Increased drug resistance of cultured human cancer cell lines in three-dimensional cellular growth assay using collagen gel matrix

We have conducted a three-dimensional cellular growth assay using collagen gel matrix with an endpoint of the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, on four human gastric and colonic cancer cell lines. Three-dimensionally growing cells in collagen gel matrix were 2- to 180-fold more resistant to mitomycin C, doxorubicin, 5-fluorouracil, and cisplatin than those in monolayer culture, and these resistances were increased further when the cells increased their three-dimensionality. Furthermore, the influence of fibroblasts in the collagen gel matrix on the chemosensitivity of cancer cells was less than that in monolayer culture. Since this new assay using collagen gel matrix with an endpoint of the MTT assay was able to detect the increase of drug resistance of human cancer cell lines by three-dimensional cellular growth using a simple and convenient procedure, it was considered to be more useful than conventional monolayer cultures for evaluating the chemosensitivity of cancer cells.

Endothelin enhances delayed potassium current via phospholipase C in guinea pig ventricular myocytes

The effects of endothelin, a novel vasoconstrictive peptide, on the delayed rectifier K+ current (IK) were examined in single dialyzed cells from guinea pig ventricles. Either big endothelin or endothelin-1 enhanced IK at a dissociation constant of 2 nM with L-type Ca2+ current being unaffected. Under intracellular perfusion with pCa 7.6 solution, 3 nM big endothelin increased IK by 55 +/- 38.5%. Either pretreatment with 10 microM 1-(5-isoquinolinylsulfonyl)-2-methyl-piperazine (H 7) or a low Ca2+ [10 mM ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) and minus CaCl2] internal solution diminished the enhancement. Preceding stimulation of protein kinase C (PKC) by 10-20 nM 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate also reduced the degree of enhancement. When Na+ was eliminated from the solutions, endothelin increased IK distinctively in cells internally dialyzed with a low Ca2+ solution. This enhancement was not abolished by either pretreatment with H 7 or by removal of Ca2+ from the external perfusate but by increasing the internal EGTA concentration to 40 mM. Preincubation with ryanodine or internal perfusion with heparin also reduced the IK enhancement under Na(+)-free conditions. Intracellular application of 200 microM guanosine 5'-O-(3-thiotriphosphate) effectively attenuated the effect of endothelin. It is concluded that endothelin enhances IK via phospholipase C-mediated PKC activation and intracellular Ca2+ mobilization. GTP-binding protein is involved in these reactions.

Establishment of a monocytoid cell line (DOP-M1) from an infant with acute monocytic leukemia

A monocytoid cell line (DOP-M1) was established from mononuclear cells separated from the cerebrospinal fluid of a 1-year-old girl with acute monoblastic leukemia (AMoL) (French-American-British; FAB-M5a). Judged by morphological, cytochemical, and immunological criteria, the DOP-M1 cells showed immature monocytoid characteristics. They were positive for alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, the expression of which was inhibited by NaF, and for myeloperoxidase (MPO). Positive MPO findings in nuclear envelope were detectable by electron microscopy. The cell surface was positive for CD15, CD33, and CDw65, but negative for CD4, CD14, and HLA-DR. HLA-DR expression was detected after treatment with IFN-gamma. Chromosome analysis of DOP-M1 cells revealed 47,X,-X,-13,+19,+20,+mar. Our established cell line, DOP-M1 appears to be a cell line which will be a useful tool for studying the phenotype, morphology, and function of monocytoid cells.

