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Lymphatic filariasis. PRESCRIRE INTERNATIONAL 2008; 17:36. [PMID: 18383658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
(1) Lymphatic filariasis is a set of parasitic diseases that are endemic in tropical and subtropical regions and can be disabling in the long term. (2) The standard antiparasitic drug for adults is oral diethylcarbamazine. Ivermectin is an alternative, especially for patients with intercurrent onchocercosis or loasis.
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Anderson VR, Curran MP. Nitazoxanide: a review of its use in the treatment of gastrointestinal infections. Drugs 2007; 67:1947-67. [PMID: 17722965 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200767130-00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nitazoxanide (Alinia, Daxon, Dexidex, Paramix, Kidonax, Colufase, Annita) has in vitro activity against a variety of microorganisms, including a broad range of protozoa and helminths. Nitazoxanide is effective in the treatment of protozoal and helminthic infections, including Cryptosporidium parvum or Giardia lamblia, in immunocompetent adults and children, and is generally well tolerated. Nitazoxanide is a first-line choice for the treatment of illness caused by C. parvum or G. lamblia infection in immunocompetent adults and children, and is an option to be considered in the treatment of illnesses caused by other protozoa and/or helminths.
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Boissevain I. [Pure blood]. TIJDSCHRIFT VOOR DIERGENEESKUNDE 2007; 132:877. [PMID: 18069527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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Kamgno J, Pion SDS, Tejiokem MC, Twum-Danso NAY, Thylefors B, Boussinesq M. Randomized, controlled, double-blind trial with ivermectin on Loa loa microfilaraemia: efficacy of a low dose (approximately 25 microg/kg) versus current standard dose (150 microg/kg). Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2007; 101:777-85. [PMID: 17531279 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2007.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological serious adverse events (SAEs) following ivermectin treatment may occur in individuals harbouring high Loa loa microfilarial densities and are of major concern in the context of mass ivermectin distributions organized in Africa for onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis control. As those SAEs are induced by the rapid and massive microfilaricidal effect of a standard dose of ivermectin (150 microg/kg), we performed a randomized, controlled, double-blind trial to determine whether ivermectin given as: (a) a single low dose of 1.5mg (i.e. 25 microg/kg for a 60 kg person); or (b) two doses of 1.5mg given at a 2 week interval leads to a more progressive decrease in Loa microfilarial loads compared with the standard dosage. A low dose of ivermectin brought about a significantly smaller decrease in Loa microfilaraemia than the standard dose. However, this decrease was not sufficiently different from that obtained after the standard dose to be acceptable to public health programmes, which require a wide safety margin. A second low dose of ivermectin given 15 days after the first dose did not lead to a further decrease in Loa microfilaraemia. Lastly, the variability in the response observed in the group treated with 25 microg/kg suggests that even lower doses would have no effect on a significant number of patients. Ivermectin given at a low dose (<or=25 microg/kg) is probably not adequate to prevent the occurrence of post-treatment neurological SAEs.
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Mackenzie C, Geary T, Prichard R, Boussinesq M. Where next with Loa loa encephalopathy? Data are badly needed. Trends Parasitol 2007; 23:237-8. [PMID: 17459773 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2006] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Aizawa Y. [Antimicrobial-drug induced hepatic injuries]. NIHON RINSHO. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE 2007; 65 Suppl 2 Pt. 1:601-4. [PMID: 17455688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
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Morizot G, Delgiudice P, Caumes E, Laffitte E, Marty P, Dupuy A, Sarfati C, Hadj-Rabia S, Darie H, LE Guern AS, Salah AB, Pratlong F, Dedet JP, Grögl M, Buffet PA. Healing of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis in travelers treated with fluconazole: drug effect or spontaneous evolution? Am J Trop Med Hyg 2007; 76:48-52. [PMID: 17255228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of fluconazole was evaluated in 35 travelers with parasitologically proven imported Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Leishmania major (mainly MON-25) was identified in 15 patients and strongly suspected given the transmission area in 12 of these patients. Daily oral fluconazole (200 mg/day for adults and 2.5 mg/kg/day for children) was prescribed for six weeks. Outcome definition was based on re-epithelialization rate at day 50. Of the 27 L. major-infected patients, 12 (44.4%) were cured. This cure rate is similar to the placebo cure rate from trials in L. major CL in which, as in the present report, the definition of outcome relied exclusively on re-epithelialization. These data question the assumption that oral fluconazole is consistently effective for treatment of CL caused by L. major.
