Structure and chromosomal assignment of the human cyclin G gene

Human cDNA and genomic DNA encoding cyclin G were cloned and analyzed. The amino acid sequence of cyclin G is well conserved among mammals. Human cyclin G (295 amino acids) has one extra Thr at residue 6 compared with rat and mouse cyclin G (294 amino acids). The genomic DNA for human cyclin G consists of six exons, and in the first intron, one distinct putative binding site for the p53 tumor suppressor gene product (GCACAAGCCCAGGCTAGTCC) was detected. We performed chromosome mapping utilizing the fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique using both cDNA and genomic DNA for cyclin G. FISH localizes human cyclin G to the 5q32-q34 region. In the vicinity of the chromosomal location of human cyclin G, four cases of chromosomal translocations in human hematopoietic tumors have been reported, such as a subgroup of chronic myelomonocytic leukemia, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and acute lymphocytic leukemia. It is therefore important to examine whether chromosomal translocations around this region cause aberrant cyclin G expression in a manner that is causally related to leukemia.

Annual changes in colorectal carcinoma incidence in Japan. Analysis of survey data on incidence in Aomori Prefecture

BACKGROUND

In recent years, the mortality rate for colorectal carcinoma in Japan has rapidly been increasing, and there are indications that it may surpass that of gastric carcinoma, with colorectal carcinoma fast becoming one of the main targets of cancer treatment in Japan.

METHODS

Eight thousand three hundred and eighty-six case records of colorectal carcinoma (4479 males and 3907 females; 4691 colon carcinoma cases and 3695 rectal carcinoma cases), diagnosed over 18 years from 1974 to 1991 in Aomori Prefecture, were analyzed.

RESULTS

Age-adjusted incidence for colorectal carcinoma per 100,000 population were 12.6 and 8.7 for males and females, respectively, in 1974. The corresponding rates were 20 and 13.6, respectively, in 1980, and 42.5 and 25.6, respectively, in 1991. Among patients with colon carcinoma, a higher proportion have sigmoid colon carcinoma. The degree of increase in the incidence of sigmoid colon carcinoma was almost the same as that of right-sided colon carcinoma. By birth cohort analysis, among those born in 1934 or earlier, the incidence at the same age was higher in the younger population.

CONCLUSION

It is possible that the age-adjusted incidence of colorectal carcinoma in Japan will soon resemble that of the white population in the United States, in a manner similar to that of Japanese-Americans.

Cerebral haemorrhage complicating adult-onset Still's disease: a case report

The case of a 75-year-old Japanese woman with adult-onset Still's disease who presented with cerebral haemorrhage is described. She had been in clinical remission for 2 years, after induction therapy including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, prednisolone, cyclophosphamide and mizoribine followed by auranofin, until her cerebral haemorrhage occurred, although her serum level of ferritin had gradually increased. After the onset of cerebral haemorrhage, the patient's serum level of thrombomodulin was elevated although c-reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase were not increased. Anti-cardiolipin antibody and lupus anti-coagulant were not detected. Patients with adult-onset Still's disease are rarely reported to develop cerebral vascular disease, possibly because the disease is most frequent in young adults. The cerebral haemorrhage may have been caused by the vasculitis due to Still's disease.

Motor aphasia due to prolonged hypoglycaemic coma in a patient with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

A 45-year-old insulin-dependent diabetic man was in a hypoglycaemic coma for one month but recovered after continuous infusion of glucose and insulin. An isolated neurological deficit, motor aphasia, persisted after recovery from the coma. Repeated computerized tomography did not demonstrate any abnormal findings attributable to coma or aphasia. Precise follow-up examinations of aphasia showed improvement of Broca type motor aphasia to transcortical motor aphasia. Hypoglycaemic aphasia in a patient after recovery from prolonged coma is rare and its clinical course and pathogenesis are discussed with reference to the available literature.