[Natural interferon-alpha induced cytogenetic complete remission in a patient with chronic myelocytic leukemia, diagnosed in early chronic phase with basophilia and normal blood cell counts]

A 57-year-old woman visited to our hospital complaining of paresthesia in the right leg. She had no abnormal physical findings. However, the peripheral blood examination demonstrated 7% basophilia with 8000/microliters WBC count and decreased neutrophil alkaline phosphatase activity (score 37, rate 19%). She was diagnosed as Ph1 chromosome positive CML in early phase by the chromosomal analysis of bone marrow cells. She received subcutaneous injection of natural interferon-alpha at a dosage of 600 x 10(4) IU daily from March 10, 1987. The dosage and administration interval were gradually reduced and prolonged. Since November 1988, weekly injections of 300 x 10(4) IU has been administered as maintenance therapy. Cytogenetic improvement was seen at 4 months after the start of IFN. Disappearance of Ph1 chromosome positive cells was observed on December 11, 1987. It was suggested that the administration of IFN from the early chronic phase played an important role in the control of the disease.

Potassium rectifier currents differ in myocytes of endocardial and epicardial origin

Whole-cell voltage-clamp experiments and single-channel current recordings in cell-attached patch mode were performed on enzymatically dissociated single ventricular myocytes harvested from feline endocardial and epicardial surfaces. The studies were designed to compare the characteristics of inward rectifier K+ current (IK1) and delayed rectifier K+ current (IK) between endocardial and epicardial cells and to test the hypothesis that the differential characteristics of IK1 and/or IK are responsible for the differences in action potential configuration between the two cell types. IK1 in endocardial cells displayed a distinct N-shaped current-voltage (I-V) relation, with a prominent outward current at potentials between -80 and -30 mV. In epicardial cells, an outward current region was much smaller, and the I-V relation demonstrated a blunted N-shaped I-V relation. In single-channel current recordings in cell-attached patch mode, neither unitary current amplitude of IK1 nor probability of channel opening was different between endocardial and epicardial cells, suggesting that the difference in the number of functional channels might be responsible for the differential IK1 I-V relations. The characteristics of IK also differed between endocardial and epicardial cells. The time course of growth of tail current of IK (IK,tail) (activation of IK) was significantly enhanced and that of IK,tail deactivation was delayed in epicardial cells compared with endocardial cells. The time constant of the slow component of IK activation at +20 mV was 3,950 +/- 787 msec in endocardial cells and 2,746 +/- 689 msec in epicardial cells (p less than 0.05); the corresponding values for IK deactivation at -50 mV were 1,041 +/- 387 msec and 1,959 +/- 551 msec, respectively (p less than 0.01). The voltage dependence of steady-state activation of IK,tail was similar between endocardial and epicardial cells, suggesting that the probability of channel opening at any potential was not different in the two cell types. The amplitude and density of fully activated IK (IK,full) were significantly greater in epicardial cells than in endocardial cells. At repolarization to -20 mV, IK,full amplitude was 452 +/- 113 pA in endocardial cells and 578 +/- 135 pA in epicardial cells (p less than 0.05), and the corresponding values for IK,full density were 2.86 +/- 0.73 and 4.21 +/- 0.83 microA/cm2, respectively (p less than 0.05). A nonstationary fluctuation analysis revealed that the amplitude of IK unitary current was similar between endocardial and epicardial cells (0.23 +/- 0.07 versus 0.22 +/- 0.03 pA, p = NS).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

[Relationship between extent of brain hypoperfused area and functional outcome in patients with a small subcortical infarction: evaluation with X-ray CT, 123I-IMP cerebral perfusion SPECT and cerebral angiography]

We performed 123I-IMP single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) in 43 patients who had a small infarction (less than 2 cm) in subcortical area and who were less than 1 month after onset of stroke. Hypoperfused area of brain was qualitatively assessed and was compared with functional outcome at 6-month after the stroke and the cerebral angiogram. Functional outcome was poorer in patients who had wider hypoperfused area in brain (chi 2 = 29.3; p less than 0.001). The extent of brain hypoperfused area showed a positive correlation with the degree of stenosis in the extracranial and/or intracranial arteries (r = 0.61; p less than 0.01). In patients who had no angiographic abnormality, the extent and the location of the hypoperfused area were equivalent to that of the low density area in CT. Thus 123I-IMP SPECT in patients with a small infarction may discriminate lacunar infarction from embolic or hemodynamic infarction, which was caused by vascular lesions of major cerebral arteries, in subcortical area. Our study suggests that functional outcome is better in lacunar infarction than embolic or hemodynamic infarction in subcortical area.

