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Colavecchia MV, Hodson PV, Parrott JL. CYP1A induction and blue sac disease in early life stages of white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) exposed to oil sands. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2006; 69:967-94. [PMID: 16728374 DOI: 10.1080/15287390500362154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to evaluate the influence of natural oil sands on the early developmental stages of white sucker (Catostomus commersoni) and to determine whether biochemical responses in this species were similar to native fish caught in the Athabasca Oil Sands area. Early life stage (ELS) sediment toxicity tests were conducted using controls, reference sediments, natural oil sands, and industrially contaminated (wastewater pond) sediments collected from sites along the Athabasca River, Alberta (Canada). Eggs and larvae were observed for mortality, hatching, deformities, growth, and cytochrome P-4501A (CYP1A) activity using immunohistochemistry. E-Nat-, S-Nat-, and wastewater pond sediment-exposed groups showed significant premature hatching, reduced growth, and exposure-dependent increases in ELS mortality and larval malformations relative to controls. The most common larval deformities included edemas (pericardial, yolk sac, and subepidermal), hemorrhages, and spinal defects. Juveniles exposed to oil sands and wastewater pond sediments (96 h) demonstrated significantly increased 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity (30- to 50-fold) as compared to controls. Reference sediment-exposed groups and water controls demonstrated reliable embryo and larval survival, minimal malformations, and negligible CYP1A staining. These observed signs of blue sac disease (ELS mortality, malformations, growth reductions, CYP1A activity induction) may produce deleterious reproductive effects in natural fish populations exposed to oil sands mixtures.
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Marczynski B, Raulf-Heimsoth M, Preuss R, Kappler M, Schott K, Pesch B, Zoubek G, Hahn JU, Mensing T, Angerer J, Käfferlein HU, Brüning T. Assessment of DNA Damage in WBCs of Workers Occupationally Exposed to Fumes and Aerosols of Bitumen. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006; 15:645-51. [PMID: 16614104 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-05-0562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted a cross-shift study with 66 bitumen-exposed mastic asphalt workers and 49 construction workers without exposure to bitumen. Exposure was assessed using personal monitoring of airborne bitumen exposure, urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP), and the sum of 1-, 2 + 9-,3-,4-hydroxyphenanthrene (OHPH). Genotoxic effects in WBC were determined with nonspecific DNA adduct levels of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodGuo) and the formation of DNA strand breaks and alkali-labile sites. Concentration of fumes and aerosols of bitumen correlated significantly with the concentrations of 1-OHP and OHPH after shift (r(s) = 0.27; P = 0.03 and r(s) = 0.55; P < 0.0001, respectively). Bitumen-exposed workers had more DNA strand breaks than the reference group (P < 0.0001) at both time points and a significant correlation with 1-OHP and OHPH in the postshift urines (r(s) = 0.32; P = 0.001 and r(s) = 0.27; P = 0.004, respectively). Paradoxically, we measured higher levels of DNA strand breaks, although not significant, in both study groups before shift. 8-OxodGuo adduct levels did not correlate with DNA strand breaks. Further, 8-oxodGuo levels were associated neither with personal exposure to bitumen nor with urinary metabolite concentrations. Significantly more DNA adducts were observed after shift not only in bitumen-exposed workers but also in the reference group. Only low-exposed workers had significantly elevated 8-oxodGuo adduct levels before as well as after shift (P = 0.0002 and P = 0.02, respectively). Our results show that exposure to fumes and aerosols of bitumen may contribute to an increased DNA damage assessed with strand breaks.
