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Bladergroen BA, Strik MCM, Wolbink AM, Wouters D, Broekhuizen R, Kummer JA, Hack CE. The granzyme B inhibitor proteinase inhibitor 9 (PI9) is expressed by human mast cells. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:1175-83. [PMID: 15739160 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The activity of granzyme B, a main effector molecule of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) and natural killer cells, is regulated by the human intracellular serpin proteinase inhibitor 9 (PI9). This inhibitor is particularly expressed by CTL and dendritic cells, in which it serves to protect these cells against endogenous and locally released granzyme B. Moreover, PI9 expression by neoplastic cells may constitute one of the mechanisms for tumors to escape immune surveillance. Here we show that PI9 is also expressed by human mast cells. In immunohistochemical studies using a PI9-specific monoclonal antibody, strong cytoplasmic staining for PI9 was found in normal mast cells in various tissues throughout the body. In addition, in 80% of all cases of cutaneous and systemic mastocytosis tested the majority of the mast cells expressed PI9. As an in vitro model for PI9 expression by mast cells, we studied expression by the human mast cell line HMC-1. Stimulation of HMC-1 with PMA and the calcium ionophore A23187 resulted in a marked increase of PI9 expression. Thus, PI9 is expressed by activated mast cells. We suggest that this expression serves to protect these cells against apoptosis induced by granzyme B released during initiation of the local inflammatory response.
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Kocabas CN, Yavuz AS, Lipsky PE, Metcalfe DD, Akin C. Analysis of the lineage relationship between mast cells and basophils using the c-kit D816V mutation as a biologic signature. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 115:1155-61. [PMID: 15940128 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2005.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cells and basophils share similar morphologic and functional properties; however, it is not known whether they are derived from a bilineage (basophil/mast cell)-restricted progenitor. OBJECTIVE To assess whether basophils and mast cells are derived from common committed progenitors using the c-kit D816V mutation as a biologic signature. METHODS The D816V c-kit mutation found in mast cells of patients with systemic mastocytosis is used as a trackable genetic marker to assess the lineage relationship between mast cells and basophils. Blood and bone marrow aspirates were collected from 33 consecutive patients with mastocytosis with different disease severity. Peripheral blood basophils, monocytes and neutrophils were sorted by immunomagnetic beads. Presence of the D816V c-kit mutation was analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism in the genomic DNA and mRNA from sorted cells in all patients and in the genomic DNA of individual basophils of 1 patient. RESULTS The c-kit D816V mutation was detectable in basophils of 5 patients (15%). All 5 patients had the c-kit mutation also detectable in monocytes and thus had multilineage involvement. Single cell analysis of the genomic DNA in 1 patient showed a similar degree of clonal expansion in basophils, monocytes, and neutrophils. Mutated c-kit was expressed at the mRNA level in all 5 patients. There was no difference in surface Kit expression levels in basophils. CONCLUSION Basophils carrying the D816V c-kit mutation in mastocytosis were detected only in the context of a multilineage involvement. These results argue against the presence of a bilineage-restricted committed progenitor for mast cells and basophils.
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Koyasu S, Minowa A, Terauchi Y, Kadowaki T, Matsuda S. The role of phosphoinositide-3-kinase in mast cell homing to the gastrointestinal tract. NOVARTIS FOUNDATION SYMPOSIUM 2005; 271:152-61; discussion 161-5, 198-9. [PMID: 16605133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Phosphoinositide-3-kinases (PI3Ks) are a family of lipid kinases essential in a variety of physiological reactions. A series of gene-targeted mice lacking different PI3Ks and related molecules has enabled us to understand their in vivo roles, particularly those of class IA members. Studies on knockout mice lacking class IA PI3Ks and knock-in mice expressing mutant forms of enzymes have revealed the importance of this class of PI3Ks in mast cell development in the gastrointestinal tract. Here we studied the role of the p85a regulatory subunit, the most abundantly expressed regulatory subunit of class IA PI3Ks, using p85a knockout mice. Development of mast cells in the gastrointestinal tract but not in the skin was severely impaired in mice lacking the p85a regulatory subunit. Stem cell factor (SCF)-mediated signalling functions including proliferative response and chemotactic activities were both impaired in p85a knockout mast cells, likely due to the mast cell deficiency. Mastocytosis upon Strongyloides veneZuelensis infection was also impaired in p85alpha knockout mice. Reconstitution with Th2-conditioned but not untreated bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs) restored anti-bacterial immunity, indicating the importance of Th2 response in addition to the recruitment of mast cells in the control of nematode infection.
