726
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Qian W, Zhu S, Sobolev AY, Wek RC. Expression of vaccinia virus K3L protein in yeast inhibits eukaryotic initiation factor-2 kinase GCN2 and the general amino acid control pathway. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:13202-7. [PMID: 8662715 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.22.13202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation of the alpha subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor-2 (eIF-2) is a well characterized mechanism regulating protein synthesis. Viral and cellular proteins have been identified that regulate the activity of the eIF-2alpha kinases. The regulatory protein, K3L, from vaccinia virus is homologous to the amino terminus of eIF-2alpha and is thought to inhibit the activity of the double-stranded RNA-dependent kinase suppressing the antiviral mechanism mediated by this kinase. We investigated whether K3L can inhibit the activity of the yeast eIF-2alpha kinase GCN2. Expression of K3L protein in yeast reduced the level of eIF-2alpha phosphorylation by GCN2 and blocked the stimulation of the general amino acid control pathway in response to starvation conditions. Accompanying in vitro studies showed that recombinant K3L protein reduced GCN2 autophosphorylation and phosphorylation eIF-2alpha. In agreement with the hypothesis that K3L inhibits eIF-2alpha kinases by functioning as a pseudosubstrate, we observed that K3L directly interacted with the kinase catalytic domain of GCN2. Together, these results indicate that K3L is a specific inhibitor of eIF-2alpha kinases from mammals and yeast and suggest that the kinases contain common structural features important for recognition of their substrate eIF-2alpha.
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727
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Toor AH, Zhu S, Zubairy MS. Theory of the two-photon micromaser: Linewidth. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1996; 53:3529-3535. [PMID: 9913295 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.53.3529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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728
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Lu H, Gu G, Zhu S. [Heel pain and calcaneal spurs]. ZHONGHUA WAI KE ZA ZHI [CHINESE JOURNAL OF SURGERY] 1996; 34:294-6. [PMID: 9387707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The authors of this paper have reviewed 137 X-ray films of the involved feet and followed up 30 patients all of them suffering from heel pain treated in the authors' hospital during 1980-1985, in order to find out the relationship between the length, shape and the direction of the spurs with the heel pain. We have found: (1) There are no clear relationship between heel pain and the length, shape and the direction of the calcaneal spur. (2) The plantar soft tissue of the painful foot was thickened, indicating the heel pain was due to inflammation in the plantar soft tissue. (3) Heel pain is related to the patient's age and sex. (4) The spurs still exist and grow even bigger after the syndrome disappears.
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729
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Chan AKT, Pelton RH, Zhu S, Baird MHI. The effects of polystyrene beads and nylon fibres on the permeability of compressed wood fibre pads. CAN J CHEM ENG 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/cjce.5450740208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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730
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Groth CG, Korsgren O, Wennberg L, Tibell A, Zhu S, Sundberg B, Söderlund J, Biberfeld P, Satake M, Möller E, Wallgren AC, Karlsson-Parra A. Xenoislet rejection following pig-to-rat, pig-to-primate, and pig-to-man transplantation. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:538-9. [PMID: 8623254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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731
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Wennberg L, Wallgren AC, Sundberg B, Rafael E, Zhu S, Liu J, Tibell A, Karlsson-Parra A, Groth CG, Korsgren O. Immunosuppression with cyclosporin A in combination with leflunomide and mycophenolate mofetil prevents rejection of pig-islets transplanted into rats. Transplant Proc 1996; 28:819. [PMID: 8623416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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732
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Zhu S, Baker RC. Effects of inhalation anesthetics of Kainate-induced glutamate release from cerebellar granule cells. Life Sci 1996; 58:1359-66. [PMID: 8614293 DOI: 10.1016/0024-3205(96)00102-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms of inhalation anesthesia may include inhibiting non NMDA excitatory amino acid neurotransmission. This possibility was addressed by measuring the effect of three anesthetics at clinically relevant concentration on kainate-induced glutamate release from cerebellar granule cells. Cerebellar granule cells were obtained from 8-day-old SD rats and maintained in vitro for 9-14 days. Medium glutamate concentrations were measured by HPLC after 90 minutes incubation with kainate or NMDA. Inhalation anesthetics were introduced by holding the cells under a continuous flow of air/anesthetic mixtures. All anesthetics tested did not effect NMDA-induced glutamate release. Halothane (1 MAC), isoflurane (1 MAC) inhibited kainate-induced glutamate release from the cultured cells whereas enflurane (1 MAC) had no effect on kainate-induced glutamate release. The difference between enflurane and the other anesthetics tested suggests that anesthesia is dependent on more than one process and the extent at which each function is perturbed is dependent on the specific anesthetic used. Halothane inhibition of kainate-induced glutamate release was not reversible by increasing kainate concentration, indicating halothane does not directly compete with kainate at its receptor.
