1
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Joseph D, Theron AJ, Feldman C, Anderson R, Tintinger GR. Pro-inflammatory interactions of streptolysin O toxin with human neutrophils in vitro. J Immunotoxicol 2024; 21:2345152. [PMID: 38659406 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2024.2345152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The recent global resurgence of severe infections caused by the Group A streptococcus (GAS) pathogen, Streptococcus pyogenes, has focused attention on this microbial pathogen, which produces an array of virulence factors, such as the pore-forming toxin, streptolysin O (SOT). Importantly, the interactions of SOT with human neutrophils (PMN), are not well understood. The current study was designed to investigate the effects of pretreatment of isolated human PMN with purified SOT on several pro-inflammatory activities, including generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), degranulation (elastase release), influx of extracellular calcium (Ca2+) and release of extracellular DNA (NETosis), using chemiluminescence, spectrophotometric and fluorimetric procedures, respectively. Exposure of PMN to SOT alone caused modest production of ROS and elastase release, while pretreatment with the toxin caused significant augmentation of chemoattractant (fMLP)-activated ROS generation and release of elastase by activated PMN. These effects of treatment of PMN with SOT were associated with both a marked and sustained elevation of cytosolic Ca2+concentrations and significant increases in the concentrations of extracellular DNA, indicative of NETosis. The current study has identified a potential role for SOT in augmenting the Ca2+-dependent pro-inflammatory interactions of PMN, which, if operative in a clinical setting, may contribute to hyper-activation of PMN and GAS-mediated tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Joseph
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - A J Theron
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - C Feldman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - R Anderson
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - G R Tintinger
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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2
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Mosquera-Sulbaran JA, Pedreañez A, Carrero Y, Hernandez-Fonseca JP. Angiotensin II and post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Clin Exp Nephrol 2024; 28:359-374. [PMID: 38170299 DOI: 10.1007/s10157-023-02446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN) is a consequence of the infection by group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus. During this infection, various immunological processes generated by streptococcal antigens are triggered, such as the induction of antibodies and immune complexes. This activation of the immune system involves both innate and acquired immunity. The immunological events that occur at the renal level lead to kidney damage with chronic renal failure as well as resolution of the pathological process (in most cases). Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a molecule with vasopressor and pro-inflammatory capacities, being an important factor in various inflammatory processes. During PSGN some events are defined that make Ang II conceivable as a molecule involved in the inflammatory processes during the disease. CONCLUSION This review is focused on defining which reported events would be related to the presence of this hormone in PSGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus A Mosquera-Sulbaran
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Universidad del Zulia, Apartado Postal: 23, MaracaiboZulia, 4001-A, Venezuela.
| | - Adriana Pedreañez
- Facultad de Medicina, Cátedra de Inmunología, Escuela de Bioanálisis, Universidad del Zulia, Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Yenddy Carrero
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Universidad del Zulia, Apartado Postal: 23, MaracaiboZulia, 4001-A, Venezuela
| | - Juan Pablo Hernandez-Fonseca
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas "Dr. Américo Negrette", Universidad del Zulia, Apartado Postal: 23, MaracaiboZulia, 4001-A, Venezuela
- Servicio de Microscopia Electrónica del Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, CNB-CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Izadi A, Karami Y, Bratanis E, Wrighton S, Khakzad H, Nyblom M, Olofsson B, Happonen L, Tang D, Sundwall M, Godzwon M, Chao Y, Toledo AG, Schmidt T, Ohlin M, Nilges M, Malmström J, Bahnan W, Shannon O, Malmström L, Nordenfelt P. The hinge-engineered IgG1-IgG3 hybrid subclass IgGh 47 potently enhances Fc-mediated function of anti-streptococcal and SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3600. [PMID: 38678029 PMCID: PMC11055898 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47928-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes can cause invasive disease with high mortality despite adequate antibiotic treatments. To address this unmet need, we have previously generated an opsonic IgG1 monoclonal antibody, Ab25, targeting the bacterial M protein. Here, we engineer the IgG2-4 subclasses of Ab25. Despite having reduced binding, the IgG3 version promotes stronger phagocytosis of bacteria. Using atomic simulations, we show that IgG3's Fc tail has extensive movement in 3D space due to its extended hinge region, possibly facilitating interactions with immune cells. We replaced the hinge of IgG1 with four different IgG3-hinge segment subclasses, IgGhxx. Hinge-engineering does not diminish binding as with IgG3 but enhances opsonic function, where a 47 amino acid hinge is comparable to IgG3 in function. IgGh47 shows improved protection against S. pyogenes in a systemic infection mouse model, suggesting that IgGh47 has promise as a preclinical therapeutic candidate. Importantly, the enhanced opsonic function of IgGh47 is generalizable to diverse S. pyogenes strains from clinical isolates. We generated IgGh47 versions of anti-SARS-CoV-2 mAbs to broaden the biological applicability, and these also exhibit strongly enhanced opsonic function compared to the IgG1 subclass. The improved function of the IgGh47 subclass in two distant biological systems provides new insights into antibody function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Izadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yasaman Karami
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Inria, LORIA, F-54000, Nancy, France
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris cite, CNRS UMR3528, Structural Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Eleni Bratanis
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Wrighton
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Hamed Khakzad
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Inria, LORIA, F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Maria Nyblom
- Department of Biology & Lund Protein Production Platform (LP3), Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Berit Olofsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lotta Happonen
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Di Tang
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Martin Sundwall
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Magdalena Godzwon
- Department of Immunotechnology and SciLifeLab Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yashuan Chao
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Alejandro Gomez Toledo
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Tobias Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Division of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mats Ohlin
- Department of Immunotechnology and SciLifeLab Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Michael Nilges
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris cite, CNRS UMR3528, Structural Bioinformatics Unit, Department of Structural Biology and Chemistry, F-75015, Paris, France
| | - Johan Malmström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wael Bahnan
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Oonagh Shannon
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Section for Oral Biology and Pathology, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Lars Malmström
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pontus Nordenfelt
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Infection Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Microbiology, Skåne University Hospital Lund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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4
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Nakakana U, Serry-Bangura A, Edem BE, Tessitore P, Di Cesare L, Moriel DG, Podda A, De Ryck IS, Arora AK. Application of Transthoracic Echocardiography for Cardiac Safety Evaluation in the Clinical Development Process of Vaccines Against Streptococcus pyogenes. Drugs R D 2024; 24:1-12. [PMID: 38494581 PMCID: PMC11035538 DOI: 10.1007/s40268-024-00452-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Superficial infections with Streptococcus pyogenes (Strep A), pharyngitis and impetigo can induce acute rheumatic fever, an autoimmune sequela manifesting mostly with arthritis and rheumatic carditis. Valvular heart damage can persist or advance following repeated episodes of acute rheumatic fever, causing rheumatic heart disease. Acute rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease disproportionately affect children and young adults in developing countries and disadvantaged communities in developed countries. People living with rheumatic heart disease are at risk of experiencing potentially fatal complications such as heart failure, bacterial endocarditis or stroke. Transthoracic echocardiography plays a central role in diagnosing both rheumatic carditis and rheumatic heart disease. Despite the obvious medical need, no licensed Strep A vaccines are currently available, as their clinical development process faces several challenges, including concerns for cardiac safety. However, the development of Strep A vaccines has been recently relaunched by many vaccine developers. In this context, a reliable and consistent safety evaluation of Strep A vaccine candidates, including the use of transthoracic echocardiography for detecting cardiac adverse events, could greatly contribute to developing a safe and efficacious product in the near future. Here, we propose a framework for the consistent use of transthoracic echocardiography to proactively detect cardiac safety events in clinical trials of Strep A vaccine candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Nakakana
- Vaccines Institute for Global Health (Global Health Vaccines R&D), GSK, Siena, Italy.
| | | | - Bassey Effiom Edem
- Vaccines Institute for Global Health (Global Health Vaccines R&D), GSK, Siena, Italy
- Janssen Biologics BV, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - Leonardo Di Cesare
- Vaccines Institute for Global Health (Global Health Vaccines R&D), GSK, Siena, Italy
| | - Danilo Gomes Moriel
- Vaccines Institute for Global Health (Global Health Vaccines R&D), GSK, Siena, Italy
| | - Audino Podda
- Vaccines Institute for Global Health (Global Health Vaccines R&D), GSK, Siena, Italy
- Independent consultant, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Ashwani Kumar Arora
- Vaccines Institute for Global Health (Global Health Vaccines R&D), GSK, Siena, Italy
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Wang KC, Kuliyev E, Nizet V, Ghosh P. A conserved 3D pattern in a Streptococcus pyogenes M protein immunogen elicits M-type crossreactivity. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:104980. [PMID: 37390991 PMCID: PMC10400905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.104980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Coiled coil-forming M proteins of the widespread and potentially deadly bacterial pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes (strep A) are immunodominant targets of opsonizing antibodies. However, antigenic sequence variability of M proteins into >220 M types, as defined by their hypervariable regions (HVRs), is considered to limit M proteins as vaccine immunogens because of type specificity in the antibody response. Surprisingly, a multi-HVR immunogen in clinical vaccine trials was shown to elicit M-type crossreactivity. The basis for this crossreactivity is unknown but may be due in part to antibody recognition of a 3D pattern conserved in many M protein HVRs that confers binding to human complement C4b-binding protein (C4BP). To test this hypothesis, we investigated whether a single M protein immunogen carrying the 3D pattern would elicit crossreactivity against other M types carrying the 3D pattern. We found that a 34-amino acid sequence of S. pyogenes M2 protein bearing the 3D pattern retained full C4BP-binding capacity when fused to a coiled coil-stabilizing sequence from the protein GCN4. We show that this immunogen, called M2G, elicited cross-reactive antibodies against a number of M types that carry the 3D pattern but not against those that lack the 3D pattern. We further show that the M2G antiserum-recognized M proteins displayed natively on the strep A surface and promoted the opsonophagocytic killing of strep A strains expressing these M proteins. As C4BP binding is a conserved virulence trait of strep A, we propose that targeting the 3D pattern may prove advantageous in vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuei-Chen Wang
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Eziz Kuliyev
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Partho Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, California, USA.
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6
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Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus) is a globally disseminated and human-adapted bacterial pathogen that causes a wide range of infections, including scarlet fever. Scarlet fever is a toxin-mediated disease characterized by the formation of an erythematous, sandpaper-like rash that typically occurs in children aged 5 to 15. This infectious disease is caused by toxins called superantigens, a family of highly potent immunomodulators. Although scarlet fever had largely declined in both prevalence and severity since the late 19th century, outbreaks have now reemerged in multiple geographical regions over the past decade. Here, we review recent findings that address the role of superantigens in promoting a fitness advantage for S. pyogenes within human populations and discuss how superantigens may be suitable targets for vaccination strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacklyn R. Hurst
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephan Brouwer
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark J. Walker
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail: (MJW); (JKM)
| | - John K. McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (MJW); (JKM)
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7
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Kuo CF, Chen WY, Yu HH, Tsai YH, Chang YC, Chang CP, Tsao N. IL-33/ST2 Axis Plays a Protective Effect in Streptococcus pyogenes Infection through Strengthening of the Innate Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:10566. [PMID: 34638904 PMCID: PMC8509005 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) causes invasive human diseases with the cytokine storm. Interleukin-33 (IL-33)/suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) axis is known to drive TH2 response, while its effect on GAS infection is unclear. We used an air pouch model to examine the effect of the IL-33/ST2 axis on GAS-induced necrotizing fasciitis. GAS infection induced IL-33 expression in wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 mice, whereas the IL-33- and ST2-knockout mice had higher mortality rates, more severe skin lesions and higher bacterial loads in the air pouches than those of WT mice after infection. Surveys of infiltrating cells in the air pouch of GAS-infected mice at the early stage found that the number and cell viability of infiltrating cells in both gene knockout mice were lower than those of WT mice. The predominant effector cells in GAS-infected air pouches were neutrophils. Absence of the IL-33/ST2 axis enhanced the expression of inflammatory cytokines, but not TH1 or TH2 cytokines, in the air pouch after infection. Using in vitro assays, we found that the IL-33/ST2 axis not only enhanced neutrophil migration but also strengthened the bactericidal activity of both sera and neutrophils. These results suggest that the IL-33/ST2 axis provided the protective effect on GAS infection through enhancing the innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Feng Kuo
- School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 824005, Taiwan;
- Department of Nursing, College of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 824005, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung City 833401, Taiwan;
| | - Hai-Han Yu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Medical Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 824005, Taiwan; (H.-H.Y.); (Y.-H.T.)
| | - Yu-Hsuan Tsai
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Medical Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 824005, Taiwan; (H.-H.Y.); (Y.-H.T.)
| | - Ya-Chu Chang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 824005, Taiwan;
| | - Chih-Peng Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan;
- The Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701401, Taiwan
| | - Nina Tsao
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Medical Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 824005, Taiwan; (H.-H.Y.); (Y.-H.T.)
