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Maldonado-Barrueco A, Bloise I, Cendejas-Bueno E, López-Rodrigo F, García-Rodríguez J, Lázaro-Perona F. Epidemiological changes in invasive Streptococcus pyogenes infection during the UK alert period: A molecular comparative analysis from a tertiary Spanish hospital in 2023. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin (Engl Ed) 2024; 42:34-37. [PMID: 38176845 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimce.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the genomic epidemiology of Streptococcus pyogenes causing bloodstream infections (GAS-BSI) in a Spanish tertiary hospital during the United Kingdom invasive S. pyogenes outbreak alert. METHODS Retrospective epidemiological analysis of GAS-BSI during the January-May 2017-2023 period. WGS was performed using Ion torrent GeneStudio™ S5 system for emm typing and identification of superantigen genes in S. pyogenes isolated during the 2022-2023 UK outbreak alert. RESULTS During 2023, there were more cases of GAS-BSI compared to the same period of previous year with a non-significant increase in children. Fourteen isolates were sequenced. The emm1 (6/14, 42.9%) and emm12 (2/14, 14.3%) types predominated; 5 of 6 (75%) emm1 isolates were from the M1UK clone. The most detected superantigen genes were speG (12/14, 85.7%), speC (10/14, 71.4%), speJ (7/14, 50%), and speA (5/15, 33.3%). speA and speJ were predominant in M1UK clone. CONCLUSIONS Our genomic epidemiology in 2023 is similar to the reported data from the UK outbreak alert in the same period and different from previous national S. pyogenes surveillance reports.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iván Bloise
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emilio Cendejas-Bueno
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain; CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco López-Rodrigo
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio García-Rodríguez
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain; CIBERINFEC, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Lázaro-Perona
- Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Department, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Rahman S, Saha S, Dasgupta SB, Das AK. Putative staphylococcal enterotoxin possesses two common structural motifs for MHC-II binding. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 256:128437. [PMID: 38013079 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.128437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus has become a significant cause of health risks in humankind. Staphylococcal superantigens (SAgs) or enterotoxins are the key virulent factors that can exhibit acute diseases to severe life-threatening conditions. Recent literature reports S. aureus has steadily gained new enterotoxin genes over the past few decades. In spite of current knowledge of the established SAgs, several questions on putative enterotoxins are still remaining unanswered. Keeping that in mind, this study sheds light on a putative enterotoxin SEl26 to characterize its structural and functional properties. In-silico analyses indicate its close relation with the conventional SAgs, especially the zinc-binding SAgs. Additionally, important residues that are vital for the T-cell receptor (TcR) and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) interaction were predicted and compared with established SAgs. Besides, our biochemical analyses exhibited the binding of this putative enterotoxin with MHC-II, followed by regulating pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakilur Rahman
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India.
| | - Saradindu Saha
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Somdeb Bose Dasgupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India
| | - Amit Kumar Das
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India.
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3
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Wan Y, Yang L, Li Q, Wang X, Zhou T, Chen D, Li L, Wang Y, Wang X. Stability and emetic activity of enterotoxin like X (SElX) with high carrier rate of food poisoning Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Food Microbiol 2023; 404:110352. [PMID: 37549593 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2023.110352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to analyze and clarify the thermal stability of food poisoning Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) enterotoxin-like X (SElX) and the biological characteristics of digestive enzymes, and to evaluate the risk of S. aureus carrying selx gene in food poisoning, the selx gene carrying rates of 165 strains isolated from 95 food poisoning events from 2006 to 2019 were first statistically analyzed. Subsequently, the purified recombinant SElX protein was digested and heated, and the superantigen activity was verified with mouse spleen cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of kittens. At the same time, the emetic activity and toxicity of SElX were evaluated using the kitten vomiting animal model, mice toxin model and in vitro cell models. The results showed the selx gene carrying rate of 165 food poisoning S. aureus strains was 90.30 %. SElX had significant resistance to heat treatment and pepsin digestion (pH = 4.0 and pH = 4.5), and had good superantigen activity and emetic activity. However, there is no significant lethal effect on mice and no significant toxicity to cells. Importantly, we found that SElX had an inhibitory effect on acidic mucus of goblet cells in various segments of the small intestine. The present study investigated the stability of SElX, and confirmed the emetic activity of SElX by establishing a kitten vomiting model for the first time, suggesting that SElX is a high risk toxin of food poisoning, which will provide new ideas for the prevention and control of S. aureus food poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangli Wan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Liu Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qianhong Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xiaowen Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, China
| | - Dishi Chen
- Sichuan Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Li Li
- Sichuan Animal Disease Prevention and Control Center, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yeru Wang
- Risk Assessment Division China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Chaoyang District, Beijing, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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4
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Weiss S, Holtfreter S, Meyer TC, Schmiedeke F, Cammann C, Dörr M, Felix SB, Grabe HJ, Homuth G, Kohler C, Mahncke C, Michalik S, Nauck M, Friedrich N, Samietz S, Völzke H, Völker U, Bröker BM. Toxin exposure and HLA alleles determine serum antibody binding to toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) of Staphylococcus aureus. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1229562. [PMID: 37731490 PMCID: PMC10507260 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1229562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Life-threatening toxic shock syndrome is often caused by the superantigen toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) produced by Staphylococcus aureus. A well-known risk factor is the lack of neutralizing antibodies. To identify determinants of the anti-TSST-1 antibody response, we examined 976 participants of the German population-based epidemiological Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND-0). We measured anti-TSST-1 antibody levels, analyzed the colonization with TSST-1-encoding S. aureus strains, and performed a genome-wide association analysis of genetic risk factors. TSST-1-specific serum IgG levels varied over a range of 4.2 logs and were elevated by a factor of 12.3 upon nasal colonization with TSST-1-encoding S. aureus. Moreover, the anti-TSST-1 antibody levels were strongly associated with HLA class II gene loci. HLA-DRB1*03:01 and HLA-DQB1*02:01 were positively, and HLA-DRB1*01:01 as well as HLA-DQB1*05:01 negatively associated with the anti-TSST-1 antibody levels. Thus, both toxin exposure and HLA alleles affect the human antibody response to TSST-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Weiss
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Tanja C. Meyer
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frieder Schmiedeke
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Clemens Cammann
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Marcus Dörr
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan B. Felix
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine B, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hans J. Grabe
- Department of Psychatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Georg Homuth
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Christian Kohler
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Cedric Mahncke
- Friedrich Loeffler Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stephan Michalik
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Matthias Nauck
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Nele Friedrich
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Stefanie Samietz
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Gerodontology and Biomaterials, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Henry Völzke
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- Institute for Community Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Uwe Völker
- Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Barbara M. Bröker
- Institute of Immunology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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Minko AG, Danilova TA, Danilina GA, Adzhieva AA, Tikhomirov EE, Zhukhovitsky VG. Molecular Genetic Characterization of Streptococcus pyogenes Strains Isolated from Patients with Various Manifestations of Streptococcal Infection. Bull Exp Biol Med 2023; 175:662-666. [PMID: 37861897 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-023-05922-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
In 82 clinical strains of Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococci) isolated from patients with various manifestations of streptococcal infection, emm-typing revealed 27 emm-types (n=77) with a predominance of emm-89 (n=15; 18%), emm-75 (n=9; 11%), and emm-1 (n=6; 7%); types emm-3, emm-12, and emm-58 (n=4; 5% each) were found with almost equal frequency; other types were less common. The superantigen genes speC, speG, speH, speI, speJ, speK, speL, speM, smeZ, and SSA were identified in S. pyogenes strains using multiprimer PCR; the genes of the superantigen SpeA and cysteine proteinase SpeB were detected using real-time PCR. All the studied S. pyogenes strains contained superantigen genes, and 98% of the strains had several (from 2 to 7) genes. The number of variants of these sets reached 37; 2% of the strains contained only one superantigen gene. The distribution frequencies of superantigen genes in the studied strains were: speA - 43%; speC - 38%; speG - 93%; speH - 13%; speI - 6%; speJ - 24%; speK - 13%; speL and speM - 11% each; smeZ - 98%; SSA - 15%. All studied S. pyogenes strains contained the speB gene. Our studies have demonstrated that the sets of superantigen genes of group A streptococci are characterized by pronounced diversity to some extent associated with emm-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Minko
- Laboratory of Indication and Ultrastructural Analysis of Microorganisms, N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
| | - T A Danilova
- Laboratory of Indication and Ultrastructural Analysis of Microorganisms, N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - G A Danilina
- Laboratory of Indication and Ultrastructural Analysis of Microorganisms, N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - A A Adzhieva
- Laboratory of Indication and Ultrastructural Analysis of Microorganisms, N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - E E Tikhomirov
- Laboratory of Indication and Ultrastructural Analysis of Microorganisms, N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - V G Zhukhovitsky
- Laboratory of Indication and Ultrastructural Analysis of Microorganisms, N. F. Gamaleya National Research Center of Epidemiology and Microbiology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
- Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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6
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Alcolea-Medina A, Snell LB, Alder C, Charalampous T, Williams TGS, Tan MKI, Al-Yaakoubi N, Humayun G, Newsholme W, Goldenberg S, Nebbia G, Neil SJD, Batra R, Edgeworth JD. The ongoing Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus) outbreak in London, United Kingdom, in December 2022: a molecular epidemiology study. Clin Microbiol Infect 2023; 29:887-890. [PMID: 36925107 PMCID: PMC10769882 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epidemiological and whole-genome sequencing analysis of an ongoing outbreak of Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A Streptococcus) in London (United Kingdom). METHODS Prospective identification of Group A Streptococcus cases from a diagnostic laboratory serving central and south London between 27 November and 10 December 2022. Case notes were reviewed and isolates were retrieved. Case numbers were compared with the previous 5 years. Whole-genome sequencing was performed with long-read, nanopore technology for emm typing and identification of superantigen genes. Associations of pathogen-related factors with an invasive disease were assessed by single-variable and multi-variable logistic regression. RESULTS Case numbers began increasing in October 2022 from a baseline of 2.0 cases per day, and in December 2022, the average daily case numbers reached 10.8 cases per day, four-fold the number usually seen in winter. A total of 113 cases were identified during the prospective study period. Three quarters (86/113, 76%) were paediatric cases, including 2 deaths. Of 113 cases, 11 (10%) were invasive. In total, 56 isolates were successfully sequenced, including 10 of 11 (91%) invasive isolates. The emm12 (33/56, 59%) and emm1 (9/56, 16%) types were predominant, with 7 of 9 (78%) emm1 isolates being from the M1uk clone. The majority of invasive isolates had superantigen genes spea (7/10, 70%) and spej (8/10, 80%), whereas, in non-invasive isolates, these superantigen genes were found less frequently (spea: 5/46, 11% and spej: 7/46, 15%). By multivariable analysis of pathogen-related factors, spea (OR 8.9, CI 1.4-57, p 0.020) and spej (OR 12, CI 1.8-78, p 0.011) were associated with invasive disease. CONCLUSIONS emm12 and emm1 types predominate in the ongoing outbreak, which mainly affects children. In this outbreak, the spea and spej superantigen genes are associated with the severity of presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Alcolea-Medina
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, UK; Infection Sciences, Synnovis, London, UK
| | - Luke B Snell
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, UK; Centre for Clinical Diagnostics & Infectious Disease Research, Guy's & St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
| | - Christopher Alder
- Centre for Clinical Diagnostics & Infectious Disease Research, Guy's & St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Tom G S Williams
- Centre for Clinical Diagnostics & Infectious Disease Research, Guy's & St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mark K I Tan
- Centre for Clinical Diagnostics & Infectious Disease Research, Guy's & St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Noor Al-Yaakoubi
- Centre for Clinical Diagnostics & Infectious Disease Research, Guy's & St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gul Humayun
- Centre for Clinical Diagnostics & Infectious Disease Research, Guy's & St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - William Newsholme
- Department of Infection, Guy's & St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Simon Goldenberg
- Centre for Clinical Diagnostics & Infectious Disease Research, Guy's & St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK; Department of Infection, Guy's & St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Gaia Nebbia
- Centre for Clinical Diagnostics & Infectious Disease Research, Guy's & St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Stuart J D Neil
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Rahul Batra
- Centre for Clinical Diagnostics & Infectious Disease Research, Guy's & St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jonathan D Edgeworth
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King's College London, London, UK; Centre for Clinical Diagnostics & Infectious Disease Research, Guy's & St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Veselá R, Vohrnová S, Kozáková J. Detection of superantigens in Streptococcus pyogenes isolates based on whole genome sequencing data. Epidemiol Mikrobiol Imunol 2023; 72:191-194. [PMID: 37871993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes causes a variety of human diseases ranging from uncomplicated respiratory tract and skin infections to severe invasive diseases possibly involving toxic shock syndrome. Besides the emm gene-encoded M protein, important virulence factors are pyrogenic exotoxins, referred to as superantigens. The National Reference Laboratory for Streptococcal Infections has newly introduced bioinformatics tools for processing S. pyogenes whole genome sequencing data. Using the SRST2 software and BV-BRC platform, WGS data of 10 S. pyogenes isolates from patients with invasive disease were analysed, and emm type, sequence type, and superantigen encoding gene profiles were determined. The Unicycler assembly pipeline with the SPAdes de novo assembler was used to assemble genome sequences from short reads.