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733
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Huang H, Zhu S, Zubairy MS, Scully MO. Two-time intensity correlation in a driven three-level system. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1996; 53:1834-1838. [PMID: 9913079 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.53.1834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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734
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Zhu S. Effect of polyradicals on gel formation in free radical polymer modification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.1996.893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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735
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Haddad IY, Zhu S, Ischiropoulos H, Matalon S. Nitration of surfactant protein A results in decreased ability to aggregate lipids. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1996; 270:L281-8. [PMID: 8779998 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.1996.270.2.l281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We assessed the extent to which nitration of surfactant protein (SP) A, isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage of patients with alveolar proteinosis, alters its ability to enhance lipid aggregation, bind lipids, and act synergistically with surfactant apoproteins B and C (SP-B, SP-C) in lowering the surface activity of surfactant lipids. SP-A was treated with various concentrations of tetranitromethane (TNM) at pH 6, 7.4, 8, or 10. Depending on the pH, TNM acts either as a nitrating (pH > or = 7.4) or an oxidizing agent (pH < or = 6). Exposure of SP-A to TNM (0.1-1 mM) at pH 7.4 or 8 for 30 min resulted in dose-and pH-dependent increases in nitrotyrosine, detected by Western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and direct amino acid analysis. Treatment of SP-A with 0.5 mM TNM decreased its ability to aggregate lipids by 30% at pH 7.4, and 90% at pH 8, but had no effect on the disulfide-dependent oligomeric state of SP-A. In contrast, SP-A exposed to 1 mM TNM at pH 6 had background levels of nitrotyrosine and exhibited normal lipid aggregation properties. TNM, but not a hydroxyl radical-generating system, resulted in a pH-dependent loss of SP-A fluorescence, suggesting that tryptophan also may have been nitrated. Nitration of SP-A did not affect its ability to bind lipids. In addition, SP-A (1-3% by weight), treated with 0.25-0.5 mM TNM at pH 8, restored the surface-active properties of calf lung surfactant extract, previously damaged by exposure to peroxynitrite. We conclude that tyrosine nitration selectively inhibits the SP-A-mediated lipid aggregation without affecting its ability to bind lipids.
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736
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Huang H, Zhu S, Zubairy MS. Preservation of nonclassical character during the amplification of a Schrödinger cat state. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1996; 53:1027-1030. [PMID: 9912979 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.53.1027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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737
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Zhu S, Yue G, Shoemaker RL, Matalon S. Adult alveolar type II cells lack cAMP and Ca(2+)-activated Cl-channels. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996; 218:302-8. [PMID: 8573151 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1996.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the presence of Ca(2+)-activated Cl-channels in adult rat alveolar type II (ATII) using patch-clamp techniques. Only one active channel each, with a single channel conductance of 50 pS and an opening probability (Po) of 0.76 was found among 130 successful cell-attached and 5 inside-out patches. Addition of CPT-cAMP into the bath (500 microM) induced one active patch from 33 silent cell-attached patches. Incubation of 9 ATII cells, with ionomycin (1 microM), failed to elicit chloride single currents in 9 cell-attached patches. Cl- currents were also absent from 35 whole cell patches, even after the addition of 10 microM terbutaline in the bath or 1 mM ATP and 5 mM MgCl2 in the pipette. These results indicate that only a very small fraction of adult rat ATII cells express CFTR and suggest that Cl- ions are passively transported across the cell junctions.
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738
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Wang X, Zhu S, Liu Q, Hu A, Zan Z, Yu Q, Yin Q. Field evaluation of the QBC technique for rapid diagnosis of vivax malaria. Bull World Health Organ 1996; 74:599-603. [PMID: 9060220 PMCID: PMC2486804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The QBC (quantitative buffy coat) technique was compared with that of the Giemsa-stained thick blood film (GTF) under field conditions in Junlian and Mingshan counties, Sichuan, China, for rapid diagnosis of vivax malaria. Blood samples were collected from 364 volunteer villagers, and each sample was examined with both the QBC and GTF techniques. For each GTF sample (10 microliters of blood), as many as 300 oil-immersion fields were examined; each QBC tube was inspected for up to 5 minutes. The GTF technique resulted in 86 positive blood samples and 278 negative; the QBC technique indicated 89 positive and 275 negative samples. Relative to the results obtained with GTF, the QBC technique had a sensitivity and specificity of 87.2% and 95.0%, respectively; concordance between the tests was 93.1%. The median time-to-positive diagnosis with the QBC technique (1.12 min) was 11% of that with GTF. The distribution of different developmental stages of Plasmodium vivax parasites was also examined in the centrifuged QBC tubes: all stages except schizonts could be found in the lower part of the platelet zone (the interphase between the monocyte and platelet layers), especially ring forms.
