Assessment of cellular proliferation of eccrine acrospiromas and eccrine sweat gland carcinomas by AgNOR counting and immunohistochemical demonstration of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki-67

Argyrophil nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) were counted and immunostaining using antibodies raised against proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki-67 was carried out on eccrine acrospiroma and eccrine sweat gland carcinoma, to determine the malignant potential and prognosis of these tumours. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens surgically excised from 25 patients with eccrine sweat gland carcinoma (20 cases of eccrine porocarcinoma, four cases of ductal sweat gland carcinoma and one case of malignant clear cell hidradenoma) and 25 patients with eccrine acrospiroma (16 cases of eccrine poroma, four cases of poroid hidradenoma and five cases of clear cell hidradenoma) were used. PCNA and Ki-67 labelling indices were categorized semiquantitatively into four grades. Significant differences were noted between eccrine sweat gland carcinoma and eccrine acrospiroma with these three methods (P < 0.01). When a cut-off of 5 was chosen, the AgNOR value distinguished eccrine sweat gland carcinoma from eccrine acrospiroma with high specificity and sensitivity. Moreover, we compared the results of these three methods between stages 1 or 2 (17 cases) and stage 3 (eight cases) eccrine sweat gland carcinomas, and no significant differences were observed. From these findings, these three methods are useful in discriminating malignant from benign lesions of eccrine tumours, but have no value in estimating the aggressiveness of eccrine sweat gland carcinomas.

Inhibition of cytokine gene expression in mouse skin by subcutaneous injection of cyclosporine

Cyclosporine A (CsA) has been shown to be an effective therapeutic agent for a wide variety of cutaneous diseases yet its exact mechanism of action is still unclear, although one well-defined effect of CsA is the inhibition of T-cell-derived cytokine expression. We recently demonstrated in vitro that CsA inhibits cell proliferation and suppresses cytokine gene expression in keratinocytes. In this study, we report the in vivo effects of CsA on skin cytokine gene expression as determined by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. C57BL6 mice (female, 8-10 weeks old) were subcutaneously injected with CsA in olive oil (0, 5 and 10 mg/kg) every other day for 3 weeks. Treatment with 5 mg/kg CsA inhibited both interleukin (IL)-1 alpha and tumor necrosis factor alpha gene expression by about 70 and 90%, respectively, relative to vehicle control levels. However, IL-6 gene expression did not significantly change. Injection of 10 mg/kg CsA inhibited expression of all three genes by 80-90% relative to control levels. These data show that CsA can inhibit constitutive cytokine gene expression in mouse skin.

Effects of contact sensitizers neomycin sulfate, benzocaine and 2,4-dinitrobenzene 1-sulfonate, sodium salt on viability, membrane integrity and IL-1 alpha mRNA expression of cultured normal human keratinocytes

The toxic effect of three potential contact sensitization chemicals [the aminoglycosidic antibiotic neomycin sulfate, the local anaesthetic benzocaine and the primary sensitizer 2,4-dinitrobenzene 1-sulfonate, sodium salt (DNBS)], on cultured human keratinocytes was examined. The three chemicals were compared with respect to their cytotoxic potential (determined by crystal violet staining assay), their membrane disruptive potential ([3H]arachidonic acid release assay), and their effects on interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) mRNA expression [reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)]. At the concentrations used, neomycin sulfate (0.004-0.32%) and benzocaine (0.0165-0.165%) did not show relevant cytotoxicity or membrane perturbation. On the other hand, DNBS (0.001-1%) caused a significant dose-dependent cytotoxic response at concentrations higher than 0.1%, while the [3H]arachidonic acid release assay indicated absence of membrane perturbation activity in all the range of DNBS concentrations examined. The effects of the three sensitizers on IL-1 alpha mRNA expression were varied; neomycin sulfate caused a dose-dependent induction of IL-1 alpha mRNA, benzocaine did not significantly affect its signal, and DNBS suppressed IL-1 alpha gene expression.