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Artis D, Villarino A, Silverman M, He W, Thornton EM, Mu S, Summer S, Covey TM, Huang E, Yoshida H, Koretzky G, Goldschmidt M, Wu GD, de Sauvage F, Miller HRP, Saris CJM, Scott P, Hunter CA. The IL-27 receptor (WSX-1) is an inhibitor of innate and adaptive elements of type 2 immunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:5626-34. [PMID: 15494513 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.9.5626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although previous studies have investigated the role of IL-27/WSX-1 interactions in the regulation of Th1 responses, little is known about their role in regulating Th2-type responses. Studies presented in this work identify a direct role for IL-27/WSX-1 interactions in the negative regulation of type 2 responses independent of effects on type 1 cytokines. WSX-1-/- mice infected with the gastrointestinal helminth Trichuris muris displayed accelerated expulsion of parasites and the development of exaggerated goblet cell hyperplasia and mastocytosis in the gut due to increased production of Th2 cytokines. Enhanced mast cell activity in the absence of WSX-1 was consistent with the ability of wild-type mast cells to express this receptor. In addition, IL-27 directly suppressed CD4+ T cell proliferation and Th2 cytokine production. Together, these studies identify a novel role for IL-27/WSX-1 in limiting innate and adaptive components of type 2 immunity at mucosal sites.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Goblet Cells/immunology
- Goblet Cells/pathology
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Immunity, Mucosal/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukins/biosynthesis
- Interleukins/genetics
- Interleukins/physiology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/genetics
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/immunology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/pathology
- Mastocytosis/genetics
- Mastocytosis/immunology
- Mastocytosis/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Cytokine/deficiency
- Receptors, Cytokine/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin
- Suppressor Factors, Immunologic/deficiency
- Suppressor Factors, Immunologic/genetics
- Suppressor Factors, Immunologic/physiology
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/parasitology
- Trichuriasis/genetics
- Trichuriasis/immunology
- Trichuriasis/parasitology
- Trichuriasis/pathology
- Trichuris/growth & development
- Trichuris/immunology
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55
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Mastocytosis is a rare disease with associations with anaphylactic reactions to Hymenoptera stings. The purpose of this review is to examine these associations with regard to prevalence, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis in the insect-venom-allergic population. RECENT FINDINGS Systemic mastocytosis is overrepresented in the Hymenoptera-allergic population and is associated with an increased risk of more-severe reactions following field stings or sting challenges, lack of sensitization to venoms by skin test or radioallergosorbent test, increased side effects to venom immunotherapy, reduced efficacy of venom immunotherapy and treatment failures. Serum tryptase determinations are a simple and reliable screening procedure for systemic mastocytosis. Patients with elevated values should be referred to specialized centers for confirmatory diagnosis including bone marrow histology. SUMMARY The diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis should be considered in Hymenoptera-allergic patients showing any of the management problems associated with this disease. Patients with mastocytosis and Hymenoptera allergy require special attention, mainly because of reduced safety and efficacy of venom immunotherapy. Whether or not venom immunotherapy is given, such patients should continue to carry an Epipen indefinitely.
