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Cipriani NA, Agarwal S, Dias-Santagata D, Faquin WC, Sadow PM. Clear Cell Change in Thyroid Carcinoma: A Clinicopathologic and Molecular Study with Identification of Variable Genetic Anomalies. Thyroid 2017; 27:819-824. [PMID: 28293986 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2016.0631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clear-cell carcinoma of the thyroid has been regarded as a variant of follicular (FTC) or papillary (PTC) thyroid carcinoma. Twenty-one primary thyroid carcinomas with clear-cell features, diagnosed in 20 patients (12 female) were identified between 1992 and 2012 (0.5% of in-house thyroid carcinomas). METHODS Hematoxylin and eosin slides were reviewed. SNaPshot multigene mutational analysis and a translocation panel were successfully performed on 15 of these cases. RESULTS Twelve (57%) were FTC, five were conventional PTC, two were follicular variant of PTC, and two were poorly differentiated thyroid carcinomas. Five cases had RAS mutation (four FTC and one PTC); two had PAX8-PPARgamma translocations (both FTC, one with concurrent p53 mutation); one had an EML4-ALK translocation (PTC); and one had a TFG-MET translocation (follicular variant of PTC). Five carcinomas were metastatic to regional lymph nodes (three FTC and two PTC), and two were metastatic to bone (both FTC). Disease confined to the thyroid (67%) and rates of regional lymph node metastasis (24%) and distant metastasis (10%) were near the national averages (68%, 25%, and 5%, respectively). One patient with a poorly differentiated thyroid carcinoma died one year after diagnosis, and a patient with metastatic FTC died two years after diagnosis. Overall mortality was 10%. CONCLUSIONS Clear-cell change in thyroid carcinoma is rare, is more common in FTC than it is in PTC, is found focally or multifocally within a given lesion, and is frequently associated with RAS mutations (33%). Clear-cell change in thyroid neoplasia should raise the possibility of follicular carcinoma, and should not be treated differently from other carcinomas of similar grade and stage.
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Eoh KJ, Park JS, Park HS, Lee ST, Han J, Lee JY, Kim SW, Kim S, Kim YT, Nam EJ. BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation predictions using the BRCAPRO and Myriad models in Korean ovarian cancer patients. Gynecol Oncol 2017; 145:137-141. [PMID: 28159408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the predictive efficacies including sensitivity and positive predictive value of the genetic risk prediction model BRCAPRO and the Myriad BRCA risk calculator in Korean ovarian cancer patients. METHODS Individuals undergoing genetic testing for BRCA mutations from November 2010-August 2016 were recruited from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at a single institute in Korea. The observed BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation statuses were compared with the predicted carrier probabilities using BRCAPRO and the Myriad BRCA risk calculator. RESULTS Two hundred thirty-two patients were recruited, of whom 99.1% (230/232) were of Korean ethnicity. Of the 232 individuals, 206 and 26 had ovarian and double primary breast/ovarian cancer, respectively. Thirty-six individuals had a family history of breast/ovarian cancer in first-degree relatives. Fifty-seven patients (24.6%) tested positive for BRCA mutation (41 BRCA1, 16 BRCA2). The mean BRCAPRO and Myriad scores for all patients were 6.4% and 7.7%, respectively. The scores were significantly higher for patients with positive BRCA mutation status (29.0% vs. 6.1%, P<0.001, 12.1% vs. 7.7%, P<0.001, respectively). For all patients, the respective areas under the receiver operating characteristics curves were 0.720 and 0.747 for the BRCAPRO and Myriad models to predict the risk of carrying a BRCA mutation. Both models overestimated the mutation probability in patients with a family history of breast/ovarian cancer (1.55-fold and 1.50-fold, respectively) and underestimated the probability in patients without a family history (both, 0.54-fold). CONCLUSION BRCAPRO and Myriad seem to be acceptable risk assessment tools for determining the risk of carrying BRCA mutations in Korean ovarian cancer patients.
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Hampras SS, Sucheston-Campbell LE, Cannioto R, Chang-Claude J, Modugno F, Dörk T, Hillemanns P, Preus L, Knutson KL, Wallace PK, Hong CC, Friel G, Davis W, Nesline M, Pearce CL, Kelemen LE, Goodman MT, Bandera EV, Terry KL, Schoof N, Eng KH, Clay A, Singh PK, Joseph JM, Aben KK, Anton-Culver H, Antonenkova N, Baker H, Bean Y, Beckmann MW, Bisogna M, Bjorge L, Bogdanova N, Brinton LA, Brooks-Wilson A, Bruinsma F, Butzow R, Campbell IG, Carty K, Cook LS, Cramer DW, Cybulski C, Dansonka-Mieszkowska A, Dennis J, Despierre E, Dicks E, Doherty JA, du Bois A, Dürst M, Easton D, Eccles D, Edwards RP, Ekici AB, Fasching PA, Fridley BL, Gao YT, Gentry-Maharaj A, Giles GG, Glasspool R, Gronwald J, Harrington P, Harter P, Hasmad HN, Hein A, Heitz F, Hildebrandt MA, Hogdall C, Hogdall E, Hosono S, Iversen ES, Jakubowska A, Jensen A, Ji BT, Karlan BY, Kellar M, Kelley JL, Kiemeney LA, Klapdor R, Kolomeyevskaya N, Krakstad C, Kjaer SK, Kruszka B, Kupryjanczyk J, Lambrechts D, Lambrechts S, Le ND, Lee AW, Lele S, Leminen A, Lester J, Levine DA, Liang D, Lissowska J, Liu S, Lu K, Lubinski J, Lundvall L, Massuger LF, Matsuo K, McGuire V, McLaughlin JR, McNeish I, Menon U, Moes-Sosnowska J, Narod SA, Nedergaard L, Nevanlinna H, Nickels S, Olson SH, Orlow I, Weber RP, Paul J, Pejovic T, Pelttari LM, Perkins B, Permuth-Wey J, Pike MC, Plisiecka-Halasa J, Poole EM, Risch HA, Rossing MA, Rothstein JH, Rudolph A, Runnebaum IB, Rzepecka IK, Salvesen HB, Schernhammer E, Schmitt K, Schwaab I, Shu XO, Shvetsov YB, Siddiqui N, Sieh W, Song H, Southey MC, Tangen IL, Teo SH, Thompson PJ, Timorek A, Tsai YY, Tworoger SS, Tyrer J, van Altena AM, Vergote I, Vierkant RA, Walsh C, Wang-Gohrke S, Wentzensen N, Whittemore AS, Wicklund KG, Wilkens LR, Wu AH, Wu X, Woo YL, Yang H, Zheng W, Ziogas A, Gayther SA, Ramus SJ, Sellers TA, Schildkraut JM, Phelan CM, Berchuck A, Chenevix-Trench G, Cunningham JM, Pharoah PP, Ness RB, Odunsi K, Goode EL, Moysich KB. Assessment of variation in immunosuppressive pathway genes reveals TGFBR2 to be associated with risk of clear cell ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:69097-69110. [PMID: 27533245 PMCID: PMC5340115 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/1969] [Accepted: 