[Measurement of bone density by ultrasound bone densitometer in normal pregnant women]

The bone mineral density in reproductive aged and pregnant women was measured with an ultrasound bone densitometer (Achilles, Luner Co, USA). Both parameters of bone density on Os calsis, sound of speed (SOS) and broad ultrasound attenuation (BUA) were significantly correlated with bone mineral density in lumbar2-4 measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (p < 0.01) in reproductive aged women (mean age; 24.5 +/- 2.3, n = 30). The changes in bone density during pregnancy and at delivery were studied. In a cross-sectional study, no significant changes in SOS, BUA and stiffness were observed, but in a longitudinal study (n = 21), all of these parameters decreased as pregnancy advanced. The markers of bone turnover (serum Ca, alkaline phosphatase, procollagen type 1-C peptide, urinary Ca/Cr and deoxypyridinoline/Cr) did not change during pregnancy. Ten pregnant women with low bone density (less than-1.5 SD mean value) were found. There was no significant difference between the markers of bone turnover in pregnant women with low and normal bone density. The clinical usefulness of the screening of bone density of reproductive aged and pregnant women to detect osteopenia is suggested.

Eradication of Helicobacter pylori followed by reinfection

Eradication therapy for Helicobacter pylori is now common, since eradication of this organism reduces the recurrence rate of peptic ulcer. We evaluated the eradication of H. pylori 4 weeks after the cessation of eradication treatment, and encountered recolonization in patients in whom eradication had been confirmed. Using a urease probe, we analyzed the Ure B restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of the DNA of the recolonized H. pylori by Southern blotting and compared it with that of the H. pylori strain cultured before eradication therapy. RFLP patterns before and after the treatment were identical, indicating that the recolonization of H. pylori was an exacerbation of the primary infection, rather than a reinfection.

Metabolism, uptake, and transepithelial transport of the stereoisomers of Val-Val-Val in the human intestinal cell line, Caco-2

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to determine the stereospecificity of the apical oligopeptide transporter(s) for the stereoisomers of Val-Val-Val and to determine whether the interaction of these molecules with this transporter(s) could be correlated with their cellular uptake and/or transepithelial transport.

METHODS

The interactions of these stereoisomers with this transporter(s) were evaluated by determining their ability to inhibit [3H]cephalexin uptake into Caco-2 cells. The metabolism of these stereoisomers was determined in a homogenate of Caco-2 cells and in the apical bathing solution over Caco-2 cell monolayers. The cellular uptake and transepithelial transport properties of these stereoisomers were studied using the Caco-2 cell monolayers.

RESULTS

The L-L-L tripeptide was totally degraded within 1 h in the Caco-2 cell homogenate and within 2 h when applied to the apical side of a Caco-2 cell monolayer. In contrast, 36.7 +/- 1.3% and 69.7 +/- 0.9% of L-Val-L-Val-D-Val remained after 2 h in the cell homogenate and in the apical bathing solution, respectively. The other six stereoisomers of Val-Val-Val were completely stable in the Caco-2 cell homogenate. Five of the stereoisomers (L-L-L, L-L-D, L-D-L, D-L-L, D-D-L) significantly inhibited the cellular uptake of [3H]cephalexin (91%, 62%, 14%, 45%, 16%, respectively). The other stereoisomers had no effect on the [3H]cephalexin uptake. When the cellular uptake of the stereoisomers was determined, the D-L-L and L-D-L tripeptides showed the highest intracellular concentrations (1.32 +/- 0.25 and 0.62 +/- 0.20 nmol/mg protein after a 2-h incubation, respectively). In contrast, the intracellular concentrations of the other stereoisomers were less than 0.1 nmol/mg protein. Moreover, the cellular uptake of the D-L-L and L-D-L tripeptides was inhibited by Gly-Pro by 82% and 68%, respectively, whereas Gly-Pro showed moderate to no inhibitory effect on the cellular uptake of the other stereoisomers. The permeability coefficients of the stereoisomers across the Caco-2 cell monolayers were very low (1.8 to 3.1 x 10(-7) cm/sec) and almost identical. Gly-Pro had no effect on their transepithelial transport.