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Hugnet C, Lespine A, Alvinerie M. Multiple oral dosing of ketoconazole increases dog exposure to ivermectin. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY & PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES : A PUBLICATION OF THE CANADIAN SOCIETY FOR PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES, SOCIETE CANADIENNE DES SCIENCES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2007; 10:311-8. [PMID: 17727794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The parasiticide ivermectin and the antimicrobial drug ketoconazole are macrolides that interact with P-glycoprotein. We investigated the effects of ketoconazole at a clinical dose on the pharmacokinetics of ivermectin, a CYP3A substrate with low hepatic clearance. METHODS Beagle dogs received a single subcutaneous injection of ivermectin at 0.05 mg/kg alone (n=6) or in combination with a daily oral dose of ketoconazole 10 mg/kg over 5 days before and after ivermectin administration (n=6). The plasma kinetics of ivermectin and its metabolite were followed over 15 days by HPLC analysis. RESULTS Co-administered ketoconazole induced a higher plasma concentration and longer residence time of ivermectin in dogs, leading to a substantial increase in the overall exposure of the animal to the drug. Ketoconazole does not interfere with the production of the ivermectin metabolite but it may rather inhibit the elimination of the parental drug by interfering with P-gp transport. CONCLUSIONS Multiple oral dosing of ketoconazole dramatically altered the pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in dogs leading to an increase in systemic exposure to the drug. Neurotoxicity of ivermectin means that inhibition of the P-gp function at the blood-brain barrier during polytherapy using P-gp inhibitors must be taken into consideration.
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60
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Miller DS, Eagle RP, Zabel S, Rosychuk R, Campbell TW. Efficacy and safety of selamectin in the treatment of Otodectes cynotis
infestation in domestic ferrets. Vet Rec 2006; 159:748. [PMID: 17127760 DOI: 10.1136/vr.159.22.748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Lakwo TL, Gasarasi DB. Non-adherence to community directed treatment with ivermectin for onchocerciasis control in Rungwe district, southwest Tanzania. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 83:326-32. [PMID: 16989378 DOI: 10.4314/eamj.v83i6.9440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community directed treatment with ivermectin (CDTI) for onchocerciasis control was developed as a strategy for achieving sustained high coverage in endemic communities. This strategy for over a short period of time has radically altered the consequences of infection with Onchocerca volvulus. The present challenge is maintaining the high therapeutic coverage especially in some of the impoverished endemic countries. One of these challenges is non-adherence to ivermectin treatment and this provides compelling reason for data collection at community level. OBJECTIVE To describe the factors associated with non-adherence to CDTI. DESIGN Cross-sectional descriptive study. SETTING Communities participating in CDTI activities in Ndubi village, Rungwe district, southwest Tanzania. RESULTS A high proportion (66%) of respondents were aware of onchocerciasis, and this was more significant in males than females (X2 = 9.17; p< 0.002). Knowledge on causes of the disease was low, only 29.3% associated it with the bite of Simulium fly, 17% associated it with mosquitoes, 17.1% to houseflies, and 30% had completely no idea. Knowledge on signs and symptoms of onchocerciasis was also observed to be equally low (20.4%) among the respondents. Similarly, only 35.4% of the respondents knew itching, swelling of the body, diarrhoea and vomiting as associated side effects of ivermectin. There was, however, no sex difference in knowledge levels (X2 = 0.01; p>0.939). Low knowledge levels on causes of the disease, signs and symptoms and side effects of ivermectin were attributed to inadequate health education in the communities. However, some other factors associated with non-adherence were local beliefs and the lifestyle of alcoholism. CONCLUSIONS Factors identified to affect programme implementation and associated with non-adherence were inadequate knowledge on causes of the disease and sign/symptoms, side effects of ivermectin, local beliefs and lifestyle of alcoholism in the communities.