12/31/1969] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Regulatory T (Treg) cells, a subset of CD4+ T lymphocytes, are mediators of immunosuppression in cancer, and, thus, variants in genes encoding Treg cell immune molecules could be associated with ovarian cancer. METHODS In a population of 15,596 epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cases and 23,236 controls, we measured genetic associations of 1,351 SNPs in Treg cell pathway genes with odds of ovarian cancer and tested pathway and gene-level associations, overall and by histotype, for the 25 genes, using the admixture likelihood (AML) method. The most significant single SNP associations were tested for correlation with expression levels in 44 ovarian cancer patients. RESULTS The most significant global associations for all genes in the pathway were seen in endometrioid ( p = 0.082) and clear cell ( p = 0.083), with the most significant gene level association seen with TGFBR2 ( p = 0.001) and clear cell EOC. Gene associations with histotypes at p < 0.05 included: IL12 ( p = 0.005 and p = 0.008, serous and high-grade serous, respectively), IL8RA ( p = 0.035, endometrioid and mucinous), LGALS1 ( p = 0.03, mucinous), STAT5B ( p = 0.022, clear cell), TGFBR1 ( p = 0.021 endometrioid) and TGFBR2 ( p = 0.017 and p = 0.025, endometrioid and mucinous, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Common inherited gene variation in Treg cell pathways shows some evidence of germline genetic contribution to odds of EOC that varies by histologic subtype and may be associated with mRNA expression of immune-complex receptor in EOC patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/immunology
- Adult
- Aged
- Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Frequency
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics
- Genotype
- Humans
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/genetics
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/immunology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/immunology
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Risk Factors
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
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Kommoss S, Gilks CB, du Bois A, Kommoss F. Ovarian carcinoma diagnosis: the clinical impact of 15 years of change. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:993-999. [PMID: 27632374 PMCID: PMC5061905 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Until recently ovarian carcinoma was considered to be a single disease, and treatment decisions were based solely on grade and pre- and postoperative tumour burden. New insights into molecular features, treatment response, and patient demographics led the scientific community to conclude that ovarian carcinoma histotypes are different disease entities. METHODS In 2002, the pathology specimens from patients in a clinical trial were reviewed by an experienced gynaecopathologist (pathologist A) for translational research purposes. All cases were typed according to what were then current criteria. The identical cohort was now reassessed by the same expert pathologist and independently reviewed by another gynaecopathologist (pathologist B) applying WHO 2014 diagnostic criteria. Survival analyses were done based on the original as well as the new diagnoses, and historical biomarker study results were recalculated. RESULTS Upon re-review, pathologist A rendered the same histotype diagnosis in only 54% of cases. In contrast, pathologists A and B independently rendered the same diagnosis in 98% of cases. Histotype was of prognostic significance when 2014 diagnoses were used, but was not prognostic using the original (2002) histotype diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates a marked shift in ovarian carcinoma histotype diagnosis over the past 15 years. The new criteria are associated with a very high degree of interobserver reproducibility, allowing for treatment decisions based on histotype. Finally, biomarkers of putative prognostic significance were revealed to be primarily histotype-specific markers, confirming the critical importance of obtaining up-to-date diagnoses rather than accepting archival histotype data in clinical research.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/diagnosis
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/diagnosis
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/pathology
- Biomarkers, Tumor
- Carcinoma/classification
- Carcinoma/diagnosis
- Carcinoma/genetics
- Carcinoma/mortality
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/genetics
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/mortality
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/pathology
- Clinical Trials, Phase III as Topic
- Female
- Genes, Retinoblastoma
- Genes, p16
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Multicenter Studies as Topic
- Observer Variation
- Ovarian Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/mortality
- Prognosis
- Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
- Reproducibility of Results
- Retrospective Studies
- Translational Research, Biomedical
- World Health Organization
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Ohyama A, Toyomura J, Tachibana T, Isonishi S, Takahashi H, Ishikawa H. Establishment and characterization of a clear cell carcinoma cell line, designated NOCC, derived from human ovary. Hum Cell 2016; 29:188-96. [PMID: 27541369 DOI: 10.1007/s13577-016-0142-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A cell line, designated NOCC, was established from the ascites of a patient with clear cell adenocarcinoma of the ovary. The cell line has been grown without interruption and continuously propagated by serial passaging (more than 76 times) over 7 years. The cells are spherical to polygonal-shaped, display neoplastic, and pleomorphic features, and grow in a jigsaw puzzle-like pattern while forming monolayers without contact inhibition. The cells proliferate rapidly, but are easily floated as a cell sheet. The population doubling time is about 29 h. The number of chromosomes ranges from 60 to 83. The modal number of chromosomes is 70-74 at the 30th passage. NOCC cells secreted 750.5 ng/ml of VEGF over 3 days of culture. Hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is a primary regulator of VEGF under hypoxic conditions. NOCC cells were not sensitive to the anticancer drugs BEV, DOX, GEM, ETP, CDDP, or TXT. The graft of NOCC cells to a scid mouse displayed similar histological aspects to the original tumor. Both the NOCC cells and the graft of the NOCC cells gave a positive PAS reaction.