CONCLUSIONS

These results suggest that the interaction of the Val-Val-Val stereoisomers with the apical oligopeptide transporter(s) could be a good predictor of their cellular uptake. However, since the major transepithelial transport mechanism of Val-Val-Val stereoisomers is passive diffusion via the paracellular route, the binding of these molecules to the oligopeptide transporter(s) is not a good predictor of their transepithelial transport. It appears that the stereochemical requirements for the transporter that mediates permeation of the peptide across the basolateral membrane may be different from the requirements for the apical transporter that mediates cellular uptake.

Serotyping and categorisation of Escherichia coli strains isolated between 1958 and 1992 from diarrhoeal diseases in Asia

A total of 3065 strains of Escherichia coli isolated between 1958 and 1992 from patients with diarrhoea in different countries were examined for virulence factors by hybridisation with biotinylated DNA probes for genes that coded for production of heat-labile and heat-stable enterotoxins, enteroinvasiveness, production of verotoxins and attaching-and-effacing factor and were serotyped. Of the 3065 strains, 1998 were placed into one of four pathogenic categories by their virulence factors: 1057 enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) comprising 30 O-groups, 73 serovars and 137 untypable strains; 132 enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) comprising 11 O-groups and 13 serovars; 64 verotoxin-producing E. coli (VTEC) comprising 11 O-groups, 17 serovars and 13 untypable strains; and 745 enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) comprising 34 O-groups, 92 serovars and 91 untypable strains. The remaining 1067 strains did not hybridise with any of the DNA probes used. About half the number of O-groups recognised were not restricted to a single pathogenic category, although the combinations of O- and H-antigens were different in each category.

IK independent class III actions of MS-551 compared with sematilide and dofetilide during reperfusion in anaesthetized rats

1. The antiarrhythmic and haemodynamic effects of three class III antiarrhythmic drugs, MS-551, sematilide and dofetilide, were examined in the coronary artery, ligation-reperfusion model of pentobarbitone-anaesthetized rats, a species deficient in functional cardiac IK. MS-551 is a non-selective potassium channel blocker, while both sematilide and dofetilide are selective delayed rectifier potassium (K) channel (IK) blockers. 2. Before coronary ligation, 3 and 10 mg kg-1 MS-551 decreased the heart rate by 6% (P < 0.01) and 12% (P < 0.01), and increased mean arterial pressure (MAP) by 14% (P < 0.05) and 33% (P < 0.01), respectively. Sematilide at 10 and 30 mg kg-1 also decreased the heart rate by 4% (P < 0.01) and 9% (P < 0.01), respectively, and the higher dose of 30 mg kg-1 decreased MAP by 29% (P < 0.01). Dofetilide, 1 mg kg-1, decreased the heart rate (P < 0.01), but had no significant effect on MAP. 3. The QT interval was increased by 10% (P < 0.01) and 31% (P < 0.01), when 3 and 10 mg kg-1 MS-551 were given. Sematilide and dofetilide had no effect on the QT interval. 4. Immediately after reperfusion, lethal ventricular fibrillation (VF) was induced in 80% of the saline group. MS-551 at 3 and 10 mg kg-1, reduced the incidence of lethal VF to 50% and 20% (P < 0.05). Neither dofetilide 1 mg kg-1 nor sematilide (10 and 30 mg kg-1) decreased the incidence of lethal VF (70%, 80% and 50%, respectively). None of the three drugs had any effect on the occurrence of reperfusion-induced VT or the total incidence of VF. However, 10 mg kg-1 MS-551 delayed the onset of reperfusion-induced VF (27 +/- 5 s compared with 12 +/- 2 s of the control group, P < 0.05). 5. In conclusion, in rats which are deficient in cardiac IK MS-551 prolonged the QT interval and reduced the incidence of sustained VF after reperfusion. Blockade of channels other than IK might participate in the defibrillatory effect of MS-551. Sematilide and dofetilide, which are selective IK blockers, did not increase the QT interval nor did they show antiarrhythmic effects Mechanisms other than K channel block may be involved in the different effects of the three drugs on blood pressure.