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Radican L, Wartenberg D, Rhoads GG, Schneider D, Wedeen R, Stewart P, Blair A. A retrospective occupational cohort study of end-stage renal disease in aircraft workers exposed to trichloroethylene and other hydrocarbons. J Occup Environ Med 2006; 48:1-12. [PMID: 16404204 PMCID: PMC1351384 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000190300.51629.e0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Case-control studies suggest hydrocarbons increase end-stage renal disease (ESRD) risk. No cohort studies have been conducted. METHODS An occupational database was matched to the U.S. Renal Data System, and the outcome of all-cause ESRD was examined using multivariable Cox regression. Sixteen individual hydrocarbons were studied, although exposures were not mutually exclusive. RESULTS For the 1973-2000 period, there was an approximate twofold increased risk of ESRD among workers exposed to trichloroethylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and JP4 gasoline compared with unexposed subjects (all P < 0.05). Relative risk was greater than unity (P > 0.05) for several other hydrocarbons. Associations attenuated (all P > 0.05) when 2001-2002 data were included in the analyses. CONCLUSIONS Certain hydrocarbons may increase all-cause ESRD risk. Uncertainty regarding the mechanism for increased risk and the observed attenuation in risk in 2001-2002, as well as the overlap of exposures, complicates interpretation. Additional research is needed.
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Malochkina EI, Zotova TA, Gorbunova ZI, Khodakovskaia OA, Sheluchenko VV. [Studying chronic effects caused by alkaline products of from bituminous-salt masses obtained through destruction of sarin, soman and RVX]. MEDITSINA TRUDA I PROMYSHLENNAIA EKOLOGIIA 2006:14-9. [PMID: 17217221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The authors summarized study results on chronic effects caused by products of leaching from bituminous-salt masses obtained through destruction of sarin, soman and RVX. State of experimental rats was evaluated with integral informative tests (physiologic, biochemical, hematologic and morphologic) presenting changes in objective health parameters and revealing every disorder in organs and systems functioning.
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Putus T, Tuomainen A, Rautiala S. Chemical and microbial exposures in a school building: adverse health effects in children. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 59:194-201. [PMID: 16189992 DOI: 10.3200/aeoh.59.4.194-201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this cross-sectional study, the authors examined the relationship between an unusual combination of indoor air contaminants in a school and adverse health effects among the attending children. A leaking roof and damp floors, together with gaseous leaks from the sewage system, led to a combined exposure of hydrocarbons, 2-ethylhexanol from plastic floor coverings, and moisture-associated microbes. The health status of 274 children in the school was assessed via repeated symptom questionnaires. Statistical analysis revealed a relationship between the indoor air contaminants and adverse health outcomes such as respiratory irritation, asthmatic symptoms, eye and general symptoms, and increased occurrence of common viral respiratory infections. No association was found between the exposures and doctor-diagnosed asthma, other allergic diseases, or bacterial respiratory infections. Chemical contaminants from the sewer system and damp construction materials were identified as the source of the problem. Remediation of the school building improved the indoor air quality and the health status of the children.
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McKee RH, Medeiros AM, Daughtrey WC. A proposed methodology for setting occupational exposure limits for hydrocarbon solvents. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2005; 2:524-42. [PMID: 16174635 DOI: 10.1080/15459620500299754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposure limit (OEL) development for hydrocarbon solvents is complicated because most of these solvents have complex compositions and only a few representative constituents have been studied in detail. A proposed solution to this problem is to group constituents with similar physical, chemical, and toxicological properties and to assign "guidance values" to each group. A unique OEL can then be calculated for each solvent, using a reciprocal calculation procedure (RCP) based on the liquid composition. This procedure follows the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists' (ACGIH) generic advice for complex mixtures and is recommended by the U.K. Health and Safety Executive for OEL calculations by hydrocarbon solvent manufacturers. The RCP is justified, as the toxicological properties of the constituents are additive and the differences between the vapor and liquid compositions do not substantially affect the calculated exposure limits. The guidance values are based principally on acute central nervous system depression and eye and respiratory tract irritation, effects that are the most sensitive indicators of hydrocarbon solvent exposure. One benefit of this procedure is that it is a relatively simple but practical procedure that requires limited compositional information. Further, it provides OEL recommendations that are consistent with occupational experience and current regulatory advice. Groupings and guidance values are proposed, and sample calculations are provided.