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Miller RE, Brough R, Bajrami I, Williamson CT, McDade S, Campbell J, Kigozi A, Rafiq R, Pemberton H, Natrajan R, Joel J, Astley H, Mahoney C, Moore JD, Torrance C, Gordan JD, Webber JT, Levin RS, Shokat KM, Bandyopadhyay S, Lord CJ, Ashworth A. Synthetic Lethal Targeting of ARID1A-Mutant Ovarian Clear Cell Tumors with Dasatinib. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:1472-84. [PMID: 27364904 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-15-0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
New targeted approaches to ovarian clear cell carcinomas (OCCC) are needed, given the limited treatment options in this disease and the poor response to standard chemotherapy. Using a series of high-throughput cell-based drug screens in OCCC tumor cell models, we have identified a synthetic lethal (SL) interaction between the kinase inhibitor dasatinib and a key driver in OCCC, ARID1A mutation. Imposing ARID1A deficiency upon a variety of human or mouse cells induced dasatinib sensitivity, both in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that this is a robust synthetic lethal interaction. The sensitivity of ARID1A-deficient cells to dasatinib was associated with G1-S cell-cycle arrest and was dependent upon both p21 and Rb. Using focused siRNA screens and kinase profiling, we showed that ARID1A-mutant OCCC tumor cells are addicted to the dasatinib target YES1. This suggests that dasatinib merits investigation for the treatment of patients with ARID1A-mutant OCCC. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(7); 1472-84. ©2016 AACR.
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57
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Winterhoff B, Hamidi H, Wang C, Kalli KR, Fridley BL, Dering J, Chen HW, Cliby WA, Wang HJ, Dowdy S, Gostout BS, Keeney GL, Goode EL, Konecny GE. Molecular classification of high grade endometrioid and clear cell ovarian cancer using TCGA gene expression signatures. Gynecol Oncol 2016; 141:95-100. [PMID: 27016234 PMCID: PMC5616158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is unclear whether the transcriptional subtypes of high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) apply to high grade clear cell (HGCCOC) or high grade endometrioid ovarian cancer (HGEOC). We aim to delineate transcriptional profiles of HGCCOCs and HGEOCs. METHODS We used Agilent microarrays to determine gene expression profiles of 276 well annotated ovarian cancers (OCs) including 37 HGCCOCs and 66 HGEOCs. We excluded low grade OCs as these are known to be distinct molecular entities. We applied the prespecified TCGA and CLOVAR gene signatures using consensus non-negative matrix factorization (NMF). RESULTS We confirm the presence of four TCGA transcriptional subtypes and their significant prognostic relevance (p<0.001) across all three histological subtypes (HGSOC, HGCCOC and HGEOCs). However, we also demonstrate that 22/37 (59%) HGCCOCs and 30/67 (45%) HGEOCs form 2 additional separate clusters with distinct gene signatures. Importantly, of the HGCCOC and HGEOCs that clustered separately 62% and 65% were early stage (FIGO I/II), respectively. These finding were confirmed using the reduced CLOVAR gene set for classification where most early stage HGCCOCs and HGEOCs formed a distinct cluster of their own. When restricting the analysis to the four TCGA signatures (ssGSEA or NMF with CLOVAR genes) most early stage HGCCOCs and HGEOC were assigned to the differentiated subtype. CONCLUSIONS Using transcriptional profiling the current study suggests that HGCCOCs and HGEOCs of advanced stage group together with HGSOCs. However, HGCCOCs and HGEOCs of early disease stages may have distinct transcriptional signatures similar to those seen in their low grade counterparts.
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Gansmo LB, Bjørnslett M, Halle MK, Salvesen HB, Dørum A, Birkeland E, Hveem K, Romundstad P, Vatten L, Lønning PE, Knappskog S. The MDM4 SNP34091 (rs4245739) C-allele is associated with increased risk of ovarian-but not endometrial cancer. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:10697-702. [PMID: 26867771 PMCID: PMC4999457 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-4940-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The MDM4 protein (also known as MDMX or HDMX) is a negative regulator of p53, not only by direct interaction but also through its interaction with MDM2. Further, MDM4 overexpression and amplification have been observed in several cancer forms. Recently, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the 3’ untranslated region of the MDM4 gene, SNP34091A > C (rs4245739) was reported to alter MDM4 messenger RNA (mRNA) stability by modulating a microRNA binding site, thereby leading to decreased MDM4 levels. In this case-control study, we aimed to evaluate the possible association between MDM4 SNP34091 status and cancer risk by comparing the genotype frequencies in large hospital-based cohorts of endometrial- (n = 1404) and ovarian (n = 1385) cancer patients with healthy female controls (n = 1870). Genotype frequencies were compared by odds ratio (OR) estimates and Fisher exact tests. We found that individuals harboring the MDM4 SNP34091AC/CC genotypes had a significantly elevated risk for serous ovarian cancer (SOC) in general and high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) in particular (SOC: OR = 1.18., 95 % CI = 1.01–1.39; HGSOC: OR = 1.25, CI = 1.02–1.53). No association between SNP34091 genotypes and endometrial cancer risk was observed. Our data indicate the MDM4 SNP34091AC/CC genotypes to be associated with an elevated risk for SOC and in particular the HGSOC type.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/epidemiology
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/epidemiology
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/genetics
- Alleles
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/genetics
- Case-Control Studies
- Cell Cycle Proteins
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/epidemiology
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/genetics
- Endometrial Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Endometrial Neoplasms/genetics
- Female
- Gene Frequency
- Genes, Neoplasm
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genotype
- Humans
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Norway/epidemiology
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Odds Ratio
- Ovarian Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
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Tong GX, Mody K, Wang Z, Hamele-Bena D, Nikiforova MN, Nikiforov YE. Mutations of TSHR and TP53 Genes in an Aggressive Clear Cell Follicular Carcinoma of the Thyroid. Endocr Pathol 2015; 26:315-9. [PMID: 26260781 DOI: 10.1007/s12022-015-9388-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell follicular carcinoma is a rare type of thyroid cancer and some with aggressive biological behavior. The cytoplasmic clearing of the neoplastic cells has been attributed to the accumulation of various substances, such as glycogen, lipid, mucin, and thyroglobulin, or distension of mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum. However, the molecular mechanisms responsible for the characteristic appearance of the cell cytoplasm and the biological behavior remain unknown. We report here a case of aggressive clear cell follicular carcinoma of the thyroid with molecular profile using targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) that presented as a metastatic tumor in a woman with a history of breast carcinoma. The NGS data revealed the coexisting of a well-characterized loss-of-function TP53 R248Q mutation and a putative gain-of-function mutation of TSHR L272V, which was suggested by the overexpression of thyroglobulin and SLC5A5 (NIS) genes in this tumor. TP53 mutations are usually related with dedifferentiation, progression, and metastasis of thyroid carcinomas. Identification of TP53 R248Q in this tumor correlated with its aggressive clinical behavior. Gain-of-function mutation of TSHR can overstimulate the thyroid follicular cells as the elevated level of TSH does and might have contributed to the development of clear cell morphology in this tumor. This report represents the first case of clear cell follicular carcinoma of the thyroid with NGS analysis and more molecular characterization is needed to elucidate the pathogenesis and provide more prognosis-relevant information for this uncommon variant of thyroid carcinomas.