Fluid shear stress increases the expression of thrombomodulin by cultured human endothelial cells

Endothelial cells (ECs) cultured from human umbilical vein were exposed to medium flow in a flow-loading chamber, and changes in thrombomodulin (TM) expression were examined by flow cytometry and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay with monoclonal antibody. The expression of TM antigen was increased time- and shear stress-dependently by flow, and when exposed to a shear stress of 15 dynes/cm2 for 24 hr, it increased to approximately 200% of the stationary control level. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction showed that TM mRNA levels in ECs also increased in response to flow. TM mRNA began to increase one hour after the application of shear stress of 15 dynes/cm2 and reached a maximum (approximately 330% of stationary control) after eight hours. These results, demonstrating an up-regulating effect of flow on TM expression in ECs, suggest that shear stress may be an important modulator of intravascular blood coagulation.

Genomic structure and chromosomal localization of processed pseudogenes for human RBP-Jk

The functional gene for human recombination signal sequence-binding protein (RBP-Jk) and corresponding processed psudogenes have been isolated from various species, such as Drosophila, Xenopus, mouse, and human. Here we report the isolation of another two genomic pseudogenes of human RBP-Jk, named K2 and K7, from a cosmid library of Hela cells. The nucleotide sequences of both genes exhibited more than 95% homology to the functional human gene for RBP-Jk. Moreover, they did not contain any intron sequences and were interrupted by several stop codons in all frames. In situ hybridization demonstrated that the pseudogenes, K2 and K7, were localized at chromosomes 9p13 and 9q13, respectively. Their physical maps differed from those of the true functional gene and of the pseudogenes reported previously by Amakawa et al. (1993).

A case of ductal sweat gland carcinoma connected to syringocystadenoma papilliferum arising in nevus sebaceus

We report a case of a tumor arising in the preauricular region in a 50-year-old woman. The histopathological findings revealed it to be a ductal sweat gland carcinoma connected to a syringocystadenoma papilliferum (SCAP) arising in a nevus sebaceus. Mucinous stroma, considered to be deposition of hyaluronic acid, was also observed in the ductal carcinoma portion. The immunohistochemical and ultrastructural findings in the ductal carcinoma were compared with those in the SCAP. The proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling index of the cells in the ductal carcinoma was higher than that of those in the SCAP. Both the ductal sweat gland carcinoma and SCAP showed findings compatible with the ductal segment of a sweat gland.

Characterization of epidermal cytokine profiles in sensitization and elicitation phases of allergic contact dermatitis as well as irritant contact dermatitis in mouse skin

Epidermal cytokines are known to participate in the initiation of immune and inflammatory processes in the skin. In the present study, we examined epidermal cytokine mRNA levels to elucidate the initial molecular events in the sensitization and elicitation phases of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) as well as in irritant contact dermatitis (ICD). BALB/c mice were sensitized on the dorsal skin with 0.5% dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) and challenged with 0.2% DNFB on the ears 6 days later to elicit allergic contact hypersensitivity (ACDe), the elicitation phase. To examine cytokine profiles during the sensitization phase from the same anatomic area, other animals were sensitized on ear instead of dorsal skin. The sensitization phase of ACD (ACDs) was induced by painting the ears of naive mice with 0.5% DNFB. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), utilized as an irritant control, was also applied to the ears of another group of mice to induce ICD. Total RNA was extracted from the epidermis of the treated ears at various time points after each treatment, reverse transcribed to cDNA, and amplified by PCR using radiolabeled cytokine-specific primers. Amplified products were sized by electrophoresis and autoradiography and semiquantitated by densitometry. Autoradiographs were normalized relative to beta-actin signals. ACDs and ACDe showed similar patterns of cytokine mRNA levels; that is, at 6 h after hapten application, interleukin (IL)-1 beta, IL-6, IL-10, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) mRNA levels were upregulated, and this upregulation was observed until 24 h after treatment.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Interleukin-1 beta inhibits gastric histamine secretion and synthesis in the rat

Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) is the most potent inhibitor of gastric acid secretion known at present. Although histamine has been shown to be an important mediator of gastric acid secretion, the effect of IL-1 beta on gastric histamine mobilization has not been studied. In the present study, the effects of IL-1 beta on gastric acid secretion and gastric histamine mobilization were investigated in conscious rats with both gastric and vesical fistulas. IL-1 beta (5 micrograms/kg iv) significantly inhibited basal acid secretion but did not affect basal urinary histamine excretion and fundic histidine decarboxylase (HDC) activity. Gastrin-17-I (1 nmol.kg-1.h-1) caused a marked increase in acid secretion, urinary histamine secretion, and fundic HDC activity. IL-1 beta (5 micrograms/kg iv) completely inhibited gastrin-induced acid secretion and partially inhibited urinary histamine excretion and fundic HDC activity. Pretreatment with indomethacin (10 mg/kg ip) partially reversed the inhibitory effects of IL-1 beta on gastrin-stimulated fundic HDC activity and acid secretion. These findings indicate that IL-1 beta inhibits gastric histamine mobilization through both prostaglandin-dependent and prostaglandin-independent pathways. Furthermore, it is suggested that the inhibitory action of IL-1 beta on gastric acid secretion is mediated by the inhibition of gastric histamine mobilization.

Interleukin-10 inhibits the elicitation phase of allergic contact hypersensitivity

Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is known to play a major role in suppressing immune and inflammatory responses by inhibiting the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Therefore, we hypothesized that IL-10 might be capable of suppressing allergic contact hypersensitivity. BALB/c mice were sensitized on the dorsal skin with dinitrofluorobenzene and challenged on the ears 6 d later. The effect of IL-10 on the elicitation phase of contact sensitization was determined by its intradermal injection into the pinnae of the mice at doses of 0.1-100 ng. At 24 and 48 h after challenge, ear swelling was suppressed in a dose-dependent manner by injection of IL-10 at doses of 10-100 ng. Maximal inhibition of ear swelling (46.9%) was observed after injection of 100 ng of IL-10. IL-10-injected ear skins showed less inflammatory cell infiltration and decreased edema at the dermis compared with controls. Because IL-10 is known to inhibit Th1 cytokines such as interferon-gamma, we examined whether the suppressive effect of IL-10 on ear swelling was accompanied by IL-10-induced inhibition of interferon-gamma. We found that IL-10 application suppressed interferon-gamma mRNA upregulation in challenged skin. Our results suggest that IL-10 significantly modifies the elicitation of allergic contact sensitivity reactions.

[High-speed/high resolution teleradiology system based on university microwave network]

A high-speed, high-resolution teleradiology system with full duplexing based on the Shinshu University Video and Communication Network System (SUNS) using Giga-Herz microwaves is described. The LAN at Nagano Red-Cross Hospital and The Radiology Department of Shinshu University Hospital are interfaced to a personal computer with a laser film digitizer, interactive display, and network interface. The throughput per digitized high-resolution radiographic image was 65 sec, and the mean transmission rate was 805 kilobit per sec. Teleradiology conferencing is also possible with this system. Radiologists at both hospitals interactively observe the same high-resolution images on the CRT screen using mouse cursor synchronization.

