101
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Wang Z, Jing L, Yao K, Yang Y, Zheng B, Soukoulis CM, Chen H, Liu Y. Origami-Based Reconfigurable Metamaterials for Tunable Chirality. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1700412. [PMID: 28481048 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201700412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Origami is the art of folding two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as a flat sheet of paper, into complex and elaborate three-dimensional (3D) objects. This study reports origami-based metamaterials whose electromagnetic responses are dynamically controllable via switching the folding state of Miura-ori split-ring resonators. The deformation of the Miura-ori unit along the third dimension induces net electric and magnetic dipoles of split-ring resonators parallel or anti-parallel to each other, leading to the strong chiral responses. Circular dichroism as high as 0.6 is experimentally observed while the chirality switching is realized by controlling the deformation direction and kinematics. In addition, the relative density of the origami metamaterials can be dramatically reduced to only 2% of that of the unfolded structure. These results open a new avenue toward lightweight, reconfigurable, and deployable metadevices with simultaneously customized electromagnetic and mechanical properties.
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102
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Marth G, Hartley AM, Reddington SC, Sargisson LL, Parcollet M, Dunn KE, Jones DD, Stulz E. Precision Templated Bottom-Up Multiprotein Nanoassembly through Defined Click Chemistry Linkage to DNA. ACS NANO 2017; 11:5003-5010. [PMID: 28414900 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b01711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an approach that allows attachment of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) to a defined residue in a protein of interest (POI) so as to provide optimal and well-defined multicomponent assemblies. Using an expanded genetic code system, azido-phenylalanine (azF) was incorporated at defined residue positions in each POI; copper-free click chemistry was used to attach exactly one ssDNA at precisely defined residues. By choosing an appropriate residue, ssDNA conjugation had minimal impact on protein function, even when attached close to active sites. The protein-ssDNA conjugates were used to (i) assemble double-stranded DNA systems with optimal communication (energy transfer) between normally separate groups and (ii) generate multicomponent systems on DNA origami tiles, including those with enhanced enzyme activity when bound to the tile. Our approach allows any potential protein to be simply engineered to attach ssDNA or related biomolecules, creating conjugates for designed and highly precise multiprotein nanoscale assembly with tailored functionality.
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103
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Ma Y, Feng X, Rogers JA, Huang Y, Zhang Y. Design and application of 'J-shaped' stress-strain behavior in stretchable electronics: a review. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:1689-1704. [PMID: 28470286 PMCID: PMC5505255 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00289k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
A variety of natural biological tissues (e.g., skin, ligaments, spider silk, blood vessel) exhibit 'J-shaped' stress-strain behavior, thereby combining soft, compliant mechanics and large levels of stretchability, with a natural 'strain-limiting' mechanism to prevent damage from excessive strain. Synthetic materials with similar stress-strain behaviors have potential utility in many promising applications, such as tissue engineering (to reproduce the nonlinear mechanical properties of real biological tissues) and biomedical devices (to enable natural, comfortable integration of stretchable electronics with biological tissues/organs). Recent advances in this field encompass developments of novel material/structure concepts, fabrication approaches, and unique device applications. This review highlights five representative strategies, including designs that involve open network, wavy and wrinkled morphologies, helical layouts, kirigami and origami constructs, and textile formats. Discussions focus on the underlying ideas, the fabrication/assembly routes, and the microstructure-property relationships that are essential for optimization of the desired 'J-shaped' stress-strain responses. Demonstration applications provide examples of the use of these designs in deformable electronics and biomedical devices that offer soft, compliant mechanics but with inherent robustness against damage from excessive deformation. We conclude with some perspectives on challenges and opportunities for future research.