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medical Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 824005, Taiwan;
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Surve NZ, Kerkar PG, Deshmukh CT, Nadkar MY, Mehta PR, Ketheesan N, Sriprakash KS, Karmarkar MG. A longitudinal study of antibody responses to selected host antigens in rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70. [PMID: 33956590 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Group A streptococci can trigger autoimmune responses that lead to acute rheumatic fever (ARF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD).Gap Statement. Some autoantibodies generated in ARF/RHD target antigens in the S2 subfragment region of cardiac myosin. However, little is known about the kinetics of these antibodies during the disease process.Aim. To determine the antibody responses over time in patients and healthy controls against host tissue proteins - cardiac myosin and peptides from its S2 subfragment, tropomyosin, laminin and keratin.Methodology. We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) to determine antibody responses in: (1) healthy controls; (2) patients with streptococcal pharyngitis; (3) patients with ARF with carditis and (4) patients with RHD on penicillin prophylaxis.Results. We observed significantly higher antibody responses against extracellular proteins - laminin and keratin in pharyngitis group, patients with ARF and patients with RHD when compared to healthy controls. The antibody responses against intracellular proteins - cardiac myosin and tropomyosin were elevated only in the group of patients with ARF with active carditis. While the reactivity to S2 peptides S2-1-3, 8-11, 14, 16-18, 21-22 and 32 was higher in patients with ARF, the reactivity in the RHD group was high only against S2-1, 9, 11, 12 when compared to healthy controls. The reactivity against S2 peptides reduced as the disease condition stabilized in the ARF group whereas the reactivity remained unaltered in the RHD group. By contrast antibodies against laminin and keratin persisted in patients with RHD.Conclusion. Our findings of antibody responses against host proteins support the multistep hypothesis in the development of rheumatic carditis. The differential kinetics of serum antibody responses against S2 peptides may have potential use as markers of ongoing cardiac damage that can be used to monitor patients with ARF/RHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuzhat Z Surve
- Department of Microbiology, Seth G S Medical College and King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Prafulla G Kerkar
- Department of Cardiology, Seth G S Medical College and King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Chandrahas T Deshmukh
- Department of Pediatrics, Seth G S Medical College and King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Milind Y Nadkar
- Department of Medicine, Seth G S Medical College and King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Preeti R Mehta
- Department of Microbiology, Seth G S Medical College and King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
| | - Natkunam Ketheesan
- School of Science and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | | | - Mohan G Karmarkar
- Department of Microbiology, Seth G S Medical College and King Edward Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India
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9
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Azuar A, Li Z, Shibu MA, Zhao L, Luo Y, Shalash AO, Khalil ZG, Capon RJ, Hussein WM, Toth I, Skwarczynski M. Poly(hydrophobic amino acid)-Based Self-Adjuvanting Nanoparticles for Group A Streptococcus Vaccine Delivery. J Med Chem 2021; 64:2648-2658. [PMID: 33529034 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Peptide antigens have been widely used in the development of vaccines, especially for those against autoimmunity-inducing pathogens and cancers. However, peptide-based vaccines require adjuvant and/or a delivery system to stimulate desired immune responses. Here, we explored the potential of self-adjuvanting poly(hydrophobic amino acids) (pHAAs) to deliver peptide-based vaccine against Group A Streptococcus (GAS). We designed and synthesized self-assembled nanoparticles with a variety of conjugates bearing a peptide antigen (J8-PADRE) and polymerized hydrophobic amino acids to evaluate the effects of structural arrangement and pHAAs properties on a system's ability to induce humoral immune responses. Immunogenicity of the developed conjugates was also compared to commercially available human adjuvants. We found that a linear conjugate bearing J8-PADRE and 15 copies of leucine induced equally effective, or greater, immune responses than commercial adjuvants. Our fully defined, adjuvant-free, single molecule-based vaccine induced the production of antibodies capable of killing GAS bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armira Azuar
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zhuoqing Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mohini A Shibu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Lili Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yacheng Luo
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ahmed O Shalash
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zeinab G Khalil
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Robert J Capon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Waleed M Hussein
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, Woolloongabba, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
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10
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Ozberk V, Reynolds S, Huo Y, Calcutt A, Eskandari S, Dooley J, Mills JL, Rasmussen IS, Dietrich J, Pandey M, Good MF. Prime-Pull Immunization with a Bivalent M-Protein and Spy-CEP Peptide Vaccine Adjuvanted with CAF®01 Liposomes Induces Both Mucosal and Peripheral Protection from covR/S Mutant Streptococcus pyogenes. mBio 2021; 12:e03537-20. [PMID: 33622722 PMCID: PMC8545125 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03537-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections with Streptococcus pyogenes and their sequelae are responsible for an estimated 18 million cases of serious disease with >700 million new primary cases and 500,000 deaths per year. Despite the burden of disease, there is currently no vaccine available for this organism. Here, we define a combination vaccine P*17/K4S2 comprising of 20-mer B-cell peptide epitopes, p*17 (a mutant derived from the highly conserved C3-repeat region of the M-protein), and K4S2 (derived from the streptococcal anti-neutrophil factor, Spy-CEP). The peptides are chemically conjugated to either diphtheria toxoid (DT) or a nontoxic mutant form of diphtheria toxin, CRM197. We demonstrate that a prime-pull immunization regimen involving two intramuscular inoculations with P*17/K4S2 adjuvanted with a two-component liposomal adjuvant system (CAF01; developed by Statens Serum Institut [SSI], Denmark), followed by an intranasal inoculation of unadjuvanted vaccine (in Tris) induces peptide- and S. pyogenes-binding antibodies and protects from mucosal and skin infection with hypervirulent covR/S mutant organisms. Prior vaccination with DT does not diminish the response to the conjugate peptide vaccines. Detailed Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) toxicological evaluation in male and female rats did not reveal any gross or histopathological adverse effects.IMPORTANCE A vaccine to control S. pyogenes infection is desperately warranted. S. pyogenes colonizes the upper respiratory tract (URT) and skin, from where it can progress to invasive and immune-mediated diseases. Global mortality estimates for S. pyogenes-associated diseases exceeds 500,000 deaths per year. S. pyogenes utilizes antigenic variation as a defense mechanism to circumvent host immune responses and thus a successful vaccine needs to provide strain-transcending and multicompartment (mucosal and skin) immunity. By defining highly conserved and protective epitopes from two critical virulence factors (M-protein and Spy-CEP) and combining them with a potent immunostimulant, CAF®01, we are addressing an unmet clinical need for a mucosally and skin-active subunit vaccine. We demonstrate that prime-pull immunization (2× intramuscular injections followed by intranasal immunization) promotes high sustained antibody levels in the airway mucosa and serum and protects against URT and invasive disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/administration & dosage
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Female
- Immunity, Mucosal
- Immunization/methods
- Liposomes/administration & dosage
- Liposomes/chemistry
- Male
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Streptococcal Infections/prevention & control
- Streptococcal Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Streptococcal Vaccines/immunology
- Streptococcus pyogenes/genetics
- Streptococcus pyogenes/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Ozberk
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Simone Reynolds
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Yongbao Huo
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Ainslie Calcutt
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | | | - Jessica Dooley
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Jamie-Lee Mills
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Ida S Rasmussen
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jes Dietrich
- Center for Vaccine Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Manisha Pandey
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Michael F Good
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
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11
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Mendes N, Miguéis C, Lindo J, Gonçalves T, Miguéis A. Retrospective study of group A Streptococcus oropharyngeal infection diagnosis using a rapid antigenic detection test in a paediatric population from the central region of Portugal. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2021; 40:1235-1243. [PMID: 33452546 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-021-04157-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is one of the most important agents of oropharyngeal infection. To avoid unnecessary antibiotic prescription, it is recommended the confirmation of GAS infection in pharyngeal swabs using culture or rapid antigen detection test (RADT). This study aimed to retrospectively analyse the incidence of GAS oropharyngeal infection, detected by RADT, in a paediatric population in the Centre of Portugal. Data was collected from the database of the Paediatric Hospital Emergency Department (ED) regarding patients admitted with symptoms suggesting acute pharyngitis, from January 2013 to December 2018, in a total of 18,304 cases. Among these, 130 clinical files were searched for symptoms, complications and additional visits to the ED. The results showed an average GAS infection prevalence of 33%, with seasonal variation. In preschool children, especially in patients less than 3 years old, where the guidelines do not routinely encourage RADT, GAS tonsillitis assumed an unexpected importance, with 731 positive tests in a total of 3128 cases. Scarlatiniform rash and oral cavity petechiae had significant correlation with streptococcal aetiology (p < 0.05). The statistical analysis also showed that different signs and symptoms assume different weights depending on the age group of the patient. The main conclusion is that the incidence of GAS infection in the studied population is higher than generally described in preschool children, suggesting the need for a more cautious approach to children under 3 years presenting acute pharyngitis, and that RADT in this age group would contribute to a decrease in the number of unnoticed cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuno Mendes
- University Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Serviço de Otorrinolaringologia, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Carmo Miguéis
- University Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Serviço de Otorrinolaringologia, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Hospital Pediátrico, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge Lindo
- University Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Microbiology, FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Gonçalves
- Institute of Microbiology, FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Miguéis
- University Clinic of Otorhinolaryngology, FMUC-Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
- Serviço de Otorrinolaringologia, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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12
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Abstract
In the developed world, acute rheumatic fever (ARF) is rare. When it does arise, symptoms commonly include fever, arthralgia and rash. We describe a presentation of a 3-year-old child with ARF in a UK District General Hospital. The patient had a 6-week history of diarrhoea, rash and intermittent right hip arthralgia. This was initially thought to be a viral illness until she re-presented with shortness of breath and fever with a pan-systolic murmur. A throat-culture was negative, but an anti-streptolysin titre was elevated, with a bedside echocardiogram demonstrating moderate to severe mitral regurgitation. The young child was transferred to the local tertiary centre for further management; however, she went on to develop acute left ventricular failure. This case illustrates the need to be vigilant for the presentation of a rare illness, such as rheumatic fever, as there can be significant impacts on the quality of life of young patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn Miller
- Paediatric Department, North Cumbria University Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Whitehaven, Cumbria, UK
| | - Yee Aung
- Department of Children and Young People, North Cumbria University Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Whitehaven, UK
| | - David Blundell
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Newcastle Upon Tyne Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
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13