High-level expression of the photorepair gene in Drosophila ovary and its evolutionary implications

DNA photolyase catalyzes light-dependent repair of cis, syn-cyclobutane dipyrimidines (pyrimidine dimers); its apoenzyme is encoded by the photorepair (phr) gene. The phr cDNA was cloned from D. melanogaster; it has an open reading frame to encode a 61,483-Da protein. The phr cDNA hybridized to band 44C-D of Drosophila polytene chromosome, equivalent to the locus of the phr- gene. Drosophila photolyase is made of an apoenzyme with a molecular weight of 62 kDa. Drosophila photolyase is extraordinarily abundant in the embryo and adult ovary, whereas mRNA of the phr gene is abundant only in the ovary. The action spectrum of Drosophila photolyase for photoreactivation has a maximum at 440 nm. The phr gene of Drosophila has about 60% identical amino acid sites with that of goldfish but only 13-18% with those of microorganisms. Implications of the unique characteristics of the Drosophila phr gene are discussed overviewing the diversified characteristics of phr genes in various organisms that have presumably evolved from a common ancestral gene.

Acidification is essential for maintaining the structure and function of lytic granules of CTL. Effect of concanamycin A, an inhibitor of vacuolar type H(+)-ATPase, on CTL-mediated cytotoxicity

An inhibitor of vacuolar type H(+)-ATPase, concanamycin A (CMA), inhibited the specific cytolytic activity of a CD8+ CTL clone, OE4. The inhibitory effect was observed when the effector cells, and not the target cells, were pretreated with CMA. CMA did not seem to inhibit early events, inasmuch as effector/target conjugate formation remained unaffected. Although CMA treatment of OE4 resulted in a slight decrease in the efficiency of granule exocytosis in response to anti-CD3 stimulation, the most prominent effect was a marked reduction of perforin activity and DNA degradation activity in lytic granules. Western blotting analysis indicated a drastic decrease in the amount of perforin in CMA-treated cells. Fluorescent microscopic observation of OE4 stained with acridine orange indicated that CMA raised the pH of the lytic granules. Under transmission electron microscopy, striking morphologic changes in cytoplasmic granular structures were observed after CMA treatment of OE4. The lytic granules of OE4 had homogeneously stained large cores and numerous small vesicles that filled peripheral areas. In contrast, the lytic granules of CMA-treated OE4 showed irregular shapes with no small vesicles, but with cores that became rough and loose. Vacuoles with no structure in them were seen occasionally. These results suggest that acidification through vacuolar type H(+)-ATPase is essential to maintain the structure and function of lytic granules.

Differences in protein structure and similarities in catalytic function of two L-stereoselective carbonyl reductases from bakers' yeast

We purified and studied two L-stereoselective carbonyl reductases from bakers' yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). One catalyzed exclusively the enantioselective reduction of carbonyl compounds such as beta-keto esters and the other acted on alpha-acetoxy ketones and beta-keto esters. The enzymes had identical molecular weights and catalyzed the L-stereoselective reduction of various carbonyl compounds with similar substrate specificity, but they were different proteins coded by different genes.

Molecular cloning of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase cDNA and classification of varieties and cultivars of tea plants (Camellia sinensis) using the tea PAL cDNA probe

Tea (Camellia sinensis) phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) cDNA was cloned using labelled rice PAL cDNA as a probe. The PAL genes of the tea plant were investigated by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis using tea PAL cDNA. PAL genetic variation in tea plants was much larger than predicted due to the presence of various hybridized fragments in the Assam hybrids, which are hybrids between C. sinensis var 'assamica' and var 'sinensis'. On the other hand, hybridized band patterns of Japanese green tea cultivars belonging to var 'sinensis' could be divided into five groups. Furthermore, a short-length PAL probe, about 280 bp including the 3' untranslated sequence, detected 3 DNA fragments of different lengths, which were named A, B and D. An experiment tracing the PAL gene heredity showed that A, B and D fragments were inherited according to the Mendelian monogenic ratio. Therefore, PAL genes identifiable by A, B and D fragments are multiple alleles, and the PAL gene is present as a single gene in the tea haploid genome. It was also clear that five groups of Japanese green tea cultivars were characterized by the composition of these PAL fragments. From RFLP analysis using tea PAL cDNA, we succeeded in distinguishing Assam hybrids and Japanese green tea cultivars with high and low catechin content, respectively, and in grouping Japanese green tea at the cultivar level.