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104
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Lee DY, Kim SR, Kim JS, Park JJ, Cho KJ. Origami Wheel Transformer: A Variable-Diameter Wheel Drive Robot Using an Origami Structure. Soft Robot 2017; 4:163-180. [PMID: 29182094 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2016.0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A wheel drive mechanism is simple, stable, and efficient, but its mobility in unstructured terrain is seriously limited. Using a deformable wheel is one of the ways to increase the mobility of a wheel drive robot. By changing the radius of its wheels, the robot becomes able to pass over not only high steps but also narrow gaps. In this article, we propose a novel design for a variable-diameter wheel using an origami-based soft robotics design approach. By simply folding a patterned sheet into a wheel shape, a variable-diameter wheel was built without requiring lots of mechanical parts and a complex assembly process. The wheel's diameter can change from 30 to 68 mm, and it is light in weight at about 9.7 g. Although composed of soft materials (fabrics and films), the wheel can bear more than 400 times its weight. The robot was able to change the wheel's radius in response to terrain conditions, allowing it to pass over a 50-mm gap when the wheel is shrunk and a 50-mm step when the wheel is enlarged.
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105
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Zhao Z, Wu J, Mu X, Chen H, Qi HJ, Fang D. Origami by frontal photopolymerization. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1602326. [PMID: 28508038 PMCID: PMC5409495 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Origami structures are of great interest in microelectronics, soft actuators, mechanical metamaterials, and biomedical devices. Current methods of fabricating origami structures still have several limitations, such as complex material systems or tedious processing steps. We present a simple approach for creating three-dimensional (3D) origami structures by the frontal photopolymerization method, which can be easily implemented by using a commercial projector. The concept of our method is based on the volume shrinkage during photopolymerization. By adding photoabsorbers into the polymer resin, an attenuated light field is created and leads to a nonuniform curing along the thickness direction. The layer directly exposed to light cures faster than the next layer; this nonuniform curing degree leads to nonuniform curing-induced volume shrinkage. This further introduces a nonuniform stress field, which drives the film to bend toward the newly formed side. The degree of bending can be controlled by adjusting the gray scale and the irradiation time, an easy approach for creating origami structures. The behavior is examined both experimentally and theoretically. Two methods are also proposed to create different types of 3D origami structures.
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106
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Ma LL, Tang MJ, Hu W, Cui ZQ, Ge SJ, Chen P, Chen LJ, Qian H, Chi LF, Lu YQ. Smectic Layer Origami via Preprogrammed Photoalignment. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2017; 29:1606671. [PMID: 28185330 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201606671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical architecture is of vital importance in soft materials. Focal conic domains (FCDs) of smectic liquid crystals, characterized by an ordered lamellar structure, attract intensive attention. Simultaneously tailoring the geometry and clustering characteristics of FCDs remains a challenge. Here, the 3D smectic layer origami via a 2D preprogrammed photoalignment film is accomplished. Full control of hierarchical superstructures is demonstrated, including the domain size, shape, and orientation, and the lattice symmetry of fragmented toric FCDs. The unique symmetry breaking of resultant superstructures combined with the optical anisotropy of the liquid crystals induces an intriguing polarization-dependent diffraction. This work broadens the scientific understanding of self-assembled soft materials and may inspire new opportunities for advanced functional materials and devices.
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107
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Peraza Hernandez EA, Hartl DJ, Lagoudas DC. Design and simulation of origami structures with smooth folds. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2017; 473:20160716. [PMID: 28484322 PMCID: PMC5415682 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Origami has enabled new approaches to the fabrication and functionality of multiple structures. Current methods for origami design are restricted to the idealization of folds as creases of zeroth-order geometric continuity. Such an idealization is not proper for origami structures of non-negligible fold thickness or maximum curvature at the folds restricted by material limitations. For such structures, folds are not properly represented as creases but rather as bent regions of higher-order geometric continuity. Such fold regions of arbitrary order of continuity are termed as smooth folds. This paper presents a method for solving the following origami design problem: given a goal shape represented as a polygonal mesh (termed as the goal mesh), find the geometry of a single planar sheet, its pattern of smooth folds, and the history of folding motion allowing the sheet to approximate the goal mesh. The parametrization of the planar sheet and the constraints that allow for a valid pattern of smooth folds are presented. The method is tested against various goal meshes having diverse geometries. The results show that every determined sheet approximates its corresponding goal mesh in a known folded configuration having fold angles obtained from the geometry of the goal mesh.