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Guo J, Pukkala E, Kyyrönen P, Lindbohm ML, Heikkilä P, Kauppinen T. Testicular cancer, occupation and exposure to chemical agents among Finnish men in 1971-1995. Cancer Causes Control 2005; 16:97-103. [PMID: 15868451 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-004-2236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2004] [Accepted: 08/18/2004] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To find associations between testicular cancer, occupation and chemical exposure. METHODS A cohort of all economically active Finnish men born between 1906 and 1945 was followed-up for 19.7 million person-years during 1971-1995. Incident cases of testicular cancer (n=387) were identified in a record linkage with the Finnish Cancer Registry. The Census occupations in 1970 were converted to chemical exposures with a job-exposure matrix (FINJEM). Cumulative exposure (CE) was calculated as the product of prevalence, level, and duration of the exposure. Standardised incidence ratio (SIR) was calculated for each of the 393 occupations, and for CE categories of the 43 chemical agents, using average male population as reference. Relative risks (RR) comparing various CE-categories with unexposed ones were defined for selected agents by Poisson regression analysis. RESULTS Elevated SIRs were observed among railway traffic supervisors (5.8, 95% CI 1.6-14.7), programmers (4.3, 1.4-9.9), university teachers (4.1, 1.3-9.5) and electrical engineers (3.9, 1.1-10.1). A significant exposure-response trend (mainly contributed by seminoma) was observed for pesticides, textile dust, aliphatic and alicyclic hydrocarbons, and some other organic solvents. CONCLUSIONS Risk of testicular cancer increased only in four occupations. Pesticides, textile dust, and some organic solvents may be related to an excess risk of seminoma.
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Mirshafiey A, Cuzzocrea S, Rehm BHA, Matsuo H. M2000: a revolution in pharmacology. Med Sci Monit 2005; 11:PI53-63. [PMID: 16049391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2004] [Accepted: 03/31/2005] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tolerability and the anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties of a novel designed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, M2000 (beta-D-mannuronic acid), were investigated in various experimental models. MATERIAL/METHODS The anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties of M2000 were tested in experimental models of rheumatoid arthritis (AIA) and multiple sclerosis (EAE). Its therapeutic potency on kidney diseases was studied using experimental models of nephrosis and immune complex glomerulonephritis (ICG). Biocompatibility and pharmacotoxicology assessment of M2000 was carried out using a fibrosarcoma cell line, zymography, and serum and urine determinants. RESULTS Data showed that oral and/or i.p. administration of M2000 significantly reduces paw edema and histopathological parameters in arthritic rats. The immunosuppressive property of M2000 could significantly diminish clinical signs and histological erosions in the EAE model. Lymph node cell proliferation assay in EAE confirmed the immunosuppressive efficacy of the tested drug. Our findings in ICG and experimental nephrosis showed that M2000 enables a significant decrease in proteinuria, BUN, serum creatinine and cholesterol, as well as glomerular lesion in M2000-treated rats. Moreover, this drug inhibited MMP-2 activity. The pharmacotoxicology study showed that M2000 is the safest anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive drug in comparison with dexamethasone and conventional NSAIDs tested. Additionally, M2000 had no ulcerogenic effect on the rat stomach. CONCLUSIONS M2000 is the first novel designed NSAID with the lowest molecular weight, no gastro-nephrotoxicity, and therapeutic effects in glomerulonephritis and nephrosis and could be strongly recommended on an extensive scale as the safest drug for decreasing anti-inflammatory reactions.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Antibodies/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Cattle
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Female
- Glomerulonephritis/blood
- Glomerulonephritis/drug therapy
- Glomerulonephritis/pathology
- Glomerulonephritis/urine
- Hindlimb/drug effects
- Hindlimb/pathology
- Hydrocarbons/administration & dosage
- Hydrocarbons/adverse effects
- Hydrocarbons/pharmacology
- Hydrocarbons/therapeutic use
- Immunosuppression Therapy
- Interleukin-6/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Lipids/blood
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 2/metabolism
- Mice
- Multiple Sclerosis/chemically induced
- Multiple Sclerosis/drug therapy
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/pathology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Lew
- Serum Albumin, Bovine/immunology