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Ukaji T, Lin Y, Banno K, Okada S, Umezawa K. Inhibition of IGF-1-Mediated Cellular Migration and Invasion by Migracin A in Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinoma Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137663. [PMID: 26360832 PMCID: PMC4567285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Previously we isolated migracin A from a Streptomyces culture filtrate as an inhibitor of cancer cell migration. In the present research, we found that migracin A inhibited migration and invasion of ovarian clear cell carcinoma ES-2 cells. In the course of our mechanistic study, migracin A was shown to enhance vasohibin-1 expression in an angiogenesis array. We also confirmed that it increased the mRNA expression of this protein. Moreover, overexpression of vasohibin-1 lowered the migration but not the invasion of ES-2 cells. Then, we looked for another target protein employing a motility array, and found that migracin A lowered the IGF-1 expression. Knockdown of IGF-1 by siRNA decreased the migration and invasion of ES-2 cells. Migracin A also decreased Akt phosphorylation involved in the downstream signaling. Crosstalk analysis indicated that overexpression of vasohibin-1 decreased the IGF-1 expression. On the other hand, it showed no direct anticancer activity in terms of the ES-2 growth in agar. Migracin A inhibited the migration and IGF-1 expression in not only ES-2 but also another ovarian clear cell carcinoma JHOC-5 cells. In addition, it also inhibited capillary tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Since its cytotoxicity is very low, migracin A may be a candidate for an anti-metastasis agent not exhibiting prominent toxicity.
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Zuberi M, Mir R, Das J, Ahmad I, Javid J, Yadav P, Masroor M, Ahmad S, Ray PC, Saxena A. Expression of serum miR-200a, miR-200b, and miR-200c as candidate biomarkers in epithelial ovarian cancer and their association with clinicopathological features. Clin Transl Oncol 2015; 17:779-87. [PMID: 26063644 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-015-1303-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRs) have been implicated in the etiology of various human cancers. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of the expression of three members--miR 200a, miR 200b, and miR 200c belonging to the miR-200 family with clinicopathological characteristics and their impact on the progression of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Total RNA from serum was isolated by Trizol method, polyadenylated, and reverse transcribed into cDNA. Expression levels of miR-200a, miR-200b, and miR-200c were detected by using miRNA qRT-PCR. We measured miR expression in 70 serum samples of EOC patients with matched controls using U6 snRNA as a reference. Levels of miR expression was compared with distinct clinicopathological features. RESULTS Expression of miR-200a was found to be greater than six-fold (p = 0.01), miR-200b and miR-200c greater than three-fold (p = 0.01) in comparison with matched normal controls. Association of miRNA expression with clinicopathological factors and progression was statistically evaluated. The expression levels of miR-200a and miR-200c were found to be significantly associated with disease progression (p = 0.04 and p < 0.001, respectively). miR-200a overexpression was found be associated with tumor histology and stage. Patients with lymph node metastasis showed significant elevation of miR-200c (p = 0.006). The AUC in ROC curve also indicated that serum levels of miR-200a and miR-200c might be worthwhile as a diagnostic tool in the near future. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that miR-200a, miR-200b, and miR-200c overexpressions are associated with the aggressive tumor progression and be recognized as reliable markers to predict the prognosis and survival in EOC patients.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/blood
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/blood
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma, Papillary/blood
- Adenocarcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Adult
- Area Under Curve
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/blood
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/genetics
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
- Case-Control Studies
- Disease Progression
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- MicroRNAs/blood
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Staging
- Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous/blood
- Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous/genetics
- Neoplasms, Cystic, Mucinous, and Serous/pathology
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/blood
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/genetics
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/pathology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/blood
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Prognosis
- ROC Curve
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sensitivity and Specificity
- Tumor Burden
- Up-Regulation
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Uehara Y, Oda K, Ikeda Y, Koso T, Tsuji S, Yamamoto S, Asada K, Sone K, Kurikawa R, Makii C, Hagiwara O, Tanikawa M, Maeda D, Hasegawa K, Nakagawa S, Wada-Hiraike O, Kawana K, Fukayama M, Fujiwara K, Yano T, Osuga Y, Fujii T, Aburatani H. Integrated copy number and expression analysis identifies profiles of whole-arm chromosomal alterations and subgroups with favorable outcome in ovarian clear cell carcinomas. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0128066. [PMID: 26043110 PMCID: PMC4456367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0128066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (CCC) is generally associated with chemoresistance and poor clinical outcome, even with early diagnosis; whereas high-grade serous carcinomas (SCs) and endometrioid carcinomas (ECs) are commonly chemosensitive at advanced stages. Although an integrated genomic analysis of SC has been performed, conclusive views on copy number and expression profiles for CCC are still limited. In this study, we performed single nucleotide polymorphism analysis with 57 epithelial ovarian cancers (31 CCCs, 14 SCs, and 12 ECs) and microarray expression analysis with 55 cancers (25 CCCs, 16 SCs, and 14 ECs). We then evaluated PIK3CA mutations and ARID1A expression in CCCs. SNP array analysis classified 13% of CCCs into a cluster with high frequency and focal range of copy number alterations (CNAs), significantly lower than for SCs (93%, P < 0.01) and ECs (50%, P = 0.017). The ratio of whole-arm to all CNAs was higher in CCCs (46.9%) than SCs (21.7%; P < 0.0001). SCs with loss of heterozygosity (LOH) of BRCA1 (85%) also had LOH of NF1 and TP53, and LOH of BRCA2 (62%) coexisted with LOH of RB1 and TP53. Microarray analysis classified CCCs into three clusters. One cluster (CCC-2, n = 10) showed more favorable prognosis than the CCC-1 and CCC-3 clusters (P = 0.041). Coexistent alterations of PIK3CA and ARID1A were more common in CCC-1 and CCC-3 (7/11, 64%) than in CCC-2 (0/10, 0%; P < 0.01). Being in cluster CCC-2 was an independent favorable prognostic factor in CCC. In conclusion, CCC was characterized by a high ratio of whole-arm CNAs; whereas CNAs in SC were mainly focal, but preferentially caused LOH of well-known tumor suppressor genes. As such, expression profiles might be useful for sub-classification of CCC, and might provide useful information on prognosis.