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108
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Fang H, Li J, Ding J, Sun Y, Li Q, Sun JL, Wang L, Yan Q. An Origami Perovskite Photodetector with Spatial Recognition Ability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:10921-10928. [PMID: 28287692 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b02213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Flexible photodetectors are attracting substantial attention because of their promising applications in bendable display and smart clothes which cannot be fulfilled by the existing rigid counterparts. In this work, we demonstrate a newly designed photodetector constructed on the common printing paper. Pencil trace was applied as the graphite electrode. With such a simple and convenient method, the as-prepared photodetector exhibited a satisfactory responsivity of 4.4 mA/W, on/off current ratio of 32, coupled with a high response speed of <10 ms. It also demonstrated excellent mechanical flexibility and durability. Most inspiringly, by an ingenious origami, we created the first perovskite photodetector with a 3D configuration. The cubic photodetector array displayed an excellent spatial recognition ability which could not be achieved in all the previously reported 2D photodetectors. Such a fusion of materials science and the art of origami provides a robust strategy for the design of low-cost flexible electronics, especially for the applications in 3D configurations.
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109
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Nassar H, Lebée A, Monasse L. Curvature, metric and parametrization of origami tessellations: theory and application to the eggbox pattern. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2017; 473:20160705. [PMID: 28265194 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2016.0705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Origami tessellations are particular textured morphing shell structures. Their unique folding and unfolding mechanisms on a local scale aggregate and bring on large changes in shape, curvature and elongation on a global scale. The existence of these global deformation modes allows for origami tessellations to fit non-trivial surfaces thus inspiring applications across a wide range of domains including structural engineering, architectural design and aerospace engineering. The present paper suggests a homogenization-type two-scale asymptotic method which, combined with standard tools from differential geometry of surfaces, yields a macroscopic continuous characterization of the global deformation modes of origami tessellations and other similar periodic pin-jointed trusses. The outcome of the method is a set of nonlinear differential equations governing the parametrization, metric and curvature of surfaces that the initially discrete structure can fit. The theory is presented through a case study of a fairly generic example: the eggbox pattern. The proposed continuous model predicts correctly the existence of various fittings that are subsequently constructed and illustrated.
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110
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Glugla DJ, Alim MD, Byars KD, Nair DP, Bowman CN, Maute KK, McLeod RR. Rigid Origami via Optical Programming and Deferred Self-Folding of a Two-Stage Photopolymer. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:29658-29667. [PMID: 27802605 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b08981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the formation of shape-programmed, glassy origami structures using a single-layer photopolymer with two mechanically distinct phases. The latent origami pattern consisting of rigid, high cross-link density panels and flexible, low cross-link density creases is fabricated using a series of photomask exposures. Strong optical absorption of the polymer formulation creates depth-wise gradients in the cross-link density of the creases, enforcing directed folding which enables programming of both mountain and valley folds within the same sheet. These multiple photomask patterns can be sequentially applied because the sheet remains flat until immersed into a photopolymerizable monomer solution that differentially swells the polymer to fold and form the origami structure. After folding, a uniform photoexposure polymerizes the absorbed solution, permanently fixing the shape of the folded structure while simultaneously increasing the modulus of the folds. This approach creates sharp folds by mimicking the stiff panels and flexible creases of paper origami while overcoming the traditional trade-off of self-actuated materials that require low modulus for folding and high modulus for mechanical robustness. Using this process, we demonstrate a waterbomb base capable of supporting 1500 times its own weight.
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111
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Babaee S, Overvelde JTB, Chen ER, Tournat V, Bertoldi K. Reconfigurable origami-inspired acoustic waveguides. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1601019. [PMID: 28138527 PMCID: PMC5262461 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
We combine numerical simulations and experiments to design a new class of reconfigurable waveguides based on three-dimensional origami-inspired metamaterials. Our strategy builds on the fact that the rigid plates and hinges forming these structures define networks of tubes that can be easily reconfigured. As such, they provide an ideal platform to actively control and redirect the propagation of sound. We design reconfigurable systems that, depending on the externally applied deformation, can act as networks of waveguides oriented along one, two, or three preferential directions. Moreover, we demonstrate that the capability of the structure to guide and radiate acoustic energy along predefined directions can be easily switched on and off, as the networks of tubes are reversibly formed and disrupted. The proposed designs expand the ability of existing acoustic metamaterials and exploit complex waveguiding to enhance control over propagation and radiation of acoustic energy, opening avenues for the design of a new class of tunable acoustic functional systems.