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Sanduja P, Gupta M, Somani VK, Yadav V, Dua M, Hanski E, Sharma A, Bhatnagar R, Johri AK. Cross-serotype protection against group A Streptococcal infections induced by immunization with SPy_2191. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3545. [PMID: 32669564 PMCID: PMC7363907 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infection causes a range of diseases, but vaccine development is hampered by the high number of serotypes. Here, using reverse vaccinology the authors identify SPy_2191 as a cross-protective vaccine candidate. From 18 initially identified surface proteins, only SPy_2191 is conserved, surface-exposed and inhibits both GAS adhesion and invasion. SPy_2191 immunization in mice generates bactericidal antibodies resulting in opsonophagocytic killing of prevalent and invasive GAS serotypes of different geographical regions, including M1 and M49 (India), M3.1 (Israel), M1 (UK) and M1 (USA). Resident splenocytes show higher interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α secretion upon antigen re-stimulation, suggesting activation of cell-mediated immunity. SPy_2191 immunization significantly reduces streptococcal load in the organs and confers ~76-92% protection upon challenge with invasive GAS serotypes. Further, it significantly suppresses GAS pharyngeal colonization in mice mucosal infection model. Our findings suggest that SPy_2191 can act as a universal vaccine candidate against GAS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Sanduja
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manish Gupta
- BSL-3 Unit, Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Vikas Kumar Somani
- BSL-3 Unit, Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
- Division of Oncology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vikas Yadav
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Meenakshi Dua
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Emanuel Hanski
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada(IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Abhinay Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, The Institute for Medical Research-Israel-Canada(IMRIC), Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Atul Kumar Johri
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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14
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Herrera AL, Van Hove C, Hanson M, Dale JB, Tweten RK, Huber VC, Diel D, Chaussee MS. Immunotherapy targeting the Streptococcus pyogenes M protein or streptolysin O to treat or prevent influenza A superinfection. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0235139. [PMID: 32574205 PMCID: PMC7310742 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0235139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections complicated by a bacterial infection are typically referred to as coinfections or superinfections. Streptococcus pyogenes, the group A streptococcus (GAS), is not the most common bacteria associated with influenza A virus (IAV) superinfections but did cause significant mortality during the 2009 influenza pandemic even though all isolates are susceptible to penicillin. One approach to improve the outcome of these infections is to use passive immunization targeting GAS. To test this idea, we assessed the efficacy of passive immunotherapy using antisera against either the streptococcal M protein or streptolysin O (SLO) in a murine model of IAV-GAS superinfection. Prophylactic treatment of mice with antiserum to either SLO or the M protein decreased morbidity compared to mice treated with non-immune sera; however, neither significantly decreased mortality. Therapeutic use of antisera to SLO decreased morbidity compared to mice treated with non-immune sera but neither antisera significantly reduced mortality. Overall, the results suggest that further development of antibodies targeting the M protein or SLO may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of invasive GAS diseases, including IAV-GAS superinfections, which may be particularly important during influenza pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Herrera
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States of America
| | - Christopher Van Hove
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States of America
| | - Mary Hanson
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States of America
| | - James B. Dale
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States of America
| | - Rodney K. Tweten
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
| | - Victor C. Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States of America
| | - Diego Diel
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, United States of America
| | - Michael S. Chaussee
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, The Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States of America
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15
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Campbell PT, Tong SYC, Geard N, Davies MR, Worthing KA, Lacey JA, Smeesters PR, Batzloff MR, Kado J, Jenney AWJ, Mcvernon J, Steer AC. Longitudinal Analysis of Group A Streptococcus emm Types and emm Clusters in a High-Prevalence Setting: Relationship between Past and Future Infections. J Infect Dis 2020; 221:1429-1437. [PMID: 31748786 PMCID: PMC7137891 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus is a pathogen of global importance, but despite the ubiquity of group A Streptococcus infections, the relationship between infection, colonization, and immunity is still not completely understood. The M protein, encoded by the emm gene, is a major virulence factor and vaccine candidate and forms the basis of a number of classification systems. Longitudinal patterns of emm types collected from 457 Fijian schoolchildren over a 10-month period were analyzed. No evidence of tissue tropism was observed, and there was no apparent selective pressure or constraint of emm types. Patterns of emm type acquisition suggest limited, if any, modification of future infection based on infection history. Where impetigo is the dominant mode of transmission, circulating emm types either may not be constrained by ecological niches or population immunity to the M protein, or they may require several infections over a longer period of time to induce such immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Therese Campbell
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory Epidemiology Unit, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Steven Y C Tong
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory Epidemiology Unit, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Doherty Department at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Darwin, Australia
| | - Nicholas Geard
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory Epidemiology Unit, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Computing and Information Systems, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark R Davies
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kate A Worthing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jake A Lacey
- Doherty Department at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pierre R Smeesters
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Molecular Bacteriology Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pediatrics, Academic Children Hospital Queen Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
- Centre for International Child Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael R Batzloff
- Institute for Glycomics, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Australia
| | - Joseph Kado
- Department of Paediatrics, Colonial War Memorial Hospital, Suva, Fiji
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji
- Fiji Rheumatic Heart Disease Control Program, Suva, Fiji
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Adam W J Jenney
- Centre for International Child Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- College of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Fiji National University, Suva, Fiji
| | - Jodie Mcvernon
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Reference Laboratory Epidemiology Unit, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The Royal Melbourne Hospital and The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Carlton, Australia
| | - Andrew C Steer
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, The Royal Children’s Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for International Child Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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16
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Casanovas MorenoTorres I, Jiménez Guerra G, Foronda GarcíaHidalgo C, Serrano García ML. Detection of Streptococcus pyogenes in throat swab samples using antigen detection technique. Rev Esp Quimioter 2020; 33:137-138. [PMID: 32207285 PMCID: PMC7111239 DOI: 10.37201/req/078.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - C Foronda GarcíaHidalgo
- Carla Foronda García-Hidalgo, Servicio de Microbiología Clínica. Hospital Virgen de las Nieves, Granada Avenida de las Fuerzas Armadas 2, 18014. Spain.
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17
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Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) often exists as an asymptomatic colonizer of the upper respiratory tract in humans. Unsurprisingly, a high proportion of symptomatic infections caused by GAS include pharyngitis. While not usually life-threatening, these infections cause significant morbidity and economic burden/loss of productivity, and can have downstream life-threatening autoimmune consequences. Modeling asymptomatic colonization in animals is, therefore, a useful tool to dissect host-bacteria interactions and to evaluate efficacy of vaccines aimed at reducing the burden of carriage. Here we describe a mouse model of nasopharyngeal colonization using nasal challenge of susceptible mice and the evaluation of subsequent bacterial burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrina H J Khemlani
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biomolecular Discovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Proft
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biomolecular Discovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Jacelyn M S Loh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences and Maurice Wilkins Centre for Biomolecular Discovery, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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18
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Nozawa T, Nakagawa I. Identification of Group A Streptococcus-Containing Autophagosome-Like Vacuoles. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2136:223-231. [PMID: 32430824 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0467-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is one of the major human pathogens that can invade nonphagocytic cells. GAS internalized through endocytosis secretes the pore-forming toxin Streptolysin O (SLO) to escape into the cytoplasm. The cytosolic GAS is selectively captured by autophagic membranes (GAS-containing autophagosome-like vacuoles, GcAVs) and delivered to lysosomes for degradation. Macroautophagy (referred to as autophagy hereafter) is a highly conserved lysosome-mediated catabolic process, which is critical for cellular homeostasis. Autophagy also acts as an intracellular immune system. In this section, we describe how to identify GcAVs in infected cells using fluorescent microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nozawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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19
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McGregor R, Jones S, Jeremy RM, Goldblatt D, Moreland NJ. An Opsonophagocytic Killing Assay for the Evaluation of Group A Streptococcus Vaccine Antisera. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2136:323-335. [PMID: 32430834 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0467-0_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a major cause of global mortality, yet there are no licensed GAS vaccines. Vaccine progress has been hampered, in part, by a lack of standardized assays able to quantify antibody function in test antisera. The most widely used assay was developed over 50 years ago by Rebecca Lancefield and relies on human whole blood as a source of complement and neutrophils. Recently, an opsonophagocytic killing (OPK) assay has been developed for GAS by adapting the OPK methods utilized in Streptococcus pneumoniae vaccine testing. This assay uses dimethylformamide (DMF)-differentiated human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60 cells) as a source of neutrophils and baby rabbit complement, thus removing the major sources of variation in the Lancefield assays. This protocol outlines methods for performing a GAS OPK assay including titering test sera to generate an opsonic index. This in vitro assay could aid in selecting vaccine candidates by demonstrating whether candidate-induced antibodies lead to complement deposition and opsonophagocytic killing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuben McGregor
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Scott Jones
- Immunobiology, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Raynes M Jeremy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David Goldblatt
- Immunobiology, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Nicole J Moreland
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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20
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Dai C, Stephenson RJ, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Application of Fmoc-SPPS, Thiol-Maleimide Conjugation, and Copper(I)-Catalyzed Alkyne-Azide Cycloaddition "Click" Reaction in the Synthesis of a Complex Peptide-Based Vaccine Candidate Against Group A Streptococcus. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2103:13-27. [PMID: 31879916 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0227-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) is the most common approach used to synthesize natural and unnatural peptides. However, the synthesis of sequences longer than 30-60 amino acids is associated with a drastic reduction in peptide quality. Thus, large and complex peptides are normally synthesized as fragments, which are then conjugated together. Here, we describe the synthesis of a large, branched peptide, a multi-epitope vaccine candidate against Group A Streptococcus, with the help of microwave-assisted Fmoc-SPPS, thiol-maleimide conjugation, and copper(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC) "click" reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuankai Dai
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Rachel J Stephenson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia.