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Okamoto A, Sehouli J, Yanaihara N, Hirata Y, Braicu I, Kim BG, Takakura S, Saito M, Yanagida S, Takenaka M, Yamaguchi N, Morikawa A, Tanabe H, Yamada K, Yoshihara K, Enomoto T, Itamochi H, Kigawa J, Matsumura N, Konishi I, Aida S, Aoki Y, Ishii N, Ochiai K, Akiyama T, Urashima M. Somatic copy number alterations associated with Japanese or endometriosis in ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116977. [PMID: 25658832 PMCID: PMC4319764 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
When compared with other epithelial ovarian cancers, the clinical characteristics of ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma (CCC) include 1) a higher incidence among Japanese, 2) an association with endometriosis, 3) poor prognosis in advanced stages, and 4) a higher incidence of thrombosis as a complication. We used high resolution comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) to identify somatic copy number alterations (SCNAs) associated with each of these clinical characteristics of CCC. The Human Genome CGH 244A Oligo Microarray was used to examine 144 samples obtained from 120 Japanese, 15 Korean, and nine German patients with CCC. The entire 8q chromosome (minimum corrected p-value: q = 0.0001) and chromosome 20q13.2 including the ZNF217 locus (q = 0.0078) were amplified significantly more in Japanese than in Korean or German samples. This copy number amplification of the ZNF217 gene was confirmed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR). ZNF217 RNA levels were also higher in Japanese tumor samples than in non-Japanese samples (P = 0.027). Moreover, endometriosis was associated with amplification of EGFR gene (q = 0.047), which was again confirmed by Q-PCR and correlated with EGFR RNA expression. However, no SCNAs were significantly associated with prognosis or thrombosis. These results indicated that there may be an association between CCC and ZNF217 amplification among Japanese patients as well as between endometriosis and EGFR gene amplifications.
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64
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Wang H, Tan M, Zhang S, Li X, Gao J, Zhang D, Hao Y, Gao S, Liu J, Lin B. Expression and significance of CD44, CD47 and c-met in ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:3391-404. [PMID: 25658794 PMCID: PMC4346902 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16023391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of the present study is to investigate the differential expression of CD44, CD47 and c-met in ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC), the correlation in their expression and their relationship with the biological behavior of OCCC. METHODS We used immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of CD44, CD47 and c-met in OCCC (86 cases) and investigated the effects of the expression and interaction of these molecules on the development of OCCC. RESULTS CD44, CD47 and c-met expression was significantly high in OCCC. Expression of CD44 and CD47 correlated with patient surgical stage, chemotherapy resistance and prognosis (all p<0.05), and expression of c-met correlated with chemotherapy resistance and prognosis (all p<0.05), but did not correlate with lymph node metastasis (all p>0.05). The surgical stage, CD44, CD47 and c-met expression were independent risk factors for OCCC prognosis (all p<0.05). Patients with low levels of CD44, CD47 and c-met showed better survival than those with high levels (all p<0.05). There was a positive correlation between CD44 (or CD47) and c-met, as well as between CD44 and CD47 (the Spearman correlation coefficient rs was 0.783, 0.776 and 0.835, respectively, all p<0.01). Additionally, pairwise correlation analysis of these three markers shows that the high expression of CD44/CD47, CD44/c-met and CD47/c-met were correlated with patient surgical stage, chemotherapy resistance and prognosis (all p<0.05), but did not correlate with lymph node metastasis (all p>0.05). CONCLUSIONS Expression of CD44, CD47 and c-met was upregulated in OCCC and pairwise correlation. CD44, CD47 and c-met may have synergistic effects on the development of OCCC and are prognostic factors for ovarian cancer.
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65
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Pamuła-Piłat J, Rubel T, Rzepecka IK, Olbryt M, Herok R, Dansonka-Mieszkowska A, Grzybowska E, Kupryjańczyk J. Gene expression profiles in three histologic types, clear-cell, endometrioid and serous ovarian carcinomas. J BIOL REG HOMEOS AG 2014; 28:659-674. [PMID: 25620176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian carcinoma is the most lethal type of gynecologic malignancy in the Western world. Majority of early stage ovarian cancers are asymptomatic and this is the main reason that more than two-thirds of patients are diagnosed with advanced disease. Ovarian tumors are heterogeneous and the different histologic subtypes are further classified as benign, borderline (low-grade) and malignant (high-grade) to reflect their behavior. The aim of the study was to analyze gene expression profiles in three histologic types of ovarian carcinoma in an attempt to find the molecular differences among serous, endometrioid and clear cell subtypes. The analysis of gene expression was performed on 57 samples of ovarian carcinoma. RNA was isolated from the ovarian cancer tissues. The gene expression changes were determined by microarray analysis and quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Measurement of relative gene expression levels was used to identify molecular differences among three histologic types of ovarian carcinoma (clear-cell, endometrioid and serous). Unsupervised statistical analysis revealed four biological subtypes among three histotypes under study. The endometrioid ovarian carcinoma was divided into two molecular subtypes. The biggest molecular differences were observed between clear-cell and serous carcinomas (1070 genes, FDR 0.05), the smallest between endometrioid and serous carcinomas (81 genes, FDR 0.05). The biggest group of differentially expressed genes was involved in transport and metabolism. This finding can explain the differences in the response to chemotherapy observed among different histologic types of ovarian carcinomas. In conclusion, we found TCF2 (HNF1B) gene as a suitable marker for ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Gene expression profiling also shed light on the molecular mechanisms of different chemoresistance among the analyzed histotypes.