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112
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Joung D, Gu T, Cho JH. Tunable Optical Transparency in Self-Assembled Three-Dimensional Polyhedral Graphene Oxide. ACS NANO 2016; 10:9586-9594. [PMID: 27617657 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b04971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The origami-like self-folding process is an intellectually stimulating technique for realizing three-dimensional (3D) polyhedral free-standing graphene oxide (GO) structures. This technique allows for easy control of size, shape, and thickness of GO membranes, which in turn permits fabrication of free-standing 3D microscale polyhedral GO structures. Unlike 2D GO sheets, the 3D polyhedral free-standing GO shows a distinct optical switching behavior, resulting from a combination of the geometrical effect of the 3D hollow structure and the water-permeable multilayered GO membrane that affects the optical paths.
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113
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Song Z, Lv C, Liang M, Sanphuang V, Wu K, Chen B, Zhao Z, Bai J, Wang X, Volakis JL, Wang L, He X, Yao Y, Tongay S, Jiang H. Microscale Silicon Origami. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:5401-5406. [PMID: 27552191 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201601947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new methodology to create 3D origami patterns out of Si nanomembranes using pre-stretched and pre-patterned polydimethylsiloxane substrates is reported. It is shown this approach is able to mimic paper-based origami patterns. The combination of origami-based microscale 3D architectures and stretchable devices will lead to a breakthrough on reconfigurable systems.
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114
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Castle T, Sussman DM, Tanis M, Kamien RD. Additive lattice kirigami. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1601258. [PMID: 27679822 PMCID: PMC5035127 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1601258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Kirigami uses bending, folding, cutting, and pasting to create complex three-dimensional (3D) structures from a flat sheet. In the case of lattice kirigami, this cutting and rejoining introduces defects into an underlying 2D lattice in the form of points of nonzero Gaussian curvature. A set of simple rules was previously used to generate a wide variety of stepped structures; we now pare back these rules to their minimum. This allows us to describe a set of techniques that unify a wide variety of cut-and-paste actions under the rubric of lattice kirigami, including adding new material and rejoining material across arbitrary cuts in the sheet. We also explore the use of more complex lattices and the different structures that consequently arise. Regardless of the choice of lattice, creating complex structures may require multiple overlapping kirigami cuts, where subsequent cuts are not performed on a locally flat lattice. Our additive kirigami method describes such cuts, providing a simple methodology and a set of techniques to build a huge variety of complex 3D shapes.
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115
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Schreiber R, Santiago I, Ardavan A, Turberfield AJ. Ordering Gold Nanoparticles with DNA Origami Nanoflowers. ACS NANO 2016; 10:7303-7306. [PMID: 27341272 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b03076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured materials, including plasmonic metamaterials made from gold and silver nanoparticles, provide access to new materials properties. The assembly of nanoparticles into extended arrays can be controlled through surface functionalization and the use of increasingly sophisticated linkers. We present a versatile way to control the bonding symmetry of gold nanoparticles by wrapping them in flower-shaped DNA origami structures. These "nanoflowers" assemble into two-dimensonal gold nanoparticle lattices with symmetries that can be controlled through auxiliary DNA linker strands. Nanoflower lattices are true composites: interactions between the gold nanoparticles are mediated entirely by DNA, and the DNA origami will fold into its designed form only in the presence of the gold nanoparticles.
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116
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Saito K, Tsukahara A, Okabe Y. Designing of self-deploying origami structures using geometrically misaligned crease patterns. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2016; 472:20150235. [PMID: 26997884 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2015.0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Usually, origami-based morphing structures are designed on the premise of 'rigid folding', i.e. the facets and fold lines of origami can be replaced with rigid panels and ideal hinges, respectively. From a structural mechanics viewpoint, some rigid-foldable origami models are overconstrained and have negative degrees of freedom (d.f.). In these cases, the singularity in crease patterns guarantees their rigid foldability. This study presents a new method for designing self-deploying origami using the geometrically misaligned creases. In this method, some facets are replaced by 'holes' such that the systems become a 1-d.f. mechanism. These perforated origami models can be folded and unfolded similar to rigid-foldable (without misalignment) models because of their d.f. focusing on the removed facets, the holes will deform according to the motion of the frame of the remaining parts. In the proposed method, these holes are filled with elastic parts and store elastic energy for self-deployment. First, a new extended rigid-folding simulation technique is proposed to estimate the deformation of the holes. Next, the proposed method is applied on arbitrary-size quadrilateral mesh origami. Finally, by using the finite-element method, the authors conduct numerical simulations and confirm the deployment capabilities of the models.