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Blicharz L, Żochowski M, Szymanek-Majchrzak K, Czuwara J, Goldust M, Skowroński K, Młynarczyk G, Olszewska M, Samochocki Z, Rudnicka L. Enterotoxin Gene Cluster and selX Are Associated with Atopic Dermatitis Severity-A Cross-Sectional Molecular Study of Staphylococcus aureus Superantigens. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233921. [PMID: 36497178 PMCID: PMC9737390 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus superantigens (SAgs) have been reported to aggravate atopic dermatitis. However, comprehensive analyses of these molecules in multiple microniches are lacking. The present study involved 50 adult patients with active atopic dermatitis. S. aureus was isolated from the lesional skin, nonlesional skin, and anterior nares. Multiplex-PCR was performed to identify genes encoding (1) selX (core genome); (2) seg, selI, selM, selN, selO, selU (enterotoxin gene cluster, EGC); and (3) sea, seb, sec, sed, see, tstH (classic SAgs encoded on other mobile genetic elements). The results were correlated to clinical parameters of the study group. selx and EGC were the most prevalent in all microniches. The number of SAg-encoding genes correlated between the anterior nares and nonlesional skin, and between the nonlesional and lesional skin. On lesional skin, the total number of SAg genes correlated with disease severity (total and objective SCORAD, intensity, erythema, edema/papulation, lichenification and dryness). Linear regression revealed that AD severity was predicted only by selx and EGC. This study revealed that selX and EGC are associated with atopic dermatitis severity. Anterior nares and nonlesional skin could be reservoirs of SAg-positive S. aureus. Restoring the physiological microbiome could reduce the SAg burden and alleviate syndromes of atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leszek Blicharz
- Department of Dermatology, Medial University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Maciej Żochowski
- Department of Dermatology, Medial University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Joanna Czuwara
- Department of Dermatology, Medial University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Mohamad Goldust
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06519, USA
| | | | - Grażyna Młynarczyk
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Medial University of Warsaw, 02-004 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Zbigniew Samochocki
- Department of Dermatology, Medial University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Lidia Rudnicka
- Department of Dermatology, Medial University of Warsaw, 02-008 Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Chen L, Zhang X, Liu G, Chen S, Zheng M, Zhu S, Zhang S. Intestinal Immune System and Amplification of Mouse Mammary Tumor Virus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:807462. [PMID: 35096654 PMCID: PMC8792748 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.807462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) is a virus that induces breast cancer in mice. During lactation, MMTV can transmit from mother to offspring through milk, and Peyer’s patches (PPs) in mouse intestine are the first and specific target organ. MMTV can be transported into PPs by microfold cells and then activate antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by directly binding with Toll-like receptors (TLRs) whereas infect them through mouse transferrin receptor 1 (mTfR1). After being endocytosed, MMTV is reversely transcribed and the cDNA inserts into the host genome. Superantigen (SAg) expressed by provirus is presented by APCs to cognate CD4+ T cells via MHCII molecules to induce SAg response, which leads to substantial proliferation and recruitment of related immune cells. Both APCs and T cells can be infected by MMTV and these extensively proliferated lymphocytes and recruited dendritic cells act as hotbeds for viral replication and amplification. In this case, intestinal lymphatic tissues can actually become the source of infection for the transmission of MMTV in vivo, which results in mammary gland infection by MMTV and eventually lead to the occurrence of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lankai Chen
- Nankai University School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xipeng Zhang
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Guisheng Liu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuo Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Minying Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Siwei Zhu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Shiwu Zhang, ; Siwei Zhu,
| | - Shiwu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Shiwu Zhang, ; Siwei Zhu,
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10
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Abbasi Montazeri E, Khosravi AD, Khazaei S, Sabbagh A. Prevalence of methicillin resistance and superantigenic toxins in Staphylococcus aureus strains isolated from patients with cancer. BMC Microbiol 2021; 21:262. [PMID: 34587897 PMCID: PMC8482601 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-021-02319-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine the frequency of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), antibiotic resistance patterns, superantigenic toxins profile, and clonality of this pathogen in patients with cancer. RESULTS In total, 79 (25.7%) isolates were confirmed as Staphylococcus species, from which 38 (48.1%) isolates were S. aureus, and 29 (76.3%) isolates were confirmed as MRSA. The highest resistance in MRSA strains was seen against ciprofloxacin (86.2%) and erythromycin (82.8%). Teicoplanin, and linezolid were the most effective antibiotics. From all MRSA isolates, 3 strains (10.3%) were resistant to vancomycin with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 128 μg/ml. The prevalence of superantigenic toxins genes was as follows: pvl (10.5%), tsst-1 (36.8%), etA (23.7%), and etB (23.7%). The t14870 spa type with frequency of 39.5% was the most prevalent clone type circulating in the cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS This study showed the circulating of spa t14870 as the most predominant MRSA clone in cancer patients of southwest Iran. Also, a diverse antibiotic resistance pattern and toxin profiles were seen among MRSA isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effat Abbasi Montazeri
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Azar Dokht Khosravi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Khazaei
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Ali Sabbagh
- Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center, Research Institute of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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11
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Lu M, Parel JM, Miller D. Interactions between staphylococcal enterotoxins A and D and superantigen-like proteins 1 and 5 for predicting methicillin and multidrug resistance profiles among Staphylococcus aureus ocular isolates. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254519. [PMID: 34320020 PMCID: PMC8318242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. aureus strains are well recognized as posing substantial problems in treating ocular infections. S. aureus has a vast array of virulence factors, including superantigens and enterotoxins. Their interactions and ability to signal antibiotics resistance have not been explored. OBJECTIVES To predict the relationship between superantigens and methicillin and multidrug resistance among S. aureus ocular isolates. METHODS We used a DNA microarray to characterize the enterotoxin and superantigen gene profiles of 98 S. aureus isolates collected from common ocular sources. The outcomes contained phenotypic and genotypic expressions of MRSA. We also included the MDR status as an outcome, categorized as resistance to three or more drugs, including oxacillin, penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, moxifloxacin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and gentamicin. We identified gene profiles that predicted each outcome through a classification analysis utilizing Random Forest machine learning techniques. FINDINGS Our machine learning models predicted the outcomes accurately utilizing 67 enterotoxin and superantigen genes. Strong correlates predicting the genotypic expression of MRSA were enterotoxins A, D, J and R and superantigen-like proteins 1, 3, 7 and 10. Among these virulence factors, enterotoxin D and superantigen-like proteins 1, 5 and 10 were also significantly informative for predicting both MDR and MRSA in terms of phenotypic expression. Strong interactions were identified including enterotoxins A (entA) interacting with superantigen-like protein 1 (set6-var1_11), and enterotoxin D (entD) interacting with superantigen-like protein 5 (ssl05/set3_probe 1): MRSA and MDR S. aureus are associated with the presence of both entA and set6-var1_11, or both entD and ssl05/set3_probe 1, while the absence of these genes in pairs indicates non-multidrug-resistant and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus. CONCLUSIONS MRSA and MDR S. aureus show a different spectrum of ocular pathology than their non-resistant counterparts. When assessing the role of enterotoxins in predicting antibiotics resistance, it is critical to consider both main effects and interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Lu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Jean-Marie Parel
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ophthalmic Biophysics Center, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
| | - Darlene Miller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Microbiology Laboratory, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Derakhshan S, Navidinia M, Haghi F. Antibiotic susceptibility of human-associated Staphylococcus aureus and its relation to agr typing, virulence genes, and biofilm formation. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:627. [PMID: 34210263 PMCID: PMC8247160 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06307-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Carriage of virulence factors confers some evolutionary benefit to bacteria, which favors the resistant strains. We aimed to analyze whether antibiotic susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus strains is affected by agr typing, biofilm formation ability, and virulence profiles. METHODS A total of 123 S. aureus clinical isolates were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disk diffusion method, biofilm formation by microtiter plate method, as well as polymerase chain reaction screening to identify virulence genes and the accessory gene regulator (agr) types I-IV. A P value < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS The most prevalent virulence gene was staphyloxanthin crtN, followed by hemolysin genes, capsular cap8H, toxic shock toxin tst, and enterotoxin sea, respectively. Resistant isolates were more commonly found in the agr-negative group than in the agr-positive group. Isolates of agr type III were more virulent than agr I isolates. Strong biofilm producers showed more antibiotic susceptibility and carried more virulence genes than non-strong biofilm producers. Associations were found between the presence of virulence genes and susceptibility to antibiotics. Carriage of the virulence genes and agr was higher in the inpatients; while, resistance and strong biofilms were more prevalent in the outpatients. CONCLUSION These findings indicated the presence of several virulence factors, biofilm production capacity, agr types and resistance to antibiotics in clinical S. aureus isolates. Considering the importance of S. aureus for human medicine, an understanding of virulence and resistance relationships would help to reduce the impact of S. aureus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safoura Derakhshan
- Liver and Digestive Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Masoumeh Navidinia
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fakhri Haghi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
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Gröger V, Wieland L, Naumann M, Meinecke AC, Meinhardt B, Rossner S, Ihling C, Emmer A, Staege MS, Cynis H. Formation of HERV-K and HERV-Fc1 Envelope Family Members is Suppressed on Transcriptional and Translational Level. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21217855. [PMID: 33113941 PMCID: PMC7660216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human genome comprises 8% sequences of retroviral origin, so-called human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs). Most of these proviral sequences are defective, but some possess open reading frames. They can lead to the formation of viral transcripts, when activated by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. HERVs are thought to play a pathological role in inflammatory diseases and cancer. Since the consequences of activated proviral sequences in the human body are largely unexplored, selected envelope proteins of human endogenous retroviruses associated with inflammatory diseases, namely HERV-K18, HERV-K113, and HERV-Fc1, were investigated in the present study. A formation of glycosylated envelope proteins was demonstrated in different mammalian cell lines. Nevertheless, protein maturation seemed to be incomplete as no transport to the plasma membrane was observed. Instead, the proteins remained in the ER where they induced the expression of genes involved in unfolded protein response, such as HSPA5 and sXBP1. Furthermore, low expression levels of native envelope proteins were increased by codon optimization. Cell-free expression systems showed that both the transcriptional and translational level is affected. By generating different codon-optimized variants of HERV-K113 envelope, the influence of single rare t-RNA pools in certain cell lines was demonstrated. The mRNA secondary structure also appears to play an important role in the translation of the tested viral envelope proteins. In summary, the formation of certain HERV proteins is basically possible. However, their complete maturation and thus full biologic activity seems to depend on additional factors that might be disease-specific and await elucidation in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Gröger
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany; (V.G.); (M.N.); (A.-C.M.)
| | - Lisa Wieland
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06097 Halle, Germany; (L.W.); (B.M.); (A.E.)