Importance of atrial natriuretic hormone in an exaggerated natriuresis during acute sodium load in primary aldosteronism

To elucidate the factors which contribute to the exaggerated natriuresis in primary aldosteronism, hemodynamic and hormonal changes induced by saline infusion (at a rate of 0.5 l/h for 3 h) were examined in 6 patients with primary aldosteronism, 13 with essential hypertension, and 8 normotensive subjects. After saline infusion, increases in urinary sodium excretion, glomerular filtration rate, atrial natriuretic hormone, and urinary dopamine excretion along with suppression of plasma renin activity and aldosterone were compared in the three groups. All three groups demonstrated similar increases in glomerular filtration rate, but patients with primary aldosteronism did not show changes in urinary dopamine excretion, plasma renin activity, and aldosterone, despite their increased excretion of sodium. The increase in plasma atrial natriuretic hormone was significantly greater in primary aldosteronism than in essential hypertension or normotensive subjects. No changes in blood pressure or heart rate were seen. These findings suggest that atrial natriuretic hormone might play a role in the exaggerated excretion of sodium in patients with primary aldosteronism.

Inhibitory effects of endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 on prolactin release: possible involvement of endogenous endothelin isopeptides in the rat anterior pituitary

Spontaneous prolactin release from the isolated rat anterior pituitary was inhibited by endothelin-1 in a dose-dependent manner (10(-8)-10(-6) M). Endothelin-3 also inhibited spontaneous prolactin release with an almost identical dose-response relationship as endothelin-1. These inhibitory effects were unaffected by application of a dopamine D2-receptor antagonist, YM-09151-2 (10(-7) M). Rat anterior and posterior pituitary glands were abundant in both endothelin-1 and endothelin-3, as compared with other regions of the brain. The present results suggest that endogenous endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 in the anterior and posterior pituitary are involved in the inhibitory regulation of prolactin secretion as autocrine or paracrine factors.

Pseudoenhancement of intervertebral disc herniation

Two patients with intervertebral disc herniation appeared to demonstrate abnormally diffuse and intense enhancement of the disc after intravenous administration of gadolinium-DTPA for MRI. Surgery disclosed a dilated epidural venous plexus in one and vascular granulation tissue in the other, associated with the herniated disc material. The mechanism of this "pseudoenhancement" of the disc appears to be a partial volume effect of disc material and the adjacent veins or granulation tissue. Pseudoenhancement of a herniated disc should be included in the differential diagnosis of a diffusely enhancing epidural mass.

Iron deprivation decreases ribonucleotide reductase activity and DNA synthesis

The effects of the iron-chelator, desferrioxamine, and monoclonal antibodies against transferrin receptors on DNA synthesis and ribonucleotide reductase activity were examined in human leukemia K562 cells. Treatment of the cells with desferrioxamine resulted in decreases of ribonucleotide reductase activity, DNA synthesis, and cell growth. Exposure of the cells to anti-transferrin receptor antibody, 42/6, which blocks iron supplement into cells caused decreases of ribonucleotide reductase activity and DNA synthesis, in a parallel fashion. Decreases of ribonucleotide reductase activity and DNA synthesis by 42/6 were restored by the addition of ferric nitriloacetate. These results indicate that ribonucleotide reductase activity is dependent on the iron-supply and also regulates cell proliferation.

11;13 translocation in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia

In this paper, we report on a 9-year-old girl with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia (FAB-M5) with a rare chromosome abnormality, t(11;23)(q21;p11). Peripheral blood showed Hb 7.5 g/dl, WBC 3,600 cells/microliters (10% blasts), and platelet count 110 x 10(3) cells/microliters. The bone marrow aspirates showed normal cellularity with 36.7% blasts. On morphological characteristics, micromegakaryocytes were observed, and on chromosome examination the karyotype was shown to be 46,XX,t(11;13)(q21;p11) in all metaphases.