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117
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Zhao Q, Zou W, Luo Y, Xie T. Shape memory polymer network with thermally distinct elasticity and plasticity. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501297. [PMID: 26824077 PMCID: PMC4730863 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive materials with sophisticated yet controllable shape-changing behaviors are highly desirable for real-world device applications. Among various shape-changing materials, the elastic nature of shape memory polymers allows fixation of temporary shapes that can recover on demand, whereas polymers with exchangeable bonds can undergo permanent shape change via plasticity. We integrate the elasticity and plasticity into a single polymer network. Rational molecular design allows these two opposite behaviors to be realized at different temperature ranges without any overlap. By exploring the cumulative nature of the plasticity, we demonstrate easy manipulation of highly complex shapes that is otherwise extremely challenging. The dynamic shape-changing behavior paves a new way for fabricating geometrically complex multifunctional devices.
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118
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Hydrogel-laden paper scaffold system for origami-based tissue engineering. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:15426-31. [PMID: 26621717 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1504745112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present a method for assembling biofunctionalized paper into a multiform structured scaffold system for reliable tissue regeneration using an origami-based approach. The surface of a paper was conformally modified with a poly(styrene-co-maleic anhydride) layer via initiated chemical vapor deposition followed by the immobilization of poly-l-lysine (PLL) and deposition of Ca(2+). This procedure ensures the formation of alginate hydrogel on the paper due to Ca(2+) diffusion. Furthermore, strong adhesion of the alginate hydrogel on the paper onto the paper substrate was achieved due to an electrostatic interaction between the alginate and PLL. The developed scaffold system was versatile and allowed area-selective cell seeding. Also, the hydrogel-laden paper could be folded freely into 3D tissue-like structures using a simple origami-based method. The cylindrically constructed paper scaffold system with chondrocytes was applied into a three-ring defect trachea in rabbits. The transplanted engineered tissues replaced the native trachea without stenosis after 4 wks. As for the custom-built scaffold system, the hydrogel-laden paper system will provide a robust and facile method for the formation of tissues mimicking native tissue constructs.
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119
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Evans TA, Lang RJ, Magleby SP, Howell LL. Rigidly foldable origami gadgets and tessellations. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:150067. [PMID: 26473037 PMCID: PMC4593671 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Rigidly foldable origami allows for motion where all deflection occurs at the crease lines and facilitates the application of origami in materials other than paper. In this paper, we use a recently discovered method for determining rigid foldability to identify existing flat-foldable rigidly foldable tessellations, which are also categorized. We introduce rigidly foldable origami gadgets which may be used to modify existing tessellations or to create new tessellations. Several modified and new rigidly foldable tessellations are presented.
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120
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Eidini M, Paulino GH. Unraveling metamaterial properties in zigzag-base folded sheets. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500224. [PMID: 26601253 PMCID: PMC4643767 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Creating complex spatial objects from a flat sheet of material using origami folding techniques has attracted attention in science and engineering. In the present work, we use the geometric properties of partially folded zigzag strips to better describe the kinematics of known zigzag/herringbone-base folded sheet metamaterials such as Miura-ori. Inspired by the kinematics of a one-degree of freedom zigzag strip, we introduce a class of cellular folded mechanical metamaterials comprising different scales of zigzag strips. This class of patterns combines origami folding techniques with kirigami. Using analytical and numerical models, we study the key mechanical properties of the folded materials. We show that our class of patterns, by expanding on the design space of Miura-ori, is appropriate for a wide range of applications from mechanical metamaterials to deployable structures at small and large scales. We further show that, depending on the geometry, these materials exhibit either negative or positive in-plane Poisson's ratios. By introducing a class of zigzag-base materials in the current study, we unify the concept of in-plane Poisson's ratio for similar materials in the literature and extend it to the class of zigzag-base folded sheet materials.