Functional conservation of mouse Notch receptor family members

All the known members of the mouse Notch receptor family were examined for their biochemical function by interaction with a DNA binding protein RBP-Jkappa. mNotch2, mNotch3 and int3 (= mNotch4) were shown to interact with RBP-Jkappa by the GST-fusion pull down assay and dominant negative competition with Epstein Barr virus nuclear antigen 2. Furthermore the intracellular region of int3 was shown to transactivate the Epstein Barr virus TP1 promoter. These results indicate that all mouse Notch family members have biochemical functions similar to mNotch1, which transduces proliferative signal by direct interaction with the DNA binding protein RBP-Jkappa.

[Application for therapeutic use of deuterium oxide (D2O) against human pancreatic cancer]

This study was designed to assess the possibility of D2O as a therapeutic agent against human pancreatic cancer. We examined the effect of D2O on growth and invasion of human pancreatic cancer cells (Panc-1, MIA PaCa-2, BxPC-3) by using MTT assay and nude mice, on which human pancreas cancer cells were transplanted. In vitro growth of the three lines was significantly inhibited by D2O in a dose dependent manner, especially at more than a 10% concentration. Growth of Panc-1, which was transplanted in nude mice, was also inhibited by continuous oral intake of 30% D2O. Furthermore, the effect of D2O on cancer invasiveness was assessed by Matrigel invasion chamber assay. BxPC-3, which is the most adherent of the three lines, significantly reduced its invasiveness in more than 30% D2O media. In addition, the present study also demonstrated the inhibition of cancer cell locomotion by D2O in phagocytokinetic analysis. In conclusion, D2O may be applied for the therapeutic use against pancreatic cancer.

Enterobacter kobei sp. nov., a new species of the family Enterobacteriaceae resembling Enterobacter cloacae

The name Enterobacter kobei sp. nov. is proposed for a group of organisms referred to as NIH Group 21 at the National Institute of Health, Tokyo. The members of this species are Gram-negative, motile rods conforming to the definition of the family Enterobacteriaceae. The DNA relatedness of 23 strains of NIH Group 21 to the representative proposed as the type strain of this species averaged 82% at 70 degrees C, whereas the relatedness to other species within the family Enterobacteriaceae was less than 42%. Because the phenotypic resemblance to Enterobacter cloacae is very close and the DNA relatedness (12-42%) is closer to species of the genus Enterobacter than to other species of the family, the members of NIH Group 21 were placed in the genus Enterobacter. Close phenotypic and genetic relationships were also found between NIH Group 21 and a member of a group of organisms referred to as Enteric Group 69 at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia, USA. It is suggested that the latter could be regarded as a subspecific rank of E. kobei, though this is subject to study of further strains. The majority of strains of E. kobei were isolated from clinical specimens. A culture of the type strain (NIH 1485-79) has been deposited in the Japan Collection of Microorganisms as JCM 8580.

Clinicopathological significance of Ki-ras point mutation and p21 expression in benign and malignant exocrine tumors of the human pancreas

CONCLUSION

The present study suggests that Ki-ras point mutations may play an important role in the early stages of tumorigenesis and that a double mutation has a stronger detrimental effect than a single mutation on the survival after pancreatectomy.

BACKGROUND

Previous studies have suggested the important role of Ki-ras point mutations in ras gene codon 12 in the tumorigenesis of pancreatic cancer, but their clinicopathological significance is still unclear. The present study was designed to assess the clinicopathological significance of Ki-ras point mutations, and p21 expression in malignant and benign diseases of the pancreas.

METHODS

Oligonucleotide dot-blot hybridization for Ki-ras point mutations in codon 12 and immunohistochemical staining for p21 expression were applied. Cases included 44 primary and 15 metastatic lesions of pancreatic cancer, and 17 benign pancreatic diseases.

RESULTS

Ki-ras point mutations and p21 expression were detected in 43 and 19 primary lesions, 9 and 6 metastatic lesions, and four and five benign diseases, respectively. The patients with a single mutation had a better survival after pancreatectomy than those with a double mutation. The patients with a p21(+) GAT mutation showed the worst survival after pancreatectomy compared with other categories of patients.