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66
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Yamaguchi K, Huang Z, Matsumura N, Mandai M, Okamoto T, Baba T, Konishi I, Berchuck A, Murphy SK. Epigenetic determinants of ovarian clear cell carcinoma biology. Int J Cancer 2014; 135:585-97. [PMID: 24382740 PMCID: PMC4522155 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Targeted approaches have revealed frequent epigenetic alterations in ovarian cancer, but the scope and relation of these changes to histologic subtype of disease is unclear. Genome-wide methylation and expression data for 14 clear cell carcinoma (CCC), 32 non-CCC and four corresponding normal cell lines were generated to determine how methylation profiles differ between cells of different histological derivations of ovarian cancer. Consensus clustering showed that CCC is epigenetically distinct. Inverse relationships between expression and methylation in CCC were identified, suggesting functional regulation by methylation, and included 22 hypomethylated (UM) genes and 276 hypermethylated (HM) genes. Categorical and pathway analyses indicated that the CCC-specific UM genes were involved in response to stress and many contain hepatocyte nuclear factor (HNF) 1-binding sites, while the CCC-specific HM genes included members of the estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) network and genes involved in tumor development. We independently validated the methylation status of 17 of these pathway-specific genes, and confirmed increased expression of HNF1 network genes and repression of ERalpha pathway genes in CCC cell lines and primary cancer tissues relative to non-CCC specimens. Treatment of three CCC cell lines with the demethylating agent Decitabine significantly induced expression for all five genes analyzed. Coordinate changes in pathway expression were confirmed using two primary ovarian cancer datasets (p < 0.0001 for both). Our results suggest that methylation regulates specific pathways and biological functions in CCC, with hypomethylation influencing the characteristic biology of the disease while hypermethylation contributes to the carcinogenic process.
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67
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Mehra R, Vats P, Kalyana-Sundaram S, Udager AM, Roh M, Alva A, Pan J, Lonigro RJ, Siddiqui J, Weizer A, Lee C, Cao X, Wu YM, Robinson DR, Dhanasekaran SM, Chinnaiyan AM. Primary urethral clear-cell adenocarcinoma: comprehensive analysis by surgical pathology, cytopathology, and next-generation sequencing. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:584-91. [PMID: 24389164 PMCID: PMC3936309 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Primary clear-cell adenocarcinoma of the urethra, a rare tumor that histomorphologically resembles clear-cell carcinoma of the female genital tract, occurs predominantly in women and is associated with a relatively poor prognosis. The histogenesis of this rare urethral neoplasm has not been completely resolved, but it is thought to arise from either müllerian rests or metaplastic urothelium. Herein, we present comprehensive surgical pathological and cytopathological findings from a patient with primary urethral clear-cell adenocarcinoma and describe next-generation sequencing results for this patient's unique tumor-the first such reported characterization of molecular aberrations in urethral clear-cell adenocarcinoma at the transcriptomic and genomic levels. Transcriptome analysis revealed novel gene fusion candidates, including ANKRD28-FNDC3B. Whole-exome analysis demonstrated focal copy number loss at the SMAD4 and ARID2 loci and 38 somatic mutations, including a truncating mutation in ATM and a novel nonsynonymous mutation in ALK.
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68
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Kashiyama T, Oda K, Ikeda Y, Shiose Y, Hirota Y, Inaba K, Makii C, Kurikawa R, Miyasaka A, Koso T, Fukuda T, Tanikawa M, Shoji K, Sone K, Arimoto T, Wada-Hiraike O, Kawana K, Nakagawa S, Matsuda K, McCormick F, Aburatani H, Yano T, Osuga Y, Fujii T. Antitumor activity and induction of TP53-dependent apoptosis toward ovarian clear cell adenocarcinoma by the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor DS-7423. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87220. [PMID: 24504419 PMCID: PMC3913610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
DS-7423, a novel, small-molecule dual inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), is currently in phase I clinical trials for solid tumors. Although DS-7423 potently inhibits PI3Kα (IC50 = 15.6 nM) and mTOR (IC50 = 34.9 nM), it also inhibits other isoforms of class I PI3K (IC50 values: PI3Kβ = 1,143 nM; PI3Kγ = 249 nM; PI3Kδ = 262 nM). The PI3K/mTOR pathway is frequently activated in ovarian clear cell adenocarcinomas (OCCA) through various mutations that activate PI3K-AKT signaling. Here, we describe the anti-tumor effect of DS-7423 on a panel of nine OCCA cell lines. IC50 values for DS-7423 were <75 nM in all the lines, regardless of the mutational status of PIK3CA. In mouse xenograft models, DS-7423 suppressed the tumor growth of OCCA in a dose-dependent manner. Flow cytometry analysis revealed a decrease in S-phase cell populations in all the cell lines and an increase in sub-G1 cell populations following treatment with DS-7423 in six of the nine OCCA cell lines tested. DS-7423-mediated apoptosis was induced more effectively in the six cell lines without TP53 mutations than in the three cell lines with TP53 mutations. Concomitantly with the decreased phosphorylation level of MDM2 (mouse double minute 2 homolog), the level of phosphorylation of TP53 at Ser46 was increased by DS-7423 in the six cell lines with wild-type TP53, with induction of genes that mediate TP53-dependent apoptosis, including p53AIP1 and PUMA at 39 nM or higher doses. Our data suggest that the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor DS-7423 may constitute a promising molecular targeted therapy for OCCA, and that its antitumor effect might be partly obtained by induction of TP53-dependent apoptosis in TP53 wild-type OCCAs.