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121
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Abstract
We use a regular arrangement of kirigami elements to demonstrate an inverse design paradigm for folding a flat surface into complex target configurations. We first present a scheme using arrays of disclination defect pairs on the dual to the honeycomb lattice; by arranging these defect pairs properly with respect to each other and choosing an appropriate fold pattern a target stepped surface can be designed. We then present a more general method that specifies a fixed lattice of kirigami cuts to be performed on a flat sheet. This single pluripotent lattice of cuts permits a wide variety of target surfaces to be programmed into the sheet by varying the folding directions.
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122
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Yang PK, Lin ZH, Pradel KC, Lin L, Li X, Wen X, He JH, Wang ZL. Paper-based origami triboelectric nanogenerators and self-powered pressure sensors. ACS NANO 2015; 9:901-7. [PMID: 25555199 DOI: 10.1021/nn506631t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Discovering renewable and sustainable power sources is indispensable for the development of green electronics and sensor networks. In this paper, we present origami triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) using paper as the starting material, with a high degree of flexibility, light weight, low cost, and recyclability. Slinky- and doodlebug-shaped TENGs can be easily fabricated by properly folding printer papers. The as-fabricated TENGs are capable of harvesting ambient mechanical energy from various kinds of human motions, such as stretching, lifting, and twisting. The generated electric outputs have been used to directly light-up commercial LEDs. In addition, the as-fabricated TENGs can also serve as self-powered pressure sensors.
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123
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Na JH, Evans AA, Bae J, Chiappelli MC, Santangelo CD, Lang RJ, Hull TC, Hayward RC. Programming reversibly self-folding origami with micropatterned photo-crosslinkable polymer trilayers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:79-85. [PMID: 25362863 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201403510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Self-folding microscale origami patterns are demonstrated in polymer films with control over mountain/valley assignments and fold angles using trilayers of photo-crosslinkable copolymers with a temperature-sensitive hydrogel as the middle layer. The characteristic size scale of the folds W = 30 μm and figure of merit A/ W (2) ≈ 5000, demonstrated here represent substantial advances in the fabrication of self-folding origami.
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Si KJ, Sikdar D, Chen Y, Eftekhari F, Xu Z, Tang Y, Xiong W, Guo P, Zhang S, Lu Y, Bao Q, Zhu W, Premaratne M, Cheng W. Giant plasmene nanosheets, nanoribbons, and origami. ACS NANO 2014; 8:11086-11093. [PMID: 25265019 DOI: 10.1021/nn504615a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We introduce Plasmene- in analogy to graphene-as free-standing, one-particle-thick, superlattice sheets of nanoparticles ("meta-atoms") from the "plasmonic periodic table", which has implications in many important research disciplines. Here, we report on a general bottom-up self-assembly approach to fabricate giant plasmene nanosheets (i.e., plasmene with nanoscale thickness but with macroscopic lateral dimensions) as thin as ∼40 nm and as wide as ∼3 mm, corresponding to an aspect ratio of ∼75,000. In conjunction with top-down lithography, such robust giant nanosheets could be milled into one-dimensional nanoribbons and folded into three-dimensional origami. Both experimental and theoretical studies reveal that our giant plasmene nanosheets are analogues of graphene from the plasmonic nanoparticle family, simultaneously possessing unique structural features and plasmon propagation functionalities.
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Abstract
Networks of rigid bars connected by joints, termed linkages, provide a minimal framework to design robotic arms and mechanical metamaterials built of folding components. Here, we investigate a chain-like linkage that, according to linear elasticity, behaves like a topological mechanical insulator whose zero-energy modes are localized at the edge. Simple experiments we performed using prototypes of the chain vividly illustrate how the soft motion, initially localized at the edge, can in fact propagate unobstructed all of the way to the opposite end. Using real prototypes, simulations, and analytical models, we demonstrate that the chain is a mechanical conductor, whose carriers are nonlinear solitary waves, not captured within linear elasticity. Indeed, the linkage prototype can be regarded as the simplest example of a topological metamaterial whose protected mechanical excitations are solitons, moving domain walls between distinct topological mechanical phases. More practically, we have built a topologically protected mechanism that can perform basic tasks such as transporting a mechanical state from one location to another. Our work paves the way toward adopting the principle of topological robustness in the design of robots assembled from activated linkages as well as in the fabrication of complex molecular nanostructures.