- Department of Surgical and Conservative Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06097 Halle, Germany
| | - Marcel Naumann
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany; (V.G.); (M.N.); (A.-C.M.)
| | - Ann-Christin Meinecke
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany; (V.G.); (M.N.); (A.-C.M.)
| | - Beate Meinhardt
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06097 Halle, Germany; (L.W.); (B.M.); (A.E.)
- Department of Surgical and Conservative Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06097 Halle, Germany
| | - Steffen Rossner
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Leipzig University, Liebigstraße 19, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Christian Ihling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Charles Tanford Protein Center, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3a, 06120 Halle, Germany;
| | - Alexander Emmer
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06097 Halle, Germany; (L.W.); (B.M.); (A.E.)
| | - Martin S. Staege
- Department of Surgical and Conservative Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Ernst-Grube-Str. 40, 06097 Halle, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.S.S.); (H.C.); Tel.: +49-345-5577280 (M.S.S.); +49-345-13142835 (H.C.); Fax: +49-345-5577275 (M.S.S.); +49-345-13142801 (H.C.)
| | - Holger Cynis
- Department of Drug Design and Target Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Weinbergweg 22, 06120 Halle, Germany; (V.G.); (M.N.); (A.-C.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.S.); (H.C.); Tel.: +49-345-5577280 (M.S.S.); +49-345-13142835 (H.C.); Fax: +49-345-5577275 (M.S.S.); +49-345-13142801 (H.C.)
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Etter D, Schelin J, Schuppler M, Johler S. Staphylococcal Enterotoxin C-An Update on SEC Variants, Their Structure and Properties, and Their Role in Foodborne Intoxications. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E584. [PMID: 32927913 PMCID: PMC7551944 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxins are the most common cause of foodborne intoxications (staphylococcal food poisoning) and cause a wide range of diseases. With at least six variants staphylococcal enterotoxin C (SEC) stands out as particularly diverse amongst the 25 known staphylococcal enterotoxins. Some variants present unique and even host-specific features. Here, we review the role of SEC in human and animal health with a particular focus on its role as a causative agent for foodborne intoxications. We highlight structural features unique to SEC and its variants, particularly, the emetic and superantigen activity, as well as the roles of SEC in mastitis and in dairy products. Information about the genetic organization as well as regulatory mechanisms including the accessory gene regulator and food-related stressors are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danai Etter
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Jenny Schelin
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden;
| | - Markus Schuppler
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland;
| | - Sophia Johler
- Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland;
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15
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Schelin J, Cohn MT, Frisk B, Frees D. A Functional ClpXP Protease is Required for Induction of the Accessory Toxin Genes, tst, sed, and sec. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E553. [PMID: 32872362 PMCID: PMC7551677 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12090553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome is a potentially lethal illness attributed to superantigens produced by Staphylococcus aureus, in particular toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1), but staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) are also implicated. The genes encoding these important toxins are carried on mobile genetic elements, and the regulatory networks controlling expression of these toxins remain relatively unexplored. We show here that the highly conserved ClpXP protease stimulates transcription of tst (TSST-1), sec (SEC), and sed (SED) genes in the prototypical strains, SA564 and RN4282. In the wild-type cells, the post-exponential upregulation of toxin gene transcription was proposed to occur via RNAIII-mediated downregulation of the Rot repressor. Contradictive to this model, we showed that the post-exponential induction of tst, sed, and sec transcription did not occur in cells devoid of ClpXP activity, despite the Rot level being diminished. To identify transcriptional regulators with a changed expression in cells devoid of ClpXP activity, RNA sequencing was performed. The RNAseq analysis revealed a number of global virulence regulators that might act downstream of ClpXP, to control expression of tst and other virulence genes. Collectively, the results extend our understanding of the complex transcriptional regulation of the tst, sed, and sec genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Schelin
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; (J.S.); (B.F.)
| | - Marianne Thorup Cohn
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederikberg C, Denmark;
| | - Barbro Frisk
- Division of Applied Microbiology, Department of Chemistry, Lund University, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; (J.S.); (B.F.)
| | - Dorte Frees
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870 Frederikberg C, Denmark;
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16
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Fischer AJ, Kilgore SH, Singh SB, Allen PD, Hansen AR, Limoli DH, Schlievert PM. High Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxin Gene Cluster Superantigens in Cystic Fibrosis Clinical Isolates. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10121036. [PMID: 31842331 PMCID: PMC6947208 DOI: 10.3390/genes10121036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a highly prevalent respiratory pathogen in cystic fibrosis (CF). It is unclear how this organism establishes chronic infections in CF airways. We hypothesized that S. aureus isolates from patients with CF would share common virulence properties that enable chronic infection. Methods: 77 S. aureus isolates were obtained from 45 de-identified patients with CF at the University of Iowa. We assessed isolates phenotypically and used genotyping assays to determine the presence or absence of 18 superantigens (SAgs). Results: We observed phenotypic diversity among S. aureus isolates from patients with CF. Genotypic analysis for SAgs revealed 79.8% of CF clinical isolates carried all six members of the enterotoxin gene cluster (EGC). MRSA and MSSA isolates had similar prevalence of SAgs. We additionally observed that EGC SAgs were prevalent in S. aureus isolated from two geographically distinct CF centers. Conclusions: S. aureus SAgs belonging to the EGC are highly prevalent in CF clinical isolates. The greater prevalence in these SAgs in CF airway specimens compared to skin isolates suggests that these toxins confer selective advantage in the CF airway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J. Fischer
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (S.B.S.); (P.D.A.); (A.R.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Samuel H. Kilgore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (S.H.K.); (D.H.L.); (P.M.S.)
| | - Sachinkumar B. Singh
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (S.B.S.); (P.D.A.); (A.R.H.)
| | - Patrick D. Allen
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (S.B.S.); (P.D.A.); (A.R.H.)
| | - Alexis R. Hansen
- Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (S.B.S.); (P.D.A.); (A.R.H.)
| | - Dominique H. Limoli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (S.H.K.); (D.H.L.); (P.M.S.)
| | - Patrick M. Schlievert
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; (S.H.K.); (D.H.L.); (P.M.S.)
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17
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Parrish KL, Wylie KM, Reich PJ, Hogan PG, Wylie TN, Kennedy CR, Lainhart W, Hunstad DA, Burnham CAD, Fritz SA. Carriage of the Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin Gene by Contemporary Community-Associated Staphylococcus aureus Isolates. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc 2019; 8:470-473. [PMID: 30285124 PMCID: PMC6831934 DOI: 10.1093/jpids/piy098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We report here the prevalence of the tst-1 gene among 252 methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) isolates and 458 methicillin-resistant S aureus (MRSA) isolates collected from 531 subjects between 2008 and 2017, one of which was recovered from a child with MRSA toxic shock syndrome. tst-1 was encoded by 43 (6%) S aureus isolates overall: 42 (16.7%) MSSA isolates and 1 (0.2%) MRSA isolate (P < .001).
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn L Parrish
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Kristine M Wylie
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Patrick J Reich
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Patrick G Hogan
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Todd N Wylie
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Colleen R Kennedy
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - William Lainhart
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - David A Hunstad
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Carey-Ann D Burnham
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Stephanie A Fritz
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
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Reglinski M, Sriskandan S, Turner CE. Identification of two new core chromosome-encoded superantigens in Streptococcus pyogenes; speQ and speR. J Infect 2019; 78:358-363. [PMID: 30796950 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Superantigens are ubiquitous within the Streptococcus pyogenes genome, which suggests that superantigen-mediated T-cell activation provides a significant selective advantage. S. pyogenes can carry a variable complement of the 11 known superantigens. We have identified two novel S. pyogenes superantigens, denoted speQ and speR, adjacent to each other in the core-chromosome of isolates belonging to eleven different emm-types. Although distinct from other superantigens, speQ and speR were most closely related to speK and speJ, respectively. Recombinant SPEQ and SPER were mitogenic towards human peripheral blood mononuclear cells at ng/ml concentrations, and SPER was found to be more mitogenic than SPEQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Reglinski
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Shiranee Sriskandan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Claire E Turner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK; Department of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, The Florey Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK.
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Sharma H, Smith D, Turner CE, Game L, Pichon B, Hope R, Hill R, Kearns A, Sriskandan S. Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Staphylococcal Toxic Shock Syndrome in the United Kingdom. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 24. [PMID: 29350159 PMCID: PMC5782905 DOI: 10.3201/eid2402.170606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome (TSS) was originally described in menstruating women and linked to TSS toxin 1 (TSST-1)-producing Staphylococcus aureus. Using UK national surveillance data, we ascertained clinical, molecular and superantigenic characteristics of TSS cases. Average annual TSS incidence was 0.07/100,000 population. Patients with nonmenstrual TSS were younger than those with menstrual TSS but had the same mortality rate. Children <16 years of age accounted for 39% of TSS cases, most caused by burns and skin and soft tissue infections. Nonmenstrual TSS is now more common than menstrual TSS in the UK, although both types are strongly associated with the tst+ clonal complex (CC) 30 methicillin-sensitive S. aureus lineage, which accounted for 49.4% of all TSS and produced more TSST-1 and superantigen bioactivity than did tst+ CC30 methicillin-resistant S. aureus strains. Better understanding of this MSSA lineage and infections in children could focus interventions to prevent TSS in the future.