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69
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Wang Y, Adila S, Zhang X, Dong Y, Li W, Zhou M, Li T. [MicroRNA expression signature profile and its clinical significance in endometrioid carcinoma]. ZHONGHUA BING LI XUE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 43:88-94. [PMID: 24742567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the microRNA (miRNA) expression signature and its clinical significance in endometrioid carcinoma (EC). METHODS The miRNA profiles were analyzed by miRNA microarray in 73 cases of EC. The expression level of the eight selected miRNAs were measured by real-time fluorescent quatitative PCR(qRT-PCR). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was performed to assess the status of PTEN, a potential target of the selected miRNAs. RESULTS (1) Using TaqMan low-density arrays, 47 miRNAs that differed between EC and normal controls were identified, including 26 down-regulated and 21 up-regulated miRNAs. (2) To confirm the miRNA expression pattern in typeIEC, the expression levels of the eight selected miRNAs were evaluated in a new set of 58 cases of typeIEC by individual miRNA qRT-PCR assays. Three miRNAs (miR-141, miR-200a, miR-205) were up-regulated and two miRNAs (miR-143, miR-145) were down-regulated. These were significantly differentially expressed in typeIEC and normal controls (P < 0.05), whereas such difference was not present in type II tumors compared to normal controls. (3) In typeIEC, loss of PTEN was more frequent in the miR-141 or miR-200a up-regulated subgroups, and the correlation between the PTEN and miR-200a status in typeItumors was statistically significant (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS EC may have a unique miRNA expression profile. The expression levels of the five miRNAs (miR-141, miR-200a, miR-205, miR-143, miR-145) are significantly deregulated in typeIEC compared to normal control but not in typeIItumors. The findings suggest that the miRNAs related to type Iand typeIIEC might be different. PTEN might be a potential target of miR-141 and miR-200a in endometrial carcinogenesis.
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Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer is one of the most lethal gynecological malignant tumors despite improvement of the treatment. Recent molecular studies show that ovarian cancer is a heterogeneous disease which is reflected by different histologic types. These subtypes differ from their origin, pathogenesis and molecular alterations and can be divided in two major groups. The type I cancer (low grade) evolves from precursor lesions in a step-wise process. In contrast, the type II cancer (high grade) grows rapidly without any identifiable precursors. Among all subtypes is heterogeneity in the biological behavior which has implications in patient prognosis and treatment especially for individualized therapies in the future.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/surgery
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Carcinoma/genetics
- Carcinoma/mortality
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Carcinoma/surgery
- Carcinoma in Situ/pathology
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/genetics
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/mortality
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/pathology
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/surgery
- Cystadenoma, Mucinous/mortality
- Cystadenoma, Mucinous/pathology
- Cystadenoma, Mucinous/surgery
- Cystadenoma, Serous/genetics
- Cystadenoma, Serous/mortality
- Cystadenoma, Serous/pathology
- Cystadenoma, Serous/surgery
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Humans
- Neoplasm Staging
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/mortality
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/surgery
- Ovary/pathology
- Prognosis
- Survival Rate
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71
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Li Y, Gu YJ, Liu CN, Yue TF. An in vivo model for the study of ovarian cancer and the persistence of characteristic mutations in xenografts. EUR J GYNAECOL ONCOL 2014; 35:387-392. [PMID: 25118479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify factors affecting xenograft growth of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) cells in nude mice and to detect characteristic mutations occurring in the xenografts following serial passage. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 64 human EOCs were subcutaneously inoculated in Balb/c nude mice in order to obtain a series of xenografts. Whole-exome sequencing was analyzed with Agilent SureSelect targeted enrichment capture system and Illumina Solexa Hiseq 2000 sequencing platform. Mutations were confirmed by comparison against the reference genome build 37.3. RESULTS The tumor take rate was 50% (32/64). TP53 mutation was detected in nine often Type II tumors. BRAF and CTNNB1 were not mutated in any of the samples, and PTEN mutation occurred in only one sample. The present data indicate that advanced stage serous EOCs and early stage non-serous EOCs were easy to grow in nude mice, and xenografts maintained the characteristic mutations. CONCLUSIONS Advanced stage serous EOCs and early stage non-serous EOCs were easy to grow in nude mice, and xenografts maintained the characteristic mutations. Xenografts in nude mice are useful in vivo models for the study of human EOCs.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/pathology
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/genetics
- Carcinoma, Endometrioid/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ovarian Epithelial
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Heterografts/metabolism
- Heterografts/pathology
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/genetics
- Neoplasms, Glandular and Epithelial/pathology
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- beta Catenin/genetics
- ras Proteins/genetics
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72
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Abelson S, Shamai Y, Berger L, Skorecki K, Tzukerman M. Niche-dependent gene expression profile of intratumoral heterogeneous ovarian cancer stem cell populations. PLoS One 2013; 8:e83651. [PMID: 24358304 PMCID: PMC3866276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intratumoral heterogeneity challenges existing paradigms for anti-cancer therapy. We have previously demonstrated that the human embryonic stem cells (hESC)-derived cellular microenvironment in immunocompromised mice, enables functional distinction of heterogeneous tumor cells, including cells which do not grow into a tumor in a conventional direct tumor xenograft platform. We have identified and characterized six cancer cell subpopulations each clonally expanded from a single cell, derived from human ovarian clear cell carcinoma of a single tumor, to demonstrate striking intratumoral phenotypic heterogeneity that is dynamically dependent on the tumor growth microenvironment. These cancer cell subpopulations, characterized as cancer stem cell subpopulations, faithfully recapitulate the full spectrum of histological phenotypic heterogeneity known for human ovarian clear cell carcinoma. Each of the six subpopulations displays a different level of morphologic and tumorigenic differentiation wherein growth in the hESC-derived microenvironment favors growth of CD44+/aldehyde dehydrogenase positive pockets of self-renewing cells that sustain tumor growth through a process of tumorigenic differentiation into CD44-/aldehyde dehydrogenase negative derivatives. Strikingly, these derivative cells display microenvironment-dependent plasticity with the capacity to restore self-renewal markers and CD44 expression. In the current study, we delineate the distinct gene expression and epigenetic profiles of two such subpopulations, representing extremes of phenotypic heterogeneity in terms of niche-dependent self-renewal and tumorigenic differentiation. By combining Gene Set Enrichment, Gene Ontology and Pathway-focused array analyses with methylation status, we propose a suite of robust differences in tumor self-renewal and differentiation pathways that underlie the striking intratumoral phenotypic heterogeneity which characterize this and other solid tumor malignancies.