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56
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Pardanani A, Kimlinger T, Reeder T, Li CY, Tefferi A. Bone marrow mast cell immunophenotyping in adults with mast cell disease: a prospective study of 33 patients. Leuk Res 2004; 28:777-83. [PMID: 15203275 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2003.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2003] [Accepted: 10/02/2003] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aberrant co-expression of CD2 and CD25 antigens is the immunophenotypic hallmark of neoplastic mast cells, and has been consistently identified on bone marrow mast cells from patients with indolent mast cell disease (MCD). We prospectively analyzed the bone marrow mast cell immunophenotype by multiparametric flow cytometry (FC) for 33 MCD cases, to examine the role of CD2 and CD25 expression in establishing diagnosis, detecting histologically occult bone marrow mast cell infiltration, and assessing treatment response. While CD25 was almost uniformly expressed, only 6 of 13 patients with indolent MCD, 1 of 8 with aggressive MCD, 2 of 7 with MCD and an associated hematological disorder, and none of the 2 patients with either mast cell leukemia or smoldering systemic mastocytosis, expressed CD2. One of three patients with cutaneous mastocytosis had an aberrant CD2+/CD25+ mast cell population suggesting histologically occult bone marrow involvement. CD25 expression was lost in one patient who achieved complete histologic remission with therapy, but not in two patients who achieved a partial remission. In conclusion, CD25, but not CD2, is a reliable marker for neoplastic mast cells, and CD25 expression indicates histologically occult bone marrow infiltration and residual disease after therapy.
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57
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58
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Helmby H, Grencis RK. IFN-gamma-independent effects of IL-12 during intestinal nematode infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 171:3691-6. [PMID: 14500667 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.171.7.3691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Expulsion of the gastrointestinal nematode Trichinella spiralis is associated with a pronounced mastocytosis mediated by a Th2-type response involving IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13. When exogenous rIL-12 was administered to T. spiralis-infected NIH mice, this resulted in significant suppression of intestinal mast cell responses, delayed worm expulsion, increased muscle larvae burdens, and a transient, but significant decrease in early Th2 cytokine secretion. rIL-12 treatment also altered chemokine expression in the jejunal mucosa. The effects of exogenous IL-12 administration were largely independent of IFN-gamma as shown by rIL-12 treatment of IFN-gamma knockout mice. Hence, IL-12 may play a significant biological role as a direct negative regulator of intestinal Th2 responses and may act to promote the survival of intestinal parasites in vivo also in the absence of IFN-gamma.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/genetics
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Female
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interferon-gamma/deficiency
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Interleukin-10/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-12/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-12/physiology
- Interleukin-13/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-13/metabolism
- Interleukin-4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/immunology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/pathology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/pathology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Male
- Mastocytosis/immunology
- Mastocytosis/parasitology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Skeletal/immunology
- Muscle, Skeletal/parasitology
- Receptors, Chemokine/biosynthesis
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Trichinella spiralis/growth & development
- Trichinella spiralis/immunology
- Trichinellosis/immunology
- Trichinellosis/parasitology
- Trichinellosis/pathology
- Up-Regulation/genetics
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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59
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Gurish MF, Bryce PJ, Tao H, Kisselgof AB, Thornton EM, Miller HR, Friend DS, Oettgen HC. IgE Enhances Parasite Clearance and Regulates Mast Cell Responses in Mice Infected withTrichinella spiralis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:1139-45. [PMID: 14707089 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.2.1139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Trichinella spiralis infection elicits a vigorous IgE response and pronounced intestinal and splenic mastocytosis in mice. Since IgE both activates mast cells (MC) and promotes their survival in culture, we examined its role in MC responses and parasite elimination in T. spiralis-infected mice. During primary infection, wild-type but not IgE-deficient (IgE(-/-)) BALB/c mice mounted a strong IgE response peaking 14 days into infection. The splenic mastocytosis observed in BALB/c mice following infection with T. spiralis was significantly diminished in IgE(-/-) mice while eosinophil responses were not diminished in either the blood