MR imaging and angiography of cerebral venous angiomas associated with brain tumors

MR study of 6 patients with concurrent venous angioma and brain tumor revealed that in 2 of the 6 cases, the draining vein of the venous angioma was located near to the tumor and was displaced by the tumor. Two of the 6 venous angiomas were too small to visualize prior to contrast enhancement, but could be detected following administration of Gd-DTPA. Angiography was required for definitive diagnosis of the venous angiomas. When a venous angioma is suspected or is detected incidentally, especially when very near a brain tumor, angiography should be considered before performing surgery to avoid surgical complications. Otherwise, ligation of the vein draining the venous angioma may lead to venous infarction.

[Three-dimensional axial volume acquisition on meniscal lesions of the knee]

Axial three-dimensional volume scans obtained by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging were used to evaluate meniscal lesions of the knee in 28 knees of 26 cases. Axial 0.7 mm thin-sliced images with volume scan outlined the overall meniscal appearance for the first time. Axial volume scan was essential to the diagnosis of discoid lateral meniscus because only it could depict the characteristic elongated appearance of discoid lateral meniscus. Radial meniscal tears were depicted only by this technique: conventional sagittal and coronal views could not detect this type of meniscal tear. Volume scan could detect the precise extent of lesions with horizontal meniscal tears and meniscal degeneration. These MR findings obtained by axial volume scans were confirmed by arthroscopy in all cases. We concluded that volume scans were extremely useful in the evaluation of meniscal lesions because they offered axial views that provided much information on menisci located horizontally in the knee.

The Drosophila RBP-J kappa gene encodes the binding protein for the immunoglobulin J kappa recombination signal sequence

We previously isolated a cDNA encoding the 60-kDa murine protein (RBP-J kappa protein) that specifically binds to the immunoglobulin J kappa recombination signal sequence. The RBP-J kappa gene is highly conserved in a wide variety of organisms including man, Xenopus, Drosophila, and yeast. We have isolated and characterized the Drosophila homologue of the RBP-J kappa gene. The Drosophila RBP-J kappa gene was mapped to the polytene region 35BC of chromosome 2. The nucleotide sequence of this gene indicates that it is not one of the known genes located in the 35 BC region. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the Drosophila and mouse RBP-J kappa genes are 60 and 75% homologous, respectively. The central 248-residue regions of RBP-J kappa proteins of the two species are 93% homologous and include the 40-residue integrase motif. The Drosophila RBP-J kappa protein expressed in COS cells bound to the J kappa recognition sequence with the same specificity as the murine counterpart. These results suggest that Drosophila may have a site-specific recombination system which utilizes the immunoglobulin recombination signal sequence. Implications for evolution of immunoglobulin gene rearrangement were also discussed.

Caffeine-induced block of Na+ current in guinea pig single ventricular cells

Effects of caffeine on Na+ current (INa) were investigated in single ventricular cells from guinea pigs using the whole cell clamp method. With a Ca(2+)-containing internal solution (pCa 8.2), 10 mM caffeine blocked INa by 17.5 +/- 4.6% at a -120-mV holding potential. It was accompanied by 3- to 5-mV shifts of the steady-state inactivation curve and time constant-voltage relationship toward hyperpolarization. The inactivation kinetics spontaneously shifted toward hyperpolarization at 0.30 +/- 0.17 mV/min. The spontaneous shift was accompanied by a similar negative shift of the threshold potential, whereas caffeine did not affect it. Caffeine retarded the recovery of INa from inactivation, and a 4-mV positive shift in the recovery potential produced a similar retardation in INa recovery without caffeine. The INa block by caffeine was not influenced by reinforcing the internal buffering capacities using internal solutions containing 40 mM ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid or 50 mM N-2-hydroxyethylpiperazine-N'-2-ethanesulfonic acid or by pretreating the cell with 1 microM ryanodine. Neither pretreatment with isoproterenol or H 7 nor prestimulation of Gs protein by nonhydrolyzable GTP (GTP gamma S) altered the effects of caffeine on INa. It is concluded that caffeine inhibits INa and shifts the inactivation kinetics without being mediated by changes in intracellular ionic composition or intracellular signaling systems. Direct action on the channel proteins may be involved.