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73
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Skirnisdottir I, Bjersand K, Åkerud H, Seidal T. Napsin A as a marker of clear cell ovarian carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:524. [PMID: 24191930 PMCID: PMC4228360 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clear cell carcinomas are aggressive tumors with a distinct biologic behaviour. In a genome-wide screening for genes involved in chemo-resistance, NAPA was over-expressed in cisplatin-resistant cells. The NAPA (protein) Napsin A was described to promote resistance to cisplatin by degradation of the tumor suppressor p53. METHODS Totally 131 patients were included in this study all in FIGO-stages I-II; 16 were clear cell tumors which were compared with 40 Type I tumors and 75 type II tumors according to the markers Napsin A, p21, p53 and p27 and some clinical features. For detection of the markers tissue microarrays and immunohistochemistry were used. RESULTS Positivity for Napsin A was detected in 12 (80%) out of the 15 clear cell tumors available for analysis compared with 3 (4%) out of the Type I and II tumors in one group (p<0.001). Differences in p21 status, p53 status, and p21+p53- status were striking when clear cell tumors were compared with Type I, Type II, and Type I and II tumors in one group, respectively. The p21+p53-status was associated to positive staining of Napsin A (p=0.0015) and clear cell morphology (p=0.0003). In two separate multivariate logistic regression analyses with Napsin A as endpoint both clear cell carcinoma with OR=153 (95% C.I. 21-1107); (p<001) and p21+p53- status with OR=5.36 (95% C.I. 1.6-17.5); (p=0.005) were independent predictive factors. ROC curves showed that AUC for Napsin A alone was 0.882, for p21+p53- it was 0.720 and for p21+p53-Napsin A+AUC was 0.795. Patients with clear cell tumors had lower (p=0.013) BMI than Type I patients and were younger (p=0.046) at diagnosis than Type II patients. Clear cell tumors had a higher frequency (p=0.039) of capsule rupture at surgery than Type I and II tumors. CONCLUSIONS Positivity of Napsin A in an epithelial ovarian tumor might strengthen the morphological diagnosis of clear cell ovarian carcinoma in the process of differential diagnosis between clear cell ovarian tumors and other histological subtypes.
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74
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Abstract
In recent years the discovery of translocations and the fusion oncogenes that they result in has changed the way diagnoses are made in the salivary gland. These genetic aberrations are recurrent and reproducible and at the very least serve as powerful diagnostic tools in salivary gland diagnosis and salivary gland classification. They also show promise as prognostic markers and hopefully as targets of therapy. Many of these fusions have been found in other tumor types that show little to no overlap with their salivary gland counterparts, but effectively they are specific within the salivary gland. In this review the 5 tumors currently known to harbor translocations will be discussed, namely pleomorphic adenoma, mucoepidermoid carcinoma, adenoid cystic carcinoma, mammary analog secretory carcinoma, and hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma. The discovery and implications of each fusion will be highlighted and how they have helped reshape the current classification of salivary gland tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Activating Transcription Factor 1/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/pathology
- Adenoma, Pleomorphic/genetics
- Adenoma, Pleomorphic/pathology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Calmodulin-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Carcinoma/genetics
- Carcinoma/pathology
- Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic/genetics
- Carcinoma, Adenoid Cystic/pathology
- Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid/genetics
- Carcinoma, Mucoepidermoid/pathology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- NFI Transcription Factors/genetics
- Nuclear Proteins/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins v-myb/genetics
- Oncogene Proteins, Fusion/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets/genetics
- RNA-Binding Protein EWS
- RNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Receptor, trkC/genetics
- Repressor Proteins/genetics
- Salivary Gland Neoplasms/genetics
- Salivary Gland Neoplasms/pathology
- Trans-Activators
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Translocation, Genetic
- ETS Translocation Variant 6 Protein
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75
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Sanada S, Futami K, Terada A, Yonemoto K, Ogasawara S, Akiba J, Yasumoto M, Sumi A, Ushijima K, Kamura T, Furuichi Y, Yano H. RECQL1 DNA repair helicase: a potential therapeutic target and a proliferative marker against ovarian cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72820. [PMID: 23951333 PMCID: PMC3739757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective This study analyzed the clinicopathological correlation between ovarian cancer (OC) and RECQL1 DNA helicase to assess its therapeutic potential. Methods Surgically resected OC from 118 retrospective cases, for which paraffin blocks and all clinical data were complete, were used in this study. RECQL1 and Ki-67 immunostaining were performed on sections to correlate RECQL1 staining with subtype and patient survival. Ten OC and two normal cell lines were then examined for RECQL1 expression and were treated with siRNA against RECQL1 to assess its effect on cell proliferation. Results Of the 118 cases of adenocarcinoma (50, serous; 26, endometrioid; 21, clear cell; 15, mucinous; 6, other histology), 104 (90%) showed varying levels of RECQL1 expression in the nuclei of OC cells. The Cox hazards model confirmed that diffuse and strong staining of RECQL1 was correlated with histological type. However, RECQL1 expression did not correlate with overall patient survival or FIGO stage. In vitro, RECQL1 expression was exceptionally high in rapidly growing OC cell lines, as compared with normal cells. Using a time-course analysis of RECQL1-siRNA transfection, we observed a significant inhibition in cell proliferation. Conclusions RECQL1 DNA helicase is a marker of highly proliferative cells. RECQL1-siRNA may offer a new therapeutic strategy against various subtypes of OC, including platinum-resistant cancers, or in recurrent cancers that gain platinum resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/enzymology
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma, Clear Cell/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/enzymology
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/mortality
- Adenocarcinoma, Mucinous/pathology
- Biomarkers, Tumor/antagonists & inhibitors
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/enzymology
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/genetics
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/mortality
- Cystadenocarcinoma, Serous/pathology
- DNA Repair
- Female
- Gene Expression
- Humans
- Ki-67 Antigen/genetics
- Ki-67 Antigen/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/enzymology
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/genetics
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/mortality
- Neoplasm Recurrence, Local/pathology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/enzymology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/genetics
- Ovarian Neoplasms/mortality
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Prognosis
- Proportional Hazards Models
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- RecQ Helicases/antagonists & inhibitors
- RecQ Helicases/genetics
- RecQ Helicases/metabolism
- Retrospective Studies
- Survival Analysis
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