or jejunum. Similar levels of peripheral blood eosinophilia and jejunal mastocytosis occurred in wild-type and IgE-deficient animals. Despite the normal MC response in the small intestine, serum levels of mouse MC protease-1 also were lower in parasite-infected IgE(-/-) animals and these animals were slower to eliminate the adult worms from the small intestine. The number of T. spiralis larvae present in the skeletal muscle of IgE(-/-) mice 28 days after primary infection was about twice that in BALB/c controls, and the fraction of larvae that was necrotic was reduced in the IgE-deficient animals. An intense deposition of IgE in and around the muscle larvae was observed in wild-type but not in IgE null mice. We conclude that IgE promotes parasite expulsion from the gut following T. spiralis infection and participates in the response to larval stages of the parasite. Furthermore, our observations support a role for IgE in the regulation of MC homeostasis in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/deficiency
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Animals
- Antibodies, Helminth/genetics
- Antibodies, Helminth/physiology
- Chymases
- Immunoglobulin E/genetics
- Immunoglobulin E/physiology
- Larva/growth & development
- Larva/immunology
- Mast Cells/enzymology
- Mast Cells/immunology
- Mast Cells/metabolism
- Mast Cells/parasitology
- Mastocytosis/immunology
- Mastocytosis/parasitology
- Mastocytosis/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Skeletal/immunology
- Muscle, Skeletal/parasitology
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Secretory Vesicles/enzymology
- Secretory Vesicles/metabolism
- Secretory Vesicles/parasitology
- Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Trichinella spiralis/growth & development
- Trichinella spiralis/immunology
- Trichinellosis/immunology
- Trichinellosis/parasitology
- Trichinellosis/pathology
- Trichinellosis/therapy
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60
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Strik MCM, Wolbink A, Wouters D, Bladergroen BA, Verlaan AR, van Houdt IS, Hijlkema S, Hack CE, Kummer JA. Intracellular serpin SERPINB6 (PI6) is abundantly expressed by human mast cells and forms complexes with beta-tryptase monomers. Blood 2003; 103:2710-7. [PMID: 14670919 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-08-2981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
SERPINB6 (PI6) is a member of the intracellular serine protease inhibitors (serpins). Previous studies showed that SERPINB6 is localized mainly in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells, some epithelial cells, monocytes, and neutrophils. In these cells SERPINB6 is thought to prevent cellular damage by scavenging leaking lysosomal proteases. We show here, using novel, well-defined monoclonal antibodies, that SERPINB6 is abundantly expressed by mast cells in all organs and by the human mast cell line HMC-1. Gel filtration experiments revealed that the latter cells contain a high-molecular-weight form of SERPINB6, which consists of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-stable complexes of this inhibitor with monomeric beta-tryptase. Expression of SERPINB6 by mast cells was compared with those of tryptase and CD117 (c-kit) in biopsies from patients with different forms of mast cell disease. In all cases the lesional mast cells expressed SERPINB6, and, in diffuse cutaneous mastocytosis and mastocytoma, SERPINB6 was expressed by a substantially higher number of mast cells when compared with tryptase. In conclusion, SERPINB6 is abundantly expressed by normal mast cells and by mast cells in mastocytoma lesions. We suggest that in mast cells, SERPINB6 serves to regulate the activity of endogenous beta-tryptase in the cytoplasm.
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Pennock JL, Grencis RK. In vivo exit of c-kit+/CD49d(hi)/beta7+ mucosal mast cell precursors from the bone marrow following infection with the intestinal nematode Trichinella spiralis. Blood 2003; 103:2655-60. [PMID: 14604954 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-09-3146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We have used the parasite helminth Trichinella spiralis to study the generation and differentiation of mast cell progenitors in the bone marrow of mice, as this infection triggers an intestinal mastocytosis which correlates with parasite expulsion. C-kit+ mast cell progenitors have previously been defined by methylcellulose colony-forming units and by limiting dilution assays in vitro. In vivo experiments have demonstrated the essential requirement by mast cells for specific integrin expression. We have defined 2 c-kit+ populations in the bone marrow, one of which coexpresses CD49d/beta7 integrin, a marker essential for small intestine immigration. We have confirmed the phenotype of these cells by using antagonistic anti-c-kit antibody in vivo. Our data show that the loss of c-kit+/beta7+ cells from the bone marrow correlates with their appearance in the blood and precedes detection of mature mast cells in the gut by 3 days. This exit correlates with an increase in soluble stem cell factor (SCF) in the serum, suggesting that the c-kit/SCF interaction may be chemotactic or haptotactic in nature. This study shows that during infection the bone marrow environment generates mast cells destined for the intestinal mucosa before their exit into the periphery, indicating a clear interplay between infection site and hematopoietic tissue.