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20
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Yin JY, Zhang W, Yang DJ, Li L, Dong XC. [Etiological characteristics of Streptococcus pyogenes isolated from children with scarlet fever in Tianjin from 2012 to 2016]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2018; 52:1045-1049. [PMID: 30392325 DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0253-9624.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To investigate the etiological characteristics of Streptococcus pyogenes that caused scarlet fever from 2012 to 2016 in Tianjin. Methods: The subjects were children diagnosed clinically as scarlet fever in Tianjin scarlet fever monitoring hospital from 2012 to 2016. The exclusion criteria were children with scarlet fever who were unable to cooperate with sampling. A total of 575 cases of children's swabs were collected. Biochemical methods were used to isolate and identify the bacteria of pharynx swab, and the PCR method was used to detect the emm genotyping and superantigen speA and speC, and the resistance of the strains to 10 antibiotics was measured by K-B paper method. We compared the carrying status of superantigen genes by different types of GAS and the resistance of all GAS to different antibiotics. Results: There were 5 emm types (emm1/11/12/22/89). The dominant types were emm12 (52.9%, 100 strains) and emm1 (44.4%, 84 strains). The carrying rates of speA and speC genes were 21.7% (41 strains) and 76.7% (145 strains), respectively. The speA gene carrying rate of emm1 type GAS was 33.3% (28 strains), which were higher than that of emm12 (12% (12 strains)) (χ(2)=12.21, P<0.001). The speA and speC gene simultaneous carrying rate of emm1 type GAS was 27.4% (23 strains), which was higher than that of emm12 type (12% (12 strains)) (χ(2)=7.01, P=0.008). The percentages of the strains that were resistant to Azithromycin, Erythromycin, Clarithromycin, Clindamycin, Tetracyclin, Levofloxacin and Chloramphenicol were 96.8% (183 strains), 96.3% (182 strains), 92.1% (174 strains), 92.1% (174 strains), 73.0%(138 strains), 2.1% (4 strains) and 1.6% (3 strains), respectively. All isolates were susceptible to Penicillin, Cefazolin and Vancomycin, and there were statistical significance (χ(2)=953.28, P<0.001). Conclusion: The dominant emm types causing scarlet fever are emm12 and emm1. The frequencies of speA and speC in emm1 and emm12 are different. S.pyrogenes in Tianjin were susceptible to penicillin, cefazolin and vancomycin, but highly resistant to the clindamycin, clarithromycin, erythromycin and azithromycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Y Yin
- Department of Infectious Disease, Tianjin Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin 300011, China
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Turner CE, Pyzio M, Song B, Lamagni T, Meltzer M, Chow JY, Efstratiou A, Curtis S, Sriskandan S. Scarlet Fever Upsurge in England and Molecular-Genetic Analysis in North-West London, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis 2018; 22:1075-8. [PMID: 27192393 PMCID: PMC4880090 DOI: 10.3201/eid2206.151726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Scarlet fever notifications surged across the United Kingdom in spring 2014. Molecular epidemiologic investigation of Streptococcus pyogenes infections in North-West London highlighted increased emm4 and emm3 infections coincident with the upsurge. Unlike outbreaks in other countries, antimicrobial resistance was uncommon, highlighting an urgent need to better understand the drivers of scarlet fever activity.
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Langley RJ, Ting YT, Clow F, Young PG, Radcliff FJ, Choi JM, Sequeira RP, Holtfreter S, Baker H, Fraser JD. Staphylococcal enterotoxin-like X (SElX) is a unique superantigen with functional features of two major families of staphylococcal virulence factors. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006549. [PMID: 28880913 PMCID: PMC5589262 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that produces many virulence factors. Two major families of which are the staphylococcal superantigens (SAgs) and the Staphylococcal Superantigen-Like (SSL) exoproteins. The former are immunomodulatory toxins that induce a Vβ-specific activation of T cells, while the latter are immune evasion molecules that interfere with a wide range of innate immune defences. The superantigenic properties of Staphylococcal enterotoxin-like X (SElX) have recently been established. We now reveal that SElX also possesses functional characteristics of the SSLs. A region of SElX displays high homology to the sialyl-lactosamine (sLacNac)-specific binding site present in a sub-family of SSLs. By analysing the interaction of SElX with sLacNac-containing glycans we show that SElX has an equivalent specificity and host cell binding range to the SSLs. Mutation of key amino acids in this conserved region affects the ability of SElX to bind to cells of myeloid origin and significantly reduces its ability to protect S. aureus from destruction in a whole blood killing (WBK) assay. Like the SSLs, SElX is up-regulated early during infection and is under the control of the S. aureus exotoxin expression (Sae) two component gene regulatory system. Additionally, the structure of SElX in complex with the sLacNac-containing tetrasaccharide sialyl Lewis X (sLeX) reveals that SElX is a unique single-domain SAg. In summary, SElX is an ‘SSL-like’ SAg. The ability of Staphylococcus aureus to cause disease can be attributed to the wide range of toxins and immune evasion molecules it produces. The 25-member superantigen (SAg) family of toxins disrupts adaptive immunity by activating large proportions of T cells. In contrast, the structurally-related 14-member Staphylococcal Superantigen-Like (SSL) family inhibits a wide range of innate immune functions. We have discovered that the SAg staphylococcal enterotoxin-like X (SElX) has the sialylated-glycan-dependent active site found in a sub-family of SSLs. Through this site it possesses the ability to affect host innate immunity defences. By solving the X-ray crystal structure of SElX we have also discovered that SElX is a unique single-domain SAg. While it retains a typical β-grasp domain, it lacks the OB-fold domain that is present in all other staphylococcal SAgs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ries J. Langley
- School of Medical Sciences, and The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
- * E-mail:
| | - Yi Tian Ting
- School of Biological Sciences, and The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fiona Clow
- School of Medical Sciences, and The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul G. Young
- School of Biological Sciences, and The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fiona J. Radcliff
- School of Medical Sciences, and The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jeong Min Choi
- School of Medical Sciences, and The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard P. Sequeira
- School of Medical Sciences, and The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Silva Holtfreter
- School of Medical Sciences, and The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Heather Baker
- School of Biological Sciences, and The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - John D. Fraser
- School of Medical Sciences, and The Maurice Wilkins Centre for Molecular Biodiscovery, the University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Ben Said M, Abbassi MS, Gómez P, Ruiz-Ripa L, Sghaier S, El Fekih O, Hassen A, Torres C. Genetic characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from nasal samples of healthy ewes in Tunisia. High prevalence of CC130 and CC522 lineages. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2017; 51:37-40. [PMID: 28504093 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a versatile bacterium, which can infect or colonize a variety of host species. The objective of this study was to characterize S. aureus isolates recovered from nasal swabs of 167 healthy ewes sampled from 12 farms in different areas of Tunisia during the period of 2014-2015. Genetic lineages, virulence factors and antibiotic resistance mechanisms were determined for recovered isolates. S. aureus was detected in 45 out of 167 tested samples (26.9%). All isolates were methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) and the majority of them were susceptible to tested antibiotics with few exceptions (% of resistance): penicillin (8.8), ciprofloxacin (4.4), and tobramycin or tetracycline (2.2, each). Twelve different spa types were detected (t15098, t15099, t1773, t3576, t1534, t5428, t3750, t5970 t254, t2883, t127 and t933), two of them were new (t15098 and t15099). S. aureus isolates were ascribed to agrI (n=23), agrII (n=1) and agrIII (n=20), and one was non-typeable. According to the sequence-type (ST) determined and/or the spa-type detected, the 45S. aureus isolates were assigned to six clonal complexes, with CC522 (44.4%) and CC130 (37.7%) being the most common lineages. Twenty-one (46.6%) and two (4.2%) isolates harbored the tst and eta genes encoding TSST-1 and ETA, respectively. In conclusion, nares of healthy ewes could be a reservoir of MSSA CC522 and CC130, lineages associated with TSST-1 and ETA that might represent a risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meriam Ben Said
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, 20 rue Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; Laboratoire de Traitement des Eaux Usées, Centre de Recherche et des Technologies des Eaux (CERTE), Technopole Borj-Cédria, BP 273, 8020, Soliman, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Salah Abbassi
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, 20 rue Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, Laboratoire de résistance aux antibiotiques LR99ES09, Tunisia
| | - Paula Gómez
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Laura Ruiz-Ripa
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Senda Sghaier
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, 20 rue Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, Tunis 1006, Tunisia; Laboratoire de Traitement des Eaux Usées, Centre de Recherche et des Technologies des Eaux (CERTE), Technopole Borj-Cédria, BP 273, 8020, Soliman, Tunisia
| | - Oussama El Fekih
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la Recherche Vétérinaire de Tunisie, 20 rue Jebel Lakhdhar, Bab Saadoun, Tunis 1006, Tunisia
| | - Abdennaceur Hassen
- Laboratoire de Traitement des Eaux Usées, Centre de Recherche et des Technologies des Eaux (CERTE), Technopole Borj-Cédria, BP 273, 8020, Soliman, Tunisia
| | - Carmen Torres
- Área de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de La Rioja, 26006 Logroño, Spain.
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Rukkawattanakul T, Sookrung N, Seesuay W, Onlamoon N, Diraphat P, Chaicumpa W, Indrawattana N. Human scFvs That Counteract Bioactivities of Staphylococcus aureus TSST-1. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:toxins9020050. [PMID: 28218671 PMCID: PMC5331430 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9020050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Some Staphylococcus aureus isolates produced toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) which is a pyrogenic toxin superantigen (PTSAg). The toxin activates a large fraction of peripheral blood T lymphocytes causing the cells to proliferate and release massive amounts of pro-inflammatory cytokines leading to a life-threatening multisystem disorder: toxic shock syndrome (TSS). PTSAg-mediated-T cell stimulation circumvents the conventional antigenic peptide presentation to T cell receptor (TCR) by the antigen-presenting cell (APC). Instead, intact PTSAg binds directly to MHC-II molecule outside peptide binding cleft and simultaneously cross-links TCR-Vβ region. Currently, there is neither specific TSS treatment nor drug that directly inactivates TSST-1. In this study, human single chain antibodies (HuscFvs) that bound to and neutralized bioactivities of the TSST-1 were generated using phage display technology. Three E. coli clones transfected with TSST-1-bound phages fished-out from the human scFv library using recombinant TSST-1 as bait expressed TSST-1-bound-HuscFvs that inhibited the TSST-1-mediated T cell activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine gene expressions and productions.Computerized simulation, verified by mutations of the residues of HuscFv complementarity determining regions (CDRs),predicted to involve in target binding indicated that the HuscFvs formed interface contact with the toxin residues important for immunopathogenesis. The HuscFvs have high potential for future therapeutic application.