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21
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Abstract
Skin infections caused by Streptococcus pyogenes are a significant health concern in the tropics and among Indigenous populations of developed countries. To study the immunobiology of skin infections and to develop preventative and therapeutic measures to target these infections, an in vivo model is vital. We developed a mouse model to investigate immunity to skin infections and for testing the efficacy of several vaccine candidates. This article describes the method of induction of superficial skin infections, their progression and regression, and processing of samples to obtain critical readouts and analyses. This model could be valuable to inform clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Pandey
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
| | - Michael F Good
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
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22
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Lamb CL, Price E, Field KP, Dayton C, McIndoo ER, Katahira EJ, Stevens DL, Hobdey SE. Enrichment of Antigen-Specific Class-Switched B Cells from Individuals Naturally Immunized by Infection with Group A Streptococcus. mSphere 2019; 4:e00598-19. [PMID: 31694896 PMCID: PMC6835209 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00598-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The low frequency of circulating antigen-specific memory B cells is a considerable obstacle in the discovery and development of human monoclonal antibodies for therapeutic application. Here, we evaluate two solid-phase isolation methods to enrich the number of antigen-specific B cells from individuals naturally immunized against streptolysin O (SLO), a key virulence factor and known immunogen of group A streptococcus (GAS). Class-switched B cells obtained from individuals with a history of GAS infection were separated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) by immunomagnetic methods. SLO-specific B cells were further enriched directly by binding to SLO monomers and captured by streptavidin-coated magnetic microbeads or indirectly by binding a fluorescently labeled SLO-streptavidin tetramer and captured by anti-fluorophore immunomagnetic microbeads. SLO-bound B cells were quantitated by flow cytometry and/or expanded in batch culture to determine IgG specificity. From individuals who have suffered a GAS infection ≥2 years prior, only the direct method enriched SLO-specific B cells, as determined by flow cytometry. Likewise, in batch culture, B cells isolated by the direct method resulted in an average of 375-fold enrichment in anti-SLO IgG, while no enrichment was observed for B cells isolated by the indirect method. The direct method established here provides a simple approach to increase low-frequency antigen-specific B cell populations supporting many downstream applications, such as immortalization of B cells, cloning of immunoglobulin genes, or purification of antibodies from supernatant for future study. Overall, this process is efficient, is inexpensive, and can be applied to many naturally immunogenic antigens.IMPORTANCE Bacteria called group A streptococci can cause a variety of skin and soft tissue infections ranging from mild pharyngitis ("strep throat") to deadly necrotizing fasciitis (sometimes called "flesh-eating" disease). In each case, the development of disease and the degree of tissue damage are mediated by toxins released from the bacteria during infection. Consequently, novel therapies aimed at clearing bacterial toxins are greatly needed. One promising new treatment is the utilization of monoclonal antibodies delivered as an immunotherapeutic for toxin neutralization. However, current methods of antibody development are laborious and costly. Here, we report a method to enrich and increase the detection of highly desirable antigen-specific memory B cells from individuals previously exposed to GAS using a cost-effective and less-time-intensive strategy. We envision that this method will be incorporated into many applications supporting the development of immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheri L Lamb
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Boise, Idaho, USA
- Idaho Veterans Research and Education Foundation, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Emily Price
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Boise, Idaho, USA
- Idaho Veterans Research and Education Foundation, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Kevin P Field
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Boise, Idaho, USA
- Idaho Veterans Research and Education Foundation, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Christopher Dayton
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Boise, Idaho, USA
- Idaho Veterans Research and Education Foundation, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Eric R McIndoo
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Eva J Katahira
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Boise, Idaho, USA
| | - Dennis L Stevens
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Boise, Idaho, USA
- Idaho Veterans Research and Education Foundation, Boise, Idaho, USA
- University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sarah E Hobdey
- Infectious Diseases Section, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Boise, Idaho, USA
- Idaho Veterans Research and Education Foundation, Boise, Idaho, USA
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23
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Rafat C, Luque Y. IdeS in anti-glomerular basement membrane disease: Is this the new deal? Kidney Int 2019; 96:1068-1070. [PMID: 31648697 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2019.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
IdeS, a proteinase from Streptococcus pyogenes, cleaves IgG antibodies with a unique specificity. Herein, the authors report the dramatic efficacy of IdeS on the levels of anti-glomerular membrane autoantibodies in 3 three patients with Goodpasture disease refractory to standard therapy. The levels of anti-glomerular membrane autoantibodies were reduced to near-zero levels within 2 hours of the injection. However, all patients ultimately required permanent hemodialysis as a result of the late intervention in the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Rafat
- Urgences Néphrologiques et Transplantation Rénale, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France.
| | - Yosu Luque
- Urgences Néphrologiques et Transplantation Rénale, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France; Sorbonne Université, Inserm, UMR_S1155, F-75020, Paris, France
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24
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Pandey M, Calcutt A, Ozberk V, Chen Z, Croxen M, Powell J, Langshaw E, Mills JL, Jen FEC, McCluskey J, Robson J, Tyrrell GJ, Good MF. Antibodies to the conserved region of the M protein and a streptococcal superantigen cooperatively resolve toxic shock-like syndrome in HLA-humanized mice. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaax3013. [PMID: 31517054 PMCID: PMC6726444 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax3013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Invasive streptococcal disease (ISD) and toxic shock syndrome (STSS) result in over 160,000 deaths each year. We modelled these in HLA-transgenic mice infected with a clinically lethal isolate expressing Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin (Spe) C and demonstrate that both SpeC and streptococcal M protein, acting cooperatively, are required for disease. Vaccination with a conserved M protein peptide, J8, protects against STSS by causing a dramatic reduction in bacterial burden associated with the absence of SpeC and inflammatory cytokines in the blood. Furthermore, passive immunotherapy with antibodies to J8 quickly resolves established disease by clearing the infection and ablating the inflammatory activity of the M protein, which is further enhanced by addition of SpeC antibodies. Analysis of 77 recent isolates of Streptococcus pyogenes causing ISD, demonstrated that anti-J8 antibodies theoretically recognize at least 73, providing strong support for using antibodies to J8, with or without antibodies to SpeC, as a therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Pandey
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
- Corresponding author. (M.F.G.); (M.P.)
| | - Ainslie Calcutt
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Victoria Ozberk
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Zhenjun Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Matthew Croxen
- Division of Diagnostic and Applied Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta and ProvLab, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Jessica Powell
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Emma Langshaw
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Jamie-Lee Mills
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Freda E.-C. Jen
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jenny Robson
- Sullivan and Nicolaides Pathology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gregory J. Tyrrell
- Division of Diagnostic and Applied Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta and ProvLab, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Michael F. Good
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
- Corresponding author. (M.F.G.); (M.P.)
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the diagnostic performance of three rapid antigen detection tests (RADTs) for group A Streptococcus (GAS). DESIGN A hospital-based, cross-sectional, retrospective study. SETTING A comparative study of rapid diagnostic tests for GAS using clinical specimens in a single institute. PARTICIPANTS 225 children in the outpatient clinics ofKorea University Guro Hospitalwith suspicious symptoms were subjected to throat swab sampling. A dual-swab applicator was used. Samples were stored at below -70°C in a 10 mL transport tube containing 1 mL liquid Stuart's transport medium. OUTCOME MEASURES All tests were performed in the laboratory by trained clinical laboratory scientists. Sensitivity, specificity, accuracy and kappa index of three RADTs were compared with the reference PCR test and culture results. RESULTS Of the 225 patients suspected of having GAS, 67 and 90 were positive for GAS in the culture and PCR tests, respectively. Compared with the reference culture, the sensitivity for GAS was 92.5% (CI 83.4 to 97.5), 71.6% (CI 59.3 to 81.9) and 74.63% (CI 62.5 to 84.4) for careUS Strep A Plus, SD Bioline and BD Veritor, respectively, and the specificity was 97.0% (CI 93.1 to 99.0), 94.6% (CI 90.1 to 97.5) and 92.9% (CI 87.8 to 96.2) for careUS Strep A Plus, SD Bioline and BD Veritor, respectively. Compared with the reference GAS real-time PCR, the sensitivity was 73.3% (CI 62.9 to 82.1), 63.3% (CI 52.5 to 73.2) and 67.8% (CI 57.1 to 77.2) for careUS Strep A Plus, SD Bioline and BD Veritor, respectively, and the specificity was 99.3% (CI 95.9 to 99.9), 100.0% (CI 97.3 to 100.0) and 99.3% (CI 95.9 to 99.9) for careUS Strep A Plus, SD Bioline and BD Veritor, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The careUS Strep A Plus is a useful test that showed highly comparable results with those of the culture test and superior performances among the three RADTs. The use of RADTs should be encouraged to provide acceptable and fast results using simple equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Nui Kim
- Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeeyong Kim
- Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woong Sik Jang
- Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Nam
- Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Seung Lim
- Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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26
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Kawaguchi K, Mori N, Ejima T, Yamada Y, Takahashi T. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome following group A streptococcal vulvovaginitis in a breastfeeding woman. J Infect Chemother 2019; 25:1037-1039. [PMID: 31151810 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) is a systemic, life-threatening illness usually caused by invasive respiratory tract or skin and soft tissue infections of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus, GAS). We report the case of an adult woman with lactational amenorrhea and GAS vulvovaginitis progressing to STSS. She was admitted to our hospital because of fever, lethargy, and a 2-week history of vaginal discharge; she also had hypotension and multiple organ failure. Blood and urine cultures yielded gram-positive cocci and GAS. After 14 days of antimicrobial therapy, she fully recovered without any complications. The vulvovaginitis was most likely the portal of entry for GAS, which is rarely recognized as a causative pathogen of vulvovaginitis. Lactational amenorrhea is thought to be a risk factor for GAS vulvovaginitis. It is important for clinicians to recognize the possibility of GAS vulvovaginitis in breastfeeding women with vaginal symptoms and consider the necessity of prompt antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenjiro Kawaguchi
- Department of General Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan.
| | - Nobuaki Mori
- Department of General Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan; Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Tokuko Ejima
- Department of General Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiro Yamada
- Department of General Internal Medicine, National Hospital Organization Tokyo Medical Center, 2-5-1 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8902, Japan.
| | - Takashi Takahashi
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Kitasato Institute for Life Sciences, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan.
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27
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Osowicki J, Azzopardi KI, Baker C, Waddington CS, Pandey M, Schuster T, Grobler A, Cheng AC, Pollard AJ, McCarthy JS, Good MF, Walker MJ, Dale JB, Batzloff MR, Carapetis JR, Smeesters PR, Steer AC. Controlled human infection for vaccination against Streptococcus pyogenes (CHIVAS): Establishing a group A Streptococcus pharyngitis human infection study. Vaccine 2019; 37:3485-3494. [PMID: 31101422 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a highly-adapted and human-restricted pathogen responsible for a high global burden of disease across a diverse clinical spectrum. Vaccine development has been impeded by scientific, regulatory, and commercial obstacles. Human infection studies (HIS) are increasingly contributing to drug, diagnostics, and vaccine development, reducing uncertainty at early stages, especially for pathogens with animal models that incompletely reproduce key elements of human disease. We review the small number of historical GAS HIS and present the study protocol for a dose-ranging inpatient study in healthy adults. The primary objective of the study is to establish a new GAS pharyngitis HIS with an attack rate of at least 60% as a safe and reliable platform for vaccine evaluation and pathogenesis research. According to an adaptive dose-ranging study design, emm75 GAS doses manufactured in keeping with principles of Good Manufacturing Practice will be directly applied by swab to the pharynx of carefully screened healthy adult volunteers at low risk of severe complicated GAS disease. Participants will remain as closely monitored inpatients for up to six days, observed for development of the primary outcome of acute symptomatic pharyngitis, as defined by clinical and microbiological criteria. All participants will be treated with antibiotics and followed as outpatients for six months. An intensive sampling schedule will facilitate extensive studies of host and organism dynamics during experimental pharyngitis. Ethics approval has been obtained and the study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03361163).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Osowicki
- Tropical Diseases, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of General Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Kristy I Azzopardi
- Tropical Diseases, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ciara Baker
- Tropical Diseases, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claire S Waddington