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739
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Zhu S. [Improving the diagnosis and treatment of ischemic necrosis of femoral head]. ZHONGHUA YI XUE ZA ZHI 1996; 76:3-4. [PMID: 8758452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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740
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Zhu S, Nöthen MM, Uhlhaas S, Rietschel M, Körner J, Lanczik M, Fimmers R, Propping P. Apolipoprotein E genotype distribution in schizophrenia. Psychiatr Genet 1996; 6:75-9. [PMID: 8840393 DOI: 10.1097/00041444-199622000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We examined the hypothesis that apolipoprotein E (apoE) isoforms-besides their well-established role in the aetiology of early and late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD)-may be involved in the development of schizophrenia. We determined apoE genotypes in 98 schizophrenic patients and 98 sex and age matched controls. No significant difference in apoE allele frequencies were observed between schizophrenic patients, subpopulations of schizophrenics, or controls. There was also no difference in the mean age at onset depending on the number of apoE epsilon 4 alleles found in the patients. Our data do not support an association between AD and schizophrenia based on apoE acting as a common denominator in the pathogenesis of both diseases.
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741
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Zhu S, Liu Z, Huang J. [Clinical application of intraoperative sustained limited expansion]. ZHONGHUA ZHENG XING SHAO SHANG WAI KE ZA ZHI = ZHONGHUA ZHENG XING SHAO SHANG WAIKF [I.E. WAIKE] ZAZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF PLASTIC SURGERY AND BURNS 1996; 12:34-6. [PMID: 8758726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Since May 1993, the technique of intraoperative sustained limited expansion (ISLE) had been applied clinically in 21 cases for the immediate reconstruction of soft tissue defects. Satisfactory results were obtained in 18 cases (85.7%), and failed in 3 cases (14.3%). ISLE had been applied successfully in various regions of the body. It had been shown that the results were dependent on the extent of soft tissue defect, the extent of intraoperative tissue gain, and the time of intraoperative sustained expansion.
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742
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Zhu S. Molecular Weight Distribution in Free-Radical Polymer Modification with Cross-Linking: Effect of Chain-Length-Dependent Termination. Macromolecules 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/ma950551n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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743
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Yu Q, Xu J, Zhu S, Liu Q. [A role of oblique flashlight test in screening for primary angle closure glaucoma]. YAN KE XUE BAO = EYE SCIENCE 1995; 11:177-9. [PMID: 9275738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the effect of oblique flashlight test in screening for primary angle closure glaucoma. METHOD Two hundred adults over 50 years old were sampled randomly at Doumen county of Guangdong province in 1995. 390 eyes were measured by oblique flashlight test according to grading standard photos of oblique flashlight test. Other ocular examinations consisted of intraocular-pressure measurement with Schiotz tonometer, gonioscopy, and optic disc appearance. RESULTS The result showed 25.2% of the examined eyes had the oblique flashlight grade < or = 2, and tended to be increasing with age (x2 = 8.597, P < 0.05) and in females (x2 = 14.89, P < 0.01). Based on temporal anterior chamber angle < or = 2 (Shaffer's grade), the obligue flashlight grade < or = 2 found that occludable angle sensitivity was 91.7%, specificity was 91.5%, and 8.16% of the eyes had primary closure angle glaucoma. No patient was found in oblique flashlight grades > or = 3. CONCLUSION This study shows that oblique flashlight test conforms to screening test needs, and plays an important role in screening for primary closure angle glaucoma. We suggest that oblique flashlight grades < or = 2 as cutoff point of screening for occludable angle.
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744
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Yin R, Tao X, Zeng Z, Zhao D, Zhu S, Xia S. Changes of plasma dynorphin levels before and after percutaneous balloon mitral commissurotomy in patients with mitral stenosis. CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES JOURNAL = CHUNG-KUO I HSUEH K'O HSUEH TSA CHIH 1995; 10:214-9. [PMID: 8745581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Plasma dynorphin A1-13 levels were measured in 33 patients with mitral stenosis before and after percutaneous balloon mitral commissurotomy (PBMC). The results show that the basal levels of plasma dynorphin in blood from the antecubital vein in the patients were significantly higher than those in 31 healthy control subjects. The increase in circulating dynorphin closely correlated with the functional cardiac status and the presence of atrial fibrillation. Ten to fifteen minutes after PBMC, plasma dynorphin levels in blood from the femoral vein increased significantly. Seventy-two hours after the procedure, the levels of plasma dynorphin in blood from the antecubital vein had decreased significantly, but they did not decrease to the normal range. Plasma dynorphin levels in blood from the femoral vein were positively correlated with the mean left atrial pressure and the mean right atrial pressure before the first balloon inflation. Plasma dynorphin levels in blood from the antecubital vein were positively correlated with the heart rate and the mean transmitral pressure gradient, and negatively with the mitral valve area before and 72 hours after PBMC.