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MESH Headings
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/metabolism
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Bacterial Toxins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Bacterial Toxins/genetics
- Bacterial Toxins/immunology
- Bacterial Toxins/metabolism
- Cell Surface Display Techniques
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Enterotoxins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Enterotoxins/genetics
- Enterotoxins/immunology
- Enterotoxins/metabolism
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Escherichia coli/metabolism
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/metabolism
- Host-Pathogen Interactions
- Humans
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Mutation
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Shock, Septic/immunology
- Shock, Septic/metabolism
- Shock, Septic/microbiology
- Shock, Septic/prevention & control
- Single-Chain Antibodies/genetics
- Single-Chain Antibodies/metabolism
- Single-Chain Antibodies/pharmacology
- Staphylococcal Infections/immunology
- Staphylococcal Infections/metabolism
- Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology
- Staphylococcal Infections/prevention & control
- Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects
- Staphylococcus aureus/genetics
- Staphylococcus aureus/immunology
- Staphylococcus aureus/metabolism
- Superantigens/genetics
- Superantigens/immunology
- Superantigens/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/microbiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Thunchanok Rukkawattanakul
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
- Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Watee Seesuay
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Nattawat Onlamoon
- Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Pornphan Diraphat
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Nitaya Indrawattana
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Hogan B, Rakotozandrindrainy R, Al-Emran H, Dekker D, Hahn A, Jaeger A, Poppert S, Frickmann H, Hagen RM, Micheel V, Crusius S, Heriniaina JN, Rakotondrainiarivelo JP, Razafindrabe T, May J, Schwarz NG. Prevalence of nasal colonisation by methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers and students in Madagascar. BMC Infect Dis 2016; 16:420. [PMID: 27526771 PMCID: PMC4986198 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-016-1733-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clones pose a significant threat to hospitalised patients because the bacteria can be transmitted by asymptomatic carriers within healthcare facilities. To date, nothing is known about the prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA among healthcare workers in Madagascar. The objective of our study was to examine the prevalence and clonal epidemiology of nasal S. aureus and MRSA among healthcare workers and non-medical University students in Antananarivo, Madagascar. METHODS This cross sectional study screened nasal swabs taken from students and healthcare workers for S. aureus. Multiplex PCR was performed to identify S. aureus-specific (nuc), MRSA-specific mecA and mecC genes, Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) (lukF-PV), and toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1) specific genes in methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) and MRSA isolates. Staphylococcus protein A gene (spa) typing was performed for all confirmed MRSA isolates. The frequency distribution of nasal S. aureus and MRSA of healthcare workers and non-medical students was compared using Pearson's χ(2) test. RESULTS Of 1548 nasal swabs tested, 171 (11 %) were positive for S. aureus; 20 (1.3 %) of these isolates were identified as MRSA. S. aureus was detected in 91 of 863 healthcare workers (10.4 %) and in 80 (11.8 %) of 685 students; however, 14 (1.5 %) healthcare workers carried MRSA compared with six (0.9 %) students. Nasal carriage of S. aureus and MRSA was more prevalent in women than in men, and 21 (11.7 %) S. aureus isolates were PVL-positive and 36 (21 %) were TSST-1 positive. The mecC gene was not detected in any isolates. Five different spa types were identified, with spa type t186 being the predominant MRSA clone (16/20). CONCLUSION The results of the present study reveal a low frequency of S. aureus and MRSA nasal carriage in both students and healthcare workers from Antananarivo, Madagascar. The predominant MRSA clone (t186) was previously described in hospitalised patients in Madagascar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Hogan
- Research Group Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Hassan Al-Emran
- Research Group Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Denise Dekker
- Research Group Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Hahn
- Research Group Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anna Jaeger
- Research Group Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sven Poppert
- University Medical Center, Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistr. 52, 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hagen Frickmann
- Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, German Armed Forces Hospital of Hamburg, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Rostock, Schillingallee 70, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Ralf Matthias Hagen
- Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, German Armed Forces Hospital of Hamburg, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Volker Micheel
- Department of Tropical Medicine at the Bernhard Nocht Institute, German Armed Forces Hospital of Hamburg, Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Crusius
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Hospital of Rostock, Schillingallee 70, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Jean Noel Heriniaina
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Antananarivo, B.P. 175, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | | | - Tsiriniaina Razafindrabe
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Antananarivo, B.P. 175, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Jürgen May
- Research Group Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Georg Schwarz
- Research Group Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine (BNITM), Bernhard-Nocht-Str. 74, D-20359 Hamburg, Germany
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26
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Stach CS, Vu BG, Merriman JA, Herrera A, Cahill MP, Schlievert PM, Salgado-Pabón W. Novel Tissue Level Effects of the Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxin Gene Cluster Are Essential for Infective Endocarditis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154762. [PMID: 27124393 PMCID: PMC4849672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Superantigens are indispensable virulence factors for Staphylococcus aureus in disease causation. Superantigens stimulate massive immune cell activation, leading to toxic shock syndrome (TSS) and contributing to other illnesses. However, superantigens differ in their capacities to induce body-wide effects. For many, their production, at least as tested in vitro, is not high enough to reach the circulation, or the proteins are not efficient in crossing epithelial and endothelial barriers, thus remaining within tissues or localized on mucosal surfaces where they exert only local effects. In this study, we address the role of TSS toxin-1 (TSST-1) and most importantly the enterotoxin gene cluster (egc) in infective endocarditis and sepsis, gaining insights into the body-wide versus local effects of superantigens. Methods We examined S. aureus TSST-1 gene (tstH) and egc deletion strains in the rabbit model of infective endocarditis and sepsis. Importantly, we also assessed the ability of commercial human intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) plus vancomycin to alter the course of infective endocarditis and sepsis. Results TSST-1 contributed to infective endocarditis vegetations and lethal sepsis, while superantigens of the egc, a cluster with uncharacterized functions in S. aureus infections, promoted vegetation formation in infective endocarditis. IVIG plus vancomycin prevented lethality and stroke development in infective endocarditis and sepsis. Conclusions Our studies support the local tissue effects of egc superantigens for establishment and progression of infective endocarditis providing evidence for their role in life-threatening illnesses. In contrast, TSST-1 contributes to both infective endocarditis and lethal sepsis. IVIG may be a useful adjunct therapy for infective endocarditis and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S. Stach
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States of America
| | - Bao G. Vu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States of America
| | - Joseph A. Merriman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States of America
| | - Alfa Herrera
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Cahill
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States of America
| | - Patrick M. Schlievert
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Wilmara Salgado-Pabón
- Department of Microbiology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA, 52242, United States of America
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27
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Tsen HY, Li SC, Chiang YC, Tsai SW. Strain Discrimination of Staphylococcus aureus Using Superantigen Profiles. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1396:35-49. [PMID: 26676035 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3344-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the major bacterial species that may cause clinical infection and food-poisoning cases. Strains of this species may produce a series of superantigens (SAgs). Due to the importance of staphylococcal infections, reliable methods for the discrimination of strains of this species are important. Such data may allow us to trace the infection origins and be used for epidemiological study. For strain discrimination, genotyping methods, such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and multi-locus sequence typing (MLST), etc., could be used. Recently, toxin gene profiles, which can be used for the elucidation of the genetic and pathogenic relatedness between strains, also have been used to improve the strain discrimination. For S. aureus, as more SAg genes were discovered, the SAg profiles become more useful for the strain discrimination of S. aureus. In this chapter, a method for the discrimination of S. aureus strains using superantigen profiles will be described in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hau-Yang Tsen
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hung Kuang University, Shalu, Taichung, 43302, Taiwan.
| | - Sheng-Chih Li
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Cheng Chiang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Hung Kuang University, Shalu, Taichung, 43302, Taiwan
| | - Shuo-Wen Tsai
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung, 402, Taiwan
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Gunter SM, Jones KM, Zhan B, Essigmann HT, Murray KO, Garcia MN, Gorchakov R, Bottazzi ME, Hotez PJ, Brown EL. Identification and Characterization of the Trypanosoma cruzi B-cell Superantigen Tc24. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 94:114-121. [PMID: 26598565 PMCID: PMC4710414 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi causes life-long disease after infection and leads to cardiac disease in 30% of infected individuals. After infection, the parasites are readily detectable in the blood during the first few days before disseminating to infect numerous cell types. Preliminary data suggested that the Tc24 protein that localizes to the T. cruzi membrane during all life stages possesses B-cell superantigenic properties. These antigens facilitate immune escape by interfering with antibody-mediated responses, particularly the avoidance of catalytic antibodies. These antibodies are an innate host defense mechanism present in the naive repertoire, and catalytic antibody–antigen binding results in hydrolysis of the target. We tested the B-cell superantigenic properties of Tc24 by comparing the degree of Tc24 hydrolysis by IgM purified from either Tc24 unexposed or exposed mice and humans. Respective samples were subjected to sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, silver stained, and the degree of hydrolysis was measured. Data presented in this report suggest that the T. cruzi Tc24 is a B-cell superantigen based on the observations that 1) Tc24 was hydrolyzed by IgM present in serum of unexposed mice and humans and 2) exposure to Tc24 eliminated catalytic activity as early as 4 days after T. cruzi infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric L. Brown
- *Address correspondence to Eric L. Brown, Center for Infectious Diseases, University of Texas School of Public Health, 1200 Pressler St. Houston, TX 77030. E-mail:
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Lu G, Zhang D, Zhao J, Liu Y, Guo J, Wu S, Zhang L, Yang P, Wang Q, Peng X. [Study on the superantigen gene profiles of group A Streptococcus isolated from children in Beijing, 2014]. Zhonghua Yu Fang Yi Xue Za Zhi 2015; 49:988-992. [PMID: 26833010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate superantigen gene profiles of group A Streptococcus (GAS) isolated in Beijing pediatric patients in 2014, and to explore the the relationship between superantigen gene profiles with emm types, and GAS infections with diseases. METHODS A total of 259 GAS strains were isolated from pediatric patients clinically who diagnosed with scarlet fever and pharyngitis from 36 hospitals in Beijing from May to July, 2014.The Superantigens genes of strains were performed by Real-time PCR (speA, speB, speC, speF, speG, speH, speI, speJ, speK, speL, speM, smeZ, ssa). PCR amplification of GAS strain M protein N gene segments were carried ort; products after sequencing comparison were analyzed to determine the GAS types of emm. The differences in distributions of superantigen genes and emm types of GAS isolates were compared between subgroups. RESULTS Among the 259 GAS strains, the detection rates of 13 superantigens were as the following: speA 48.6% (126), speB 99.2% (257), speC 99.2% (257), speF 98.8% (256), speG 98.5% (255), speH 43.6% (113), speI 46.3% (120), speJ 49.0% (127), smeZ 99.2% (257) and ssa 98.5% (255), respectively, however, speK, speL, and speM were not found. Eleven superantigen gene profiles in all were observed (A-K). The percentage of emm1 strains harbored spe A and speJ were 94.2% (113/120), 95.0% (114/120), respectively, which were significantly higher than those of emm12 strains (5.6% (7/124), 5.6% (7/124), respectively; χ(2) = 191.20, 194.80, P < 0.001). The percentage of emm12 strains harbored speH and speI were 83.9% (104/124), 88.7% (110/124), respectively, which were significantly higher than those of emm1 strains (3.3% (4/120), 4.2% (5/120), respectively; χ(2) = 160.30, 174.90, P < 0.001).The superantigen genotypes of GAS strains and emm types, which were isolated from scarlet fever and pharyngitis cases, were not significant different (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION The GSA strains isolated in Beijing pediatric patients in 2014, the relevance ratio of speB, speC, speF, smeZ, speG, ssa were higher than others, while speK, speL, and speM were no detected in any GAS strains. The superantigen genes appeared to be associated with the emm type. Furthermore, emm type distribution and superantigen genes were not different between scalet fever and pharyngitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilan Lu
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Daitao Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Jiachen Zhao
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Yimeng Liu
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Shuangsheng Wu
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Quanyi Wang
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Xiaomin Peng
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Endemic Disease Control, Beijing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100013, China;
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Andrey DO, Jousselin A, Villanueva M, Renzoni A, Monod A, Barras C, Rodriguez N, Kelley WL. Impact of the Regulators SigB, Rot, SarA and sarS on the Toxic Shock Tst Promoter and TSST-1 Expression in Staphylococcus aureus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135579. [PMID: 26275216 PMCID: PMC4537247 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is an important pathogen manifesting virulence through diverse disease forms, ranging from acute skin infections to life-threatening bacteremia or systemic toxic shock syndromes. In the latter case, the prototypical superantigen is TSST-1 (Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1), encoded by tst(H), and carried on a mobile genetic element that is not present in all S. aureus strains. Transcriptional regulation of tst is only partially understood. In this study, we dissected the role of sarA, sarS (sarH1), RNAIII, rot, and the alternative stress sigma factor sigB (σB). By examining tst promoter regulation predominantly in the context of its native sequence within the SaPI1 pathogenicity island of strain RN4282, we discovered that σB emerged as a particularly important tst regulator. We did not detect a consensus σB site within the tst promoter, and thus the effect of σB is likely indirect. We found that σB strongly repressed the expression of the toxin via at least two distinct regulatory pathways dependent upon sarA and agr. Furthermore rot, a member of SarA family, was shown to repress tst expression when overexpressed, although its deletion had no consistent measurable effect. We could not find any detectable effect of sarS, either by deletion or overexpression, suggesting that this regulator plays a minimal role in TSST-1 expression except when combined with disruption of sarA. Collectively, our results extend our understanding of complex multifactorial regulation of tst, revealing several layers of negative regulation. In addition to environmental stimuli thought to impact TSST-1 production, these findings support a model whereby sporadic mutation in a few key negative regulators can profoundly affect and enhance TSST-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego O. Andrey
- Service of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital and Medical School of Geneva, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Ambre Jousselin
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical School of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maite Villanueva
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical School of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Adriana Renzoni
- Service of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital and Medical School of Geneva, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Antoinette Monod
- Service of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital and Medical School of Geneva, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Christine Barras
- Service of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital and Medical School of Geneva, 4 rue Gabrielle-Perret-Gentil, CH-1211 Geneva 14, Switzerland
| | - Natalia Rodriguez
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical School of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - William L. Kelley
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Medicine, University Hospital and Medical School of Geneva, 1 rue Michel-Servet, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Uehara Y, Ito T, Ogawa Y, Hirotaki S, Shoji T, Tame T, Horikoshi Y, Hiramatsu K. Molecular epidemiologic study of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene among family members in Japan. J Infect Chemother 2015; 21:700-2. [PMID: 26091885 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiac.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) is one of the worldwide concerns of antimicrobial chemotherapy. An accumulation of ten patients in five families (A-E) suffering from skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) of CA-MRSA was experienced in 2012, in Fuchu-shi, Tokyo, Japan. Molecular epidemiological investigation was performed for the 10 MRSA strains obtained from 8 children and 2 of their parents to assess endemic patterns of CA-MRSA in the community. Results of molecular typing, presence of toxin genes and antimicrobial susceptibilities were analyzed combined with the patients' clinical information. Each family had its own unique MRSA strain: A, ST30-SCCmec IVd; B, ST8-SCCmec IVd; C, ST8-SCCmec IVa; D, ST8-SCCmec IVl; E, ST8-SCCmec IVl and ST858-SCCmec IVl. Seven strains from the families A-C carried Panton-Valentine leukocidin gene. Three strains from the families D and E carried toxic shock syndrome toxin gene. Strains belonged to the same family demonstrated genetically related banding patterns of pulsed-filed gel electrophoresis. The family C experienced intrafamilial transmission of USA300-0114. Our data showed the MRSA clones disseminating in this community were highly diverse. They contained USA300-0114 clone, the rapidly distributing clone in the world, as well as MRSA clones identified in Japan. Our results suggested intrafamilial transmission of MRSA could be initial phenomenon of wide transmission in a community, therefore CA-MRSA SSTI in children and their family members should be monitored closely in order to notice the spread of highly pathogenic and transmittable strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Uehara
- Department of Infection Control Science, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Japan.