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62
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Horny HP, Lange K, Sotlar K, Valent P. Increase of bone marrow lymphocytes in systemic mastocytosis: reactive lymphocytosis or malignant lymphoma? Immunohistochemical and molecular findings on routinely processed bone marrow biopsy specimens. J Clin Pathol 2003; 56:575-8. [PMID: 12890804 PMCID: PMC1770043 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.56.8.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To clarify the nature (reactive or neoplastic) of lesional, perifocally aggregated lymphocytes in bone marrow infiltrates of systemic mastocytosis (SM), the histopathology of which can resemble malignant lymphoma with focal bone marrow involvement, particularly low grade malignant B cell lymphoma of lymphoplasmacytic immunocytoma subtype, which frequently exhibits increased mast cell (MC) numbers. METHODS Thirteen cases of SM and three of lymphoplasmacytic immunocytoma with predominant focal bone marrow infiltration were investigated. Immunostaining of formalin fixed, paraffin wax embedded bone marrow specimens was performed using antibodies against CD2, CD5, CD20, CD23, and CD25; kappa and lambda immunoglobulin light chains; and MC markers chymase, tryptase, and CD117 (KIT). Monoclonal rearrangements of IgH and TCRgamma were studied using seminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). c-kit point mutation Asp816-Val was detected by PNA mediated PCR clamping and hybridisation probes. RESULTS The lymphocytic clusters in SM contained nearly equal numbers of mature T and B cells, the latter with no coexpression of aberrant antigens, such as CD5 or CD23. Most MCs in SM cases constantly coexpressed tryptase, CD25, and CD117. No monoclonal rearrangements were seen for IgH or TCRgamma. In contrast, B cells from immunocytomas showed light chain restriction and monoclonal rearrangement for IgH, confirming their neoplastic nature. c-kit point mutation Asp816-Val was found in ten of 13 SM cases, but in none of the three immunocytomas. CONCLUSIONS Focal accumulations of lymphocytes in the bone marrow of SM are reactive in nature and could be termed lymphocytosis. A diagnosis of SM-AHNMD/immunocytoma should not be made.
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63
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Bodni RA, Sapia S, Galeano A, Kaminsky A. Indolent systemic mast cell disease: immunophenotypic characterization of bone marrow mast cells by flow cytometry. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2003; 17:160-6. [PMID: 12705744 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-3083.2003.00603.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast cell disease has a low prevalence and is difficult to diagnose in the absence of the characteristic skin lesions that usually accompany the condition. Extracutaneous involvement is not easy to assess. There are reports in the recent literature on the use of tryptase as a reliable immunohistochemical marker as well as on the study of the immunophenotype of bone marrow mast cells. The latter is of great help for the diagnosis of systemic involvement as, after the skin, the bone marrow is the organ most commonly affected by the disease. OBJECTIVE We describe two cases of indolent systemic mast cell disease (SMCD) where flow cytometry was used to identify immunophenotypical characteristics of bone marrow mast cells. Recent advances in the application of this technique prove it can be a good diagnostic tool for assessing systemic involvement of the disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS Two adult subjects with indolent SMCD had multiple clinical symptoms. Cutaneous lesions were the clue to the diagnosis but, subsequently, in the presence of disturbing symptoms, involvement of other organ systems was confirmed. In both cases, the authors used flow cytometry techniques, as described by Escribano et al. (1998) to define the immunophenotype of bone marrow mast cells. RESULTS Both patients were diagnosed with indolent SMCD with cutaneous and bone marrow involvement. Also, they presented visible clues to the presumptive bone, cardiovascular and nervous system involvement. Gastrointestinal manifestations were documented in one case. CONCLUSIONS The use of flow cytometry on bone marrow samples from patients with mastocytosis reveals immunophenotypic differences that can serve to allow classification of these subjects in the category of indolent SMCD even though involvement of another organ system may not be thoroughly confirmed.