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia and Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia; Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Manisha Pandey
- The Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Tibor Schuster
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anneke Grobler
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Allen C Cheng
- Infection Prevention and Healthcare Epidemiology Unit, The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew J Pollard
- Oxford Vaccine Group, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research, Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - James S McCarthy
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michael F Good
- The Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mark J Walker
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences and Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia
| | - James B Dale
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Department of Medicine, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Michael R Batzloff
- The Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jonathan R Carapetis
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia and Perth Children's Hospital, Perth, Australia
| | - Pierre R Smeesters
- Tropical Diseases, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Paediatric Department, Academic Children Hospital Queen Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium; Molecular Bacteriology Laboratory, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Andrew C Steer
- Tropical Diseases, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of General Medicine, The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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28
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Rivera-Hernandez T, Carnathan DG, Jones S, Cork AJ, Davies MR, Moyle PM, Toth I, Batzloff MR, McCarthy J, Nizet V, Goldblatt D, Silvestri G, Walker MJ. An Experimental Group A Streptococcus Vaccine That Reduces Pharyngitis and Tonsillitis in a Nonhuman Primate Model. mBio 2019; 10:e00693-19. [PMID: 31040243 PMCID: PMC6495378 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00693-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections account for an estimated 500,000 deaths every year. This bacterial pathogen is responsible for a variety of mild and life-threatening infections and the triggering of chronic autoimmune sequelae. Pharyngitis caused by group A Streptococcus (GAS), but not asymptomatic GAS carriage, is a prerequisite for acute rheumatic fever (ARF). Repeated bouts of ARF may trigger rheumatic heart disease (RHD), a major cause of heart failure and stroke accounting for 275,000 deaths annually. A vaccine that prevents pharyngitis would markedly reduce morbidity and mortality from ARF and RHD. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) have been utilized to model GAS diseases, and experimentally infected rhesus macaques develop pharyngitis. Here we use an NHP model of GAS pharyngitis to evaluate the efficacy of an experimental vaccine, Combo5 (arginine deiminase [ADI], C5a peptidase [SCPA], streptolysin O [SLO], interleukin-8 [IL-8] protease [SpyCEP], and trigger factor [TF]), specifically designed to exclude GAS components potentially linked to autoimmune complications. Antibody responses against all Combo5 antigens were detected in NHP serum, and immunized NHPs showed a reduction in pharyngitis and tonsillitis compared to controls. Our work establishes the NHP model as a gold standard for the assessment of GAS vaccines.IMPORTANCE GAS-related diseases disproportionally affect disadvantaged populations (e.g., indigenous populations), and development of a vaccine has been neglected. A recent strong advocacy campaign driven by the World Health Organization and the International Vaccine Institute has highlighted the urgent need for a GAS vaccine. One significant obstacle in GAS vaccine development is the lack of a widely used animal model to assess vaccine efficacy. Researchers in the field use a wide range of murine models of infection and in vitro assays, sometimes yielding conflicting results. Here we present the nonhuman primate pharyngeal infection model as a tool to assess vaccine-induced protection against colonization and clinical symptoms of pharyngitis and tonsillitis. We have tested the efficacy of an experimental vaccine candidate with promising results. We believe that the utilization of this valuable tool by the GAS vaccine research community could significantly accelerate the realization of a safe and effective GAS vaccine for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Rivera-Hernandez
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Diane G Carnathan
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Scott Jones
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda J Cork
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark R Davies
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter M Moyle
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael R Batzloff
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
| | - James McCarthy
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Victor Nizet
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - David Goldblatt
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Guido Silvestri
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mark J Walker
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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29
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Andrade JV, Vasconcelos P, Campos J, Camurça T. [Antibiotic Prescribing in Ambulatory Care of Pediatric Patients with Respiratory Infections]. ACTA MEDICA PORT 2019; 32:101-110. [PMID: 30896390 DOI: 10.20344/amp.11111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Respiratory tract infections represent the most frequent conditions in pediatric clinical practice that motivate antibiotic prescribing. The objective was to identify the frequency and pattern of antibacterial prescribing in respiratory diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS Over a period of two years (divided by the presentation of the clinical guideline standards) data was collected from clinical records of children with respiratory disease. Chi-square tests or Fisher's exact test were used to test associations between variables, statistical significance p < 0.05. RESULTS There were 547 visits (mean age 6 years ± 5.3, 55% male gender). Analysis for Group A Streptococcus of the oropharynx was most frequently requested by pediatric residents (p = 0.005). Chest x-rays were more frequently requested by the Family Physician (p = 0.033). An antibiotic was prescribed in 87% of pneumonias, 84% acute otitis media, 68% acute tonsillitis, 25% laryngitis, 17% upper respiratory infections, 16% acute bronchiolitis. The Family Physician prescribed antibiotics more often than the Pediatrics resident in acute tonsillitis (p = 0.003) and in acute otitis media (p = 0.013). The most frequently prescribed antibiotic was amoxicillin (61%). There were no significant differences between the two periods studied regarding the number of prescriptions and antibiotic choice of the conditions studied. DISCUSSION Antibiotic prescribing in pediatric acute respiratory infections was high and the choice of antibiotic therapy could be adjusted. We found no difference in antibiotic prescribing after the presentation of the clinical guideline standards. CONCLUSION An improvement in the antibiotic prescription in children and adolescents in the outpatient clinic is considered necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pedro Vasconcelos
- Departamento de Medicina Geral e Familiar. Unidade de Saúde Familiar Viseu-Cidade. Agrupamento Centros de Saúde Dão Lafões. Viseu. Portugal
| | - Joana Campos
- Serviço Pediatria. Centro Hospitalar Tondela-Viseu. Viseu. Portugal
| | - Teresa Camurça
- Departamento de Medicina Geral e Familiar. Unidade de Saúde Familiar Viseu-Cidade. Agrupamento Centros de Saúde Dão Lafões. Viseu. Portugal
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30
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Catarino SJ, Andrade FA, Boldt ABW, Guilherme L, Messias-Reason IJ. Sickening or Healing the Heart? The Association of Ficolin-1 and Rheumatic Fever. Front Immunol 2018; 9:3009. [PMID: 30619357 PMCID: PMC6305461 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatic fever (RF) and its subsequent progression to rheumatic heart disease (RHD) are chronic inflammatory disorders prevalent in children and adolescents in underdeveloped countries, and a contributing factor for high morbidity and mortality rates worldwide. Their primary cause is oropharynx infection by Streptococcus pyogenes, whose acetylated residues are recognized by ficolin-1. This is the only membrane-bound, as well as soluble activator molecule of the complement lectin pathway (LP). Although LP genetic polymorphisms are associated with RF, FCN1 gene's role remains unknown. To understand this role, we haplotyped five FCN1 promoter polymorphisms by sequence-specific amplification in 193 patients (138 with RHD and 55, RF only) and 193 controls, measuring ficolin-1 serum concentrations in 78 patients and 86 controls, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Patients presented lower ficolin-1 serum levels (p < 0.0001), but did not differ according to cardiac commitment. Control's genotype distribution was in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Four alleles (rs2989727: c.-1981A, rs10120023: c.-542A, rs10117466: c.-144A, and rs10858293: c.33T), all associated with increased FCN1 gene expression in whole blood or adipose subcutaneous tissue (p = 0.000001), were also associated with increased protection against the disease. They occur within the *3C2 haplotype, associated with an increased protection against RF (OR = 0.41, p < 0.0001) and with higher ficolin-1 levels in patient serum (p = 0.03). In addition, major alleles of these same polymorphisms comprehend the most primitive *1 haplotype, associated with increased susceptibility to RF (OR = 1.76, p < 0.0001). Nevertheless, instead of having a clear-cut protective role, the minor c.-1981A and c.-144A alleles were also associated with additive susceptibility to valvar stenosis and mitral insufficiency (OR = 3.75, p = 0.009 and OR = 3.37, p = 0.027, respectively). All associations were independent of age, sex or ethnicity. Thus, minor FCN1 promoter variants may play a protective role against RF, by encouraging bacteria elimination as well as increasing gene expression and protein levels. On the other hand, they may also predispose the patients to RHD symptoms, by probably contributing to chronic inflammation and tissue injury, thus emphasizing the dual importance of ficolin-1 in both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Jeremias Catarino
- Molecular Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medical Pathology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Antunes Andrade
- Molecular Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medical Pathology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Angelica Beate Winter Boldt
- Molecular Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medical Pathology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- Human Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Luiza Guilherme
- Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iara Jose Messias-Reason
- Molecular Immunopathology Laboratory, Department of Medical Pathology, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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31
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Nevagi RJ, Khalil ZG, Hussein WM, Powell J, Batzloff MR, Capon RJ, Good MF, Skwarczynski M, Toth I. Polyglutamic acid-trimethyl chitosan-based intranasal peptide nano-vaccine induces potent immune responses against group A streptococcus. Acta Biomater 2018; 80:278-287. [PMID: 30266637 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2018.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Peptide-based vaccines have the potential to overcome the limitations of classical vaccines; however, their use is hampered by a lack of carriers and adjuvants suitable for human use. In this study, an efficient self-adjuvanting peptide vaccine delivery system was developed based on the ionic interactions between cationic trimethyl chitosan (TMC) and a peptide antigen coupled with synthetically defined anionic α-poly-(l-glutamic acid) (PGA). The antigen, possessing a conserved B-cell epitope derived from the group A streptococcus (GAS) pathogen and a universal T-helper epitope, was conjugated to PGA using cycloaddition reaction. The produced anionic conjugate formed nanoparticles (NP-1) through interaction with cationic TMC. These NP-1 induced higher systemic and mucosal antibody titers compared to antigen adjuvanted with standard mucosal adjuvant cholera toxin B subunit or antigen mixed with TMC. The produced serum antibodies were also opsonic against clinically isolated GAS strains. Further, a reduction in bacterial burden was observed in nasal secretions, pharyngeal surface and nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue of mice immunized with NP-1 in GAS challenge studies. Thus, conjugation of defined-length anionic polymer to peptide antigen as a means of formulating ionic interaction-based nanoparticles with cationic polymer is a promising strategy for peptide antigen delivery. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: A self-adjuvanting delivery system is required for peptide vaccines to enhance antigen delivery to immune cells and generate systemic and mucosal immunity. Herein, we developed a novel self-adjuvanting nanoparticulate delivery system for peptide antigens by combining polymer-conjugation and complexation strategies. We conjugated peptide antigen with anionic α-poly-(l-glutamic acid) that in turn, formed nanoparticles with cationic trimethyl chitosan by ionic interactions, without using external crosslinker. On intranasal administration to mice, these nanoparticles induced systemic and mucosal immunity, at low dose. Additionally, nanoparticles provided protection to vaccinated mice against group A streptococcus infection. Thus, this concept should be particularly useful in developing nanoparticles for the delivery of peptide antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reshma J Nevagi
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Zeinab G Khalil
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Diamantina Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Waleed M Hussein
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Jessica Powell
- Institute of Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
| | - Michael R Batzloff
- Institute of Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
| | - Robert J Capon
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Michael F Good
- Institute of Glycomics, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia.
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Laabei M, Ermert D. Catch Me if You Can: Streptococcus pyogenes Complement Evasion Strategies. J Innate Immun 2018; 11:3-12. [PMID: 30269134 DOI: 10.1159/000492944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The human host has evolved elaborate protection mechanisms to prevent infection from the billions of microorganisms to which it host is exposed and is home. One of these systems, complement, is an evolutionary ancient arm of innate immunity essential for combatting bacterial infection. Complement permits the efficient labelling of bacteria with opsonins, supports phagocytosis, and facilitates phagocyte recruitment to the site of infection through the production of chemoattractants. However, it is by no means perfect, and certain organisms engage in an evolutionary arms race with the host where complement has become a major target to promote immune evasion. Streptococcus pyogenes is a major human pathogen that causes significant morbidity and mortality globally. S. pyogenes is also a member of an elite group of bacterial pathogens possessing a sophisticated arsenal of virulence determinants capable of interfering with complement. In this review, we focus on these complement evasins, their mechanism of action, and their importance in disease progression. Finally, we highlight new therapeutic options for fighting S. pyogenes, by interfering with one of its main mechanisms of complement evasion.