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Cavallo D, Ursini CL, Frattini A, Perniconi B, Ciervo A, Maiello R, Iavicoli S. [Study of genotoxic and oxidative effects induced by PAH exposure in paving workers]. GIORNALE ITALIANO DI MEDICINA DEL LAVORO ED ERGONOMIA 2005; 27:297-9. [PMID: 16240578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Paving workers are exposed during road paving to several PAHs contained in asphalt fumes. We aimed to evaluate early genotoxic and oxidative effects in 19 paving workers and 22 controls. We analysed sister chromatide exchange (SCE) frequency as marker of genotoxicity. Moreover we assessed oxidative DNA damage by Fpg-modified comet assay on lymphocytes calculating tail moment values from fpg-enzyme treated cells (TMenz) and from untreated cells (TM). For each subject the TMenz/TM ratio higher than 2.0 was used to indicate the presence of oxidative damage. We also evaluated DNA damage analysing comet percentage. SCE analysis didn't show any difference between exposed and control groups. We found oxidative DNA damage in 37% of exposed in respect to the absence in controls. Comet percentage was significantly higher in the exposed than in controls. The results demonstrate the high sensitivity of comet assay to assess early oxidative effects induced by exposure to PAH mixtures at low doses and suggest the use of this biomarker in the characterization, prevention and management of risk induced by occupational exposure to mixtures of potentially carcinogenic substances.
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Cirla PE, Martinotti I, Zito E, Prandi E, Buratti M, Longhi O, Fustinoni S, Cavallo D, Ariano E, Cantoni S, Foà V. [Assessment of exposure to organic aromatic compounds and PAH in asphalt industry: the PPTP-POPA Study results]. GIORNALE ITALIANO DI MEDICINA DEL LAVORO ED ERGONOMIA 2005; 27:303-7. [PMID: 16240580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Asphalt is a mixture of mineral matter and bitumen, its fumes contain about 1% of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH), some of which are carcinogens. In the PPTP-POPA Study of Lombardy Region, a group of 100 asphalt workers (exposed to bitumen fumes and diesel exhausts) and a group of 47 ground construction operators (exposed only to diesel exhausts) were investigated to assess PAH exposure in Italy, by means of environmental-air monitoring (the 16 most relevant, according to the American Environmental Protection Agency, EPA) and biological monitoring (urinary 1-hydroxypyrene excretion). Our results show that PAH exposure in these workers is not higher than that observed in traffic policemen working in urban areas. Since dermal exposure has been suggested as a major determinant of the total PAH dose absorbed by road pavers from bitumen fumes, we assessed skin contamination by organic aromatic compounds and by sixteen PAH: in both groups, six pads were applied to each subject in different parts of the body, during the workshift. The results show that the dermal contamination in road pavers is higher than in ground construction operators and that cutaneous dose rate is higher than respiratory dose rate, whereas the amount of absorption the ratio is inverted.
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Weir RE, Zaidi FH, Mathur D, Whitehead DEJ, Greaves BP. Treatment of bitumen burns: effective dissolution of hardened hydrocarbon residue on periorbital and eyelid burns using butter. Eye (Lond) 2005; 20:509-11. [PMID: 15895022 DOI: 10.1038/sj.eye.6701919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Karakaya A, Ates I, Yucesoy B. Effects of occupational polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure on T-lymphocyte functions and natural killer cell activity in asphalt and coke oven workers. Hum Exp Toxicol 2005; 23:317-22. [PMID: 15311848 DOI: 10.1191/0960327104ht455oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are environmental carcinogens exhibiting potent immunosuppressive properties. In order to determine PAH-induced immunotoxicity in humans, we investigated possible immunomodulating effects on T-lymphocyte proliferative responses and natural killer (NK) cell activities, at two different exposure levels, in asphalt and coke oven workers. We evaluated the efficiency of urinary 1-hy droxypyrene as a measure of exposure to PAHs. We found a statistically significant inhibition in T-lymphocyte proliferative responses of asphalt and coke oven workers compared to the controls. On the other hand, interestingly, we found significantly higher NK cell activities at three effector:target (E:T) ratios in the asphalt group compared to coke oven and control groups. We conclude that PAHs may cause suppression of T-lymphocyte proliferation at both exposure levels and augment NK cell activity only at low levels of exposure. Our results are in line with others reported in the literature indicating that chronic exposure to PAHs at different levels may alter some immune responses in different ways.