A phase I study of idarubicin hydrochloride in patients with acute leukemia. The Idarubicin Study Group of Japan

This phase I trial of idarubicin (IDA) was conducted in 32 patients with acute leukemia and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) in blastic crisis (CML/BC) who either had failed to achieve a complete remission (CR) after initial induction therapy or had relapsed after CR. IDA was administered at dosages ranging from an initial dose of 5 mg/m2/d for 3 days with an increment of 2.5 mg/m2/d to 15 mg/m2/d for 3 days. The dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) were thought to be stomatitis and anorexia. The maximum tolerated dose (MTD) was determined to be 15 mg/m2/d for 3 days (45 mg/m2 per course). Bone marrow toxicity was significant when greater than 10 mg/m2/d of IDA was given. When IDA was administered at this dosage or higher, there were three CRs and four partial responses, with an overall response rate of 26.9% in 26 assessable patients. It is recommended that a phase II study be undertaken at an IDA dosage of 10 to 15 mg/m2/d for 3 consecutive days in the treatment of acute leukemia. Twenty-one of 32 patients were also studied for the pharmacokinetics of IDA. The terminal half-life (t1/2) values for IDA were 6.4 to 15.1 hours in plasma and 8.09 to 16.34 hours in blood cells. The t1/2 values for idarubicinol were much longer: 43.46 to 51.01 hours in plasma and 36.61 to 54.70 hours in blood cells. Concentrations of idarubicinol in plasma and blood cells exceeded those of IDA 2 to 4 hours after the start of treatment and remained elevated for a long time. The area under the curve (AUC) of idarubicinol in plasma was 5.16 to 8.36 times higher than that of IDA, and the AUC of idarubicinol in blood cells was 2.05 to 4.57 times higher than that of IDA. The AUCs of both IDA and idarubicinol increased dose-dependently over the dosage range of 5 to 15 mg/m2/d. When two-compartment multiple-dose models were used, plasma t1/2 alpha and t1/2 beta values of IDA were 0.25 +/- 0.13 and 9.4 +/- 3.4 hours, respectively. The steady-state volume of distribution (Vdss) was 934.9 +/- 370.7 L/m2, and the plasma clearance was 82.3 +/- 29.7 L/h/m2. The urinary excretion of IDA and its metabolite was low. The mean cumulative urinary recovery rates were 2.04% for IDA and 11.53% for idarubicinol up to 7 days.

[A case of medial medullary infarction with prominent deep sensory impairment]

We report a patient with medial medullary infarction who showed deep sensory impairment as his prominent neurological manifestation. A 54-year-old man with a history of hypertension was admitted to our hospital with numbness of the bilateral upper and lower extremities, followed by dysarthria and right hemiparesis. Physical examination revealed no abnormalities except for high blood pressure. He hiccuped continuously. On neurological examination, he exhibited dysarthria, mild dysphagia and right hemiparesis without facial or lingual paresis. Sensitivity to light touch and pinprick was normal, but sensitivity to vibration and joint position was severely decreased in the bilateral upper and lower extremities, predominantly in the lower extremities and on the right side in the upper extremities. He had been treated with antiedema agents and thromboxane synthetase inhibitor. His hiccups stopped within two weeks, and his right hemiparesis gradually improved within one month. However, his deep sensory impairments remained prominent. Blood examinations disclosed positive lupus anticoagulant. MRI showed bilateral infarction at the medial portion of the upper medulla oblongata, extending to both pyramids, especially on the left. Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEP) after median nerve stimulation showed P14 and the later components with prolonged latency. No SEP were recorded after posterior tibial nerve stimulation. The latency of P14 was well correlated with the severity of deep sensory impairments in the upper extremities. Neurological manifestations of our patient are not typical of medial medullary infarction, and are informative about the functional anatomy of the deep sensory tract in the medulla oblongata. We discuss the relation of the intractable hiccups to the bilateral medial medullary lesions, and emphasize the importance of lupus anticoagulant as one of the risk factors in brainstem infarction.