Involvement of K(+)-channel opening in endothelin-1 induced suppression of spontaneous contractions in the guinea pig taenia coli

Effects of porcine-human endothelin-1 on mechanical as well as electrical activities and on intracellular free Ca2+ levels in the guinea pig taenia coli were compared with those of nifedipine, a voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel blocker. Endothelin-1 (0.1-100 nM) caused a concentration-dependent suppression of spontaneous contractions but did not significantly affect the sustained contraction evoked by 40 mM KCl. However, nifedipine (0.1-100 nM) inhibited both types of contractions in a concentration-dependent manner. In electrophysiological studies, endothelin-1 (30 nM) or nifedipine (30 nM) eliminated spontaneous spike discharges. Endothelin-1 produced hyperpolarization, while nifedipine did not change the resting membrane potential. The endothelin-1 induced suppression of spontaneous contractions was dose-dependently antagonized by apamin (0.01-10 nM), an inhibitor of a small conductance Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channel, and D-tubocurarine (10-100 microM), an inhibitor of Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channel, but was unaffected by 4-aminopyridine (0.01-1 mM), an inhibitor of a voltage-dependent K+ channel. In the study with fura 2 excited at 340 nm, endothelin-1 abolished, from the tissue, the fluorescence signals that were coupled with spontaneous contraction. It is suggested that the inhibitory action of endothelin-1 on spontaneous contraction may be caused by hyperpolarization of the membrane that reduces the spontaneous generation of spike discharge coupled normally to an increase in the intracellular free Ca2+ levels in the guinea pig taenia coli. The hyperpolarization may be caused by activating apamin-sensitive Ca(2+)-dependent K+ channels.

[Intermittent administration of natural interferon-alpha for over 5 years induced complete suppression of Philadelphia chromosome in a patient with myelogenous leukemia]

A 60-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital because of gastric ulcer, anemia, and leukocytosis in November 1984. Blood cell counts on admission were as follows: RBC 407 x 10(4)/microliters, Hb 9.8 g/dl, WBC 33,000/microliters (baso 8%, eo 7%, myelo 11%, meta 2%, stab 4%, seg 54%), Plt 93.7 x 10(4)/microliters. Bone marrow showed hypercellular and myeloid hyperplasia. She was diagnosed as Ph1-chromosome positive chronic myelogenous leukemia. She received natural interferon-alpha at the dosage of 600 x 10(4) IU daily for 22 days from January 14, 1985. After March 1985, she has been given intermittent administration of interferon once in 10 to 20 days, and maintained normal blood cell counts. Cytogenetic improvement was seen on 35 months after the start of IFN and complete suppression of Ph1 chromosome was observed at July 1990 (66 months after).

[Delayed finger opening caused by a midbrain lesion]