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745
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Zhu S. [Progresses in microsurgery in China, 1995]. ZHONGHUA YI XUE ZA ZHI 1995; 75:740-2. [PMID: 8681075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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746
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Zhu S, Pang Y, Zhang C, Wu Z. [Clinical application of MRI in ophthalmic field]. YAN KE XUE BAO = EYE SCIENCE 1995; 11:216-20. [PMID: 9275749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the application of MRI in ocular diseases and analysis the character of MRI-s parameters in these diseases. METHODS MRI was applied among 68 patients with neurophthalmic disorders, orbits diseases, and intraocular lensions. RESULTS The position (location) and feature of the lesions were diagnosed with clinical analysis. CONCLUSION MRI possesses the special value in the differentiation diagnosis of neurophthalmic disease, orbit disordes and intraocular conditions.
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747
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Wennberg L, Wallgren AC, Sundberg B, Rafael E, Zhu S, Liu J, Tibell A, Karlsson-Parra A, Groth CG, Korsgren O. Immunosuppression with leflunomide and cyclosporine prevents pig-to-rat islet xenograft rejection. Transplant Proc 1995; 27:3314-5. [PMID: 8539967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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748
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Toor AH, Zhu S, Zubairy MS. Quantum interference in the spectrum of a driven atom: Effects of pumping and phase fluctuations. PHYSICAL REVIEW. A, ATOMIC, MOLECULAR, AND OPTICAL PHYSICS 1995; 52:4803-4811. [PMID: 9912821 DOI: 10.1103/physreva.52.4803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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749
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Zhu S, Pelton R, Collver K. Mechanistic modelling of fluid permeation through compressible fiber beds. Chem Eng Sci 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0009-2509(95)00205-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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750
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Yin R, Zhu S, Zhao D, Toa X, Zeng Z, Xia S. Changes of plasma beta-endorphin levels before and after percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy in patients with mitral stenosis. Chin Med J (Engl) 1995; 108:812-9. [PMID: 8585972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
To clarify the contribution of left atrial pressure to the secretion of beta-endorphin, we have investigated the relation between plasma beta-endorphin levels and hemodynamic changes in 35 patients with mitral stenosis undergoing percutaneous transvenous mitral commissurotomy (PTMC). Before PTMC, plasma beta-endorphin levels obtained from the antecubital vein (28.91 +/- 5.59 pg/ml) and from the femoral vein (28.20 +/- 5.44 pg/ml) in the patients with mitral stenosis were significantly higher than those obtained from the antecubital vein in the healthy volunteers (22.59 +/- 3.86 pg/ml, n = 34, P < 0.001 for each). The levels of beta-endorphin in the femoral vein correlated well with the mean left atrial pressure (r = 0.777, P < 0.001) and the mean right atrial pressure (r = 0.450, P < 0.01) before the procedure. The antecubital venous levels of beta-endorphin in patients in New York Heart Association functional Classes II (26.45 +/- 5.39 pg/ml, n = 20) and III (32.20 +/- 4.02 pg/ml, n = 15) were significantly higher than those in control subjects (P < 0.005 and P < 0.001, respectively). The differences between Classes II and III were significant (P < 0.001). The plasma levels of beta-endorphin in the patients complicated with atrial fibrillation were also significantly higher than those in patients with normal sinus rhythm (33.31 +/- 3.22 pg/ml, n = 13 vs 26.32 +/- 5.07 pg/ml, n = 22, P < 0.001). In ten to fifteen minutes after commissurotomy, plasma levels of beta-endorphin in the femoral vein significantly increased from 28.20 +/- 5.44 to 33.14 +/- 5.72 pg/ml (P < 0.001). In seventy-two hours after the procedure, plasma beta-endorphin levels in the antecubital vein fell to 24.37 +/- 2.59 pg/ml (P < 0.001 vs before PTMC and P < 0.05 vs control subjects). Plasma beta-endorphin levels in the patients with atrial fibrillation (26.62 +/- 2.36 pg/ml, P < 0.001 vs before PTMC and P < 0.002 vs control subjects) were still higher (P < 0.001) than those in patients with normal sinus rhythm (23.05 +/- 1.65 pg/ml, P < 0.001 vs before PTMC and P > 0.50 vs control subjects. There was a significant correlation between the levels of beta-endorphin in the antecubital vein and heart rate (r = 0.502, P < 0.001), mean transmitral pressure gradient (r = 0.543, P < 0.001) or mitral valve area (r = -0.710, P < 0.001) before and 72 hours after the procedure.
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