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Kaplan R, Klobušický J, Pandey S, Gracias DH, Menon G. Building polyhedra by self-assembly: theory and experiment. ARTIFICIAL LIFE 2014; 20:409-439. [PMID: 25148546 DOI: 10.1162/artl_a_00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We investigate the utility of a mathematical framework based on discrete geometry to model biological and synthetic self-assembly. Our primary biological example is the self-assembly of icosahedral viruses; our synthetic example is surface-tension-driven self-folding polyhedra. In both instances, the process of self-assembly is modeled by decomposing the polyhedron into a set of partially formed intermediate states. The set of all intermediates is called the configuration space, pathways of assembly are modeled as paths in the configuration space, and the kinetics and yield of assembly are modeled by rate equations, Markov chains, or cost functions on the configuration space. We review an interesting interplay between biological function and mathematical structure in viruses in light of this framework. We discuss in particular: (i) tiling theory as a coarse-grained description of all-atom models; (ii) the building game-a growth model for the formation of polyhedra; and (iii) the application of these models to the self-assembly of the bacteriophage MS2. We then use a similar framework to model self-folding polyhedra. We use a discrete folding algorithm to compute a configuration space that idealizes surface-tension-driven self-folding and analyze pathways of assembly and dominant intermediates. These computations are then compared with experimental observations of a self-folding dodecahedron with side 300 μm. In both models, despite a combinatorial explosion in the size of the configuration space, a few pathways and intermediates dominate self-assembly. For self-folding polyhedra, the dominant intermediates have fewer degrees of freedom than comparable intermediates, and are thus more rigid. The concentration of assembly pathways on a few intermediates with distinguished geometric properties is biologically and physically important, and suggests deeper mathematical structure.
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127
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Malachowski K, Jamal M, Jin Q, Polat B, Morris C, Gracias DH. Self-folding single cell grippers. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:4164-70. [PMID: 24937214 PMCID: PMC4096189 DOI: 10.1021/nl500136a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Given the heterogeneous nature of cultures, tumors, and tissues, the ability to capture, contain, and analyze single cells is important for genomics, proteomics, diagnostics, therapeutics, and surgery. Moreover, for surgical applications in small conduits in the body such as in the cardiovascular system, there is a need for tiny tools that approach the size of the single red blood cells that traverse the blood vessels and capillaries. We describe the fabrication of arrayed or untethered single cell grippers composed of biocompatible and bioresorbable silicon monoxide and silicon dioxide. The energy required to actuate these grippers is derived from the release of residual stress in 3-27 nm thick films, did not require any wires, tethers, or batteries, and resulted in folding angles over 100° with folding radii as small as 765 nm. We developed and applied a finite element model to predict these folding angles. Finally, we demonstrated the capture of live mouse fibroblast cells in an array of grippers and individual red blood cells in untethered grippers which could be released from the substrate to illustrate the potential utility for in vivo operations.
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128
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Yasuda H, Yein T, Tachi T, Miura K, Taya M. Folding behaviour of Tachi-Miura polyhedron bellows. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci 2013; 469:20130351. [PMID: 24204186 DOI: 10.1098/rspa.2013.0351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we examine the folding behaviour of Tachi-Miura polyhedron (TMP) bellows made of paper, which is known as a rigid-foldable structure, and construct a theoretical model to predict the mechanical energy associated with the compression of TMP bellows, which is compared with the experimentally measured energy, resulting in the gap between the mechanical work by the compression force and the bending energy distributed along all the crease lines. The extended Hamilton's principle is applied to explain the gap which is considered to be energy dissipation in the mechanical behaviour of TMP bellows.