Prurigo nodularis associated with advanced gastric cancer: report of a case

In a male Japanese patient, prurigo nodularis (PN) appeared in association with gastric cancer. The cutaneous pruriginous lesions dramatically improved soon after total gastrectomy without any treatment for the skin lesions. Peripheral eosinophilia seen before the operation also rapidly disappeared. These data suggest that some cytokines involved in gastric cancer might have played an important role in the development of PN in our patient.

Actions of CP-060S on veratridine-induced Ca2+ overload in cardiomyocytes and mechanical activities in vascular strips

CP-060S, (-)-(S)-2-[3,5-bis(1, 1-dimethylethyl)-4-hydroxyphenyl]-3-[3-[N-methyl-N-[2-(3, 4-methylenedioxyphenoxy)ethyl]amino]propyl]-1,3-thiazolidin- 4-one hydrogen fumarate, is a novel cardioprotective drug which is designed to prevent Ca2+ overload and cause vasorelaxation. The effects of this compound were evaluated and compared with those of CP-060R (enantiomer of CP-060S,) and diltiazem (Ca2+ channel antagonist) in a veratridine-induced model of Ca2+ overload and vasorelaxation. After 5-min superfusion of veratridine (74 microM), intracellular free calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i) of rat single cardiomyocytes, as measured with the fura-2 procedure, were greatly elevated, from 44 +/- 5 nM to 3705 +/- 942 nM, and subsequently generated cell contracture. Pretreatment of cardiomyocytes with more than 300 nM of CP-060S or CP-060R for 30 min provided almost complete protection against the veratridine-induced cell contracture; in CP-060S(1 microM)-treated myocytes, [Ca2+]i were minimal and partially elevated from 42 +/- 5 nM to 72 +/- 14 nM after 5 min of veratridine superfusion. In comparison, diltiazem showed no protection below 1 microM and only partial protection at 10 microM. CP-060S, CP-060R and diltiazem all shifted the concentration-response curve for CaCl2 to the right in a competitive manner in depolarized rat thoracic aorta. The pA2 values of CP-060S, CP-060R and diltiazem were 9.16 +/- 0.18, 8.24 +/- 0.14 and 7.66 +/- 0.09, respectively. Our results indicate that CP-060 behaves stereoselectively as a Ca2+ channel antagonist and non-stereo-selectively to protect against veratridine-induced contracture. The latter effect suggests that Ca2+ entry blockade is not the mechanism by which CP-060S exerts cardioprotection.

Annual changes in colorectal carcinoma incidence in Japan. Analysis of survey data on incidence in Aomori Prefecture

BACKGROUND

In recent years, the mortality rate for colorectal carcinoma in Japan has rapidly been increasing, and there are indications that it may surpass that of gastric carcinoma, with colorectal carcinoma fast becoming one of the main targets of cancer treatment in Japan.

METHODS

Eight thousand three hundred and eighty-six case records of colorectal carcinoma (4479 males and 3907 females; 4691 colon carcinoma cases and 3695 rectal carcinoma cases), diagnosed over 18 years from 1974 to 1991 in Aomori Prefecture, were analyzed.

RESULTS

Age-adjusted incidence for colorectal carcinoma per 100,000 population were 12.6 and 8.7 for males and females, respectively, in 1974. The corresponding rates were 20 and 13.6, respectively, in 1980, and 42.5 and 25.6, respectively, in 1991. Among patients with colon carcinoma, a higher proportion have sigmoid colon carcinoma. The degree of increase in the incidence of sigmoid colon carcinoma was almost the same as that of right-sided colon carcinoma. By birth cohort analysis, among those born in 1934 or earlier, the incidence at the same age was higher in the younger population.

CONCLUSION

It is possible that the age-adjusted incidence of colorectal carcinoma in Japan will soon resemble that of the white population in the United States, in a manner similar to that of Japanese-Americans.