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Klonoski JM, Watson T, Bickett TE, Svendsen JM, Gau TJ, Britt A, Nelson JT, Schlenker EH, Chaussee MS, Rynda-Apple A, Huber VC. Contributions of Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin and Host Immune Responses Toward the Severity of Influenza Virus: Streptococcus pyogenes Superinfections. Viral Immunol 2018; 31:457-469. [PMID: 29870311 PMCID: PMC6043403 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza virus infections can be complicated by bacterial superinfections, which are medically relevant because of a complex interaction between the host, the virus, and the bacteria. Studies to date have implicated several influenza virus genes, varied host immune responses, and bacterial virulence factors, however, the host-pathogen interactions that predict survival versus lethal outcomes remain undefined. Previous work by our group showed that certain influenza viruses could yield a survival phenotype (A/swine/Texas/4199-2/98-H3N2, TX98), whereas others were associated with a lethal phenotype (A/Puerto Rico/8/34-H1N1, PR8). Based on this observation, we developed the hypothesis that individual influenza virus genes could contribute to a superinfection, and that the host response after influenza virus infection could influence superinfection severity. The present study analyzes individual influenza virus gene contributions to superinfection severity using reassortant viruses created using TX98 and PR8 viral genes. Host and pathogen interactions, relevant to survival and lethal phenotypes, were studied with a focus on pathogen clearance, host cellular infiltrates, and cytokine levels after infection. Specifically, we found that the hemagglutinin gene expressed by an influenza virus can contribute to the severity of a secondary bacterial infection, likely through modulation of host proinflammatory responses. Altogether, these results advance our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying influenza virus-bacteria superinfections and identify viral and corresponding host factors that may contribute to morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M. Klonoski
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Trevor Watson
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Thomas E. Bickett
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Joshua M. Svendsen
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Tonia J. Gau
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Alexandra Britt
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Jeff T. Nelson
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Evelyn H. Schlenker
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Michael S. Chaussee
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
| | - Agnieszka Rynda-Apple
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana
| | - Victor C. Huber
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota
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Wozniak A, Scioscia N, García PC, Dale JB, Paillavil BA, Legarraga P, Salazar-Echegarai FJ, Bueno SM, Kalergis AM. Protective immunity induced by an intranasal multivalent vaccine comprising 10 Lactococcus lactis strains expressing highly prevalent M-protein antigens derived from Group A Streptococcus. Microbiol Immunol 2018; 62:395-404. [PMID: 29704396 PMCID: PMC6013395 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus) causes diseases ranging from mild pharyngitis to severe invasive infections. The N-terminal fragment of streptococcal M protein elicits protective antibodies and is an attractive vaccine target. However, this N- terminal fragment is hypervariable: there are more than 200 different M types. In this study, an intranasal live bacterial vaccine comprising 10 strains of Lactococcus lactis, each expressing one N-terminal fragment of M protein, has been developed. Live bacterial-vectored vaccines cost less to manufacture because the processes involved are less complex than those required for production of protein subunit vaccines. Moreover, intranasal administration does not require syringes or specialized personnel. Evaluation of individual vaccine types (M1, M2, M3, M4, M6, M9, M12, M22, M28 and M77) showed that most of them protected mice against challenge with virulent S. pyogenes. All 10 strains combined in a 10-valent vaccine (M×10) induced serum and bronchoalveolar lavage IgG titers that ranged from three- to 10-fold those of unimmunized mice. After intranasal challenge with M28 streptococci, survival of M×10-immunized mice was significantly higher than that of unimmunized mice. In contrast, when mice were challenged with M75 streptococci, survival of M×10-immunized mice did not differ significantly from that of unimmunized mice. Mx-10 immunized mice had significantly less S. pyogenes in oropharyngeal washes and developed less severe disease symptoms after challenge than did unimmunized mice. Our L. lactis-based vaccine may provide an alternative solution to development of broadly protective group A streptococcal vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Intranasal/methods
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/blood
- Antigens, Bacterial/classification
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- Antigens, Bacterial/metabolism
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/classification
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Body Weight
- Carrier Proteins/classification
- Carrier Proteins/immunology
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Immunity
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Lactococcus lactis/immunology
- Lactococcus lactis/pathogenicity
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Streptococcal Infections/immunology
- Streptococcal Infections/microbiology
- Streptococcal Infections/prevention & control
- Streptococcal Vaccines/administration & dosage
- Streptococcal Vaccines/immunology
- Streptococcus pyogenes/immunology
- Treatment Outcome
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Attenuated/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Attenuated/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniela Wozniak
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Laboratorios Clínicos, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Natalia Scioscia
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Laboratorios Clínicos, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Patricia C. García
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Laboratorios Clínicos, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - James B. Dale
- Department of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center and the Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Memphis, Tennessee, TN 38163, USA
| | - Braulio A. Paillavil
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Laboratorios Clínicos, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Paulette Legarraga
- Laboratorio de Microbiología, Departamento de Laboratorios Clínicos, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
| | - Francisco J. Salazar-Echegarai
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M. Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
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35
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Maness DL, Martin M, Mitchell G. Poststreptococcal Illness: Recognition and Management. Am Fam Physician 2018; 97:517-522. [PMID: 29671499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus can cause several postinfectious, nonsuppurative immune- mediated diseases including acute rheumatic fever, poststreptococcal reactive arthritis, pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders, and poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis. Except for sporadic outbreaks, poststreptococcal autoimmune syndromes occur most commonly in sub-Saharan Africa, India, Australia, and New Zealand. Children younger than three years are rarely affected by group A streptococcus pharyngitis or rheumatic fever, and usually do not require testing. Rheumatic fever is a rare condition that presents as a febrile illness characterized by arthritis, carditis or valvulitis, and neurologic and cutaneous disease, followed many years later by acquired valvular disease. Recurrence rates are high. In addition to evidence of recent streptococcal infection, two major or one major and two minor Jones criteria are required for diagnosis. Electrocardiography, chest radiography, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and an antistreptolysin O titer are the most useful initial tests. Echocardiography is recommended to identify patients with subclinical carditis. The arthritis usually responds within three days to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Poststreptococcal reactive arthritis is nonmigratory, can affect any joint, and typically does not respond to aspirin. Pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorders affect the basal ganglia and are manifested by obsessive-compulsive and tic disorders. The presentation of poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis ranges from asymptomatic microscopic hematuria to gross hematuria, edema, hypertension, proteinuria, and elevated serum creatinine levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Maness
- University of Tennessee Family Medicine Residency Program, Jackson, TN, USA
| | - Michael Martin
- University of Tennessee Family Medicine Residency Program, Jackson, TN, USA
| | - Gregg Mitchell
- University of Tennessee Family Medicine Residency Program, Jackson, TN, USA
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36
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Clark M, Kim J, Etesami N, Shimamoto J, Whalen RV, Martin G, Okumura CYM. Group A Streptococcus Prevents Mast Cell Degranulation to Promote Extracellular Trap Formation. Front Immunol 2018; 9:327. [PMID: 29535718 PMCID: PMC5835080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The resurgence of Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections in the past two decades has been a rising major public health concern. Due to a large number of GAS infections occurring in the skin, mast cells (MCs), innate immune cells known to localize to the dermis, could play an important role in controlling infection. MCs can exert their antimicrobial activities either early during infection, by degranulation and release of antimicrobial proteases and the cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide LL-37, or by forming antibacterial MC extracellular traps (MCETs) in later stages of infection. We demonstrate that MCs do not directly degranulate in response to GAS, reducing their ability to control bacterial growth in early stages of infection. However, MC granule components are highly cytotoxic to GAS due to the pore-forming activity of LL-37, while MC granule proteases do not significantly affect GAS viability. We therefore confirmed the importance of MCETs by demonstrating their capacity to reduce GAS survival. The data therefore suggests that LL-37 from MC granules become embedded in MCETs, and are the primary effector molecule by which MCs control GAS infection. Our work underscores the importance of a non-traditional immune effector cell, utilizing a non-conventional mechanism, in the defense against an important human pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Clark
- Department of Biology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jessica Kim
- Department of Biology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Neelou Etesami
- Department of Biology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | | | - Ryan V. Whalen
- Department of Biology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Gary Martin
- Department of Biology, Occidental College, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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37
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Iwamoto M, Sekiguchi Y, Nakamura K, Kawaguchi Y, Honda T, Hasegawa J. Generation of efficient mutants of endoglycosidase from Streptococcus pyogenes and their application in a novel one-pot transglycosylation reaction for antibody modification. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193534. [PMID: 29474426 PMCID: PMC5825150 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The fine structures of Fc N-glycan modulate the biological functions and physicochemical properties of antibodies. By remodeling N-glycan to obtain a homogeneous glycoform or chemically modified glycan, antibody characteristics can be controlled or modified. Such remodeling can be achieved by transglycosylation reactions using a mutant of endoglycosidase from Streptococcus pyogenes (Endo-S) and glycan oxazoline. In this study, we generated improved mutants of Endo-S by introducing additional mutations to the D233Q mutant. Notably, Endo-S D233Q/Q303L, D233Q/E350Q, and several other mutations resulted in transglycosylation efficiencies exceeding 90%, with a single-digit donor-to-substrate ratio of five, and D233Q/Y402F/D405A and several other mutations resulted in slightly reduced transglycosylation efficiencies accompanied by no detectable hydrolysis activity for 48 h. We further demonstrated that the combined use of mutants of Endo-S with Endo-M or Endo-CC, endoglycosidases from Mucor hiemalis and Coprinopsis cinerea, enables one-pot transglycosylation from sialoglycopeptide to antibodies. This novel reaction enables glycosylation remodeling of antibodies, without the chemical synthesis of oxazoline in advance or in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Iwamoto
- Modality Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukiko Sekiguchi
- Modality Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kensuke Nakamura
- Modality Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshirou Kawaguchi
- Modality Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Honda
- Medicinal Chemistry Management Group, Research Function Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Hasegawa
- Modality Research Laboratories, Biologics Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan
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38
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Turner CE, Pyzio M, Song B, Lamagni T, Meltzer M, Chow JY, Efstratiou A, Curtis S, Sriskandan S. Scarlet Fever Upsurge in England and Molecular-Genetic Analysis in North-West London, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:1075-8. [PMID: 27192393 PMCID: PMC4880090 DOI: 10.3201/eid2206.151726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Scarlet fever notifications surged across the United Kingdom in spring 2014. Molecular epidemiologic investigation of Streptococcus pyogenes infections in North-West London highlighted increased emm4 and emm3 infections coincident with the upsurge. Unlike outbreaks in other countries, antimicrobial resistance was uncommon, highlighting an urgent need to better understand the drivers of scarlet fever activity.