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64
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Núñez-López R, Escribano L, Schernthaner GH, Prados A, Rodríguez-González R, Díaz-Agustín B, López A, Hauswirth A, Valent P, Almeida J, Bravo P, Orfao A. Overexpression of complement receptors and related antigens on the surface of bone marrow mast cells in patients with systemic mastocytosis. Br J Haematol 2003; 120:257-65. [PMID: 12542483 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2003.04055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Depending on their stage of maturation and other factors, mast cell (MC) subsets differ from each other in terms of the expression of complement-associated antigens. This study analysed the expression of various complement-related cell surface antigens (CD11b/CR3, CD11c/CR4, CD35/CR1, CD55/DAF, CD59/MIRL, CD88/C5aR) on bone marrow mast cells (BMMC) in patients suffering from systemic mastocytosis (SM), other haematological diseases and non-haematological disorders (control groups). Expression of complement-associated cell surface antigens was analysed by flow cytometry. There were clear immunophenotypic differences between BMMC obtained from patients with SM and those from the control subjects: the percentage of patients expressing surface CD11c, CD35 and CD88 was significantly higher in patients with SM (76%, 100%, 54%) than in the control subjects (58%, 11%, 18%) (P < 0.05). In addition, the levels of CD11c, CD35 and CD88 expressed per MC (sites per cell) were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in SM than in the control group. Expression of the complement regulatory molecules CD55 and CD59 was detected in BMMC in all patients analysed. However, the levels of CD59 per BMMC were higher in patients with SM as compared with the control subjects, which could help to explain the formation of BMMC aggregates in the former group of individuals. Together, our results showed that BMMC in systemic mastocytosis overexpressed the cell surface membrane receptors involved in binding of complement components and complement-mediated cell activation. Whether this pathological expression of complement receptors is of pathophysiological significance remains to be determined.
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65
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66
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Helmby H, Grencis RK. IL-18 regulates intestinal mastocytosis and Th2 cytokine production independently of IFN-gamma during Trichinella spiralis infection. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:2553-60. [PMID: 12193725 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.5.2553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Expulsion of the gastrointestinal nematode Trichinella spiralis is associated with pronounced mastocytosis mediated by a Th2-type response involving IL-4, IL-10, and IL-13. Here we demonstrate that IL-18 is a key negative regulator of protective immune responses against T. spiralis in vivo. IL-18 knockout mice are highly resistant to T. spiralis infection, expel the worms rapidly and subsequently develop low levels of encysted muscle larvae. The increased speed of expulsion is correlated with high numbers of mucosal mast cells and an increase in IL-13 and IL-10 secretion. When normal mice were treated with rIL-18 in vivo, worm expulsion was notably delayed, and the development of mastocytosis and Th2 cytokine production was significantly reduced. The treatment had no effect on intestinal eosinophilia or goblet cell hyperplasia but specifically inhibited the development of mastocytosis. Addition of rIL-18 to in vitro cultures of bone marrow-derived mast cells resulted in a significant reduction in cell yields as well as in the number of IL-4-secreting mast cells. In vivo treatment of T. spiralis-infected IFN-gamma knockout mice with rIL-18 demonstrated that the inhibitory effect of IL-18 on mastocytosis and Th2 cytokine secretion is independent of IFN-gamma. Hence, IL-18 plays a significant biological role as a negative regulator of intestinal mast cell responses and may promote the survival of intestinal parasites in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interferon-gamma/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Interleukin-10/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-10/genetics
- Interleukin-10/metabolism
- Interleukin-13/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-13/genetics
- Interleukin-13/metabolism
- Interleukin-18/deficiency
- Interleukin-18/genetics
- Interleukin-18/physiology
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Interleukin-9/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-9/genetics
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/genetics
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/immunology
- Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/parasitology
- Intestinal Mucosa/immunology
- Intestinal Mucosa/parasitology
- Jejunal Diseases/genetics
- Jejunal Diseases/immunology
- Jejunal Diseases/parasitology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/metabolism
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Male
- Mast Cells/immunology
- Mastocytosis/genetics
- Mastocytosis/immunology
- Mastocytosis/parasitology
- Mastocytosis/prevention & control
- Mesentery
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Skeletal/immunology
- Muscle, Skeletal/parasitology
- RNA, Messenger/antagonists & inhibitors
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/metabolism
- Th2 Cells/immunology
- Th2 Cells/metabolism
- Trichinella spiralis/growth & development
- Trichinella spiralis/immunology
- Trichinellosis/genetics
- Trichinellosis/immunology
- Trichinellosis/parasitology
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67
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Fallon PG, Jolin HE, Smith P, Emson CL, Townsend MJ, Fallon R, Smith P, McKenzie ANJ. IL-4 induces characteristic Th2 responses even in the combined absence of IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13. Immunity 2002; 17:7-17. [PMID: 12150887 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00332-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Functional redundancy is highly prevalent among the Th2 interleukins (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13. To define the critical functions of these cytokines, we have generated a novel panel of compound Th2 cytokine-deficient mice (from single to quadruple cytokine knockouts). We find that these Th2 cytokines are not essential for fetal survival even during allogeneic pregnancy. Using intestinal parasite infection and a pulmonary granuloma model, we demonstrate cryptic roles for IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 in these responses. Significantly, although IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 add to the speed and magnitude of the response, a threshold is reached at which IL-4 alone can activate all Th2 effector functions. These mice reveal distinct spatial, temporal, and hierarchical cytokine requirements in immune function.