We report a 25 year-old woman with delayed finger opening caused by a midbrain lesion. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed an abnormal intensity area in the left midbrain in the vascular territory corresponding to the mesencephalic inferomedian branch and central posteromedian branch of posterior cerebral artery. Clinically, she suffered from Weber's syndrome, and in the course of recovery, she developed marked delayed finger opening. Her weakness was slight, this delayed finger opening was observed only after maximal grip, and she required about ten seconds to open her right fingers. She could open and grip her fingers easily and quickly in moderate contraction. In the electromyogram, the action potentials of flexor digitorum profundus muscle did not disappear promptly upon instruction to open her fingers, and they lasted for approximately six seconds with gradual decrease. On the other hand, the action potentials of extensor digitorum muscle were reciprocally inhibited and increased gradually after the decrease of the flexor muscle potentials. The abnormally continuing discharges in the flexor muscles were thought to be the cause of her delayed finger opening. The phenomenon of delayed finger opening caused by cervical root lesions, peripheral nerve lesions, or a brain stem (pons-medulla oblongata) lesion have been reported. But, the phenomenon caused by a midbrain lesion, like our case, has not been reported. The present case was different from the previously reported cases with this phenomenon showing simultaneous discharges from both agonistic and antagonistic muscles.

A newly identified iron-binding protein in rat liver: purification and characterization

A novel iron-binding protein from rat liver homogenates was purified 1,800-fold with a 5.7% yield, to apparent homogeneity. The molecular weight of the protein was estimated to be 16,000, by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The purified protein exhibited 0.43 mol of iron binding per mol of protein with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 3.5 x 10(-6) M. Al3+ inhibited the iron-binding and the binding was also slightly inhibited by Ni2+. Other divalent metal ions such as Cu2+, Zn2+ and Mn2+ were without effect. Immunoblot analysis of the iron-binding protein revealed that the protein is located mainly in microsomes. This newly identified iron-binding protein may be involved in intracellular transport of iron.

Existence of ATP-evoked ATP release system in smooth muscles

Effects of stable ATP analogs such as alpha,beta-methylene ATP (alpha,beta-mATP) and beta,gamma-methylene ATP (beta,gamma-mATP) on ATP release and contractile response were evaluated in the vas deferens and ileal longitudinal muscles of guinea pig. In these smooth muscles, administration of alpha,beta-mATP (10, 30 or 100 microM) produced an ATP release accompanied by a transient contraction, but alpha,beta-methylene ADP (30 or 100 microM) or adenosine (30 microM) failed to elicit both the ATP release and the contraction. However, the peak responses of ATP release and contraction to alpha,beta-mATP (100 microM) in the vas deferens appeared around 2 min and 2.62 sec, respectively, after the injection of the drug. Beta,gamma-mATP (10 or 100 microM) caused an ATP release from the vas deferens. The ATP release as well as the contraction evoked by alpha,beta-mATP or beta,gamma-mATP were effectively inhibited by 300 microM suramin, a P2 purinoceptor antagonist. By contrast, ATP release and contractile response to norepinephrine in the vas deferens and those to bethanechol in the ileum were virtually unaffected by this antagonist. Veratridine and ouabain at (30 or 100 microM) caused markedly acetylcholine release from the ileum and norepinephrine release from the vas deferens, respectively. However, alpha,beta-mATP, even in a high concentration of 100 microM, did not elicit any release of acetylcholine or norepinephrine. These findings suggest that alpha,beta-mATP and probably beta,gamma-mATP evoke ATP release from not neuronal but mainly smooth muscular sites by activating suramin-sensitive P2x receptors, implying that "ATP-evoked ATP release system" exists.

Clinical usefulness of chemosensitivity testing using the MTT assay

The results of in vitro chemosensitivity testing using the MTT assay of tumor cells from 140 patients were analyzed with reference to the clinical antitumor effects of the chemotherapy. One hundred and twenty-four (88.6%) of 140 specimens were successfully tested by the method of Mosmann (J Immunol Methods 65:55-63, 1983) with some modifications. When the results of the assay were compared with the clinical effects of chemotherapy in 22 patients with remaining measurable tumor lesions, the overall prediction rate was 86.4% (19/22). Among 31 patients with stage III-V gastric and colorectal carcinomas without remaining measurable tumor lesions, the survival rate of nine patients treated with drugs shown to be effective in the assay was significantly (P less than 0.05) better than that of 22 patients treated with drugs shown to be ineffective.