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de Leon J, Diaz FJ, Aguilar MC, Jurado D, Gurpegui M. Does smoking reduce akathisia? Testing a narrow version of the self-medication hypothesis. Schizophr Res 2006; 86:256-68. [PMID: 16814524 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2006.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2006] [Revised: 05/06/2006] [Accepted: 05/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The self-medication hypothesis proposes that schizophrenia patients smoke to decrease their schizophrenia symptoms or antipsychotic side effects, but they usually start smoking before their illness and heavy smoking is not consistently associated with fewer symptoms or side effects. A narrow version of the self-medication hypothesis, heavy smoking reduces akathisia, is explored. METHOD The sample included 250 outpatients with DSM-IV schizophrenia assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Barnes Akathisia Scale. Prevalences were 69% (173/250) for smoking, 39% (98/250) for heavy smoking (> or =30 cigarettes/day), 7% (17/250) for akathisia (Barnes Global score>1), 14% (35/250) for a broader akathisia definition (Barnes Global score>0) and 20% for excited symptoms (>1 on the PANSS factor score). RESULTS Heavy smoking was not associated with akathisia (41% of patients with akathisia were heavy smokers versus 39% of patients without akathisia; chi2=0.3, df=1, p=0.86), even after correcting for confounding factors and/or using a broader akathisia definition. Heavy smoking was associated with excited schizophrenia symptoms (possibly reflecting agitation). Particularly in patients taking lower doses of typical antipsychotics, excited symptoms, with or without akathisia, were strongly associated with heavy smoking and appear to interact with patients' reports of smoking's calming effect as the main reason for smoking. CONCLUSION The self-medication hypothesis does not explain increased smoking and heavy smoking in schizophrenia. Moreover, heavy smoking may be associated with more disturbed brain homeostatic mechanisms. Prospective studies need to explore whether temporary increases in cigarette smoking may be associated with periods of higher agitation, with or without akathisia.
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Rossignol JF. Nitazoxanide in the treatment of acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related cryptosporidiosis: results of the United States compassionate use program in 365 patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006; 24:887-94. [PMID: 16918894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2006.03033.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptosporidiosis in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome is a serious, life-threatening disease. AIM A large compassionate use clinical trial was conducted in the USA to make nitazoxanide available to patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related cryptosporidiosis and to collect data related to safety and effectiveness of the drug in this population. METHODS Patients at least 3 years of age with acquired immune deficiency syndrome, diarrhoea (> or =4 stools/day for >2 weeks) and Cryptosporidium-positive stools received 500-1500 mg of nitazoxanide twice daily. Patients were evaluated at weeks 1, 2, 4 and monthly thereafter for drug safety and effectiveness including the stool examinations, review of symptoms and patient diaries. Data analysis for clinical and parasitological response was intention-to-treat. RESULTS Three hundred and sixty-five patients were enrolled at 165 study centres throughout the USA. The duration of treatment ranged from 1 to 1,528 days (median 62 days). Among the 357 patients included in the intent-to-treat analysis, 209 (59%) achieved a sustained clinical response while on treatment. Clinical responses were closely associated with Cryptosporidium-negative stools (P < 0.0001). No safety issues were identified at doses up to 3000 mg/day or for long durations of treatment. CONCLUSIONS Nitazoxanide can be considered useful therapy for treatment of with acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related cryptosporidiosis.
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Boussinesq M, Kamgno J, Pion SD, Gardon J. What are the mechanisms associated with post-ivermectin serious adverse events? Trends Parasitol 2006; 22:244-6. [PMID: 16632406 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2006.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Revised: 03/23/2006] [Accepted: 04/06/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
Scabies is a neglected parasitic disease that is a major public health problem in many resource-poor regions. It causes substantial morbidity from secondary infections and post-infective complications such as acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Disease control requires treatment of the affected individual and all people they have been in contact with, but is often hampered by inappropriate or delayed diagnosis, poor treatment compliance, and improper use of topical compounds such as permethrin, lindane, or benzyl benzoate. In addition to concerns over toxicity with such compounds, parasite resistance seems to be increasing. Oral ivermectin is an alternative that has been used successfully in community control programmes. Plant derivatives such as turmeric, neem, and tea tree oil are also promising future treatments. The disease is strongly associated with poverty and overcrowding, and the associated stigma can ostracise affected individuals. Treatment of scabies in poor countries needs to integrate drug treatment programmes with efforts to improve the socioeconomic conditions and education programmes to reduce stigma. We expect the future to bring more sensitive and specific clinical and laboratory-based diagnostic methods, as well as new therapeutic strategies.
