygonum perfoliatum L. against HSV-1 infection in vitro and in vivo. Flavonoid showed no inhibitory effect, when treated before virus infection, but it strongly inhibited viral replication and cell-to-cell spread which was vital for the virus's propagation. The therapeutic effect of the flavonoid in treating HSV-1 induced encephalitis was also investigated in mice. A dose-dependent increase of survival rate and mean survival time (MST) were observed in the flavonoid-treated mice. These results suggested that the flavonoid may be a viable therapeutic option for recurrent HSV-1 infection.

Bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

There has been concern regarding the use of controversial paradigms for repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to manage treatment-resistant depression (TRD). This meta-analysis assessed the efficacy of bilateral rTMS compared with unilateral and sham rTMS in patients with TRD. PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, EAGLE and NTIS databases were searched to identify relevant studies, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on bilateral rTMS for TRD patients were included. The response was defined as the primary outcome, and remission was the secondary outcome. Ten RCTs that included 634 patients met the eligibility criteria. The risk ratio (RRs) of both the primary and secondary outcomes of bilateral rTMS showed non-significant increases compared to unilateral rTMS (RR=1.01, P=0.93; odds ratio [OR]=0.77, P=0.22). Notably, the RR of the primary bilateral rTMS outcome was significantly increased compared to that for sham rTMS (RR=3.43, P=0.0004). The results of our analysis demonstrated that bilateral rTMS was significantly more effective than sham rTMS but not unilateral rTMS in patients with TRD. Thus, bilateral rTMS may not be a useful paradigm for patients with TRD.

Advanced oxidation protein products as a biomarker of cutaneous lupus erythematosus complicated by nephritis: a case-control study

Oxidative stress is involved in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis (LN). The current study investigated the significance of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs) as a biomarker of LN in patients with cutaneous lupus erythematosus. Ninety-two patients who initially presented with systemic lupus erythematosus were divided into the LN- and LN+ groups. Serum AOPP levels were determined, and the association between AOPP levels and LN was investigated in a case-control study. In the LN+ group, patients with higher AOPP levels exhibited higher levels of dsDNA and proteinuria but lower levels of eGFR and complement C3 compared to those in patients with lower AOPP levels. A multivariable logistic regression model showed that the AOPP level was an independent risk factor for LN. The risk of nephritis specifically increased 24% for each 10 μM increase in AOPP (95% confidence interval, 1.166-1.915, P = 0.030). In contrast, neither elevated dsDNA level nor decreased complement C3 level was an independent risk factor for LN. Higher serum AOPP levels were associated with an increased risk of LN. Therefore, future studies are warranted to determine the potential clinical value of this novel biomarker.

Meta-analysis on the efficacy and tolerability of the augmentation of antidepressants with atypical antipsychotics in patients with major depressive disorder

We assessed the efficacy and tolerability of the augmentation of antidepressants (ATDs) with atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) to treat patients with major depressive disorder. A retrograde study to identify relevant patient data included databases of PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects. Data from 17 trials, involving 3807 participants, were identified. The remission rate (RR) and overall response rate (ORR) of adjunctive treatment with AAPs were significantly higher than placebo treatment: RR=1.90 (95%CI=1.61-2.23, z=7.74, P<0.00001) and ORR=1.68 (95%CI=1.45-1.94, z=7.07, P<0.00001). We found that the short-term (4 weeks) treatment [ORR=1.70 (95%CI=0.98-2.95, Z=1.89, P=0.06)] was significantly different from the long-term (6-12 weeks) treatment [ORR=1.68 (95%CI=1.45-1.94, z=7.07, P<0.00001)]. No significant difference in ORR was observed between groups with or without sedative drugs. The discontinuation rate due to adverse effects was higher for adjunctive treatment with AAPs: ORR=3.32 (95%CI=2.35-4.70, z=6.78, P<0.00001). These results demonstrate that the augmentation of ATDs with AAPs (olanzapine, quetiapine, aripiprazole, and risperidone) was more effective than a placebo in improving response and remission rates, although associated with a higher discontinuation rate due to adverse effects.