| | - Teruyo Ito
- Department of Infection Control Science, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yu Ogawa
- Department of Infection Control Science, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Shintaro Hirotaki
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Japan
| | - Takayo Shoji
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shizuoka Children's Hospital, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Tame
- Division of Clinical Laboratory, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Japan
| | - Yuho Horikoshi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Japan
| | - Keiichi Hiramatsu
- Department of Infection Control Science, Juntendo University, Faculty of Medicine, Japan
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Laham NA, Mediavilla JR, Chen L, Abdelateef N, Elamreen FA, Ginocchio CC, Pierard D, Becker K, Kreiswirth BN. MRSA clonal complex 22 strains harboring toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1) are endemic in the primary hospital in Gaza, Palestine. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120008. [PMID: 25781188 PMCID: PMC4364023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an important pathogen in both community and healthcare-related settings worldwide. Current knowledge regarding the epidemiology of S. aureus and MRSA in Gaza is based on a single community-based carriage study. Here we describe a cross-sectional analysis of 215 clinical isolates collected from Al-Shifa Hospital in Gaza during 2008 and 2012. Methods All isolates were characterized by spa typing, SCCmec typing, and detection of genes encoding Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) and toxic shock syndrome toxin (TSST-1). Representative genotypes were also subjected to multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed using VITEK2 and MicroScan. Results MRSA represented 56.3% of all S. aureus strains, and increased in frequency from 2008 (54.8%) to 2012 (58.4%). Aside from beta-lactams, resistance was observed to tetracycline, erythromycin, clindamycin, gentamicin, and fluoroquinolones. Molecular typing identified 35 spa types representing 17 MLST clonal complexes (CC), with spa 998 (Ridom t223, CC22) and spa 70 (Ridom t044, CC80) being the most prevalent. SCCmec types I, III, IV, V and VI were identified among MRSA isolates, while type II was not detected. PVL genes (lukF/S-PV) were detected in 40.0% of all isolates, while the TSST-1 gene (tst) was detected in 27.4% of all isolates, with surprisingly high frequency within CC22 (70.4%). Both PVL and TSST-1 genes were found in several isolates from 2012. Conclusions Molecular typing of clinical isolates from Gaza hospitals revealed unusually high prevalence of TSST-1 genes among CC22 MRSA, which is noteworthy given a recent community study describing widespread carriage of a CC22 MRSA clone known as the ‘Gaza strain’. While the latter did not address TSST-1, tst-positive spa 998 (Ridom t223) has been detected in several neighboring countries, and described as endemic in an Italian NICU, suggesting international spread of a ‘Middle Eastern variant’ of pandemic CC22 strain EMRSA-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahed Al Laham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Al Azhar University-Gaza, Gaza Strip, Palestine
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - José R. Mediavilla
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Liang Chen
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Nahed Abdelateef
- The Central Laboratories, Ministry of Health, Gaza Strip, Palestine
| | | | - Christine C. Ginocchio
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, North Shore-LIJ Health System, Lake Success, New York, United States of America
- Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, United States of America
| | - Denis Pierard
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Brussels, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Karsten Becker
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Barry N. Kreiswirth
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Pantrangi M, Singh VK, Shukla SK. Regulation of Staphylococcal Superantigen-Like Gene, ssl8, Expression in Staphylococcus aureus strain, RN6390. Clin Med Res 2015; 13:7-11. [PMID: 24899694 PMCID: PMC4435084 DOI: 10.3121/cmr.2014.1226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcal superantigen-like (SSL) proteins, which are encoded by a cluster of eleven ssl genes, contribute to the Staphylococcus aureus virulence. Recently we reported ssl8 expression profiles in seven clinically important strains-MW2, USA300FPR3757, MSSA476, Newman, RN6390, Mu50, and N315-and showed the differential expression of ssl8 in Newman, RN6390, and USA300FPR3757 strains, despite harboring identical allelic forms of ssl8, suggesting the roles for different regulatory elements for this gene in different S. aureus strains. In this communication, using RN6390, a common laboratory S. aureus strain and its isogenic knockout mutant strains of agr, sae, sarA, sigB, rot, and the agr-/sigB (-) double mutant, we showed that SarA and Rot are inducer and repressor, respectively, for ssl8 expression in RN6390. This is in contrast to the Newman strain, where ssl8 is positively regulated by Sae but negatively by Agr, indicating the variable expression of ssl8 in clinical strains is more likely due to strain-specific regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vineet K Singh
- A.T. Still University of Health Sciences, Kirksville, Missouri, USA
| | - Sanjay K Shukla
- Marshfield Clinic Research Foundation, Marshfield, Wisconsin USA
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Asano K, Asano Y, Ono HK, Nakane A. Suppression of starvation-induced autophagy by recombinant toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 in epithelial cells. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113018. [PMID: 25402468 PMCID: PMC4234639 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1 (TSST-1), a superantigen produced from Staphylococcus aureus, has been reported to bind directly to unknown receptor(s) and penetrate into non-immune cells but its function is unclear. In this study, we demonstrated that recombinant TSST-1 suppresses autophagosomal accumulation in the autophagic-induced HeLa 229 cells. This suppression is shared by a superantigenic-deficient mutant of TSST-1 but not by staphylococcal enterotoxins, suggesting that autophagic suppression of TSST-1 is superantigenic-independent. Furthermore, we showed that TSST-1-producing S. aureus suppresses autophagy in the response of infected cells. Our data provides a novel function of TSST-1 in autophagic suppression which may contribute in staphylococcal persistence in host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisana Asano
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Yoshiya Asano
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Cell Biology and Histology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Hisaya K. Ono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
| | - Akio Nakane
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki, Aomori, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Nogueira MADS, Gavioli CFB, Pereira NZ, de Carvalho GC, Domingues R, Aoki V, Sato MN. Human endogenous retrovirus expression is inversely related with the up-regulation of interferon-inducible genes in the skin of patients with lichen planus. Arch Dermatol Res 2014; 307:259-64. [PMID: 25384438 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-014-1524-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Lichen planus (LP) is a common inflammatory skin disease of unknown etiology. Reports of a common transactivation of quiescent human endogenous retroviruses (HERVs) support the connection of viruses to the disease. HERVs are ancient retroviral sequences in the human genome and their transcription is often deregulated in cancer and autoimmune diseases. We explored the transcriptional activity of HERV sequences as well as the antiviral restriction factor and interferon-inducible genes in the skin from LP patients and healthy control (HC) donors. The study included 13 skin biopsies from patients with LP and 12 controls. Real-time PCR assay identified significant decrease in the HERV-K gag and env mRNA expression levels in LP subjects, when compared to control group. The expressions of HERV-K18 and HERV-W env were also inhibited in the skin of LP patients. We observed a strong correlation between HERV-K gag with other HERV sequences, regardless the down-modulation of transcripts levels in LP group. In contrast, a significant up-regulation of the cytidine deaminase APOBEC 3G (apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing), and the GTPase MxA (Myxovirus resistance A) mRNA expression level was identified in the LP skin specimens. Other transcript expressions, such as the master regulator of type I interferon-dependent immune responses, STING (stimulator of interferon genes) and IRF-7 (interferon regulatory factor 7), IFN-β and the inflammassome NALP3, had increased levels in LP, when compared to HC group. Our study suggests that interferon-inducible factors, in addition to their role in innate immunity against exogenous pathogens, contribute to the immune control of HERVs. Evaluation of the balance between HERV and interferon-inducible factor expression could possibly contribute to surveillance of inflammatory/malignant status of skin diseases.