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66
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Veit O, Beck B, Steuerwald M, Hatz C. First case of ivermectin-induced severe hepatitis. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006; 100:795-7. [PMID: 16682062 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2006.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2005] [Revised: 02/26/2006] [Accepted: 02/27/2006] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Loiasis, caused by the filarial parasite Loa loa, is endemic in West and Central Africa. Ivermectin has been shown to be an effective treatment of loiasis. We report the case of a 20-year-old woman originally from Cameroon who was infected by the L. loa parasite and developed severe hepatitis, identified 1 month after a single dose of ivermectin. Liver biopsy showed intralobular inflammatory infiltrates, confluent necrosis and apoptosis, compatible with drug-induced liver disease. To our knowledge, this is the first case of ivermectin-induced severe liver disease published in the literature.
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Hill WA, Randolph MM, Lokey SJ, Hayes E, Boyd KL, Mandrell TD. Efficacy and safety of topical selamectin to eradicate pinworm (Syphacia spp.) infections in rats (Rattus norvegicus) and mice (Mus musculus). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR LABORATORY ANIMAL SCIENCE : JAALAS 2006; 45:23-6. [PMID: 16642966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the efficacy and safety of topical selamectin, a novel avermectin, in eliminating naturally acquired Syphacia muris infections in rats and S. obvelata infections in mice. S. muris-positive rats were assigned randomly to 4 groups: selamectin (0.6 mg/kg), selamectin (6.0 mg/kg), fenbendazole-medicated (150 ppm) chow, and untreated. S. obvelata-positive mice were allocated into 4 groups similar to those for rats. Animals not exposed to pinworm-contaminated bedding were designated as negative controls. Treatment success was assessed weekly by anal tape impressions and by necropsy examinations at the end of week 9. Evaluations of intestinal contents at necropsy revealed that, although safe, topical selamectin was 100% ineffective in eliminating Syphacia spp. infections in rats and mice. Treatment with fenbendazole-medicated chow resulted in negative anal tape impressions beginning at week 2 in rats and week 1 in mice. Negative anal tape impressions in fenbendazole-treated animals were confirmed by negative intestinal content evaluations. Of the 2 treatments evaluated, fenbendazole-medicated chow remains an effective and practical method to eliminate pinworm infections in mice and rats.
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Bussaratid V, Desakorn V, Krudsood S, Silachamroon U, Looareesuwan S. Efficacy of ivermectin treatment of cutaneous gnathostomiasis evaluated by placebo-controlled trial. THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2006; 37:433-40. [PMID: 17120960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed that ivermectin treatment for gnathostomiasis can reduce parasitic loads in animals and make recurrent subcutaneous swelling subside in 76% of patients. Our study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ivermectin for cutaneous gnathostomiasis treatment in a placebo-controlled trial. This study was a prospective randomized placebo-controlled study performed at The Bangkok Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Mahidol University, Thailand. Thirty patients with a serologically confirmed diagnosis of cutaneous gnathostomiasis were enrolled. Seventeen patients in the ivermectin treated group received a single dose of 12 mg ivermectin (200 microg/kg bodyweight), while 13 patients in the control group received a single dose of 40 mg of vitamin B1. The follow-up period was 1 year. Of the 17 patients, 7 (41.2%) responded to ivermectin, while no patient responded to placebo. The mean (95% Cl) time to the first recurrence of subcutaneous swelling with ivermectin and in the placebo groups were 257 (184-331) and 146 (42-250) days, respectively, (p=0.102). Although this study revealed no significant difference in the mean time to first recurrence of swelling between the ivermectin and placebo groups, there was a trend towards ivermectin efficacy against gnathostomiasis in previous animal and human studies. Further studies with different doses of ivermectin and larger sample sizes, and close monitoring for ivermectin tolerability and treatment response are necessary to confirm an efficacy of ivermectin.