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68
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Sperr WR, Jordan JH, Fiegl M, Escribano L, Bellas C, Dirnhofer S, Semper H, Simonitsch-Klupp I, Horny HP, Valent P. Serum tryptase levels in patients with mastocytosis: correlation with mast cell burden and implication for defining the category of disease. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2002; 128:136-41. [PMID: 12065914 DOI: 10.1159/000059404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serum tryptase level is used as a diagnostic marker in mastocytosis and is considered to reflect the burden of (neoplastic) mast cells (MC). METHODS In the present study, serum tryptase levels were measured in patients with mastocytosis by fluoroenzyme immunoassay and compared with the extent of infiltration of the bone marrow (BM) by neoplastic MC, determined by tryptase immunohistochemistry. Sixteen patients with cutaneous mastocytosis (CM) and 43 patients with systemic mastocytosis (SM) were examined. RESULTS In most patients with CM (defined by the absence of dense compact MC infiltrates in tryptase-stained BM sections), normal or near-normal serum tryptase levels (median 10 ng/ml, range 2-23 ng/ml) were measured. By contrast, in the vast majority of patients with SM, elevated serum tryptase levels (median 67 ng/ml) were found. In addition, there was a significant correlation between the grade of infiltration of the BM by neoplastic MC and tryptase levels in patients with SM (r = 0.8). Moreover, enzyme levels differed significantly among the groups of patients with different types of SM. The highest levels (>900 ng/ml) were detected in the patient with MC leukemia, 2 patients with slowly progressing SM and high MC burden (smoldering SM) and 1 patient with indolent SM. In contrast, in all 3 patients with isolated BM mastocytosis (no skin lesions and no signs of multiorgan involvement), serum tryptase levels were <20 ng/ml. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our data suggest that the measurement of serum tryptase is a reliable noninvasive diagnostic approach to estimate the burden of MC in patients with mastocytosis and to distinguish between categories of disease.
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69
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Simpson JK, Metcalfe DD. Mastocytosis and disorders of mast cell proliferation. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2002; 22:175-88. [PMID: 11975422 DOI: 10.1385/criai:22:2:175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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70
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Pehlivanidis C, Fotoulaki M, Boucher W, Kempuraj D, Pang X, Konstantinidou A, Theoharides TC. Acute stress-induced seizures and loss of consciousness in a ten-year-old boy with cutaneous mastocytosis. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2002; 22:221-4. [PMID: 11910271 DOI: 10.1097/00004714-200204000-00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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71
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72
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Foster B, Schwartz LB, Devouassoux G, Metcalfe DD, Prussin C. Characterization of mast-cell tryptase-expressing peripheral blood cells as basophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2002; 109:287-93. [PMID: 11842299 DOI: 10.1067/mai.2002.121454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mast-cell tryptase is a protease with proinflammatory activity, the expression of which by peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) has not been fully characterized. OBJECTIVE We examined tryptase expression in human PBLs to further characterize this tryptase-expressing cell population for lineage and disease association. METHODS PBLs were fixed, permeabilized, stained with antibodies to tryptase and a panel of mast cell- and basophil-specific markers, and analyzed by means of flow cytometry. RESULTS Tryptase expression was restricted to a population of cells that stained positive for IgE and negative for the panel of lineage markers (IgE(+), lin(-)). This IgE(+), lin(-) population did not stain for the mast-cell markers Kit or chymase but did stain for the basophil-specific granule proteins recognized by the 2D7 and BB1 mAbs. Per-cell tryptase expression demonstrated a greater than 100-fold range of expression among donors but did not correlate with disease status (asthma or mastocytosis), FEV(1), or serum tryptase concentration. Tryptase was released by purified basophils after anti-IgE activation. CONCLUSIONS The phenotype of tryptase-expressing PBLs and their lack of increase in patients with mastocytosis demonstrates that these cells are basophils. Per-cell basophil tryptase expression is highly variable between donors, with some donors expressing levels approaching those of mast cells. As such, anti-tryptase antibodies cannot be used to distinguish these 2 cell types from one another by means of flow cytometry. These results demonstrate that tryptase represents an additional mediator through which basophils may contribute to allergic inflammation.