Assessment of upper limb function in hemiplegia by measuring transcutaneous oxygen tension

To investigate whether the noninvasive determination of transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcO2) can be used to evaluate the degree of hemiplegia, we measured TcO2 before and after a 2-mo rehabilitation course in 12 patients with hemiplegia caused by cerebrovascular diseases. All patients with no evidence of heart failure (ejection fraction evaluated by echocardiogram: 68.7 +/- 6.4%) began to receive conventional physical therapy a few days after the onset of stroke. The measurement of TcO2 was performed at 9:00 a.m. with an electrode placed on the skin surface of the flexion side of the forearm 5 cm distal to the elbow. Before rehabilitation, the difference in TcO2 between the paralyzed and healthy upper limbs ((delta)TcO2) in patients at Brunnstrom's stage V was significantly lower than that in patients at stages II, III, and IV (P < 0.05, P <0.01, and P < 0.01, respectively). After rehabilitation, (delta)TcO2 in patients at Brunnstrom's stage V was significantly lower than that in patients at stage III(P < 0.05). The (delta)TcO2 in the patients with severe hemiplegia was larger than that in patients with slight hemiplegia. In addition, TcO2 at the paralyzed upper limb increased significantly after rehabilitation (before 62.7 +/- 10.5 mm Hg; after 71.9 +/- 9.0 mm Hg; P < 0.05), although arterial blood oxygen tension (PaO2) did not. Therefore, the TcO2 determination may be useful in assessing the degree of hemiplegia in upper limbs.

Evaluation of mRNAs encoding muscarinic receptor subtypes in human detrusor muscle

PURPOSE

The present study evaluated the muscarinic receptor subtypes corresponding to m1 to m5 genes in human detrusor muscle.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The mRNAs encoding m2 and m3 subtypes were assessed by reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The amounts of cDNA synthesized from m2 and m3 mRNAs were measured by using subcloned plasmid DNAs. The distribution of m2 and m3 mRNAs in detrusor was estimated by comparing the amount of m2 cDNA with that of m3 cDNA.

RESULTS

The m2 mRNA:m3 mRNA ratio was 1.06:1.00 in human detrusor. In the cryostat sections of human detrusor, the presence of both m2 and m3 mRNAs was confirmed by in situ hybridization. However, the RT-PCR products derived from m1, m4 and m5 subtype mRNAs were not detected.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that human detrusor muscle coexpresses muscarinic m2 and m3 receptors and that the populations of the 2 subtypes are not significantly different.

Isolation of a new superantigen with potent mitogenic activity to murine T cells from Streptococcus pyogenes

A mitogenic substance on murine lymphocytes was detected in the culture supernate of Streptococcus pyogenes type 12 strain. This substance had a molecular weight of 28,000 and pI 9.2, and was designated as S. pyogenes mitogen (SPM). The proliferative response of C3H/HeN spleen cells began at 1 ng ml-1 and reached a maximal response at 100 ng ml-1 of SPM for 4 days culture. Anti-Thy 1.2 mAb and complement-treated spleen cells abrogated the proliferative response to any dose of SPM. Although the anti-major histocompatibility complex class 1 mAbs had no blocking effect on proliferation by SPM, this proliferation was substantially inhibited by the addition of either anti-I-A or anti-I-E mAb, and complete inhibition was produced by the addition of both mAbs. Fixed antigen-presenting cells still induced T cell proliferation by SPM. A significant expansion of T cells bearing V beta 13 T-cell receptor was observed up to 73% among the Thy 1.2+ cells in cultures stimulated with SPM, indicating expansion in a V beta-specific manner. Immunoblotting of IEF-separated proteins showed that anti-streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (SPE) C reacted with a protein of pI 6.9 and anti-SPEB did not show any reactivity. SPEA was reported to expand V beta 8.1 and 8.2 bearing murine T cells, and SPM did not. SPM also exhibited potent mitogenic activity on human T cells and V beta 21+ T cells were selectively expanded. These results lead to the conclusion that SPM was neither SPEA, B nor C, but a new protein belonging to a group of streptococcal superantigens with activity on not only human but also murine lymphocytes.