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Igual-Adell R, Oltra-Alcaraz C, Soler-Company E, Sánchez-Sánchez P, Matogo-Oyana J, Rodríguez-Calabuig D. Efficacy and safety of ivermectin and thiabendazole in the treatment of strongyloidiasis. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2006; 5:2615-9. [PMID: 15571478 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.5.12.2615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of strongyloidiasis has been traditionally based on thiabendazole, despite its frequent gastrointestinal side effects and failure to achieve eradication of the parasite from faeces in approximately 30% of cases. Ivermectin has been shown to be more effective for treating chronic uncomplicated strongyloidiasis. The efficacy and tolerability of these drugs in a series of patients treated from 1999 to 2002 at the Oliva Health Centre, Valencia, Spain, are reported. A total of 88 patients diagnosed of strongyloidiasis were treated using the following regimens: thiabendazole 25 mg/kg/12 h for 3 consecutive days in 31 patients; ivermectin 200 mug/kg as a single dose in 22 patients; and ivermectin 200 mug/kg for 2 consecutive days in 35 patients. The efficacy and side effects were recorded. A total of 65 patients were male, and 23 female. The mean age was 64 +/- 12 years. Of the patients, 44 had worked barefoot in rice fields. Among the 31 patients treated with thiabendazole, 25 (78%) met the criteria for cure (the absence of parasite in faeces after examination of three samples collected on alternate days), and 5 (16%) experienced side effects (asthenia, epigastralgia and disorientation). Of the 22 patients treated with ivermectin on a single day, 17 (77%) met the criteria for cure, and 2 (9%) reported side effects (dizziness, dyspepsia). Among the 35 patients treated with ivermectin on 2 consecutive days, 100% met the criteria for cure, and 0% experienced side effects. In chronic uncomplicated strongyloidiasis, a treatment regimen consisting of ivermectin 200 mug/kg for 2 consecutive days provided the best results with regard to efficacy and tolerability. When the eosinophilia continued after treatment, we observed a high percentage of not-cure rate (7 of 9 patients, 77%).
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Bialek R. [Parasitic diseases in pediatric cancer patients]. KLINISCHE PADIATRIE 2005; 217 Suppl 1:S85-90. [PMID: 16288354 DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-872502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic infections are rare events in pediatric oncology. Transmission routes and diseases of most parasites do not differ significantly from those seen in otherwise healthy children. However, latent asymptomatic infections with Cryptosporidium spp., Leishmania spp., Strongyloides stercoralis and Toxoplasma gondii might exacerbate during immunosuppression. Screening in asymptomatic patients is often unsuccessful due to the low sensitivity of available assays except in toxoplasmosis. This article provides the recommendations of the Infectious Diseases Working Party of the German Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases (DGPI) and the German Society for Pediatric Hematology/Oncology (GPOH) for the appropriate diagnostic procedures and antiparasitic treatment immunocompromised patients.
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Zang YS, Wu DJ, Song JB. [Experimental and clinical studies on the effect of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate in in vitro killing Demodex and in treating demodicidosis]. ZHONGGUO JI SHENG CHONG XUE YU JI SHENG CHONG BING ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY & PARASITIC DISEASES 2005; 23:221-4. [PMID: 16296612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) in killing Demodex in vitro and in the treatment of demodicidosis. METHODS (1) The experiment of in vitro killing Demodex with 1% and 2% SDBS was conducted. (2) A clinical trial was carried out to evaluate the therapeutic effect in the treatment of demodicidosis with 2% SDBS and 2% metronidazole emulsion. Patients with demodicidosis were randomly divided into trial and control groups (31 cases each). They were treated with 2% SDBS ointment and 2% metronidazole ointment twice a day in the early morning and evening respectively for eight weeks consecutively. Inflammatory lesions of face, Demodex infestation and scores of erythema were measured to evaluate the effect before and after treatment. (3) Follow-up was carried out for two months to evaluate the effect and side effects after 8 weeks' treatment. RESULTS (1) 2% SDBS killed all Demodex in vitro after 5 h, there was significant difference between the 2% SDBS and 2% metronidazole (69.4%), or between SDBS and peanut oil (9.1%) (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in killing Demodex folliculorum and Demodex brevis with 2% SDBS. (2) Clinical observation showed that there was a significant difference in facial inflammatory lesions, Demodex infestation and scores of erythema before and after treatment with 2% SDBS (P < 0.05). The effective rate was 87.1%, 65.5% in 2% SDBS group and 2% metronidazole group respectively, with a significant difference between the two groups (P < 0.05). Follow up showed same results. (3) A slight burning sensation was the only side-effect in 3 cases with 2% SDBS ointment. CONCLUSION Sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate has the effect of in vitro killing Demodex and is highly effective in the treatment of demodicidosis.