Acidification is essential for maintaining the structure and function of lytic granules of CTL. Effect of concanamycin A, an inhibitor of vacuolar type H(+)-ATPase, on CTL-mediated cytotoxicity

An inhibitor of vacuolar type H(+)-ATPase, concanamycin A (CMA), inhibited the specific cytolytic activity of a CD8+ CTL clone, OE4. The inhibitory effect was observed when the effector cells, and not the target cells, were pretreated with CMA. CMA did not seem to inhibit early events, inasmuch as effector/target conjugate formation remained unaffected. Although CMA treatment of OE4 resulted in a slight decrease in the efficiency of granule exocytosis in response to anti-CD3 stimulation, the most prominent effect was a marked reduction of perforin activity and DNA degradation activity in lytic granules. Western blotting analysis indicated a drastic decrease in the amount of perforin in CMA-treated cells. Fluorescent microscopic observation of OE4 stained with acridine orange indicated that CMA raised the pH of the lytic granules. Under transmission electron microscopy, striking morphologic changes in cytoplasmic granular structures were observed after CMA treatment of OE4. The lytic granules of OE4 had homogeneously stained large cores and numerous small vesicles that filled peripheral areas. In contrast, the lytic granules of CMA-treated OE4 showed irregular shapes with no small vesicles, but with cores that became rough and loose. Vacuoles with no structure in them were seen occasionally. These results suggest that acidification through vacuolar type H(+)-ATPase is essential to maintain the structure and function of lytic granules.

Usefulness of the AMeX method for immunostaining with antikeratin antibodies

We performed an immunohistochemical study with 11 antikeratin antibodies using the newly developed AMeX (acetone-methylbenzoate-xylene) tissue processing method. Specimens processed with this method showed almost as good preservation and morphological detail as routinely processed, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue specimens, and as good preservation of antigenicity as fresh frozen tissue specimens. Thus, we propose the wide use of this method in dermatology.

Two-phase increment of Ca2+ uptake, intracellular Ca2+ concentration, and histamine release following antigen stimulation in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC)

The relationship between the influx of Ca2+ into cells or cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) and the histamine release following antigen stimulation in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) was examined, and the results were compared with those from human lung mast cells (HLMC) and rat peritoneal mast cells (RPMC) in some experiments. Anaphylactic histamine release from BMMC as well as HLMC, but not that from RPMC, was dependent on the extracellular Ca2+. When BMMC were challenged by antigen following radioactive 45Ca2+ addition, two phases of 45Ca2+ influx into the cells were observed. The first phase, which was initiated and completed within 30 sec and 2 min, respectively, after antigen treatment, appeared to be related to anaphylactic histamine release. The second influx began 30 sec subsequent to the first one and lasted for at least 2 min, and this occurred after the completion of the histamine release; So far, it is not known how this second influx participates in the intracellular event(s). On the other hand, only one sustained elevation of [Ca2+]i occurred that reached its maximum within 2 min after antigen stimulation. Following stimulation of BMMC with antigen in the absence of Ca2+, Ca2+ addition 1 to 5 min later time-dependently enhanced the histamine release, although the release was deteriorated by further extension of Ca2+ addition. In contrast, the releasability of HLMC was rapidly decreased. These results indicate that extracellular Ca2+ not only is prerequisite for anaphylactic histamine release from BMMC, but also may modulate the release and participate in some intracellular event(s) which has yet to be focused upon.

A patient with rhabdomyosarcoma and clear cell sarcoma of the skin

We describe a patient with rhabdomyosarcoma of the posterior cervical region and clear cell sarcoma on the occipital scalp. These two tumors later metastasized to distant skin. We differentiated these tumors by histopathologic, histochemical, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural findings. Cells of the posterior cervical tumor showed differentiation toward striated muscle, whereas those of the occipital tumor showed findings compatible with melanocytic differentiation.