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Kaufman LR, LeMasters GK, Olsen DM, Succop P. Effects of Concurrent Noise and Jet Fuel Exposure on Hearing Loss. J Occup Environ Med 2005; 47:212-8. [PMID: 15761316 DOI: 10.1097/01.jom.0000155710.28289.0e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED We sought to examine the effects of occupational exposure to jet fuel on hearing in military workers. METHODS Noise-exposed subjects, with or without jet fuel exposure, underwent hearing tests. Work histories, recreational exposures, protective equipment, medical histories, alcohol, smoking, and demographics were collected by questionnaire. Jet fuel, solvent, and noise exposure data were collected from records. Fuel exposure estimates were less than 34% of the OSHA Threshold Limit Values. RESULTS Subjects with 3 years of jet fuel exposure had a 70% increase in adjusted odds of hearing loss (OR = 1.7; 95% CI = 1.14-2.53) and the odds increased to 2.41 (95% CI = 1.04-5.57) for 12 years of noise and fuel exposure. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that jet fuel has a toxic affect on the auditory system.
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Abstract
Grease gun trauma often involves subcutaneous injection of the grease because of the high pressures required for its industrial application. The case is presented of a man who developed a pneumonitis shortly after sustaining a grease gun injury, with injection of grease into his upper thigh associated with significant vascular damage. Pneumonitis has not previously been reported with this type of injury, and is likely to represent a systemic reaction to the local inflammatory response. Management of these injuries should incorporate early debridement with anticipation of underlying vascular trauma, and also an awareness of the potential systemic complications.
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Abstract
The solvents discussed in this article are common solvents not categorized as halogenated, aromatic, or botanical. The solvents discussed are categorized into two groups: hydrocarbon mixtures and single agents. The hydrocarbon mixtures discussed are Stoddard solvent, naphtha, and kerosene. The remaining solvents described are n-hexane, methyl n-butyl ketone, dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, and butyl mercaptans. Effects common to this group of agents and their unique effects are characterized. Treatment of exposures and toxic effects of these solvents is described, and physiochemical properties and occupational exposure levels are listed.
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Ritter C, Reinke A, Andrades M, Martins MR, Rocha J, Menna-Barreto S, Quevedo J, Moreira JCF, Dal-Pizzol F. Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine and deferoxamine on carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatic failure in rats. Crit Care Med 2004; 32:2079-83. [PMID: 15483417 DOI: 10.1097/01.ccm.0000142699.54266.d9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is a lipid-soluble potent hepatotoxic; thus, it widely is used as an animal model of severe hepatic failure. Treatment with antioxidants may modulate the toxic effects of CCl4 on liver, generally with drug administration before CCl4, which can restrict its use in the clinical setting. We here describe the effects of N-acetylcysteine, deferoxamine, or both in the treatment of CCl4-induced hepatic failure. DESIGN Prospective, randomized, controlled experiment. SETTING Animal basic science laboratory. SUBJECTS Male Wistar rats, weighing 200-250 g. INTERVENTIONS Rats exposed to CCl4 were treated with N-acetylcysteine and/or deferoxamine or vehicle. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS N-acetylcysteine plus deferoxamine treatment significantly attenuated hepatic and central nervous system oxidative damage after acute hepatic failure induced by CCl4. In addition, the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and prothrombin time in the N-acetylcysteine plus deferoxamine group were significantly lower than those in the N-acetylcysteine or deferoxamine and saline groups. After N-acetylcysteine plus deferoxamine treatment, hepatocellular necrosis and inflammatory infiltration induced by carbon tetrachloride were greatly decreased. Survival in untreated rats was 5%. Survival increased to 25% and 35%, respectively, with N-acetylcysteine and deferoxamine treatment. In rats treated with N-acetylcysteine plus deferoxamine, survival was 80%. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide the first experimental demonstration that N-acetylcysteine plus deferoxamine reduces mortality rate, decreases oxidative stress, and limits inflammatory infiltration and hepatocyte necrosis induced by CCl4 in the rat.