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Abstract
B-lymphocytes have the ability to repair their plasma membranes following injury, such as by bacterial cholesterol-dependent cytolysins. The repair process includes the removal of the pore from the inflicted region of the plasma membrane via lipid raft-mediated internalization. Lipid rafts are critical for B cell receptor (BCR) activation. Cholesterol-dependent pore forming bacterial toxins provide a useful tool for examining the role of lipid rafts in B cell activation and the underlying cellular mechanisms. This method serves as a great alternative of known cholesterol disruption reagents such as filipin, nystatin, and methyl-β-cyclodextrin. Here, we describe a method of damaging primary murine B cell plasma membranes with the Streptococcus pyogenes cytolysin, Streptolysin O (SLO), and monitoring levels of damage, repair and BCR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Miller
- Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S 4th St., Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
| | - Wenxia Song
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, 1133 Microbiology Building, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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40
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Nozawa T, Aikawa C, Minowa-Nozawa A, Nakagawa I. The intracellular microbial sensor NLRP4 directs Rho-actin signaling to facilitate Group A Streptococcus-containing autophagosome-like vacuole formation. Autophagy 2017; 13:1841-1854. [PMID: 29099277 PMCID: PMC5788493 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2017.1358343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenophagy, also known as antibacterial autophagy, functions as a crucial defense system that can utilize intracellular pattern recognition sensors, such as NLRP4, to recognize and selectively eliminate bacterial pathogens. However, little is known about how NLRP4 regulates xenophagy. Here, we report that NLRP4 binds ARHGDIA (Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor α) to regulate Rho GTPase signaling and facilitate actin-mediated xenophagy. Specifically, NLRP4 is recruited to Group A Streptococcus (GAS) and colocalizes with GAS-containing autophagosome-like vacuoles (GcAVs), where it regulates ARHGDIA-Rho GTPase recruitment to promote autophagosome formation. The interaction between NLRP4, ARHGDIA, and Rho GTPases is regulated by ARHGDIA Tyr156 phosphorylation, which acts as a gate to induce Rho-mediated xenophagy. Moreover, ARHGDIA and Rho GTPase are involved in actin-mediated ATG9A recruitment to phagophores, facilitating elongation to form autophagosomes. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that NLRP4 functions as a Rho receptor complex to direct actin dynamics regulating xenophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Nozawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chihiro Aikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsuko Minowa-Nozawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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Schulze K, Ebensen T, Chandrudu S, Skwarczynski M, Toth I, Olive C, Guzman CA. Bivalent mucosal peptide vaccines administered using the LCP carrier system stimulate protective immune responses against Streptococcus pyogenes infection. Nanomedicine 2017; 13:2463-2474. [PMID: 28887213 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2017.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite the broad knowledge about the pathogenicity of Streptococcus pyogenes there is still a controversy about the correlate of protection in GAS infections. We aimed in further improving the immune responses stimulated against GAS comparing different vaccine formulations including bis-(3',5')-cyclic dimeric adenosine monophosphate (c-di-AMP) and BPPCysMPEG, a derivative of the macrophage-activating lipopeptide (MALP-2), as adjuvants, respectively, to be administered with and without the universal T helper cell epitope P25 along with the optimized B cell epitope J14 of the M protein and B and T cell epitopes of SfbI. Lipopeptide based nano carrier systems (LCP) were used for efficient antigen delivery across the mucosal barrier. The stimulated immune responses were efficient in protecting mice against a respiratory challenge with a lethal dose of a heterologous S. pyogenes strain. Moreover, combination of the LCP based peptide vaccine with c-di-AMP allowed reduction of antigen dose at the same time maintaining vaccine efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Schulze
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Thomas Ebensen
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Saranya Chandrudu
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, St Luc ia, QLD, Australia
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, St Luc ia, QLD, Australia
| | - Istvan Toth
- The University of Queensland, School of Chemistry & Molecular Biosciences, St Luc ia, QLD, Australia; The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, St Lucia, QLD, Australia; The University of Queensland, School of Pharmacy, Woolloongabba, QLD, Australia
| | - Colleen Olive
- Central Laboratory, Pathology Queensland, Health Support Queensland, Department of Health, Queensland Government, Royal Brisbane & Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Carlos A Guzman
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
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Imöhl M, Fitzner C, Perniciaro S, van der Linden M. Epidemiology and distribution of 10 superantigens among invasive Streptococcus pyogenes disease in Germany from 2009 to 2014. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180757. [PMID: 28719668 PMCID: PMC5515411 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A nationwide laboratory-based surveillance study of invasive S. pyogenes infections was conducted in Germany. Invasive isolates (n = 719) were obtained between 2009 and 2014. Most isolates were obtained from blood (92.1%). The proportions of isolates from cerebrospinal fluid, pleural fluid, synovial fluid and peritoneal fluid were 3.9%, 1.8%, 1.7% and 0.6%, respectively. The most common emm types were emm 1 (31.8%), emm 28 (15.4%) and emm 89 (14.5%). The most common superantigen genes (speA, speC, speG, speH, speI, speJ, speK, speL, speM, ssa) identified from S. pyogenes were speG (92.1%), speJ (50.9%), and speC (42.0%). Significant associations of superantigen genes with underlying conditions or risks were observed in speG, speH, speJ, and speK. Significant associations between emm types or superantigen genes with clinical complications were observed in emm type 3 and in superantigen gene speA 1-3. Most frequent clinical manifestations included sepsis 59.4%, STSS 6.3%, meningitis 5.4%, and necrotizing fasciitis 5.0% (significantly associated with emm1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Imöhl
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and National Reference Center for Streptococci, University Hospital (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Christina Fitzner
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Hospital (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Perniciaro
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and National Reference Center for Streptococci, University Hospital (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
| | - Mark van der Linden
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and National Reference Center for Streptococci, University Hospital (RWTH), Aachen, Germany
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43
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Shaler CR, Choi J, Rudak PT, Memarnejadian A, Szabo PA, Tun-Abraham ME, Rossjohn J, Corbett AJ, McCluskey J, McCormick JK, Lantz O, Hernandez-Alejandro R, Haeryfar SM. MAIT cells launch a rapid, robust and distinct hyperinflammatory response to bacterial superantigens and quickly acquire an anergic phenotype that impedes their cognate antimicrobial function: Defining a novel mechanism of superantigen-induced immunopathology and immunosuppression. PLoS Biol 2017. [PMID: 28632753 PMCID: PMC5478099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.2001930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Superantigens (SAgs) are potent exotoxins secreted by Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes. They target a large fraction of T cell pools to set in motion a "cytokine storm" with severe and sometimes life-threatening consequences typically encountered in toxic shock syndrome (TSS). Given the rapidity with which TSS develops, designing timely and truly targeted therapies for this syndrome requires identification of key mediators of the cytokine storm's initial wave. Equally important, early host responses to SAgs can be accompanied or followed by a state of immunosuppression, which in turn jeopardizes the host's ability to combat and clear infections. Unlike in mouse models, the mechanisms underlying SAg-associated immunosuppression in humans are ill-defined. In this work, we have identified a population of innate-like T cells, called mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, as the most powerful source of pro-inflammatory cytokines after exposure to SAgs. We have utilized primary human peripheral blood and hepatic mononuclear cells, mouse MAIT hybridoma lines, HLA-DR4-transgenic mice, MAIThighHLA-DR4+ bone marrow chimeras, and humanized NOD-scid IL-2Rγnull mice to demonstrate for the first time that: i) mouse and human MAIT cells are hyperresponsive to SAgs, typified by staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB); ii) the human MAIT cell response to SEB is rapid and far greater in magnitude than that launched by unfractionated conventional T, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) or γδ T cells, and is characterized by production of interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-2, but not IL-17A; iii) high-affinity MHC class II interaction with SAgs, but not MHC-related protein 1 (MR1) participation, is required for MAIT cell activation; iv) MAIT cell responses to SEB can occur in a T cell receptor (TCR) Vβ-specific manner but are largely contributed by IL-12 and IL-18; v) as MAIT cells are primed by SAgs, they also begin to develop a molecular signature consistent with exhaustion and failure to participate in antimicrobial defense. Accordingly, they upregulate lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3), T cell immunoglobulin and mucin-3 (TIM-3), and/or programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), and acquire an anergic phenotype that interferes with their cognate function against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli; vi) MAIT cell hyperactivation and anergy co-utilize a signaling pathway that is governed by p38 and MEK1/2. Collectively, our findings demonstrate a pathogenic, rather than protective, role for MAIT cells during infection. Furthermore, we propose a novel mechanism of SAg-associated immunosuppression in humans. MAIT cells may therefore provide an attractive therapeutic target for the management of both early and late phases of severe SAg-mediated illnesses.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/metabolism
- Antigens, Bacterial/toxicity
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/drug effects
- Bone Marrow Cells/immunology
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Cells, Cultured
- Clonal Anergy/drug effects
- Crosses, Genetic
- Enterotoxins/metabolism
- Enterotoxins/toxicity
- Female
- Humans
- Hybridomas
- Immunity, Innate
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Immunological
- Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells/cytology
- Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells/drug effects
- Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells/immunology
- Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells/metabolism
- Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms
- Staphylococcus aureus/immunology
- Staphylococcus aureus/metabolism
- Streptococcus pyogenes/immunology
- Streptococcus pyogenes/metabolism
- Superantigens/metabolism
- Superantigens/toxicity
- Transplantation Chimera/blood
- Transplantation Chimera/immunology
- Transplantation Chimera/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Shaler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick T. Rudak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arash Memarnejadian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter A. Szabo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mauro E. Tun-Abraham
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra J. Corbett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John K. McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Olivier Lantz
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie and INSERM U932, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Roberto Hernandez-Alejandro
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Transplantation, Department of Surgery, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, United States of America
| | - S.M. Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Makthal N, Nguyen K, Do H, Gavagan M, Chandrangsu P, Helmann JD, Olsen RJ, Kumaraswami M. A Critical Role of Zinc Importer AdcABC in Group A Streptococcus-Host Interactions During Infection and Its Implications for Vaccine Development. EBioMedicine 2017; 21:131-141. [PMID: 28596134 PMCID: PMC5514391 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens must overcome host immune mechanisms to acquire micronutrients for successful replication and infection. Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as group A streptococcus (GAS), is a human pathogen that causes a variety of clinical manifestations, and disease prevention is hampered by lack of a human GAS vaccine. Herein, we report that the mammalian host recruits calprotectin (CP) to GAS infection sites and retards bacterial growth by zinc limitation. However, a GAS-encoded zinc importer and a nuanced zinc sensor aid bacterial defense against CP-mediated growth inhibition and contribute to GAS virulence. Immunization of mice with the extracellular component of the zinc importer confers protection against systemic GAS challenge. Together, we identified a key early stage host-GAS interaction and translated that knowledge into a novel vaccine strategy against GAS infection. Furthermore, we provided evidence that a similar struggle for zinc may occur during other streptococcal infections, which raises the possibility of a broad-spectrum prophylactic strategy against multiple streptococcal pathogens. Host employs calprotectin to impose zinc (Zn) limitation on the human pathogen group A streptococcus (GAS) during infection. As a defense, GAS uses a sensor, AdcR, to monitor Zn availability, and a high-affinity transporter, AdcABC, to acquire Zn. Finally, we characterized the extracellular subunit of AdcA as a vaccine candidate to protect mice from GAS infections.