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Abstract
We demonstrate the hybridization-induced fluorescence detection of DNA on an origami-based paper analytical device (oPAD). The paper substrate was patterned by wax printing and controlled heating to construct hydrophilic channels and hydrophobic barriers in a three-dimensional fashion. A competitive assay was developed where the analyte, a single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), and a quencher-labeled ssDNA competed for hybridization with a fluorophore-labeled ssDNA probe. Upon hybridization of the analyte with the fluorophore-labeled ssDNA, a linear response of fluorescence vs analyte concentration was observed with an extrapolated limit of detection <5 nM and a sensitivity relative standard deviation as low as 3%. The oPAD setup was also tested against OR/AND logic gates, proving to be successful in both detection systems.
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130
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Sharp D. Biochemist-tree: Using modular origami to understand the integration of intermediary metabolism. BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY EDUCATION : A BIMONTHLY PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL UNION OF BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 41:309-314. [PMID: 24019166 DOI: 10.1002/bmb.20711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Intermediary metabolism can be a complex area to study due to the inherent modularity of the catabolic biochemical processes. This article outlines a novel, cost-effective, and universally applicable teaching activity to enhance students understanding of the inter-relationship between the key processes of intermediary metabolism. A simple origami model, the "Biochemist-Tree" has been developed as a learning activity for intermediary metabolism, and its implementation was assessed. This modular origami model involves folding individual layers of the model, which must then be constructed into a "tree" with the metabolic process flowing correctly from macromolecules to ATP production from the electron transport chain/oxidative phosphorylation. Forty-eight students were provided with the activity as a revision tutorial exercise toward the end of a module on the introduction to biochemistry. The findings from this study show that the students found the activity to be interesting (>75%), scientifically useful (95%), and would recommend other students (85%) using this for their revision of catabolic metabolism. The novel nature of the exercise meant that it was engaging for the students and one that they also felt improved the understanding of the integration of the metabolic processes included. Further to being a one-off test of student understanding, the inclusion of key molecular structures and pathway steps helps to further embed these as a reference sources for revision.
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131
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Li H, LaBean TH, Leong KW. Nucleic acid-based nanoengineering: novel structures for biomedical applications. Interface Focus 2011; 1:702-24. [PMID: 23050076 PMCID: PMC3262286 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2011.0040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoengineering exploits the interactions of materials at the nanometre scale to create functional nanostructures. It relies on the precise organization of nanomaterials to achieve unique functionality. There are no interactions more elegant than those governing nucleic acids via Watson-Crick base-pairing rules. The infinite combinations of DNA/RNA base pairs and their remarkable molecular recognition capability can give rise to interesting nanostructures that are only limited by our imagination. Over the past years, creative assembly of nucleic acids has fashioned a plethora of two-dimensional and three-dimensional nanostructures with precisely controlled size, shape and spatial functionalization. These nanostructures have been precisely patterned with molecules, proteins and gold nanoparticles for the observation of chemical reactions at the single molecule level, activation of enzymatic cascade and novel modality of photonic detection, respectively. Recently, they have also been engineered to encapsulate and release bioactive agents in a stimulus-responsive manner for therapeutic applications. The future of nucleic acid-based nanoengineering is bright and exciting. In this review, we will discuss the strategies to control the assembly of nucleic acids and highlight the recent efforts to build functional nucleic acid nanodevices for nanomedicine.
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Bui H, Onodera C, Kidwell C, Tan Y, Graugnard E, Kuang W, Lee J, Knowlton WB, Yurke B, Hughes WL. Programmable periodicity of quantum dot arrays with DNA origami nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2010; 10:3367-72. [PMID: 20681601 PMCID: PMC2935673 DOI: 10.1021/nl101079u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2010] [Revised: 07/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
To fabricate quantum dot arrays with programmable periodicity, functionalized DNA origami nanotubes were developed. Selected DNA staple strands were biotin-labeled to form periodic binding sites for streptavidin-conjugated quantum dots. Successful formation of arrays with periods of 43 and 71 nm demonstrates precise, programmable, large-scale nanoparticle patterning; however, limitations in array periodicity were also observed. Statistical analysis of AFM images revealed evidence for steric hindrance or site bridging that limited the minimum array periodicity.
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