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McClean MD, Rinehart RD, Ngo L, Eisen EA, Kelsey KT, Herrick RF. Inhalation and Dermal Exposure among Asphalt Paving Workers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 48:663-71. [PMID: 15509633 DOI: 10.1093/annhyg/meh062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to identify determinants of inhalation and dermal exposure to polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) among asphalt paving workers. The study population included three groups of highway construction workers: 20 asphalt paving workers, as well as 12 millers and 6 roadside construction workers who did not work with hot-mix asphalt. During multiple consecutive work shifts, personal air samples were collected from each worker's breathing zone using a Teflon filter and cassette holder connected in series with an XAD-2 sorbent tube, while dermal patch samples were collected from the underside of each worker's wrist. All exposure samples were analyzed for PACs, pyrene and benzo[a]pyrene. Inhalation and dermal PAC exposures were highest among asphalt paving workers. Among paving workers, inhalation and dermal PAC exposures varied significantly by task, crew, recycled asphalt product (RAP) and work rate (inhalation only). Asphalt mix containing high RAP was associated with a 5-fold increase in inhalation PAC exposures and a 2-fold increase in dermal PAC exposure, compared with low RAP mix. The inhalation PAC exposures were consistent with the workers' proximity to the primary source of asphalt fume (paver operators > screedmen > rakers > roller operators), such that the adjusted mean exposures among paver operators (5.0 microg/m3, low RAP; 24 microg/m3, high RAP) were 12 times higher than among roller operators (0.4 microg/m3, low RAP; 2.0 microg/m3, high RAP). The dermal PAC exposures were consistent with the degree to which the workers have actual contact with asphalt-contaminated surfaces (rakers > screedmen > paver operators > roller operators), such that the adjusted mean exposures among rakers (175 ng/cm2, low RAP; 417 ng/cm2, high RAP) were approximately 6 times higher than among roller operators (27 ng/cm2, low RAP; 65 ng/cm2, high RAP). Paving task, RAP content and crew were also found to be significant determinants of inhalation and dermal exposure to pyrene. The effect of RAP content, as well as the fact that exposures were higher among paving workers than among millers and roadside construction workers, suggests that the PAC and pyrene exposures experienced by these paving workers were asphalt-related.
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Moen BE, Steinsvåg K, Bråveit M. [What do we know about chemical hazards in offshore work?]. TIDSSKRIFT FOR DEN NORSKE LEGEFORENING 2004; 124:2627-9. [PMID: 15534638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norway has been an oil-producing nation for more than thirty years and a large number of Norwegians have been or are working on oil rigs. There are several chemical substances present on the oil platforms, and these factors may influence workers' health. MATERIAL AND METHODS The international literature on offshore chemical exposure and health is summarised. RESULTS The most important groups of chemical substances used on oil rigs are described: crude oil, production chemicals, asbestos and drilling chemicals. Different types of exposure during maintenance work are described as well. Very few exposure data are published. Acute, irritative health effects from chemical exposure are described, as well as chronic health effects like skin disorders and cancer. These workers seem to have a higher risk, that may be related to benzene exposure, of developing acute myelogenous leukemia. INTERPRETATION Physicians who are treating patients working in the oil industry are advised to be aware of possible adverse health effects from the work environment on the rigs. Further exposure studies and research in this area are highly recommended, as the literature is scarce.