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Li ZS, Yang XW, Chen Z, Dong HL, Ye J, Qu P, Lu SY, Zhang XM, Sui YF. In vivo tumor co-transfection with superantigen and CD80 induces systemic immunity without tolerance and prolongs survival in mice with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Biol Ther 2014; 3:660-6. [PMID: 15136758 DOI: 10.4161/cbt.3.7.920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since transfection of established tumors with immunostimulatory genes can elicit antitumor immunity, we treat mouse HCC with in vivo transfection of superantigen SEA and/or costimulatory molecule CD80 and evaluated the safety and efficacy. METHODS Mice with HCC were treated with lipid-complexed plasmid DNA encoding staphylococcal enterotoxin A and/or CD80. Then the mice were evaluated for tumor regression, systemic immunologic responses, survival times and treatment-associated toxicity. RESULTS Of all treated mice, the overall response rates (complete or partial remission) for SEA, CD80 and SEA/CD80 treated mice in this study were 65%, 60% and 75% separately, and were significantly higher than that of untreated mice. Most of the treat mice completed the therapy without any significant reaction. CTL activity increased with time of treatment and correlated temporally with an objective tumor response. Also our results indicated that local intratumoral expression of SEA did not lead to detectable deletion or anergy of SEA-reactive spleen T cells. Survival times for hepatoma mice in this study treated by intratumoral injection of SEA, CD80 and SEA/CD80 were prolonged significantly (P < 0.01) compared with the control mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-Shan Li
- Department of Pathology, XiJing Hospital, FMMU, Xi'an, PR China
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Karaky NM, Araj GF, Tokajian ST. Molecular characterization of Streptococcus pyogenes group A isolates from a tertiary hospital in Lebanon. J Med Microbiol 2014; 63:1197-1204. [PMID: 24980572 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.063412-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes [Group A Streptococcus (GAS)] is one of the most important human pathogens, responsible for numerous diseases with diverse clinical manifestations. As the epidemiology of GAS infections evolves, a rapid and reliable characterization of the isolates remains essential for epidemiological analysis and infection control. This study investigated the epidemiological patterns and genetic characteristics of 150 GAS isolates from a tertiary hospital in Lebanon by emm typing, superantigens (SAgs) detection, PFGE and antibiotic profiling. The results revealed 41 distinct emm types, the most prevalent of which were emm89 (16 %), emm12 (10 %), emm2 (9 %) and emm1 (8 %). Testing for the presence of superantigens showed that speB (87 %), ssa (36 %) and speG (30 %) were predominant. PFGE detected 39 pulsotypes when a similarity cut-off value of 80 % was implemented. Antibiotic-susceptibility testing against seven different classes of antibiotics showed that 9 % of the isolates were resistant to clindamycin, 23 % were resistant to erythromycin and 4 % showed the macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) phenotype. The emergence of tetracycline-resistant strains (37 %) was high when compared with previous reports from Lebanon. This study provided comprehensive evidence of the epidemiology of GAS in Lebanon, highlighting the association between emm types and toxin genes, and providing valuable information about the origin and dissemination of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie M Karaky
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - George F Araj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Sima T Tokajian
- Department of Natural Sciences, School of Arts and Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
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38
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Stich N, Model N, Samstag A, Gruener CS, Wolf HM, Eibl MM. Toxic shock syndrome toxin-1-mediated toxicity inhibited by neutralizing antibodies late in the course of continual in vivo and in vitro exposure. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1724-41. [PMID: 24887085 PMCID: PMC4073126 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6061724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) results from the host's overwhelming inflammatory response and cytokine storm mainly due to superantigens (SAgs). There is no effective specific therapy. Application of immunoglobulins has been shown to improve the outcome of the disease and to neutralize SAgs both in vivo and in vitro. However, in most experiments that have been performed, antiserum was either pre-incubated with SAg, or both were applied simultaneously. To mirror more closely the clinical situation, we applied a multiple dose (over five days) lethal challenge in a rabbit model. Treatment with toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 (TSST-1) neutralizing antibody was fully protective, even when administered late in the course of the challenge. Kinetic studies on the effect of superantigen toxins are scarce. We performed in vitro kinetic studies by neutralizing the toxin with antibodies at well-defined time points. T-cell activation was determined by assessing T-cell proliferation (3H-thymidine incorporation), determination of IL-2 release in the cell supernatant (ELISA), and IL-2 gene activation (real-time PCR (RT-PCR)). Here we show that T-cell activation occurs continuously. The application of TSST-1 neutralizing antiserum reduced IL-2 and TNFα release into the cell supernatant, even if added at later time points. Interference with the prolonged stimulation of proinflammatory cytokines is likely to be in vivo relevant, as postexposure treatment protected rabbits against the multiple dose lethal SAg challenge. Our results shed new light on the treatment of TSS by specific antibodies even at late stages of exposure.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/therapeutic use
- Antitoxins/pharmacology
- Antitoxins/therapeutic use
- Bacterial Toxins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Bacterial Toxins/genetics
- Bacterial Toxins/metabolism
- Bacterial Toxins/toxicity
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enterotoxins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Enterotoxins/genetics
- Enterotoxins/metabolism
- Enterotoxins/toxicity
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Humans
- Interleukin-2/genetics
- Interleukin-2/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Male
- Mutant Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Mutant Proteins/metabolism
- Mutant Proteins/toxicity
- Rabbits
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/toxicity
- Shock, Septic/drug therapy
- Shock, Septic/etiology
- Shock, Septic/immunology
- Shock, Septic/metabolism
- Superantigens/genetics
- Superantigens/metabolism
- Superantigens/toxicity
- Survival Analysis
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Toxicokinetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Stich
- Biomedizinische ForschungsgmbH Lazarettgasse 19/2, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
| | - Nina Model
- Biomedizinische ForschungsgmbH Lazarettgasse 19/2, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
| | - Aysen Samstag
- Immunology Outpatient Clinic, Schwarzspanierstrasse 15, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
| | - Corina S Gruener
- Biomedizinische ForschungsgmbH Lazarettgasse 19/2, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
| | - Hermann M Wolf
- Immunology Outpatient Clinic, Schwarzspanierstrasse 15, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
| | - Martha M Eibl
- Biomedizinische ForschungsgmbH Lazarettgasse 19/2, Vienna A-1090, Austria.
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39
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Kasper KJ, Zeppa JJ, Wakabayashi AT, Xu SX, Mazzuca DM, Welch I, Baroja ML, Kotb M, Cairns E, Cleary PP, Haeryfar SMM, McCormick JK. Bacterial superantigens promote acute nasopharyngeal infection by Streptococcus pyogenes in a human MHC Class II-dependent manner. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004155. [PMID: 24875883 PMCID: PMC4038607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing the genetic determinants of niche adaptation by microbial pathogens to specific hosts is important for the management and control of infectious disease. Streptococcus pyogenes is a globally prominent human-specific bacterial pathogen that secretes superantigens (SAgs) as 'trademark' virulence factors. SAgs function to force the activation of T lymphocytes through direct binding to lateral surfaces of T cell receptors and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC-II) molecules. S. pyogenes invariably encodes multiple SAgs, often within putative mobile genetic elements, and although SAgs are documented virulence factors for diseases such as scarlet fever and the streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS), how these exotoxins contribute to the fitness and evolution of S. pyogenes is unknown. Here we show that acute infection in the nasopharynx is dependent upon both bacterial SAgs and host MHC-II molecules. S. pyogenes was rapidly cleared from the nasal cavity of wild-type C57BL/6 (B6) mice, whereas infection was enhanced up to ∼10,000-fold in B6 mice that express human MHC-II. This phenotype required the SpeA superantigen, and vaccination with an MHC -II binding mutant toxoid of SpeA dramatically inhibited infection. Our findings indicate that streptococcal SAgs are critical for the establishment of nasopharyngeal infection, thus providing an explanation as to why S. pyogenes produces these potent toxins. This work also highlights that SAg redundancy exists to avoid host anti-SAg humoral immune responses and to potentially overcome host MHC-II polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J. Kasper
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph J. Zeppa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrienne T. Wakabayashi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stacey X. Xu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Delfina M. Mazzuca
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ian Welch
- Department of Animal Care and Veterinary Services, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miren L. Baroja
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Malak Kotb
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America
| | - Ewa Cairns
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - P. Patrick Cleary
- Department of Microbiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - S. M. Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John K. McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and the Centre for Human Immunology, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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40
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Patterson KG, Dixon Pittaro JL, Bastedo PS, Hess DA, Haeryfar SMM, McCormick JK. Control of established colon cancer xenografts using a novel humanized single chain antibody-streptococcal superantigen fusion protein targeting the 5T4 oncofetal antigen. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95200. [PMID: 24736661 PMCID: PMC3988171 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Superantigens (SAgs) are microbial toxins that cross-link T cell receptors with major histocompatibility class II (MHC-II) molecules leading to the activation of large numbers of T cells. Herein, we describe the development and preclinical testing of a novel tumor-targeted SAg (TTS) therapeutic built using the streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin C (SpeC) SAg and targeting cancer cells expressing the 5T4 tumor-associated antigen (TAA). To inhibit potentially harmful widespread immune cell activation, a SpeC mutation within the high-affinity MHC-II binding interface was generated (SpeCD203A) that demonstrated a pronounced reduction in mitogenic activity, yet this mutant could still induce immune cell-mediated cancer cell death in vitro. To target 5T4+ cancer cells, we engineered a humanized single chain variable fragment (scFv) antibody to recognize 5T4 (scFv5T4). Specific targeting of scFv5T4 was verified. SpeCD203A fused to scFv5T4 maintained the ability to activate and induce immune cell-mediated cytotoxicity of colorectal cancer cells. Using a xenograft model of established human colon cancer, we demonstrated that the SpeC-based TTS was able to control the growth and spread of large tumors in vivo. This required both TAA targeting by scFv5T4 and functional SAg activity. These studies lay the foundation for the development of streptococcal SAgs as ‘next-generation’ TTSs for cancer immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/immunology
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic
- Colonic Neoplasms/immunology
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Colonic Neoplasms/therapy
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Mice
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Conformation
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Single-Chain Antibodies/genetics
- Single-Chain Antibodies/immunology
- Streptococcus/immunology
- Superantigens/genetics
- Superantigens/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelcey G. Patterson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Peter S. Bastedo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - David A. Hess
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London Ontario, Canada
- Vascular Biology Research Group, Robarts Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. M. Mansour Haeryfar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - John K. McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Human Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Lawson Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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41
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Shamsutdinov AF, Tiurin IA. [Protein toxins of Staphylococcus aureus]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2014:113-120. [PMID: 25051707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Main scientific-research studies regarding protein bacterial toxins of the most widespread bacteria that belong to Staphylococcus spp. genus and in particular the most pathogenic species for humans--Staphylococcus aureus, are analyzed. Structural and biological properties of protein toxins that have received the name of staphylococcus pyrogenic toxins (PTSAg) are presented. Data regarding genetic regulation of secretion and synthesis of these toxins and 3 main regulatory genetic systems (agr--accessory gene regulator, xpr--extracellular protein regulator, sar--staphylococcal accessory regulator) that coordinate synthesis of the most important protein toxins and enzymes for virulence of S. aureus, are presented.
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42
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Lee HK, Kim JB, Kim H, Jekarl DW, Kim YR, Yu JK, Park YJ. Clonal spread of catalase-negative ST5/SCCmec II Staphylococcus aureus carrying the staphylococcal enterotoxin A (sea), staphylococcal enterotoxin b (seb), and toxic shock toxin (tst) virulence genes. Ann Clin Lab Sci 2014; 44:394-398. [PMID: 25361922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
17 catalase-negative methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates were recovered from respiratory specimens of patients at a 700-bed hospital in Korea. The goal of this study was to determine the molecular characteristics of catalase-negative MRSA strains in Korea for the first time. Characteristics that we explored included kat A gene mutation sequence, sequence type, staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC) mec subtype classification, and toxin gene profiles. All 17 isolates showed similar pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) pattern. Four mutations were identified in the kat A gene of a representative catalase-negative MRSA strain: A602G causing a histidine 201 to arginine change, A695T causing a glutamic acid 232 to valine change, T778A causing a tryptophan 260 to arginine change, and G1438A causing a glycine 480 to serine change. Previous studies suggest that the A695T and T778A mutations may have strong effects on the catalase activity of catalase-negative MRSA. The sequence type (ST) and SCCmec type of this isolate were ST 5 and SCCmec type II, respectively. All 17 isolates harbored toxic shock toxin (tst), staphylococcal enterotoxin A (sea), and staphylococcal enterotoxin B (seb) virulence genes. The mortality rate of the present study was 11.8%, suggesting that the clinical relevance of catalase-negative MRSA requires further study in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hae Kyung Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul
| | - Jung-Beom Kim
- Division of Health Research & Planning, Gyeonggi-do Research Institute of Health & Environment
| | - Hyunjung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul
| | - Dong Wook Jekarl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul
| | - Yang Ree Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Kyung Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul
| | - Yeon-Joon Park
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul
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43
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Fijałkowski K, Masiuk H, Czernomysy-Furowicz D, Karakulska J, Nawrotek P, Paszkowska A, Struk M, Giedrys-Kalemba S. Superantigen gene profiles, genetic relatedness and biological activity of exosecretions of Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from milk of cows with clinical mastitis. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 57:674-83. [PMID: 24273801 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the superantigen gene profiles, genetic relatedness and biological activity of exosecretions of 50 Staphylococcus aureus isolates obtained from milk of cows with clinical mastitis. Genomic relatedness of S. aureus was determined by pulsed field gel electrophoresis analysis of macro-restricted chromosomes. The presence of genes encoding superantigens was confirmed by multiplex PCR. To study the biological activity of S. aureus exosecretions, the supernatants from bacterial liquid cultures were classified into three groups: those with leukotoxin‐like properties, those with superantigen‐like properties and those with no particular activity on leukocytes cultured in vitro. It was shown that all analyzed bacterial isolates belonged to the same clonal type and harbored the same combination of superantigen genes, namely sed, selj and ser. However, 22% of all isolates produced factors with superantigen‐like and 48% of them with leukotoxin‐like activities. Finally, although there were no detectable genetic differences between the analyzed bacterial isolates, the virulence factors secreted by them differed considerably.