[Micro-wave local area network for radiological image transmission]

Shinshu University consists of five campuses in different locations, a situation that presents some problems in communication. To solve this problem, the Shinshu University Video and Data Network System (SUNS), which includes a high-speed audio-visual transfer function, has been developed and utilized for pre- and postgraduate education, administrative teleconferences, and local telephone (PBX) and Fax services. In 1988, a cooperative group for the study of radiographic image processing was organized, consisting of staff members of Shinshu University Hospital in Matsumoto, the Faculty of Engineering in Nagano (75 km from Matsumoto) and the Faculty of Textile Science and Technology in Ueda (45 km from Matsumoto). The system has been developed with a pair of personal computer (PC)-based interactive image workstations and high-speed digital telecommunication interfaces to the SUNS. A transmission time of 878 kbps has been attained, including the time needed for read/write onto the PC hard disk. Image data thus transferred from the hospital have been utilized for the study of image processing by researchers in the Faculty of Engineering, and the processed images have been sent back to the hospital for evaluation of clinical efficacy of the processing by diagnostic radiologists. This kind of microwave network is a promising alternative for high-speed data transmission for radiological images and their processing.

Proteoglycan form of macrophage colony-stimulating factor binds low density lipoprotein

We recently isolated a proteoglycan form of macrophage colony-stimulating factor (PG-M-CSF) that carries a chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan chain. Here, we examined the interaction of PG-M-CSF with low density lipoprotein (LDL). When LDL preincubated with PG-M-CSF was fractionated by molecular size sieving chromatography, it was eluted earlier than untreated LDL. When LDL was preincubated with chondroitin sulfate-free 85-kD M-CSF instead of PG-M-CSF, the elution profile of LDL remained unchanged, indicating specific interaction between PG-M-CSF and LDL. The level of PG-M-CSF binding in the wells of a plastic microtitration plate precoated with LDL was significant, this binding being completely abolished by pretreatment of PG-M-CSF with chondroitinase AC, which degrades chondroitin sulfate. The addition of exogenous chondroitin sulfate or apolipoprotein B inhibited the binding of PG-M-CSF to LDL in a dose-dependent manner, indicating that the interaction between PG-M-CSF and LDL was mediated by the binding of the chondroitin sulfate chain of PG-M-CSF to LDL apolipoprotein B. PG-M-CSF was also demonstrated in the arterial wall, and there were increased amounts of PG-M-CSF in atherosclerotic lesions. The in vitro interaction between PG-M-CSF and LDL thus appears to have physiological significance.

A novel microtubule-based motor protein (KIF4) for organelle transports, whose expression is regulated developmentally

To understand the mechanisms of transport for organelles in the axon, we isolated and sequenced the cDNA encoding KIF4 from murine brain, and characterized the molecule biochemically and immunocytochemically. Complete amino acid sequence analysis of KIF4 and ultrastructural studies of KIF4 molecules expressed in Sf9 cells revealed that the protein contains 1,231 amino acid residues (M(r) 139,550) and that the molecule (116-nm rod with globular heads and tail) consists of three domains: an NH2-terminal globular motor domain, a central alpha-helical stalk domain and a COOH-terminal tail domain. KIF4 protein has the property of nucleotide-dependent binding to microtubules, microtubule-activated ATPase activity, and microtubule plus-end-directed motility. Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization demonstrated that KIF4 is strongly expressed in juvenile tissues including differentiated young neurons, while its expression is decreased considerably in adult mice except in spleen. Immunocytochemical studies revealed that KIF4 colocalized with membranous organelles both in growth cones of differentiated neurons and in the cytoplasm of cultured fibroblasts. During mitotic phase of cell cycle, KIF4 appears to colocalize with membranous organelles in the mitotic spindle. Hence we conclude that KIF4 is a novel microtubule-associated anterograde motor protein for membranous organelles, the expression of which is regulated developmentally.