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Osuji LC, Adesiyan SO, Obute GC. Post-Impact Assessment of Oil Pollution in Agbada West Plain of Niger Delta, Nigeria: Field Reconnaissance and Total Extractable Hydrocarbon Content. Chem Biodivers 2004; 1:1569-78. [PMID: 17191800 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200490117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Typical post-impact assessment of an oil-spill-impacted site in Agbada west plain of the Niger Delta basin of Nigeria was carried out 13 months after recorded incidence of spillage, using empirical indices of reconnaissance and extractable hydrocarbon content. Field-reconnaissance surveys revealed lower species' numbers and diversity of surface and subterranean flora and fauna. The presence and absence of such plant species as Elaeis guineensis, Musanga cecropiodes, and Andropogon gayanus, as well as animal species like earthworms and nematodes in sampled plots, corroborated the evidence provided by the total extractable hydrocarbon content (of (2.53+/-0.43)x10(2) mg/kg and (2.00+/-0.76)x10(2) mg/kg at surface and subsurface depths, resp.) on the level of degradation and/or regeneration at the polluted site. The most important evidence that oiling must have been responsible, at least in part, for the reduction in species' number and diversity was provided by the plant cover, Andropogan gayanus, which occurred at a lower density of 0.9 plants/m2 in the oil-impacted plots and 14.00 plants/m2 in the unimpacted reference plots of an adjacent, geographically similar area. The presence of this species on site thus presented a significant difference (P<0.05) of over 85%, and indicated exhaustion or impoverishment of impacted soils. Elaeis guineensis, with a population density of 0.1 stands/m2, provided evidence of past cultivation on site, while species like Musanga cecropioides, with a density of 0.5 stands/m2, at the unimpacted site, confirmed the abandonment of the farmstead over a long period of time. For the fauna, the most sensitive indicator of hydrocarbon toxicity was provided by nematode Xiphinema sp. that were completely absent in the oil-impacted site.
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Zhao J, Jin Y. [Source and health effect of indoor volatile organic compounds]. WEI SHENG YAN JIU = JOURNAL OF HYGIENE RESEARCH 2004; 33:229-32. [PMID: 15209015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds(VOCs) is an attractive issue as indoor air contamination in resent years. In comprehensive life, most of people spend about 90% of their time indoor. Therefore, VOCs indoor contamination has adverse impact to people's health. In this paper, the source, variety and health impact of VOCs were reviewed and summarized.
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71
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Cheboratev PA, Aprasiukhina NI, Iaskevich VV, Kozlova LI, Parchinskaia TV, Chebotarev SP. [Hygienic evaluation of environmental air pollution by petroleum hydrocarbons]. GIGIENA I SANITARIIA 2003:56-8. [PMID: 14735743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
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72
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Khan SA, Beck A, Carmichael PL, Taylor-Robinson SD. Unfriendly chemicals in pancreatic cancer. Pancreatology 2003; 3:7-8. [PMID: 12683401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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73
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Dodder NG, Strandberg B, Augspurger T, Hites RA. Lipophilic organic compounds in lake sediment and American coot (Fulica americana) tissues, both affected and unaffected by avian vacuolar myelinopathy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2003; 311:81-89. [PMID: 12826385 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00682-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) is a disease of unknown etiology, which has been diagnosed in a variety of birds from surface water reservoirs in the southeastern United States. Pathology suggests a natural or anthropogenic compound may be the cause of this disease. With the goal of identifying the toxicant that causes AVM, we qualitatively analyzed sediments and American coot (Fulica americana) tissues from reservoirs that were affected and unaffected by AVM using high-resolution gas chromatographic low-resolution mass spectrometry. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, and biogenic and anthropogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (such as retene) were the most abundant compounds in the sediment. Penta- and hexachlorobenzene, oxychlordane, p,p'-DDE, dieldrin, and polychlorinated biphenyls were the most abundant compounds in the avian tissues. None of these compounds were more abundant in the AVM affected sediments and tissues than in the unaffected media. Therefore, it is unlikely that any of these compounds are the cause of this avian disease.