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44
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Zaraket H, Otsuka T, Saito K, Dohmae S, Takano T, Higuchi W, Ohkubo T, Ozaki K, Takano M, Reva I, Baranovich T, Yamamoto T. Molecular Characterization of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusin Hospitals in Niigata, Japan: Divergence and Transmission. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 51:171-6. [PMID: 17310084 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2007.tb03898.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The major methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus(MRSA) distributed among hospitals in Japan is New York/Japan clone [multilocus sequence type 5 (ST5), agr type 2 and methicillin resistance locus type (SCC mec) II] which possesses both the toxic shock syndrome toxin 1 gene (tst) and staphylococcal enterotoxin C gene (sec). In this study, we collected 245 MRSA strains from four hospitals during 2001 to 2005 in Niigata, Japan, and analyzed tst and sec genes and SCC mec type among them. A total of 13 strains were further examined for their genotypes, virulence gene patterns and drug resistance. Among the 245 strains four tst sec genes patterns were observed; tst(+) sec(+) strains represented a majority of 86.5% and 9.4% were tst(-) sec(-). SCCmec typing revealed that 91.4% had type II, 4.1% type IV and 4.1% type I. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) revealed that 10 of the 13 typed strains belonged to clonal complex 5 (7 had ST5 while 3 were single locus variants of ST5) with similar characteristics to the New York/Japan clone and possessed multi-drug resistance with high virulence gene content. The remaining 3 strains were ST8 (n=2) and ST91 (n=1). The ST91 strain had SCC mec IV and seemed to originate in the community, while ST8 strains exhibited SCC mec type I, which is distinct from community type IV. The data suggest that MRSA in hospitals in Niigata now mainly includes the New York/Japan clone (undergoing genomic divergence and clonal expansion) and other minor types (e.g. ST8) as well as the community type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Zaraket
- Division of Bacteriology, Department of Infectious Disease Control and International Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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45
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Wongboot W, Chomvarin C, Engchanil C, Chaimanee P. Multiplex PCR for detection of superantigenic toxin genes in methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from patients and carriers of a hospital in northeast Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health 2013; 44:660-671. [PMID: 24050101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to develop multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection of five superantigenic toxin genes (sea, seb, sec, sed and tst-1) in Staphylococcus aureus isolated from 149 clinical samples and nasal swabs from 201 healthy subjects in Thailand, and to compare prevalence and expression of those genes between methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA). The sensitivity of multiplex PCR was 10(3) CFU/ml (60 CFU/PCR reaction) for DNA templates extracted by both boiling and extraction methods. S. aureus strains from patients (65%) harbored more superantigenic toxin genes than healthy subjects (54%). MRSA (80%) isolated from patients harbored more superantigenic toxin genes than MSSA (52%). Sea was the most frequently found gene in S. aureus strains from patients and carriers. MRSAisolates harbored sea and produced SEA more frequently than MSSA isolates (p <0.05) and MRSA isolates (59%) from blood samples consisted of a higher number of superantigenic toxin producers than MSSA (9%) (p < 0.05). More S. aureus strains isolated from patients with severe septicemia contained superantigenic toxin genes (94%) and produced toxins (82%) than those from non-severe patients (64% and 57%, respectively). The multiplex PCR method described here offers a reliable tool for simultaneous detection of various staphylococcal toxin genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warawan Wongboot
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
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46
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Zhang G, Xu M, Sun J, Li H, Yang H, Zhang H, Zhang C. [Enhanced SEC2 mutants and their superantigen activities]. Sheng Wu Gong Cheng Xue Bao 2013; 29:803-813. [PMID: 24063239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
As a superantigen protein, Staphylococcal enterotoxin C2 (SEC2) activates the immune system effectively even in extremely low concentrations, and this property could be applied in adjuvant therapy against tumors and infectious diseases. In order to enhance the superantigen activity of SEC2, the residues at position 102-106 of native SEC2 were substituted for WWH, WWT and WWP by over-lap PCR, and three mutants named ST-1, ST-2 and ST-3 were obtained. Stimulating activity to murine lymphocytes proliferation and inhibiting activity to tumor cell growth of the three mutants were significantly improved compared with the native SEC2. Febrile activities of ST-1 and ST-3 were comparable with the native SEC2, but ST-2 showed markedly increased febrile activity than native SEC2. Moreover, the levels of IL-2, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha secreted by T cells stimulated with the three mutants were significantly improved, which might be the possible reason for enhanced tumor cell growth inhibition activities. Furthermore, mVbeta8.2 gene transcription levels of murine splenocytes stimulated by the three mutants were dramatically increased compared with native SEC2, suggesting their increased affinities to TCR mVbeta8.2 molecular, which might be the main reason for their enhanced superantigen activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Zhang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
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47
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Ji X, Jingli JV, Liu Q, Xie J. [Construction of the superantigen SEA transfected laryngocarcinoma cells]. Lin Chuang Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi 2013; 27:376-381. [PMID: 23833992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To construct an eukaryotic expression vectors containing superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) gene, and to identify its expression in laryngeal squamous carcinoma cells. METHOD SEA full-length gene fragment was obtained from ATCC13565 genome of the staphylococcus, referencing standard strains producing SEA. Coding sequence of SEA was artificially synthetized. Than, SEA gene fragments was subcloned into eukaryotic expression vector pIRES-EGFP. The recombinant plasmid pSEA-IRES-EGFP was constructed and was transfected to laryngocarcinoma Hep-2 cells. Resistant clones were screened by G418. The expression of SEA in laryngocarcinoma cells was identified with ELISA and RT-PCR method. RESULT The subclone of artificially synthetized SEA gene was subclone to eukaryotic expression vector pires-EGFP. Flanking sequence confirmed that SEA sequence was fully identical to the coding sequence of standard staphylococcus strains ATCC13565 in Genbank. After recombinant plasmid transfected to laryngocarcinoma cells, the resistant clones was obtained after screening for two weeks. The clones were selected. The specific gene fragment was obtained by RT-PCR amplification. ELISA assay confirmed that the content of SEA protein in supernatant fluid of cell culture had reached about Pg level. CONCLUSION The recombinant eukaryotic expression vector containing superantigen SEA gene is successfully constructed, and is capable of effective expression and continued secretion of SEA protein in laryngochrcinoma Hep-2 cells after recombinant plasmid transfected to laryngocarcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Ji
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou 510180, China.
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48
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Turner CE, Sommerlad M, McGregor K, Davies FJ, Pichon B, Chong DLW, Farzaneh L, Holden MTG, Spratt BG, Efstratiou A, Sriskandan S. Superantigenic activity of emm3 Streptococcus pyogenes is abrogated by a conserved, naturally occurring smeZ mutation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e46376. [PMID: 23049698 PMCID: PMC3462185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0046376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes M/emm3 strains have been epidemiologically linked with enhanced infection severity and risk of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS), a syndrome triggered by superantigenic stimulation of T cells. Comparison of S. pyogenes strains causing STSS demonstrated that emm3 strains were surprisingly less mitogenic than other emm-types (emm1, emm12, emm18, emm28, emm87, emm89) both in vitro and in vivo, indicating poor superantigenic activity. We identified a 13 bp deletion in the superantigen smeZ gene of all emm3 strains tested. The deletion led to a premature stop codon in smeZ, and was not present in other major emm-types tested. Expression of a functional non-M3-smeZ gene successfully enhanced mitogenic activity in emm3 S. pyogenes and also restored mitogenic activity to emm1 and emm89 S. pyogenes strains where the smeZ gene had been disrupted. In contrast, the M3-smeZ gene with the 13 bp deletion could not enhance or restore mitogenicity in any of these S. pyogenes strains, confirming that M3-smeZ is non-functional regardless of strain background. The mutation in M3-smeZ reduced the potential for M3 S. pyogenes to induce cytokines in human tonsil, but not during invasive infection of superantigen-sensitive mice. Notwithstanding epidemiological associations with STSS and disease severity, emm3 strains have inherently poor superantigenicity that is explained by a conserved mutation in smeZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire E. Turner
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunity, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mary Sommerlad
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunity, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karen McGregor
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Frances J. Davies
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunity, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Pichon
- Respiratory and Systemic Infection Laboratory, The Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah L. W. Chong
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunity, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leili Farzaneh
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunity, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew T. G. Holden
- Pathogen Genomics, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Brian G. Spratt
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Androulla Efstratiou
- Respiratory and Systemic Infection Laboratory, The Health Protection Agency Centre for Infections, London, United Kingdom
| | - Shiranee Sriskandan
- Department of Infectious Diseases & Immunity, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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49
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Jamrozy DM, Fielder MD, Butaye P, Coldham NG. Comparative genotypic and phenotypic characterisation of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST398 isolated from animals and humans. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40458. [PMID: 22792335 PMCID: PMC3394705 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The high prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ST398 among pigs in certain European countries and North America and its occurrence in other animal species raises a question concerning the molecular mechanisms mediating the success of this lineage. In this study a panel of S. aureus strains belonging to sequence type (ST) 5 (n = 4), ST8 (n = 5), ST15 (n = 5), ST22 (n = 8), clonal complex (CC) 30 (n = 8), CC97 (n = 8), CC130 (n = 4), CC151 (n = 4) and ST398 (n = 18) were screened by DNA microarray and PCR for the carriage of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes. Isolates belonging to the same sequence type/clonal complex (ST/CC) were found to share similar virulence gene profiles. The ST398 lineage displayed the lowest content of virulence genes, which consisted mainly of genes detected among the majority or all of the analysed lineages. All MRSA ST398 isolates lacked accessory virulence genes that were detected in other ST/CC. In contrast to virulence genotype, the antimicrobial resistance genes profiles varied between isolates belonging to the same ST/CC and profile similarities could be observed for isolates from different lineages. MRSA ST398 isolates in particular displayed significant diversity and high content of antimicrobial resistance genes. This was comparable with certain MRSA belonging to other sequence types particularly the equine MRSA ST8. The apparent lack of significant virulence genes among MRSA ST398 strains, demonstrates that the lineage features a unique genetic background but no ST398-specific virulence markers could be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota M Jamrozy
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, New Haw, United Kingdom.
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50
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Fluer FS. [Staphylococcus enterotoxins, their properties and role as pathogenicity factors]. Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol 2012:99-108. [PMID: 22693820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Data on staphylococci species producing staphylococcus enterotoxins (SE) are presented in the review. Genetics of toxin formation, SE biosynthesis, factors influencing SE formation (pH, temperature, effect of inductors and repressors), physical-chemical properties of SE, influence of temperature on enterotoxin stability, enterotoxin structure, immunologic properties, super antigen properties, SE mechanism of action, role of SE in nosocomial infections, intestine dysbacteriosis, atopic dermatitis, enterotoxin toxicity, clinical manifestations are examined.
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