Effect of CDH1 gene methylation on transforming growth factor (TGF-β)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in alveolar epithelial cell line A549

The aim of this study was to investigate the specific molecular mechanism of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β)-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in a lung cancer cell line, and to provide new ideas for targeting therapy of lung cancer. A549 cells were treated with different concentrations of TGF-β and 5-aza-deoxycytidine (5-aza-dC). The morphological changes after the intervention were observed. The change in the expression of the epithelial marker E-cadherin (E-cad) was detected by Western blot. The proliferation of A549 cells was measured using the MTT assay. Cell movement and invasion capacity was evaluated with the cell scratch test and invasion test. TGF-β induced A549 cells to transform to a mesenchymal cell morphology and downregulated the expression of E-cad, and 5-aza-dC inhibited this phenomenon. Compared with the control group, the number of transmembrane cells was higher and cell migration was markedly increased in the experimental group with continued culture in the presence of 10 ng/mL TGF-β, showing significant differences (P < 0.05). CDH1 gene methylation is involved in TGF-β-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the alveolar epithelial cell line A549.

Enhanced tumor accumulation and cellular uptake of liposomes modified with ether-bond linked cholesterol derivatives

Novel liposomal formulations based on cholesterol modification had been designed previously by our lab, but we found them with a poor stability and short half-life, especially in blood circulation. The results might be attributed to the hydrolysis of ester linked cholesterol derivatives by esterase in plasma. Thus, in this study, we newly synthesized ether-linked cholesterol derivatives and compared them to other preparations. A comparison with the substrate cholesterol-PEG2000-maleimide showed that ether-linked cholesterol-PEG2000-maleimide could relatively maintain integrity in serum, with only a small mottle emerging on TLC (thin-layer chromatography) plates through the experiment. Then a cell-penetrating peptide TAT was attached to the distal end of CHO-PEG2000 to prepare liposomes and to further evaluate the two cholesterol derivatives. Optimized liposomes (65:35, lipid/cholesterol, molar ratio) composed of 3% CHO-PEG2000 and 3% CHO-PEG2000-TAT showed good stability in 50%FBS (fetal bovine serum). In vitro experiments showed that as incubation time prolonged, ether-linked-TAT LIP showed a 3.67-fold higher uptake amount than ester-linked-TAT LIP. In vivo, ether-linked-TAT LIP accumulated better in tumors and had a 40% higher cellular uptake amount. Altogether, we could conclude that our newly ether-linked cholesterol derivatives possessed better stability especially in blood circulation which led to increased tumor cellular uptake in vitro and in vivo. Our study may offer a better way in cholesterol modification to prepare functionalized liposomes.

Glucose regulates secretion of exogenously expressed insulin from HepG2 cells in vitro and in a mouse model of diabetes mellitus in vivo

Glucose-controlled insulin secretion is a key component of its regulation. Here, we examined whether liver cell secretion of insulin derived from an engineered construct can be regulated by glucose. Adenovirus constructs were designed to express proinsulin or mature insulin containing the conditional binding domain (CBD). This motif binds GRP78 (HSPA5), an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein that enables the chimeric hormone to enter into and stay within the ER until glucose regulates its release from the organelle. Infected HepG2 cells expressed proinsulin mRNA and the protein containing the CBD. Immunocytochemistry studies suggested that GRP78 and proinsulin appeared together in the ER of the cell. The amount of hormone released from infected cells varied directly with the ambient concentration of glucose in the media. Glucose-regulated release of the hormone from infected cells was rapid and sustained. Removal of glucose from the cells decreased release of the hormone. In streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, when infected with adenovirus expressing mature insulin, glucose levels declined. Our data show that glucose regulates release of exogenously expressed insulin from the ER of liver cells. This approach may be useful in devising new ways to treat diabetes mellitus.