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Burkhardt O, Merker HJ, Shakibaei M, Lode H. Electron microscopic findings in BAL of a fire-eater after petroleum aspiration. Chest 2003; 124:398-400. [PMID: 12853552 DOI: 10.1378/chest.124.1.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrocarbon pneumonitis, known also as fire-eater pneumonia, always develops after aspiration of low-viscosity, volatile hydrocarbides. Despite the presence of clear-cut indicators for an infection, it is considered to be an acute pseudoinfectious lung disease. In this article, we report on a relatively rare clinical picture of a 30-year-old man after accidental petroleum aspiration. In addition to the usual clinical and instrumental examinations, we also performed, for the first time, electron microscopic investigations of the BAL specimen. A striking finding was the occurrence of macrophages (40%) with numerous lipoid inclusions that exhibited all morphologic signs of an activation as well as neutrophil granulocytes (33%), lymphocytes (21%), and eosinophils (6%). Despite a large and necrotizing infiltration of the right lower lobe, the clinical course was uneventful with complete recovery.
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Ritchie G, Still K, Rossi J, Bekkedal M, Bobb A, Arfsten D. Biological and health effects of exposure to kerosene-based jet fuels and performance additives. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2003; 6:357-451. [PMID: 12775519 DOI: 10.1080/10937400306473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Over 2 million military and civilian personnel per year (over 1 million in the United States) are occupationally exposed, respectively, to jet propulsion fuel-8 (JP-8), JP-8 +100 or JP-5, or to the civil aviation equivalents Jet A or Jet A-1. Approximately 60 billion gallon of these kerosene-based jet fuels are annually consumed worldwide (26 billion gallon in the United States), including over 5 billion gallon of JP-8 by the militaries of the United States and other NATO countries. JP-8, for example, represents the largest single chemical exposure in the U.S. military (2.53 billion gallon in 2000), while Jet A and A-1 are among the most common sources of nonmilitary occupational chemical exposure. Although more recent figures were not available, approximately 4.06 billion gallon of kerosene per se were consumed in the United States in 1990 (IARC, 1992). These exposures may occur repeatedly to raw fuel, vapor phase, aerosol phase, or fuel combustion exhaust by dermal absorption, pulmonary inhalation, or oral ingestion routes. Additionally, the public may be repeatedly exposed to lower levels of jet fuel vapor/aerosol or to fuel combustion products through atmospheric contamination, or to raw fuel constituents by contact with contaminated groundwater or soil. Kerosene-based hydrocarbon fuels are complex mixtures of up to 260+ aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (C(6) -C(17+); possibly 2000+ isomeric forms), including varying concentrations of potential toxicants such as benzene, n-hexane, toluene, xylenes, trimethylpentane, methoxyethanol, naphthalenes (including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons [PAHs], and certain other C(9)-C(12) fractions (i.e., n-propylbenzene, trimethylbenzene isomers). While hydrocarbon fuel exposures occur typically at concentrations below current permissible exposure limits (PELs) for the parent fuel or its constituent chemicals, it is unknown whether additive or synergistic interactions among hydrocarbon constituents, up to six performance additives, and other environmental exposure factors may result in unpredicted toxicity. While there is little epidemiological evidence for fuel-induced death, cancer, or other serious organic disease in fuel-exposed workers, large numbers of self-reported health complaints in this cohort appear to justify study of more subtle health consequences. A number of recently published studies reported acute or persisting biological or health effects from acute, subchronic, or chronic exposure of humans or animals to kerosene-based hydrocarbon fuels, to constituent chemicals of these fuels, or to fuel combustion products. This review provides an in-depth summary of human, animal, and in vitro studies of biological or health effects from exposure to JP-8, JP-8 +100, JP-5, Jet A, Jet A-1, or kerosene.
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