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73
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Clise-Dwyer K, Amanna IJ, Duzeski JL, Nashold FE, Hayes CE. Genetic studies of B-lymphocyte deficiency and mastocytosis in strain A/WySnJ mice. Immunogenetics 2001; 53:729-35. [PMID: 11862404 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-001-0382-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2001] [Accepted: 08/17/2001] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The A/WySnJ mouse, but not the related A/J strain, has peripheral B-lymphocyte deficiency and mastocytosis. Minimally, two quantitative trait loci (QTLs) control the B-cell deficiency in (A/WySnJ x CAST/Ei)F2 intercross mice; one of them, Bcmd-1, mapped to Chromosome (Chr) 15. Several QTLs controlled the mastocytosis in this intercross, and it was not possible to determine whether any of them co-segregated with Bcmd-1. We have now mapped a second QTL controlling the B-cell deficiency, Bcmd-2, to Chr 4. Furthermore, we narrowed the map position of Bcmd-1 to <2.0 cM. Both QTLs have been confirmed through the construction of AW. Bcmd-1(c), AW. Bcmd-2(c), and AW. Bcmd-1(c)Bcmd-2(c) recombinant congenic strains. The Bcmd-1 locus is the major regulator of B-cell homeostasis, while Bcmd-2 is the minor regulator, and their effects are additive, as shown by splenic B-cells analysis in these congenic strains. In addition, Bcmd-2 or a linked locus controls mastocytosis, while Bcmd-1 does not, as indicated by splenic mast cell analysis in the congenic strains. Thus, the major genetic controls on B-cell homeostasis and mast cell homeostasis in A/WySnJ mice are asserted by distinct genes.
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74
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Machet L, Wattier H, Vaillant L. [Urticaria and systemic diseases]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2001; 128:1156-60. [PMID: 11907992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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75
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Abstract
Resolution of infection with the intestinal nematode Trichinella spiralis depends on the host mounting a T helper 2 (Th2) response. It is known that both mast cells and T cells play a crucial role. We have previously shown that efficient migration of mast cells to the gut during infection depends on their expression of the integrin beta 7. beta 7 forms a heterodimer complex with either alpha E or alpha 4 integrin chains, alpha E beta 7 binding to E-cadherin expressed by epithelial cells and alpha 4 beta 7 binding to mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule (MAdCAM-1) on the endothelium. We were interested to know whether dysfunctional mast cell localization to the gut in the absence of beta 7 was due to the failure of alpha 4 beta 7 to bind to MAdCAM-1 or the failure of alpha E beta 7 to bind to E-cadherin. We used blocking monoclonal antibodies against alpha E (M290) or alpha 4 (PS2) or beta 7 (HB293) during T. spiralis infection of C57BL/6 mice and found that all antibody treatments reduced mastocytosis. In contrast, none of the antibody treatments prevented the migration of CD3(+) T cells into the intestine. These results indicate that during inflammation (a) there is integrin redundancy for lymphocytes but not for mast cells and (b) both alpha E beta 7 and alpha 4 beta 7 are crucial either for the entry of mast cells into the gut or for their maturation once they have entered.
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