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Müntener CR, Gassner B, Demuth DC, Althaus FR, Zwahlen R. [Suspected adverse drug reactions in 2004]. SCHWEIZ ARCH TIERH 2005; 147:304-10. [PMID: 16041977 DOI: 10.1024/0036-7281.147.7.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We received 62 reports of suspected adverse events (SARs) for the year 2004. Their number and repartition according to affected animals and active substances were comparable with the previous year. The distributors or manufacturers submitted most of the declarations, but the proportion submitted by practicing veterinarians is slowly growing. 72% of the declarations dealt with adverse reactions in small animals (cats and dogs), followed by cattle and horses. Antiparasitics, anti-inflammatory drugs and immunologicals were the most frequently mentioned therapeutic classes, which are listed here according to the international ATCvet classification. A report from abroad about a fatality following injection of an antibiotic preparation for cattle prompted Swissmedic to review the security of this medication also sold on the Swiss market. It was decided to modify the package insert to warn about the danger of inadvertent self-injection in humans, to reduce the risk of similar accidents in Switzerland. We hope that the pharmacovigilance system will enjoy an increasing awareness by the practicing veterinarians.
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Nontasut P, Claesson BA, Dekumyoy P, Pakdee W, Chullawichit S. Double-dose ivermectin vs albendazole for the treatment of gnathostomiasis. THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2005; 36:650-2. [PMID: 16124432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A comparative study was performed for the treatment of gnathostomiasis patients with ivermectin 0.2 mg/kg for 2 days in 15 patients vs albendazole 400 mg twice daily for 21 days in 14 patients. The ivermectin and albendazole gave cure rates of 100% and 78.5%, respectively, however the difference was not statistically significant between the two drugs (Fisher's exact, p=0.0996). One year after treatment, the patients who had no migratory swellings and a drop in ELISA titers or a negative immunoblot test were considered to be cured. The side effect of ivermectin for two days was dizziness. The side effects of albendazole were nausea, dizziness, and an increased alkaline phosphatase.
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Bussaratid V, Krudsood S, Silachamroon U, Looareesuwan S. Tolerability of ivermectin in gnathostomiasis. THE SOUTHEAST ASIAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2005; 36:644-9. [PMID: 16124431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
At present, no universally-accepted effective treatment for cutaneous gnathostomiasis is available. At the Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Mahidol University, albendazole 400 mg twice a day for 14 days is commonly prescribed for patients diagnosed with cutaneous gnathostomiasis. The efficacy of albendazole to induce outward migration of the parasite was less than or around 20% in 2 studies. Research for alternative, more efficacious treatment, is needed. In this prospective open-labeled study, we assessed the safety of ivermectin in 20 Thai patients diagnosed with cutaneous gnathostomiasis. Ivermectin, one time only, at dosages of 50, 100, 150, or 200 microg/kg bodyweight, was given orally to 4 groups of patients, 5 patients each group. Adverse events were recorded and laboratory tests were obtained before and after treatment. No serious adverse events occurred in this study. Forty adverse events were possibly related to ivermectin. The adverse events were malaise (35%), myalgia (30%), drowsiness (30%), pruritus (20%), nausea/vomiting (20%), dizziness (15%), diarrhea (15%), feeling of shortness of breath (10%), feeling of palpitations (10%), constipation (5%), anorexia (5%), and headache (5%). These adverse events were self-limited and not dose-related. Laboratory abnormalities were found in 3 patients (15%). Transient microscopic hematuria, pyuria, and mildly elevated liver enzymes were found in 1 patient each. Ivermectin single dose, of 50,100, 150, and 200 microg/kg bodyweight, is considered safe in Thai patients. Future trials of ivermectin on human gnathostomiasis may be performed using dosages up to 200 microg/kg bodyweight.
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Rodríguez García R, Aguilar Ye A, Puig Sosa P, Rodríguez Guzmán LM, Esteban Vaz JE. [Nitazoxanide: adverse effects]. SALUD PUBLICA DE MEXICO 2004; 46:496-7. [PMID: 15624851 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-36342004000600002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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