There is an urgent need for a human vaccine to protect against diseases caused by human pathogen, group A streptococcus (GAS). Herein, we identified the key molecular players involved in the battle between the host and invading bacteria for the critical nutrient zinc. The host recruits calprotectin at GAS infection sites to limit zinc availability to the pathogen. The pathogen senses the alterations in zinc availability using a sensor, AdcR, and outcompetes calprotectin by employing a high-affinity zinc uptake system, AdcABC. Using this knowledge, we developed a successful vaccination strategy by immunization with AdcA and demonstrated protection against GAS infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishanth Makthal
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Kimberly Nguyen
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Hackwon Do
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Maire Gavagan
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Pete Chandrangsu
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-8101, United States
| | - John D Helmann
- Department of Microbiology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-8101, United States
| | - Randall J Olsen
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Muthiah Kumaraswami
- Center for Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Diseases Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
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Ebner F, Sedlyarov V, Tasciyan S, Ivin M, Kratochvill F, Gratz N, Kenner L, Villunger A, Sixt M, Kovarik P. The RNA-binding protein tristetraprolin schedules apoptosis of pathogen-engaged neutrophils during bacterial infection. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:2051-2065. [PMID: 28504646 PMCID: PMC5451238 DOI: 10.1172/jci80631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protective responses against pathogens require a rapid mobilization of resting neutrophils and the timely removal of activated ones. Neutrophils are exceptionally short-lived leukocytes, yet it remains unclear whether the lifespan of pathogen-engaged neutrophils is regulated differently from that in the circulating steady-state pool. Here, we have found that under homeostatic conditions, the mRNA-destabilizing protein tristetraprolin (TTP) regulates apoptosis and the numbers of activated infiltrating murine neutrophils but not neutrophil cellularity. Activated TTP-deficient neutrophils exhibited decreased apoptosis and enhanced accumulation at the infection site. In the context of myeloid-specific deletion of Ttp, the potentiation of neutrophil deployment protected mice against lethal soft tissue infection with Streptococcus pyogenes and prevented bacterial dissemination. Neutrophil transcriptome analysis revealed that decreased apoptosis of TTP-deficient neutrophils was specifically associated with elevated expression of myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl1) but not other antiapoptotic B cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) family members. Higher Mcl1 expression resulted from stabilization of Mcl1 mRNA in the absence of TTP. The low apoptosis rate of infiltrating TTP-deficient neutrophils was comparable to that of transgenic Mcl1-overexpressing neutrophils. Our study demonstrates that posttranscriptional gene regulation by TTP schedules the termination of the antimicrobial engagement of neutrophils. The balancing role of TTP comes at the cost of an increased risk of bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Ebner
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vitaly Sedlyarov
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Saren Tasciyan
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Masa Ivin
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Nina Gratz
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lukas Kenner
- Clinical Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
- Unit of Pathology of Laboratory Animals (UPLA), University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Medical University of Innsbruck, Division of Developmental Immunology, Innsbruck, Austria
- Tyrolean Cancer Research Institute, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (IST Austria), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Pavel Kovarik
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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46
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Mortensen R, Christensen D, Hansen LB, Christensen JP, Andersen P, Dietrich J. Local Th17/IgA immunity correlate with protection against intranasal infection with Streptococcus pyogenes. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175707. [PMID: 28414746 PMCID: PMC5393599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus, GAS) is responsible for a wide array of infections. Respiratory transmission via droplets is the most common mode of transmission but it may also infect the host via other routes such as lesions in the skin. To advance the development of a future vaccine against GAS, it is therefore important to investigate how protective immunity is related to the route of vaccine administration. To explore this, we examined whether a parenterally administered anti-GAS vaccine could protect against an intranasal GAS infection or if this would require locally primed immunity. We foundd that a parenteral CAF01 adjuvanted GAS vaccine offered no protection against intranasal infection despite inducing strong systemic Th1/Th17/IgG immunity that efficiently protected against an intraperitoneal GAS infection. However, the same vaccine administered via the intranasal route was able to induce protection against repeated intranasal GAS infections in a murine challenge model. The lack of intranasal protection induced by the parenteral vaccine correlated with a reduced mucosal recall response at the site of infection. Taken together, our results demonstrate that locally primed immunity is important for the defense against intranasal infection with Streptococcus pyogenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Mortensen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Copenhagen, Denmark
- University of Copenhagen, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dennis Christensen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lasse Bøllehuus Hansen
- Rigshospitalet, Department of Growth and Reproduction, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Peter Andersen
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jes Dietrich
- Statens Serum Institut, Department of Infectious Disease Immunology, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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47
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Swe PM, Christian LD, Lu HC, Sriprakash KS, Fischer K. Complement inhibition by Sarcoptes scabiei protects Streptococcus pyogenes - An in vitro study to unravel the molecular mechanisms behind the poorly understood predilection of S. pyogenes to infect mite-induced skin lesions. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005437. [PMID: 28278252 PMCID: PMC5360341 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background On a global scale scabies is one of the most common dermatological conditions, imposing a considerable economic burden on individuals, communities and health systems. There is substantial epidemiological evidence that in tropical regions scabies is often causing pyoderma and subsequently serious illness due to invasion by opportunistic bacteria. The health burden due to complicated scabies causing cellulitis, bacteraemia and sepsis, heart and kidney diseases in resource-poor communities is extreme. Co-infections of group A streptococcus (GAS) and scabies mites is a common phenomenon in the tropics. Both pathogens produce multiple complement inhibitors to overcome the host innate defence. We investigated the relative role of classical (CP), lectin (LP) and alternative pathways (AP) towards a pyodermic GAS isolate 88/30 in the presence of a scabies mite complement inhibitor, SMSB4. Methodology/Principal findings Opsonophagocytosis assays in fresh blood showed baseline immunity towards GAS. The role of innate immunity was investigated by deposition of the first complement components of each pathway, specifically C1q, FB and MBL from normal human serum on GAS. C1q deposition was the highest followed by FB deposition while MBL deposition was undetectable, suggesting that CP and AP may be mainly activated by GAS. We confirmed this result using sera depleted of either C1q or FB, and serum deficient in MBL. Recombinant SMSB4 was produced and purified from Pichia pastoris. SMSB4 reduced the baseline immunity against GAS by decreasing the formation of CP- and AP-C3 convertases, subsequently affecting opsonisation and the release of anaphylatoxin. Conclusions/Significance Our results indicate that the complement-inhibitory function of SMSB4 promotes the survival of GAS in vitro and inferably in the microenvironment of the mite-infested skin. Understanding the tripartite interactions between host, parasite and microbial pathogens at a molecular level may serve as a basis to develop improved intervention strategies targeting scabies and associated bacterial infections. The molecular mechanisms that underpin the link between scabies and bacterial pathogens were unknown. We proposed that scabies mites play a role in the establishment, proliferation and transmission of opportunistic pathogens. We investigated here the synergy between mites and one of the most recognised mite associated pathogens, Streptococcus pyogenes. As part of the innate immune response mammals have a pre-programmed ability to recognise and immediately act against substances derived from fungal and bacterial microorganisms. This is mediated through a sequential biochemical cascade involving over 30 different proteins (complement system) which as a result of signal amplification triggers a rapid killing response. The complement cascade produces peptides that attract immune cells, increases vascular permeability, coats (opsonises) the surfaces of a pathogen, marking it for destruction, and directly disrupts foreign plasma membranes. To prevent complement mediated damage of their gut cells, scabies mites secrete several classes of complement inhibiting proteins into the mite gut and excrete them into the epidermal mite burrows. Furthermore, these inhibitors also provide protection for S. pyogenes. We verified here specifically the impact of the mite complement inhibitor SMSB4, to identify the molecular mechanisms behind the long recognised tendency of S. pyogenes to infect mite-induced skin lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pearl M. Swe
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Department, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lindsay D. Christian
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Department, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hieng C. Lu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Department, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kadaba S. Sriprakash
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Department, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Katja Fischer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Department, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Nakajima S, Aikawa C, Nozawa T, Minowa-Nozawa A, Toh H, Nakagawa I. Bcl-xL Affects Group A Streptococcus-Induced Autophagy Directly, by Inhibiting Fusion between Autophagosomes and Lysosomes, and Indirectly, by Inhibiting Bacterial Internalization via Interaction with Beclin 1-UVRAG. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170138. [PMID: 28085926 PMCID: PMC5235370 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL are proposed to regulate starvation-induced autophagy by directly interacting with Beclin 1. Beclin 1 is also thought to be involved in multiple vesicle trafficking pathways such as endocytosis by binding to Atg14L and UVRAG. However, how the interaction of Bcl-2 family proteins and Beclin 1 regulates anti-bacterial autophagy (xenophagy) is still unclear. In this study, we analyzed these interactions using Group A Streptococcus (GAS; Streptococcus pyogenes) infection as a model. GAS is internalized into epithelial cells through endocytosis, while the intracellular fate of GAS is degradation by autophagy. Here, we found that Bcl-xL but not Bcl-2 regulates GAS-induced autophagy. Autophagosome-lysosome fusion and the internalization process during GAS infection were promoted in Bcl-xL knockout cells. In addition, knockout of Beclin 1 phenocopied the internalization defect of GAS. Furthermore, UVRAG interacts not only with Beclin 1 but also with Bcl-xL, and overexpression of UVRAG partially rescued the internalization defect of Beclin 1 knockout cells during GAS infection. Thus, our results indicate that Bcl-xL inhibits GAS-induced autophagy directly by suppressing autophagosome-lysosome fusion and indirectly by suppressing GAS internalization via interaction with Beclin 1-UVRAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Nakajima
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Chihiro Aikawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takashi Nozawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Atsuko Minowa-Nozawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Toh
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ichiro Nakagawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Konoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
- * E-mail:
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49
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Rungelrath V, Wohlsein JC, Siebert U, Stott J, Prenger-Berninghoff E, von Pawel-Rammingen U, Valentin-Weigand P, Baums CG, Seele J. Identification of a novel host-specific IgG protease in Streptococcus phocae subsp. phocae. Vet Microbiol 2017; 201:42-48. [PMID: 28284621 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus (S.) phocae subsp. phocae causes bronchopneumonia and septicemia in a variety of marine mammals. Especially in harbor seals infected with phocine distemper virus it plays an important role as an opportunistic pathogen. This study was initiated by the detection of IgG cleavage products in Western blot analysis after incubation of bacterial supernatant with harbor seal serum. Hence, the objectives of this study were the identification and characterization of a secreted IgG cleaving protease in S. phocae subsp. phocae isolated from marine mammals. To further identify the responsible factor of IgG cleavage a protease inhibitor profile was generated. Inhibition of the IgG cleaving activity by iodoacetamide and Z-LVG-CHN2 indicated that a cysteine protease is involved. Moreover, an anti-IdeS antibody directed against the IgG endopeptidase IdeS of S. pyogenes showed cross reactivity with the putative IgG protease of S. phocae subsp. phocae. The IgG cleaving factor of S. phocae subsp. phocae was identified through an inverse PCR approach and designated IdeP (Immunoglobulin G degrading enzyme of S. phocae subsp. phocae) in analogy to the cysteine protease IdeS. Notably, recombinant (r) IdeP is a host and substrate specific protease as it cleaves IgG from grey and harbor seals but not IgG from harbor porpoises or non-marine mammals. The identification of IdeP represents the first description of a protein in S. phocae subsp. phocae involved in immune evasion. Furthermore, the fact that IdeP cleaves solely IgG of certain marine mammals reflects functional adaption of S. phocae subsp. phocae to grey and harbor seals as its main hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Rungelrath
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jan Christian Wohlsein
- Institute for Microbiology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Ursula Siebert
- Institute for Terrestrial and Aquatic Wildlife Research of the University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Büsum, Germany.
| | - Jeffrey Stott
- Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Veterinary Medicine, UC Davis, United States.
| | - Ellen Prenger-Berninghoff
- Institute of Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | | | - Peter Valentin-Weigand
- Institute for Microbiology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Christoph G Baums
- Institute for Bacteriology and Mycology, Centre for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Microbiology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Jana Seele
- Institute for Microbiology, Centre for Infection Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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50
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Gamradt P, Xu Y, Gratz N, Duncan K, Kobzik L, Högler S, Kovarik P, Decker T, Jamieson AM. The Influence of Programmed Cell Death in Myeloid Cells on Host Resilience to Infection with Legionella pneumophila or Streptococcus pyogenes. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006032. [PMID: 27973535 PMCID: PMC5156374 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogen clearance and host resilience/tolerance to infection are both important factors in surviving an infection. Cells of the myeloid lineage play important roles in both of these processes. Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells all have important roles in initiation of the immune response and clearance of bacterial pathogens. If these cells are not properly regulated they can result in excessive inflammation and immunopathology leading to decreased host resilience. Programmed cell death (PCD) is one possible mechanism that myeloid cells may use to prevent excessive inflammation. Myeloid cell subsets play roles in tissue repair, immune response resolution, and maintenance of homeostasis, so excessive PCD may also influence host resilience in this way. In addition, myeloid cell death is one mechanism used to control pathogen replication and dissemination. Many of these functions for PCD have been well defined in vitro, but the role in vivo is less well understood. We created a mouse that constitutively expresses the pro-survival B-cell lymphoma (bcl)-2 protein in myeloid cells (CD68(bcl2tg), thus decreasing PCD specifically in myeloid cells. Using this mouse model we explored the impact that decreased cell death of these cells has on infection with two different bacterial pathogens, Legionella pneumophila and Streptococcus pyogenes. Both of these pathogens target multiple cell death pathways in myeloid cells, and the expression of bcl2 resulted in decreased PCD after infection. We examined both pathogen clearance and host resilience and found that myeloid cell death was crucial for host resilience. Surprisingly, the decreased myeloid PCD had minimal impact on pathogen clearance. These data indicate that the most important role of PCD during infection with these bacteria is to minimize inflammation and increase host resilience, not to aid in the clearance or prevent the spread of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Gamradt
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- CIRI, International Center for Infectiology Research, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Inserm U111, Lyon, France
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
- Université Lyon 1, Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Lyon, France
- CNRS, UMR 5308, Lyon, France
| | - Yun Xu
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Nina Gratz
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kellyanne Duncan
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
| | - Lester Kobzik
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Sandra Högler
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Pavel Kovarik
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Decker
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Amanda M. Jamieson
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Division of Biology and Medicine, Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States
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